Computer input devices

Abstract

A sensing system for a computer input device. The sensing system comprises an actuator to attach to a key top or button. The actuator is moveable along an axis or hinged. The sensing system further comprises a biasing element to exert a biasing force on the actuator directed along the axis. The sensing system further comprises an actuator motion sensor associated with the actuator. The actuator motion sensor comprises a passive resonant circuit configured to be moved by the actuator and having a resonant frequency, an active resonant circuit configured to excite the passive resonant circuit at the resonant frequency, a sensor driver to drive the active resonant circuit with an RF drive signal at the resonant frequency, and a detector to detect a level of RF signal from a driven actuator motion sensor for sensing a position and/or velocity of the actuator.

Claims

1. A sensing system for a computer input device, wherein the computer input device is a computer keyboard or mouse or joystick or game controller, the sensing system comprising: an actuator, wherein the actuator is configured to attach to or comprises or consists of a key top or button; an actuator motion sensor associated with the actuator to detect motion of the actuator, the actuator motion sensor comprising: a passive resonant circuit configured to be moved by the actuator and having a resonant frequency; an active resonant circuit configured to excite the passive resonant circuit at the resonant frequency; a biasing element configured to exert a biasing force on the actuator, wherein either: the actuator is movable along an axis and the biasing element is configured to exert the biasing force along the axis; or wherein the actuator is a hinged actuator and the biasing element is configured to exert the biasing force on the actuator directed to bias the passive resonant circuit of the actuator away from the active resonant circuit; at least one sensor driver to drive the active resonant circuit with an RF drive signal at the resonant frequency; and at least one detector to detect a level of RF signal from a driven actuator motion sensor for sensing at least one of a position and a velocity of the actuator associated with the actuator motion sensor.

2. A sensing system for a computer keyboard, the sensing system comprising: a plurality of key sensors, wherein each of the plurality of key sensors comprises: a passive resonant circuit, and an active resonant circuit, the passive resonant circuit having a resonant frequency, the active resonant circuit being configured to excite the passive resonant circuit at the resonant frequency, and optionally an actuator; the sensing system further comprising: at least one sensor driver to drive the active resonant circuits with an RF drive signal at the resonant frequency; a multiplexing system; and at least one detector to detect a level of RF signal from a driven key sensor for sensing at least one of a position and a velocity of a key associated with the key sensor; wherein the multiplexing system is configured such that no key is driven at the same time as an adjacent key in each of two dimensions.

3. The sensing system of claim 1, further comprising a casing for the actuator, the biasing element, and the passive resonant circuit, wherein the casing with the actuator, the biasing element, and the passive resonant circuit defines an actuator block.

4. The sensing system of claim 3, further comprising the computer input device, wherein the computer input device comprises a mounting surface for the actuator block, wherein the actuator block is configured to be removably fitted into the mounting surface such that one actuator block is exchangeable for another, and wherein when the actuator block is fitted into the mounting surface the passive resonant circuit is in operable proximity to the active resonant circuit.

5. The sensing system of claim 4 wherein the casing further comprises a catch having a catching position and a releasing position, wherein the catch is configured to attach the casing of the actuator block to the mounting surface when the catch is in the catching position and is operable to release the actuator block from the mounting surface.

6. The sensing system of claim 4, comprising a set of the actuator blocks, wherein the actuator blocks have different mechanical responses to one another, wherein the mechanical response of an actuator block defines a force needed to define the at least one of the sensed position and velocity.

7. The sensing system of claim 6 wherein the computer input device is an alphanumeric keyboard and wherein the set of the actuator blocks are for keys of the alphanumeric keyboard.

8. The sensing system of claim 1, wherein the actuator has a start position, when the actuator is in a quiescent state, and a depressed position, the sensing system further comprising a signal processor configured to process the detected level of RF signal to sense at least one of a position and a velocity of the actuator between the start position and the end position for determining a key or button response associated with said actuator motion sensor.

9. The sensing system of claim 8, further comprising a deformable end stop for the actuator, wherein the depressed position is defined by the deformable end stop, and wherein signal processor is configured to process the detected level of RF signal to sense when force is applied to the actuator to move the actuator beyond the deformable end stop, and to provide an aftertouch signal.

