Method for Preparing Carbonized Silk Photocatalyst and Use Thereof

Abstract

Disclosed is a method for preparing a carbonized silk photocatalyst, comprising; soaking a natural silk and an activator in water, taking out the soaked silk, and drying the same; and roasting the dried silk under the protection of an inert atmosphere to prepare a carbonized silk photocatalyst. Also disclosed is a method for photocatalytic desulfurization of a fuel oil, comprising: mixing a fuel oil to be desulfurated, an extraction agent and a carbonized silk photocatalyst, with air being used as an oxidizing agent, to conduct a photocatalytic reaction under light irradiation, and separating an upper oil phase to obtain a desulfurated fuel oil. The catalyst has a simple preparation process, and can effectively reduce dibenzothiophene sulfides, which are difficult to remove, in the fuel oil under UV light radiation. Desulfurization can be achieved at room temperature, and reaction conditions are mild.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a carbonized silk photocatalyst, comprising: 1. soaking a natural silk and an activator in water, taking out the soaked silk, and drying the same; and 2. roasting the dried silk under the protection of an inert atmosphere to obtain a carbonized silk photocatalyst, wherein in step 1), the activator is one or more selected from the group consisting of oxalic acid, phosphotungstic acid, citric acid, lauric acid, boric acid, and potassium chloride.

2. The method for preparing the carbonized silk photocatalyst according to claim 1, wherein in step 1), a mass ratio of the natural silk to the activator is 1: (0.1-0.3).

3. The method for preparing the carbonized silk photocatalyst according to claim 1, wherein in step 2), the roasting is carried out at 450° C. to 900° C.

4. A photocatalyst for desulfurization of a fuel oil, wherein the photocatalyst is prepared by the method according to claim 1.

5. A method for photocatalytic desulfurization of a fuel oil, comprising: mixing a fuel oil to be desulfurated, an extraction agent and a carbonized silk photocatalyst, with air being used as an oxidizing agent, to conduct a photocatalytic reaction under light irradiation, and separating an upper oil phase to obtain a desulfurated fuel oil, wherein the carbonized silk photocatalyst is prepared by the method according to claim 1.

6. The method for photocatalytic desulfurization according to claim 5, wherein a volume ratio of the fuel oil to be desulfurated to the extraction agent is 1: (0.1-1); and a ratio of the fuel oil to be desulfurated to the photocatalyst is 1 L: (0.3 g-1.5 g).

7. The method for photocatalytic desulfurization according to claim 6, wherein a sulfur content of the fuel oil to be desulfurated is 400 mg/L to 1,500 mg/L.

8. The method for photocatalytic desulfurization according to claim 6, wherein the extraction agent is one or more selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, N-methyl pyrrolidone, N, N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, sulfolane, and dimethyl sulfoxide.

9. The method for photocatalytic desulfurization according to claim 5, wherein a radiation light source of the photocatalytic reaction is an ultraviolet lamp.

10. The method for photocatalytic desulfurization according to claim 5, wherein the photocatalytic reaction is carried out at 20° C. to 30° C.; and the photocatalytic reaction lasts for 120 minutes to 180 minutes.

11. A photocatalyst for desulfurization of a fuel oil, wherein the photocatalyst is prepared by the method according to claim 2.

12. A photocatalyst for desulfurization of a fuel oil, wherein the photocatalyst is prepared by the method according to claim 3.

13. A method for photocatalytic desulfurization of a fuel oil, comprising: mixing a fuel oil to be desulfurated, an extraction agent and a carbonized silk photocatalyst, with air being used as an oxidizing agent, to conduct a photocatalytic reaction under light irradiation, and separating an upper oil phase to obtain a desulfurated fuel oil, wherein the carbonized silk photocatalyst is prepared by the method according to claim 2.

14. The method for photocatalytic desulfurization according to claim 13, wherein a volume ratio of the fuel oil to be desulfurated to the extraction agent is 1: (0.1-1); and a ratio of the fuel oil to be desulfurated to the photocatalyst is 1 L: (0.3 g-1.5 g).

15. The method for photocatalytic desulfurization according to claim 14, wherein a sulfur content of the fuel oil to be desulfurated is 400 mg/L to 1,500 mg/L.

16. The method for photocatalytic desulfurization according to claim 14, wherein the extraction agent is one or more selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, N-methyl pyrrolidone, N, N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, sulfolane, and dimethyl sulfoxide.

