METHOD FOR REMOVING INK OR OTHER FOREIGN MATERIALS FROM THE SURFACE OF AN ARTICLE

Abstract

A method for removing ink and/or a foreign material different from ink from the surface of an article, wherein at least a part of the surface of the article comprises a polymer, the method includes: i) providing an ink imprinted article and/or an article having a surface covered at least partly by a foreign material different from ink; ii) contacting the article provided in step i) with an acid having a pKa in the range from −10 to 7 having a minimum concentration of 1 wt.-% for solving the ink and/or the foreign material different from ink or their degradation products in the acid; iii) separating the acid and the therein dissolved ink- and/or foreign material different from ink or their degradation products from the article to obtain a deinked article and/or an article with a surface free from foreign material.

Claims

1. A method for removing ink and/or a foreign material different from ink from the surface of an article, wherein at least a part of the surface of the article comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, polystyrene, melamine polymers, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polyamides and mixtures thereof, the method comprises the following steps: i) providing an ink imprinted article and/or an article having a surface covered at least partly by a foreign material different from ink; ii) contacting the article provided in step i) with an acid having a pKa in the range from −10 to 7 having a minimum concentration of 1 wt.-% for solving the ink and/or the foreign material different from ink or their degradation products in the acid; iii) separating the acid and the therein dissolved ink- and/or foreign material different from ink or their degradation products from the article to obtain a deinked article and/or an article with a surface free from foreign material.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the foreign material different from ink is selected from the group consisting of labels, paper, mono- or multilayer films, organic coatings, inorganic coatings, vapour deposed metallic materials and non-metallic materials or aluminium, adhesives, glues, metals, organic waste, non-organic waste, odorous materials and mixtures thereof.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the acid is selected from the group consisting of oleum, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, boric acid, adipic acid, formic acid, acetic acids, and mixtures thereof.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the surface of the article consists of the polymer, and preferably the whole article consists of the polymer; and/or the polymer is a polyolefin.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the acid has a concentration in the range from 45 to 98 wt. %; and/or the pKa of the acid is in the range from −5 to 5; and/or the minimum concentration of the acid is 10 wt. %.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein sulphuric acid having preferably a concentration of 94 to 100 wt. % is used as sole acid during step ii).

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the article is not contacted with a compound selected from the group consisting of organic solvents, surfactants, alcohols and mixtures thereof during step ii).

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises an additional step iv) of rinsing residual ink- and/or foreign material residues and/or degradation products thereof from the article which is carried out after step ii).

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method is conducted continuously and the acid obtained after separation step (iii) is reintroduced into contacting step (ii).

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mixture of acid and article's surface is subjected to sheer forces induced by a mechanical mixing, addition of abrasive agents and/or treated with ultrasonic during step ii); and/or step iii) is conducted by a separation method selected from the group consisting of methods using the density difference between the materials to be separated, methods using the gravity and mechanical methods.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein step ii) and/or step iii) is conducted at a temperature in the range from 20 to 100° C.; and/or step ii) and/or step iii) is conducted for a period of time from 1 to 15 minutes.

12. The method according to claim 1, wherein step ii) is conducted with 96 wt.-% sulphuric acid at a temperature in the range from 20 to 70° C.

13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the article is not decomposed or attacked during step ii).

14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method is a constituent step in a method for the recycling of polymers.

15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the polymer originates from post-consumer waste, post-industrial waste, or post-commercial waste.

16. The method according to claim 1, wherein the acid is sulphuric acid.

17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the sulphuric acid has a concentration of 94 to 98 wt.-%.

18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the polymer is polyethylene and/or polypropylene, or polyamide.