10. The sensing system of claim 1, wherein the sensing system comprises a plurality of actuator motion sensors positioned in an array, the sensing system further comprising a multiplexing system to multiplex the RF drive signals for the actuator motion sensors such that simultaneously driven actuator motion sensors are separated by at least one actuator motion sensor in at least one of two orthogonal directions.

11. The sensing system of claim 1, further comprising: a backplane, wherein the backplane bears a plurality of the active resonant circuits each comprising a respective coil with one or more windings, each for a respective actuator motion sensor; and a signal processor configured to process the detected level of RF signal to sense at least one of a position and a velocity of the actuator for determining a key or button response associated with the actuator motion sensor; wherein the signal processor is configurable to adjust the key or button response of one or more of the actuator motion sensors, individually or in groups, to configure the sensitivity of the actuator motion sensors to motion such that different ones of the actuator motion sensors are configurable to have different sensitivities to motion.

12. The sensing system of claim 11 further comprising non-volatile memory associated with the signal processor to store sensitivity configuration data defining the sensitivity of the actuator motion sensors, individually or in groups, and an interface to enable one or more of: user definition of the sensitivity configuration data, import of the sensitivity configuration data, and export of the sensitivity configuration data.

13. The sensing system of claim 1, wherein at least the active resonant circuit comprises a coil with windings in opposite senses, in particular wherein the windings in opposite senses are configured to generate magnetic fields in opposite senses to cancel one another.

14. The sensing system of claim 13 wherein each of the passive resonant circuit and the active resonant circuit comprises a coil with first and second windings in opposite senses, and wherein the first and second windings are on opposite sides of the axis.

15. The sensing system of claim 1, including a backplane, wherein the backplane bears a plurality of the active resonant circuits each comprising a respective coil with one or more windings, wherein at least some of the active resonant circuits are paired such that in a pair of the active resonant circuits a configuration of the one or more windings of a coil of one of the active resonant circuits is of opposite sense to a configuration of the one or more windings of a coil of the other of the active resonant circuit.

16. The sensing system of claim 15, further comprising the at least one sensor driver, wherein the active resonant circuits are arranged in spatial groups and wherein, for all the active resonant circuits in a spatial group, the one or more windings of the coils of the active resonant circuits have the same sense, wherein in adjacent spatial groups the one or more windings of the coils of the active resonant circuits have opposite senses, and wherein within a spatial group the active resonant circuits are multiplexed such that they are driven sequentially in time.

17. The sensing system of claim 1, further comprising a temperature-compensation system to temperature-compensate the detected level of RF signal, wherein the temperature-compensation system is configured to apply an off-resonance drive signal to at least one of the active resonant circuits, to measure a level of the off-resonance drive signal from the at least one detector, and to compensate the detected level of RF signal responsive to the level of the off-resonance drive signal.

18. The sensing system of claim 17 wherein the multiplexing system is configured to multiplex the drive signal such that one of the actuator motion sensors is driven in each of a set of time slots, and wherein the temperature-compensation system is configured to apply the off-resonance drive signal during an additional time slot to the set of time slots.

19. A computer mouse, game controller, computer or alphanumeric keyboard, or joystick comprising a sensing system comprising: an actuator, wherein the actuator is configured to attach to or comprises or consists of a key top or button; an actuator motion sensor associated with the actuator to detect motion of the actuator, the actuator motion sensor comprising: a passive resonant circuit configured to be moved by the actuator and having a resonant frequency; an active resonant circuit configured to excite the passive resonant circuit at the resonant frequency; a biasing element configured to exert a biasing force on the actuator, wherein either: the actuator is movable along an axis and the biasing element is configured to exert the biasing force along the axis; or wherein the actuator is a hinged actuator and the biasing element is configured to exert the biasing force on the actuator directed to bias the passive resonant circuit of the actuator away from the active resonant circuit; at least one sensor driver to drive the active resonant circuit with an RF drive signal at the resonant frequency; at least one detector to detect a level of RF signal from a driven actuator motion sensor for sensing at least one of a position and a velocity of the actuator associated with the actuator motion sensor.

20. A sensing system according to claim 1, additionally comprising a backplane, wherein the backplane bears a plurality of the active resonant circuits each comprising a respective coil with one or more windings, wherein at least some of the active resonant circuits are paired such that in a pair of the active resonant circuits a configuration of the one or more windings of a coil of one of the active resonant circuits is of opposite sense to a configuration of the one or more windings of a coil of the other of the active resonant circuit.