17. A method for photocatalytic desulfurization of a fuel oil, comprising: mixing a fuel oil to be desulfurated, an extraction agent and a carbonized silk photocatalyst, with air being used as an oxidizing agent, to conduct a photocatalytic reaction under light irradiation, and separating an upper oil phase to obtain a desulfurated fuel oil, wherein the carbonized silk photocatalyst is prepared by the method according to claim 3.

18. The method for photocatalytic desulfurization according to claim 17, wherein a volume ratio of the fuel oil to be desulfurated to the extraction agent is 1: (0.1-1); and a ratio of the fuel oil to be desulfurated to the photocatalyst is 1 L: (0.3 g-1.5 g).

19. The method for photocatalytic desulfurization according to claim 18, wherein a sulfur content of the fuel oil to be desulfurated is 400 mg/L to 1,500 mg/L.

20. The method for photocatalytic desulfurization according to claim 18, wherein the extraction agent is one or more selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, N-methyl pyrrolidone, N, N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, sulfolane, and dimethyl sulfoxide.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0046] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a silk carbonization mechanism;

[0047] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a photocatalytic desulfurization mechanism of a carbonized silk material;

[0048] FIG. 3 is a scanning electron micrograph of a carbonized silk material activated with phosphotungstic acid according to the present disclosure;

[0049] FIG. 4 is a scanning electron micrograph of a carbonized silk material co-activated with potassium chloride and oxalic acid according to the present disclosure;

[0050] FIG. 5 is a scanning electron micrograph of a carbonized silk material activated with boric acid according to the present disclosure; and

[0051] FIG. 6 is a scanning electron micrograph of a carbonized silk material without treatment with an activator according to the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0052] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a silk carbonization mechanism. With reference to FIG. 1, the mechanism for preparing the carbonized silk photocatalyst according to the present disclosure is described as follows: the natural silk, after being soaked in the activator solution for a certain period of time, absorbs a certain amount of activator. Under the protection of the inert atmosphere, deoxidation and denitrification reactions occur at a high temperature. Due to the existence of the activator, certain hydrogen atoms can be provided, which is beneficial for the dehydration reaction during carbonization, and the formation of highly graphitized material by the carbonized silk.

[0053] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a photocatalytic desulfurization mechanism of a carbonized silk material. With reference to FIG. 2, the mechanism of photocatalytic desulfurization of the fuel oil according to the present disclosure is described as follows: the sulfide exists in an oil phase, while the carbonized silk exists in the extract phase. The sulfide in the oil phase is transferred to the extract phase by extraction, and the carbonized silk generates active oxygen such as HO and O .sub.2 −.circle-solid. under light radiation. The generated active oxygen oxidizes the sulfide to convert the sulfide into a highly polar sulfide, and the highly polar sulfide remains in the extract phase. With the progress of the oxidation reaction, the sulfide in the oil phase is continuously transferred to the extract phase and then removed, thus obtaining the oil phase with a low sulfur content.

[0054] The contents of the present disclosure are further described in detail hereinafter with reference to the specific examples. Unless otherwise specified, all the raw materials used in the examples may be obtained in conventional commercial ways.

PREPARATION EXAMPLE 1

[0055] Natural silkworm cocoon was washed with deionized water for 3 times to wash off impurities on surface of the silkworm cocoon. Then the washed silkworm cocoon was cut into pieces with an area of about 1 cm.sup.2 (1 cm×1 cm). 1 g of flaky silk and 0.1 g of phosphotungstic acid were soaked in 100 mL of deionized water for 24 hours, and then the soaked silk was taken out and dried in a vacuum drying oven at 40° C. for 24 hours. The dried silk was continuously placed in a tube furnace, argon was introduced into the tube furnace with a flow rate of 5 mL/min. The tube furnace was heated from room temperature to 700° C. at 5° C./min, and then the dried silk was roasted at 700° C. for 4 hours, and naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain the carbonized silk activated with the phosphotungstic acid. Finally, the carbonized silk was washed with distilled water and ethanol for 3 times to remove residual activator on the surface, and the sample was named LWS-700.

[0056] The catalyst prepared in this example was characterized and analyzed, and the scanning electron micrograph of the carbonized silk material (LWS-700) activated with the phosphotungstic acid was shown in FIG. 3.