19. The method according to claim 12, wherein step ii) is conducted for a period of time in the range from 1 to 15 minutes.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] FIG. 1 is a spectrum illustrating an analysed sample according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0016] FIG. 2 represents examples of washes and the effect on inked samples represented in a CIELAB color space;

[0017] FIG. 3 is an image of LDPE-bags imprinted with blue, green and red ink and paper labels fixed with glue, commercially available from Borealis;

[0018] FIG. 4 illustrates images of commercial inks printed on PP and PE that were tested in the examples;

[0019] FIG. 5 illustrates images of food packaging samples that were tested in the examples;

[0020] FIG. 6 illustrates images of aseptic packaging that were tested in the examples;

[0021] FIG. 7 is a flexible PE/PA multiayer plastic packaging and adhesive paper, bought in a supermarket.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

Definitions

[0022] For the purposes of the present description and of the subsequent claims, the term “acid” means the aqueous solutions of the “acid” or the pure “acid”. This means the “acid” may contain water and preferably contains waters. An “acid” is a substance that acts as a proton donor in aqueous solutions.

[0023] The acid may be monoprotic or multiprotic or a mixture thereof. In the gist of the present invention for multiprotic acids the “pKa” (logarithmic acid dissociation constant) refers to the first dissociation step of the acid.

[0024] In the spirit of the present invention an ink is a liquid or paste that comprises inorganic or organic pigments or dyes and a solvent. The ink may additionally comprise resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter, fluorescents, and other materials.

[0025] The “article” according to the present invention can be in any form, including flakes, films and chips but also more complex packaging structures.

[0026] Where the term “comprising” is used in the present description and claims, it does not exclude other non-specified elements of major or minor functional importance. For the purposes of the present invention, the term “consisting of” is considered to be a preferred embodiment of the term “comprising of”. If hereinafter a group is defined to comprise at least a certain number of embodiments, this is also to be understood to disclose a group, which preferably consists only of these embodiments.

[0027] Whenever the terms “including” or “having” are used, these terms are meant to be equivalent to “comprising” as defined above.

[0028] Where an indefinite or definite article is used when referring to a singular noun, e.g. “a”, “an” or “the”, this includes a plural of that noun unless something else is specifically stated.

Method

[0029] In the following preferred embodiments of the method according to the present invention will be discussed.

[0030] In the broadest sense, the present invention relates to a method for removing ink and/or a foreign material different from ink from the surface of an article, wherein at least a part of the surface of the article comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, polystyrene, melamine polymers, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polyamides and mixtures thereof, the method comprises the following steps: [0031] i) providing an ink imprinted article and/or an article having a surface covered at least partly by a foreign material different from ink; [0032] ii) contacting the article provided in step i) with an acid having a pKa in the range from −10 to 7 having a minimum concentration of 1 wt.-% and/or an amphoter for solving the ink and/or the foreign material different from ink or their degradation products in the acid and/or the amphoter; [0033] iii) separating the acid and/or the amphoter and the therein dissolved ink- and/or foreign material different from ink or their degradation products from the article to obtain a deinked article and/or an article with a surface free from foreign material.

[0034] It is preferred that the method for removing ink and/or a foreign material different from ink from the surface of an article, wherein at least a part of the surface of the article comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, polystyrene, melamine polymers, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polyamides and mixtures thereof, comprises the following steps: [0035] i) providing an ink imprinted article and/or an article having a surface covered at least partly by a foreign material different from ink; [0036] ii) contacting the article provided in step i) with an acid having a pKa in the range from −10 to 7 having a minimum concentration of 1 wt.-% for solving the ink and/or the foreign material different from ink or their degradation products in the acid; [0037] iii) separating the acid and the therein dissolved ink- and/or foreign material different from ink or their degradation products from the article to obtain a deinked article and/or an article with a surface free from foreign material.

[0038] In an alternative embodiment, the method for removing ink and/or a foreign material different from ink from the surface of an article, wherein at least a part of the surface of the article comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, polystyrene, melamine polymers, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polyamides and mixtures thereof, comprises the following steps: [0039] i) providing an ink imprinted article and/or an article having a surface covered at least partly by a foreign material different from ink; [0040] ii) contacting the article provided in step i) with an amphoter for solving the ink and/or the foreign material different from ink or their degradation products in the amphoter; [0041] iii) separating the amphoter and the therein dissolved ink- and/or foreign material different from ink or their degradation products from the article to obtain a deinked article and/or an article with a surface free from foreign material.