21. A backplane as defined in claim 20 further comprising the at least one sensor driver, wherein the active resonant circuits are arranged in spatial groups and wherein, for all the active resonant circuits in a spatial group, the one or more windings of the coils of the active resonant circuits have the same sense, wherein adjacent spatial groups the one or more windings of the coils of the active resonant circuits have opposite senses, and wherein within a spatial group the active resonant circuits are multiplexed such that are driven sequentially in time.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIGS. 1a and 1b show, respectively, an active tuned resonant circuit and a passive tuned resonant circuit for use with example implementations of the system.

(2) FIG. 2 shows an example of a read-out electronic circuit comprising a synchronous demodulator for use in example implementations of the system.

(3) FIGS. 3a and 3b show, respectively, example printed circuit designs for the active tuned resonant circuit and for the passive tuned resonant circuit.

(4) FIGS. 4a and 4b show examples of sensor resonant circuits with coils having windings in opposite senses for, respectively, the active tuned resonant circuit and the passive tuned resonant circuit, for use in a keyboard comprising key assemblies.

(5) FIG. 5 shows an example printed circuit design for coils of active tuned resonant circuits for a computer keyboard in which simultaneously active pairs of coils are wound in opposing directions.

(6) FIGS. 6a to 6d show, respectively, a cross-sectional view of an actuator block for a keyboard key, an isometric view of the actuator block, a computer keyboard comprising the actuator blocks, and an example of a hinged actuator for a computer keyboard.

(7) FIG. 7 shows a timing diagram of a time division multiplex circuit used to multiplex a plurality of active tuned resonant circuits for a computer keyboard.

(8) FIG. 8 shows a circuit diagram of a time division multiplex system to multiplex a plurality of active tuned resonant circuits to determine the position of a plurality of actuators on a keyboard.

(9) FIG. 9 shows a plot of an output of an actuator motion sensor versus key displacement for an actuator of a keyboard.

(10) FIG. 10 shows an example of measured position and measured velocity of an actuator on a keyboard as it is depressed.

(11) FIG. 11 shows an example calibration procedure for calibrating the detected position of an actuator key on a keyboard.

(12) FIG. 12 shows an example process used to detect key-on events, key-off events, expression events, and pressure events for an actuator of a keyboard.

(13) FIG. 13 shows a block diagram of an example implementation of a sensing system for a computer input device.

(14) In the Figures some like elements are indicated by like reference numerals.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(15) Referring to FIG. 1a, an active tuned resonant circuit comprises an input resistive element 4, a coil 1, two capacitive elements 2 and 3, an output resistive element 5, a means of connecting 6 drive electronics to the input resistive element and a means of connecting 7 read-out electronics to the output resistive element. The input resistive element may be omitted, but it is preferred because: it limits the current supplied to the active tuned resonant circuit from the drive electronics which reduces the operating current and thus reduces both power consumption and electro-magnetic emissions from the active tuned resonant circuit; and it increases the sensitivity of proximity detection when the read-out electronics are connected to the active tuned resonant circuit. The output resistive element may be omitted, but it is also preferred because the input and output resistive elements reduce the effect of connecting wires on the impedance of the active tuned resonant circuit thus allowing all the actuator motion sensors to be essentially the same regardless of the length of connections to the drive electronics and to the read-out electronics.

(16) Referring to FIG. 1b, the reactive element preferably comprises a passive tuned resonant circuit which comprises a coil 8 and a capacitive element 9 wherein the coil and the capacitive element are connected to form a closed resonant LC circuit. It is not necessary for the size nor for the value of inductance of the coils 1 and 8 to be substantially similar. The value of the capacitance of the capacitive element 9 is preferably chosen to tune the frequency of resonance of the passive tuned resonant circuit to match the frequency of resonance of the active tuned resonant circuit of FIG. 1a. When the passive and active circuits are thus tuned, it is possible to operate a plurality of actuator motion sensors where proximally located the actuator motion sensors are tuned to substantially different frequencies of resonance thereby minimising the interaction between the proximally located actuator motion sensors. Furthermore when the passive and active circuits are thus tuned the signal amplitude at output 7 in FIG. 1a decreases as the distance between the passive and active circuits decreases because more energy is coupled to and dissipated by the passive tuned resonant circuit. Such variation in the signal amplitude is preferred because measuring variations in signal amplitude is faster than measuring variations in frequency of resonance as would be implemented in the case where the active tuned resonant circuit was detuned by proximity to the reactive element.