PREPARATION EXAMPLE 2

[0057] Natural silkworm cocoon was washed with deionized water for 3 times to wash off impurities on surface of the silkworm cocoon. Then the washed silkworm cocoon was cut into pieces with an area of about 1 cm.sup.2 (1 cm×1 cm). 1 g of flaky silk, 0.1 g of potassium chloride and 0.2 g of oxalic acid were soaked in 100 mL of deionized water for 18 hours, and then the soaked silk was taken out and dried in a vacuum drying oven at 40° C. for 24 hours. The dried silk was continuously placed in a tube furnace, argon was introduced into the tube furnace with a flow rate of 10 mL/min. The tube furnace was heated from room temperature to 500° C. at 5° C./min, and then the dried silk was roasted at 500° C. for 4 hours, and naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain the carbonized silk co-activated with the potassium chloride and the oxalic acid. Finally, the carbonized silk was washed with distilled water and ethanol for 3 times to remove residual activator on the surface, and the sample was named KCS-500.

[0058] The catalyst prepared in this example was characterized and analyzed, and the scanning electron micrograph of the carbonized silk material (KCS-500) co-activated with the potassium chloride and the oxalic acid was shown in FIG. 4.

PREPARATION EXAMPLE 3

[0059] Natural silkworm cocoon was washed with deionized water for 3 times to wash off impurities on surface of the silkworm cocoon. Then the washed silkworm cocoon was cut into pieces with an area of about 1 cm.sup.2 (1 cm×1 cm). 1 g of flaky silk and 0.2 g of boric acid were soaked in 100 mL of deionized water for 24 hours, and then the soaked silk was taken out and dried in a vacuum drying oven at 40° C. for 24 hours. The dried silk was continuously placed in a tube furnace, argon was introduced into the tube furnace with a flow rate of 5 mL/min. The tube furnace was heated from room temperature to 500° C. at 5° C./min, and then the dried silk was roasted at 500° C. for 4 hours, and naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain the carbonized silk activated with the boric acid. Finally, the carbonized silk was washed with distilled water and ethanol for 3 times to remove residual activator on the surface, and the sample was named PS-500.

[0060] The catalyst prepared in this example was characterized and analyzed, and the scanning electron micrograph of the carbonized silk material (PS-500) activated with the boric acid was shown in FIG. 5.

COMPARATIVE PREPARATION EXAMPLE

[0061] Natural silkworm cocoon was washed with deionized water for 3 times to wash off impurities on surface of the silkworm cocoon. Then the washed silkworm cocoons was cut into pieces with an area of about 1 cm.sup.2 (1 cmx 1 cm). 1 g of flaky silk was soaked in 100 mL of deionized water for 12 hours, and then the soaked silk was taken out and dried in a vacuum drying oven at 40° C. for 24 hours. The dried silk was continuously placed in a tube furnace, argon was introduced into the tube furnace with a flow rate of 5 mL/min. The tube furnace was heated from room temperature to 500° C. at 5° C./min, and then the dried silk was roasted at 500° C. for 4 hours, and naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain the unactivated carbonized silk, which were named WH-500.

[0062] The catalyst prepared in this example was characterized and analyzed, and the scanning electron micrograph of the carbonized silk material (WH-500) without treatment with the activator was shown in FIG. 6.

[0063] The catalysts prepared in Preparation Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Preparation Example were subjected to desulfurization tests hereinafter. Illustratively, the fuel oil tested in the present disclosure was a simulated fuel oil composed of n-alkanes; and further, the fuel oil was a simulated fuel oil composed of n-decane and tetradecane, and a sulfur content of the simulated fuel oil was 500 ppm to 1,400 ppm. A sulfur source of the fuel oil was selected from dibenzothiophene (DBT).

[0064] The desulfurization test was specifically as follows:

[0065] Preparation of simulated fuel oil: dibenzothiophene was added into n-decane and n-tetradecane to prepare the simulated fuel oil with the sulfur content of 500 mg/L to 1,400 mg/L. For example, the simulated fuel oil with the sulfur content of 500 mg/L was prepared by adding 1.439 g of dibenzothiophene into 500 mL of n-decane and n-tetradecane.

[0066] Test method: the photocatalyst was added into a jacketed quartz flask provided with magnetic stirring and cooling circulating water, and then the simulated fuel oil and acetonitrile were added.