[0042] In principle, the invention can be carried out for any foreign material which is soluble in the acids or the amphoter as applied in step ii) of the method according to the present invention.

[0043] According to one preferred embodiment according to the present invention the foreign material different from ink is selected from the group consisting of labels, preferably made of paper, mono- or multilayer films, organic coatings, inorganic coatings, preferably vapour deposed metallic materials and non-metallic materials or aluminium, adhesives, glues, metals, organic waste, non-organic waste, odorous materials and mixtures thereof. The method also works when the surface of the article comprise ink and a foreign material different from ink.

[0044] The method can also be conducted for multi-layered articles and the foreign material may form a separate layer. In a preferred embodiment, the method is used for separating multi-layered articles.

[0045] Another preferred embodiment of the present invention stipulates that the acid is selected from the group consisting of oleum, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, boric acid, adipic acid, formic acid, acetic acids, and mixtures thereof and preferably is sulphuric acid.

[0046] In principle, the invention can be carried out for articles being resistant against the acids as applied in step ii) of the method according to the present invention. In a preferred embodiment the surface of the article consists of the polymer, and preferably the whole article consists of the polymer; and/or the polymer is a polyolefin, preferably polyethylene and/or polypropylene or polyamide, preferably PA 6 and/or PA 66 or mixtures thereof.

[0047] According to a further preferred embodiment of the present invention at least a part of the surface of the article comprises a material selected from the group consisting of glass, ceramics, steel and mixtures thereof.

[0048] Another preferred embodiment of the present invention stipulates that the acid has a concentration in the range from 10 to 100 wt.-% (corresponds for sulphuric acid to a molarity of 1.8 M to 18.65 M), preferably from 45 to 98 wt.-% (corresponds for sulphuric acid to a molarity of 6.2 M to 18.4 M) and more preferably is sulphuric acid having a concentration of 94 to 98 wt.-% .-% (corresponds to a molarity of 17.8 M to 18.4 M), more preferably having a concentration of 96 wt.-% (corresponds to a molarity of 18.4 M).

[0049] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pKa of the acid is in the range from −5 to 5 and preferably from −5 to 0.

[0050] According to still a further preferred embodiment of the present invention the minimum concentration of the acid is 10 wt.-% and preferably is 25 wt.-%.

[0051] The invention can be carried out by applying more than one acid in step ii). The above-mentioned concentration and pKa-values refer to each individual acid.

[0052] A further embodiment of the present invention stipulates that sulphuric acid having preferably a concentration of 94 to 98 wt.-% is used as sole acid during step ii). As explained above the acid may be an aqueous solution, this means that the acid may contain water.

[0053] According to still another preferred embodiment of the present invention the article is not contacted with a compound selected from the group consisting of organic solvents, surfactants, alcohols and mixtures thereof during step ii). In other words, the article is contacted only with the acid, which may be an aqueous solution.

[0054] Another preferred embodiment of the present invention stipulates that the method comprises an additional step iv) of rinsing residual ink- and/or foreign material residues and/or degradation products thereof from the article which is carried out after step ii).

[0055] In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method is conducted continuously and the acid obtained after separation step (iii) is reintroduced into contacting step (ii).

[0056] According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mixture of acid and article's surface is subjected to sheer forces induced by a mechanical mixing, preferably by agitation, pump-around loop, mechanical grinding, extrusion, addition of abrasive agents and/or treated with ultrasonic during step ii).

[0057] A further preferred embodiment of the present invention stipulates that step iii) is conducted by a separation method selected from the group consisting of methods using the density difference between the materials to be separated, methods using the gravity and mechanical methods.

[0058] According to a further preferred embodiment of the present invention step ii) is conducted at a temperature in the range from −86° C. to 500° C., preferably in the range from 20 to 100° C. and more preferably in the range from 20 to 70° C. and more preferably at 40° C. The freezing point of pure sulphuric acid is 10° C., but for mixtures of sulphuric acid and water the freezing point can go as low as −86° C. Hence, it is basically possible to conduct the process at very low temperatures.