(17) The drive electronics comprises a generator of an oscillating voltage drive waveform at a frequency equal to or close to the frequency of resonance of the active tuned resonant circuit. Typically, by way of example, this waveform is a square waveform generated by the output of a microcontroller timer or a digital or analogue timing circuit.

(18) The read-out electronics comprise a means of generating a voltage proportional to the amplitude of the signal at the read-out point 7.

(19) Referring to FIG. 2, by way of example, the read-out electronics may comprise a synchronous demodulator circuit. For example the signal from the read-out point is connected to point 20 and demodulated e.g. by an analogue switch 22 controlled by the oscillating voltage drive waveform connected to 19 whose phase is optionally adjusted by a phase shifting element 21. A low-frequency (or dc) voltage is presented at output point 25 by a low-pass filter e.g. comprising a resistive element 23 and a capacitive element 24. Alternative read-out electronic circuits may comprise phase-sensitive rectifiers, phase-insensitive rectifiers, non-synchronous demodulators, peak detectors, or the like.

(20) The coils 1 and 8 used in the active tuned resonant circuit and the passive tuned resonant circuit respectfully can be of any type. However using planar spiral coils formed by tracks on a printed circuit board has three main advantages: they are inexpensive, they can be made with highly reproducible values of inductance and the printed circuit board can also be used to mount the other components, namely the capacitive elements 2, 3 and 9, and the resistive elements 4 and 5. It is therefore possible to design a plurality of coils whose inductance values are closely matched.

(21) Referring to FIG. 3a, an example active tuned resonant circuit may be formed on a printed circuit board comprising a single electrically conductive layer or a plurality of electrically conductive layers. In implementations the coil 1 is formed of a continuous spiral track whereby electrical continuity of the track is maintained by electrical connection through connecting vias 53 to a connecting wire or to another spiral track on another conductive layer or to a plurality of spiral tracks on a plurality of conductive layers of the printed circuit board; capacitive elements 2 and 3 and resistive elements 4 and 5 are proximally located; and connection points 6 and 7 are provided for drive electronics and read-out electronics, respectively.

(22) In some implementations e.g. where a keyboard comprises a plurality of removeable actuator blocks, the active tuned resonant circuit may be formed on a backplane. The backplane may comprise a printed circuit board. In some implementations the backplane is provided with an aperture 60 to accommodate part, e.g. a projection, of an actuator block, for alignment.

(23) FIG. 3b shows an example passive tuned resonant circuit that may be formed on a printed circuit board comprising a single electrically conductive layer or a plurality of electrically conductive layers. In implementations the coil 8 is formed of a continuous spiral track whereby electrical continuity of the track is maintained by electrical connection through connecting vias 54 to a connecting wire or to another spiral track on another conductive layer or to a plurality of spiral tracks on a plurality of conductive layers of the printed circuit board; and the capacitive element 9 is proximally located.

(24) In some implementations the passive tuned resonant circuit forms part of an actuator block and may be formed on a printed circuit board. The printed circuit board may have an aperture 61 to facilitate mounting of the printed circuit board e.g. onto a moveable top member of the actuator block as described later.

(25) The electro-magnetic emissions from an active tuned resonant circuit, and the susceptibility to electro-magnetic interference signals of the active tuned resonant circuit can be substantially reduced when the inductive coil of the active tuned resonant circuit is formed from a plurality of electrically connected primary smaller coils wherein the winding direction of the primary smaller coils is chosen such that the sum of the electro-magnetic far field radiated from the primary smaller coils is substantially zero.

(26) One example of the inductive coil 1 is shown in FIG. 4a, wherein two primary smaller coils are wired in series with opposing winding directions 58 to form, approximately, a figure-of-eight coil. In such an arrangement the electro-magnetic far field radiated from the first half of the figure-of-eight coil 56 is equal in magnitude but with opposite polarity to the electro-magnetic far field radiated from the second half of the figure-of-eight coil 57, thus the electro-magnetic far field radiated from the figure-of-eight coil is substantially zero.