[0067] Air was pumped into the simulated fuel oil by an air pump, or no air was pumped. When no air was pumped, oxygen in the reaction system in the experiment came from dissolved oxygen on the surface of the reaction solution contacted with air. The cooling circulating water was maintained at 22° C. The mixture was stirred in the dark first, then reacted under the radiation of a high-pressure mercury lamp with a main wavelength of 365 nm, stood and then layered, the oil on upper layer was extracted, the sulfur content was determined by a gas chromatograph, and the desulfurization rate was calculated. The calculation formula of the desulfurization rate was as follows:

Desulfurization rate=(C.sub.0-C.sub.t)/C.sub.0×100%   (1)

[0068] In formula (1):

[0069] C.sub.0—initial concentration of sulfide in fuel oil, unit: mg/L;

[0070] C.sub.t—concentration of sulfide in fuel oil at the reaction time t, unit: mg/L. The desulfurization tests of the catalysts prepared in Preparation Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Preparation Example were further described respectively hereinafter.

APPLICATION EXAMPLE 1

[0071] 0.01 g of LWS-700 prepared in Preparation Example 1 was added into 15 mL of simulated fuel oil containing DBT with a sulfur content of 500 mg/L, 7.5 mL of acetonitrile was added, and the flow rate of air was 20 mL/min. The mixture was stirred in the dark for 20 minutes first, and then irradiated under UV light for 140 minutes to extract the upper oil, the sulfur content was determined, and the desulfurization rate was calculated to be 99.5%.

APPLICATION EXAMPLE 2

[0072] 0.005 g of LWS-700 prepared in Preparation Example 1 was added into 15 mL of simulated fuel oil containing DBT with a sulfur content of 500 mg/L, 5 mL of acetonitrile was added, and the flow rate of air was 10 mL/min. The mixture was stirred in the dark for 20 minutes first, and then irradiated under UV light for 140 minutes to extract the upper oil, the sulfur content was determined, and the desulfurization rate was calculated to be 96.7%.

APPLICATION EXAMPLE 3

[0073] 0.008 g of KCS-500 prepared in Preparation Example 2 was added into 15 mL of simulated fuel oil containing DBT with a sulfur content of 500 mg/L, 2.5 mL of acetonitrile was added, and the flow rate of air was 40 mL/min. The mixture was stirred in the dark for 20 minutes first, and then irradiated under UV light for 140 minutes to extract the upper oil, the sulfur content was determined, and the desulfurization rate was calculated to be 97.7%.

APPLICATION EXAMPLE 4

[0074] 0.02 g of PS-500 prepared in Preparation Example 3 was added into 15 mL of simulated fuel oil containing DBT with a sulfur content of 500 mg/L, 7.5 mL of acetonitrile was added, and no air was pumped in. The mixture was stirred in the dark for 20 minutes first, and then irradiated under UV light for 140 minutes to extract the upper oil, the sulfur content was determined, and the desulfurization rate was calculated to be 93.7%.

APPLICATION EXAMPLE 5

[0075] 0.005 g of LWS-700 prepared in Preparation Example 1 was added into 15 mL of simulated fuel oil containing DBT with a sulfur content of 500 mg/L, 7.5 mL of acetonitrile was added, and the flow rate of air was 5 mL/min. The mixture was stirred in the dark for 20 minutes first, and then irradiated under UV light for 140 minutes to extract the upper oil, the sulfur content was determined, and the desulfurization rate was calculated to be 96.5%.

APPLICATION EXAMPLE 6

[0076] 0.005 g of LWS-700 prepared in Preparation Example 1 was added into 15 mL of simulated fuel oil containing DBT with a sulfur content of 800 mg/L, 7.5 mL of acetonitrile was added, and the flow rate of air was 20 mL/min. The mixture was stirred in the dark for 20 minutes first, and then irradiated under UV light for 140 minutes to extract the upper oil, the sulfur content was determined, and the desulfurization rate was calculated to be 98.5%.

APPLICATION EXAMPLE 7

[0077] 0.005 g of LWS-700 prepared in Preparation Example 1 was added into 15 mL of simulated fuel oil containing DBT with a sulfur content of 1,400 mg/L, 7.5 mL of acetonitrile was added, and the flow rate of air was 20 mL/min. The mixture was stirred in the dark for 20 minutes first, and then irradiated under UV light for 140 minutes to extract the upper oil, the sulfur content was determined, and the desulfurization rate was calculated to be 96.9%.