[0059] Still another preferred embodiment of the present invention stipulates that step ii) is conducted for a period of time from 1 to 600 minutes, preferably in the range from 1 to 15 minutes and more preferably in the range from 1 to 10 minutes.

[0060] In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention step ii) is conducted with 96 wt.-% sulphuric acid at a temperature in the range from 20 to 70° C., preferably from 20 to 40° C. and more preferably for a period of time in the range from 1 to 600 min, 1 to 15 minutes, most preferably from 1 to 10 minutes.

[0061] It is believed that the removal of the ink and/or the foreign material follows the Arrhenius equation, which means that increasing of the temperature allows to shorten the process time for step ii) and decreasing the temperatures leads to a prolonged process time for step ii). It is also assumed that the process time for step ii) is highly dependent on the concentration of the acid, the removal of the ink and/or the foreign material occurs faster when applying an acid having a higher concentration than when an acid with a lower concentration is used.

[0062] The process may be conducted under increased pressure, which makes it possible to work at higher temperatures, i.e. temperatures above the boiling point of the acid under standard pressure (1013 mbar).

[0063] Some preferred combinations for the parameters determining the period of time for step ii) are listed below.

[0064] Material to be removed: ink and/or foreign material

[0065] Temperature: 25 to 40° C.

[0066] Acid: sulphuric acid

[0067] Concentration of the acid: 70 to 100 wt.-%, preferably 70 to 98 wt.-%

[0068] Period of time for step ii): 1 to 10 minutes

[0069] Material to be removed: ink and/or foreign material

[0070] Temperature: 40 to 100° C.

[0071] Acid: sulphuric acid

[0072] Concentration of the acid: 70 to 100 wt.-%, preferably 70 to 98 wt.-%

[0073] Period of time for step ii): 1 to 10 minutes

[0074] Material to be removed: ink and/or foreign material

[0075] Temperature: 25 to 40° C.

[0076] Acid: sulphuric acid

[0077] Concentration of the acid: 45 to 70 wt.-%

[0078] Period of time for step ii): 1 to 60 minutes

[0079] Material to be removed: ink and/or foreign material

[0080] Temperature: 40 to 100° C.

[0081] Acid: sulphuric acid

[0082] Concentration of the acid: 45 to 70 wt.-%

[0083] Period of time for step ii): 1 to 60 minutes

[0084] According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the article is not decomposed or attacked during step ii). In this context, “not decomposed” means that the acid treatment does not impact the re-use of the article, preferably in a subsequent recycling process.

Use

[0085] The present invention also relates to the use of the method as defined above for the recycling of polymers.

[0086] In a preferred embodiment, the polymer originates from post-consumer waste or post-industrial waste, post-commercial waste and preferably is a rigid or flexible material.

[0087] Such post-consumer, post-commercial, and/or post-industrial waste can be derived from inter alia waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) or end-of-life vehicles (ELV) or from differentiated waste collection schemes like the German DSD system, the Austrian ARA system or the Italian “Raccolta Differenziata” system.

[0088] Recycled materials are commercially available, e.g. from Corpela (Italian Consortium for the collection, recovery, recycling of packaging plastic wastes), Resource Plastics Corp. (Brampton, ON), Kruschitz GmbH, Plastics and Recycling (AT), Ecoplast (AT), Vogt Plastik GmbH (DE), mtm plastics GmbH (DE) etc.

[0089] The invention will now be described with reference to the following non-limiting examples.

Experimental Part

A. Measuring Methods

Infrared Spectroscopy

[0090] The IR analysis was done on a Diamond—ATR called “Golden Gate” from manufacturer Specac. The sample was pressed on the crystal with spring pressure 3 by the pressure plate. The HATR (horizontal attenuated total reflectance) spectrum should be acquired under following instrument conditions, as summarized in below Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Conditions for IR analysis. Spectral range 4000 to 600 cm.sup.−1 Aperture 6 mm Spectral resolution 4 cm.sup.−1 Number of background scans 25 Number of spectrum scans 25 Interferogram zero-filling factor 32 Apodisation function Norton Beer strong

[0091] The obtained spectrum shall be checked as for its bands' position and bands' intensity, and shall be compared with a standard spectrum. If it concerns unknown spectra, the library software shall be used.