(27) In such an arrangement, a passive tuned resonant circuit as shown in FIG. 3b may be ineffective unless the inductive coil of the passive tuned resonant circuit is primarily inductively coupled to only one half 56 or 57 of the figure-of-eight coil of the active tuned resonant circuit.

(28) To maximise the output signal of the actuator motion sensor, the inductive coil of the passive tuned resonant circuit may be similarly formed of a figure-of-eight inductive coil, as shown in FIG. 4b, e.g. comprising two secondary smaller coils wired in series with opposing winding directions 58 wherein each the secondary smaller coil is primarily inductively coupled to a different primary smaller coil of the figure-of-eight coil of the active tuned resonant circuit.

(29) Although a first passive tuned resonant circuit tuned to a first frequency of resonance of a first active tuned resonant circuit does not substantially affect the output of an adjacent second active tuned resonant circuit tuned to a substantially different second frequency of resonance, when a corresponding second passive tuned resonant circuit tuned to the second frequency of resonance is proximally located, movement of the first passive tuned resonant circuit may affect the output of the second active tuned resonant circuit due to mutual coupling between the first and second passive tuned resonant circuits. Such undesirable interaction can be minimised by offsetting the positions of physically adjacent passive tuned resonant circuits from a position they would otherwise occupy.

(30) In some implementations the actuator motion sensors on the moveable keys of a keyboard are interrogated using a time-division multiplexing scheme in which a subset of actuator motion sensors are enabled at any given time. For a typical keyboard with a large number of keys such as 16 or more, such a scheme can have advantages of reducing cost, complexity, power consumption and electro-magnetic emissions.

(31) In the case where a first actuator motion sensor operating at first frequency of resonance and a second actuator motion sensor operating at a substantially different second frequency of resonance are proximally located the actuator motion sensors can interact in such a way that the output of the first actuator motion sensor and the output of the second actuator motion sensor contains interference components which vary with a frequency of variation equal to the frequency difference of the first frequency of resonance and the second frequency of resonance. Synchronous demodulation of the output of the actuator motion sensors substantially removes the interference components when the cut-off frequency of the reconstruction low-pass filter is substantially lower than the frequency difference. However, the time response of the low-pass filter can limit the speed of response of the actuator motion sensors which is undesirable. Therefore, a mechanism to minimise this interference is desired. Using a time-division multiplexing scheme where physically adjacent sensors are not driven at the same time can avoid this problem.

(32) However in practice it has been found that synchronous demodulation is not necessary for good performance.

(33) In implementations where more than one active tuned resonant circuit is driven simultaneously, to reduce electro-magnetic emissions it can be advantageous to configure the winding direction of coils of the active tuned resonant circuits such that when simultaneously driven a proportion e.g. half of the coils have windings in one direction and the remaining the coils have windings in the opposite sense. Thus the sum of the electro-magnetic far field radiated from the coils may be substantially reduced compared to the coils all being wound in the same sense.

(34) Thus FIG. 5 shows, schematically an arrangement of coils of the active tuned resonant circuits of a computer keyboard e.g. a printed circuit board; an example keyboard is described later with reference to FIG. 6. The active tuned resonant circuits are driven by a time-division multiplexing scheme in which the numbers in the coils indicate the time-slot during which each coil is driven. The winding direction 58 of each coil is also indicated. The coils are grouped. Consider Group 1 and Group 2: in each time-slot only two coils are active and these are wound in opposite senses. Similarly in Group 3 and Group 4, in each time-slot only two coils are active and are wound in opposite senses. Such an arrangement can be extended to an arbitrary number of groups and time-slots and thus to an arbitrary number of keys on a keyboard. A majority of the coils of the active tuned resonant circuits have a corresponding coil wound in opposite sense, to promote far-field cancellation of electro-magnetic radiated emissions.

(35) An example implementation of the described sensing system is now described, comprising a keyboard with a plurality of keys.

(36) Thus FIG. 6a and FIG. 6b show a sensing system for a computer input device, as illustrated a key of a keyboard, omitting the electronics which may be as described earlier. Similar arrangements may be employed for e.g. a button of a game controller or for a computer mouse. The arrangements of FIGS. 6a and 6b may be described as key assemblies.