APPLICATION EXAMPLE 8

[0078] 0.005 g of LWS-700 prepared in Preparation Example 1 was added into 15 mL of simulated fuel oil containing DBT with a sulfur content of 500 mg/L, 7.5 mL of acetonitrile was added, and the flow rate of air was 20 mL/min. The mixture was stirred in the dark for 20 minutes first, and then irradiated under UV light for 140 minutes to extract the upper oil, the sulfur content was determined, and the desulfurization rate was calculated to be 98.9%.

COMPARATIVE APPLICATION EXAMPLE 1

[0079] 0.005 g of WH-500 prepared in Preparation Example 1 was added into 15 mL of simulated fuel oil containing DBT with a sulfur content of 500 mg/L, 7.5 mL of acetonitrile was added, and the flow rate of air was 20 mL/min. The mixture was stirred in the dark for 20 minutes first, and then irradiated under UV light for 140 minutes to extract the upper oil, the sulfur content was determined, and the desulfurization rate was calculated to be 63.7%.

COMPARATIVE APPLICATION EXAMPLE 2

[0080] The same experiment was carried out by using graphene oxide as a desulfurization catalyst, referring to contents disclosed in Deep desulfurization of liquid fuels with molecular oxygen through graphene photocatalytic oxidation (Zeng X., Xiao X., Li Y., et al. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2017, 209(15): 98-109). The graphene oxide was prepared by the modified Hummers method, and strong acid and a strong oxidizing agent needed to be used during preparation. There was a potential safety hazard of explosion during preparation, and a large amount of acid-containing wastewater could be produced during washing after reaction, so that an additional wastewater treatment unit was needed. Formic acid was added additionally during desulfurization, and a small amount of acid dissolved in the oil product could lead to the decline of oil product quality. Although the graphene oxide has a good desulfurization effect, the graphene oxide have the disadvantage of complicated preparation, high production cost, and difficult separation from the oil after desulfurization, so that the graphene oxide is not suitable for practical popularization and use.

[0081] Results of the desulfurization tests in Application Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Application Examples 1 to 2 were shown in Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Results of application tests Initial Consumption Consumption sulfur Flow rate of Reaction Desulfurization of catalyst content of air acetonitrile time rate Number Catalyst (g/L) (mg/L) (mL/min) (mL) (min) (%) Application Example 1 LWS-700 0.67 500 20 7.5 140 99.5 Application Example 2 LWS-700 0.33 500 10 5 140 96.7 Application Example 3 KCS-500 0.53 500 40 2.5 140 97.7 Application Example 4 PS-500 1.33 500 0 7.5 140 93.7 Application Example 5 LWS-700 0.33 500 5 7.5 140 96.5 Application Example 6 LWS-700 0.33 800 20 7.5 140 98.5 Application Example7 LWS-700 0.33 1400 20 7.5 140 96.9 Application Example 8 LWS-700 0.33 500 20 7.5 140 98.9 Comparative WH-500 0.33 500 20 7.5 140 63.7 Application Example 1 Comparative Graphene 0.04 500 20 7.5 140 99.9 Application Example 2 oxide

[0082] It could be seen from the above test results that, for the dibenzothiophene sulfide in the simulated fuel oil, the catalyst of the present disclosure could achieve a desulfurization rate of 93.7% to 99.5% under UV radiation within 140 minutes. Therefore, the catalyst of the present disclosure can effectively remove the dibenzothiophene sulfide in the fuel oil. The desulfurization can be achieved at room temperature without high temperature and high pressure, and reaction conditions are mild, so that the operation cost and the equipment maintenance cost are reduced. Air is used as the oxidizing agent, without needing to add an explosive peroxide (such as hydrogen peroxide, etc.), which reduces potential safety hazards. Compared with the existing catalysts, the catalyst of the present disclosure is simple in preparation, without producing a large amount of industrial wastewater during preparation, may use biomass raw materials, has a low cost, and has a good application value in the desulfurization of the fuel oil.

[0083] The above examples represent non-limiting embodiments or aspects of the present disclosure, but the embodiments or aspects of the present disclosure are not limited by the above examples. Any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications made without departing from the spirit and principle of the present disclosure should be equivalent substitute modes, and should be included in the scope of protection of the present disclosure.