[0092] An example of an analysed sample and its respective spectrum is shown in FIG. 1. In FIG. 1, the lower spectrum represents the sample and the upper spectrum represents the washed sample. The upper spectrum corresponds to that of the LDPE without ink.

Colorimetry

[0093] The colorimetry data was captured with a Spectrophotometer ColorLite sph850, a colour-measuring instrument suitable for a wide range of applications and the ColorData software. The reference used was the plastic bag without any ink. The detector was placed upon the film and the measurement was made with three repetitions. The values were recorded directly on the computer. FIG. 2 shows some examples of washes and the effect on inked samples that represented in a CIELAB color space. In FIG. 2, the CIELAB color codes for the red, blue, green and white reference are labelled. The white reference is used to compare the samples after the washing step. The washed sample should present the same color codes as the white reference. The arrows represents different washing conditions that were applied on the ink samples: dark for 70 wt.-% H.sub.2SO.sub.4 at 80° C. for 1 h and grey for 96 wt.-% H.sub.2SO.sub.4 at room temperature for few minutes. From FIG. 2, it can be seen that all grey arrows lead to the white reference, while only the green ink could not be fully washed with the dark arrow conditions.

B. Materials Used

LDPE-Bags

[0094] LDPE-bags imprinted with blue, green and red ink and paper labels fixed with glue, commercially available from Borealis (see FIG. 3).

H.sub.2SO.sub.4

[0095] H.sub.2SO.sub.4 (96 commercially available from Sigma Aldrich Corporation), H.sub.2SO.sub.4 having a lower concentration was obtained by dilution with distilled water.

Commercial Ink

[0096] Inks containing eight different pigments and binded with nitrocellulose, commercially available from Siegwerk.

PE-Film

[0097] PE film of 30 μm thickness, commercially available Mondi.

PP-Film

[0098] Oriented PP film of 30 μm thickness, commercially available from Mondi.

Food-Packaging and Adhesive Paper

[0099] Flexible PE/PA multilayer plastic packaging and adhesive paper, bought in a supermarket (see FIG. 7).

Multilayer Package

[0100] Multilayer package used for milk available from Elopak (Roll Feed).

C. Deinking Trials

[0101] LDPE-bags as described above printed with ink were cut into pieces and treated with sulphuric acid at different concentrations and temperatures. The desired concentration of sulphuric acid was added to a vial with a magnetic stirrer and the pieces of bags were dipped in the vial. The medium was stirred (and heated at the desired temperature if necessary) for the desired amount of time. Table 2 summarizes the results.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Summary of deinking test on LDPE-bags. Conc. H.sub.2SO.sub.4 Temp. Time No. [wt.-%] [° C.] [minutes] Ink Visual evaluation 1 45 80 60 Blue ink No big differences Red ink No big differences Green ink No big differences 2 45 80 240 Blue ink Blue ink removed Red ink Red ink partially Green ink removed, Green ink only small amounts removed 3 70 80 60 Blue ink Blue ink removed Red ink Red ink removed Green ink Green ink partially removed 4 70 80 240 Blue ink Blue ink removed Red ink Red ink removed Green ink More green ink removed than after 60 minutes 5 96 21 2 Blue ink Blue ink traces present Red ink Red ink removed Green ink Green ink removed 6 96 21 8 Blue ink Blue ink removed Red ink Red ink removed Green ink Green ink removed

[0102] The visual evaluation according to Table 1 was verified by using infrared spectroscopy and colorimetry (see FIG. 1 and FIG. 2). The deinked materials contained no acid effect or ink degradation products, thus resulting in high quality of the cleaned material without any ink residues. The ink residues stay with the acid solution and are removable by distillation or adsorbent media.

[0103] Trials on commercial inks printed on PP (FIG. 4, left) and PE (FIG. 4, right) were performed as well. The films were cut into pieces and treated with sulphuric acid at different concentrations and temperatures. The desired concentration of sulphuric acid was added to a vial with a magnetic stirrer and the pieces of the films were dipped in the vial. The medium was stirred (and heated at the desired temperature if necessary) for the desired amount of time. The results are summarized in below Table 3.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Summary of deinking test on PP and PE films. Conc. H.sub.2SO.sub.4 Temp. Time Ink (No. in Film [wt.-%] [° C.] [min.] FIG. 4) Visual evaluation PP 70 RT to 5 to 10 Blue ink 1 (1) No ink remaining 40 Blue ink 2 (2) No ink remaining Yellow ink (3) Little ink remaining Green ink (4) Some ink remaining Red ink 1 (5) No ink remaining Red ink 2 (6) No ink remaining Purple ink (7) No big differences Black ink (8) Some ink remaining PP 96 RT 5 Blue ink 1 (1) No ink remaining Blue ink 2 (2) No ink remaining Yellow ink (3) No ink remaining Green ink (4) No ink remaining Red ink 1 (5) No ink remaining Red ink 2 (6) No ink remaining Purple ink (7) No ink remaining Black ink (8) No ink remaining PE 70 RT to 5 to 10 Blue ink 1 (1) No ink remaining 40 Blue ink 2 (2) No ink remaining Yellow ink (3) Little ink remaining Green ink (4) Some ink remaining Red ink 1 (5) No ink remaining Red ink 2 (6) No ink remaining Purple ink (7) No big differences Black ink (8) Little ink remaining PE 96 RT 5 Blue ink 1 (1) No ink remaining Blue ink 2 (2) No ink remaining Yellow ink (3) No ink remaining Green ink (4) No ink remaining Red ink 1 (5) No ink remaining Red ink 2 (6) No ink remaining Purple ink (7) No ink remaining Black ink (8) No ink remaining RT = room temperature

D. Removal of Paper Tests

[0104] Trials on LDPE-bags with adhesive paper were also conducted. The bags were cut into pieces and treated with sulphuric acid at different concentrations and temperatures. The desired concentration of sulphuric acid was added to a vial with a magnetic stirrer and the pieces of the LDPE bags were dipped in the vial. The medium was stirred (and heated at the desired temperature if necessary) for the desired amount of time. The results are summarized in below Table 4.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Summary of adhesive paper removal test on LDPE-bags. Conc. H.sub.2SO.sub.4 Temp. Time Foreign Film [wt.-%] [° C.] [min.] material Visual evaluation PE 96 RT 90 Adhesive No paper or adhesive paper remaining PE 96 40 20 Adhesive No paper or adhesive paper remaining

[0105] Food packaging samples (FIG. 5) were also tested. The samples are a PP-film and inked with different colours. The samples were cut into pieces were dipped into a desired concentrated sulphuric acid solution and stirred at the desired temperature for the desired amount of time. Table 5 summarizes the results.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Summary of deinking test on PP films from food packaging. Conc. Ink or H.sub.2SO.sub.4 Temp. Time foreign Film [wt.-%] [° C.] [min.] material Visual evaluation PP 96 RT 45 Colored ink No ink remaining but white appearance of the film PP 96 RT 90 Colored ink No ink remaining and less white appearance of the film PP 96 40 45 Colored ink Little ink remaining PP 96 40 90 Colored ink No ink remaining

[0106] In addition a feasibility test on multi-layer packaging, for example aseptic packaging such as Milk package bricks (FIG. 6) was conducted. A commercially available milk package was used. As for the previous tests, the sample was cut into pieces and was dipped into a desired concentrated sulphuric acid solution and stirred at the desired temperature for the desired amount of time. Table 6 summarizes the results.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Summary of delayering test on Milk package bricks. Conc. H.sub.2SO.sub.4 Temp. Time Foreign Film [wt.-%] [° C.] [minutes] material Visual evaluation Elopak 96 RT 180 Multilayer No big differences Elopak 96 RT 1200 Multilayer Outer layer clean Elopak 96 40 180 Multilayer Layers are detached Elopak 96 40 1200 Multilayer Layers are detached and film deinked