(37) The computer input device may include a casing for the actuator of the device; the casing may comprise an upper housing part 63 and a lower housing part 62. The sensing system comprises an actuator 15, which may be constrained by the casing to travel along an axis of movement 65. The actuator 15 may be configured to be attached to, or to comprise, a key or button. For example in FIG. 6 the top of the actuator 15 has a cross shape which is suitable for attaching to a key top or button.

(38) The actuator 15 resists movement by means of a biasing element 16. The biasing element may be a spring or other biasing element and biases the actuator 15 along the axis 65, to separate the active and passive resonant circuits (described later). The casing have comprise a lip or other retention mechanism 67 to retain the actuator within the casing. The sensing system may include a deformable end stop 68 to limit the movement of the actuator.

(39) The sensing system has an actuation motion sensor comprising an active tuned resonant circuit 10, as illustrated on a backplane 10a, inductively coupled to a passive tuned resonant circuit 11. The passive tuned resonant circuit 11 is configured to be moved by the actuator 15. In implementations the passive tuned resonant circuit 11 is attached to a moveable top member of the actuator 15. The actuation motion sensor provides an RF signal which varies as the mutual separation of the active tuned resonant circuit 10 and the passive tuned resonant circuit 11 is varied. Drive and read-out electronics are connected to the active tuned resonant circuit 11. As described above the RF signal can be processed to determine a position and/or velocity of the actuator associated with the actuator motion sensor.

(40) In implementations, the device casing defines an actuator block. In implementations the actuator block is configured to be removeably fitted into a mounting surface 64, e.g. a flat or curved metal or plastic plate. In some implementations, as shown in FIGS. 6a and 6b, the active tuned resonant circuit 10 of the actuator motion sensor may be separate from actuator block: There is no direct electrical connection necessary between the active tuned resonant circuit and the actuator block, and thence to the drive electronics and to the read-out electronics connected to the active tuned resonant circuit. Such an arrangement, by means of a clip or other retention device 66 (or simply by means of a push-fit), allows the actuator block to be removed from the mounting surface 64 of a keyboard and to be replaced by a substantially similar actuator block but potentially with different mechanical characteristics e.g. a different strength of spring. Thus in implementations it is possible, without compromising the integrity of electrical connections, to interchange actuator blocks with differing characteristics including, but not limited to: resisting force of the biasing element 16; distance of travel of the actuator 15; tactile response of the actuator block; deformability of the deformable endstop 68; acoustic sound when the deformable endstop 68 contacts lower housing 62.

(41) FIG. 6c shows an example of a keyboard comprising key assemblies of the type shown in FIGS. 6a and 6b.

(42) FIG. 6d shows an example of a key assembly which may be used for the hinged key of a computer, e.g. laptop keyboard. A key comprises a hinged actuator 70 bearing the passive tuned resonant circuit 11. The hinged actuator 70 may but need not carry a separate key top, and may be hinged at a pivot 72; where the hinged actuator 70 is electrically conductive the passive tuned resonant circuit 11 may be mounted on a non-conductive air gap or spacer 74. A backplane 76, may carry the active tuned resonant circuit 10, again with an optional air gap or spacer 78. The hinged actuator 70 may be provided with a deformable end stop 80, e.g. mounted on the backplane. A biasing element 82 such as a spring biases the hinged actuator to separate the passive and active resonant circuits.

(43) In one example a hinged key for a laptop keyboard comprises a moveable top member that is rotated about a pivot point and which resists movement by means of a spring or other mechanical linkage; a fixed bottom member; an optional deformable end-stop which limits movement of said top member; and a position sensor comprising an active tuned resonant circuit inductively coupled to an electrically reactive element, henceforth referred to as the target, providing a signal which varies as the mutual separation of said active tuned resonant circuit and said target is varied, drive electronics connected to the active tuned resonant circuit and read-out electronics connected to the active tuned resonant circuit.

(44) In another implementation, which may be combined with those described previously, alternate keys of a keyboard i.e. alternate actuator motion sensors, may be configured to be driven with different frequencies, e.g. operated at respective first and second resonant frequencies F1 and F2. Amongst a subset of keys i.e. actuator motion sensors, in each time slot only one actuator motion sensor operating at a first frequency of resonance may be enabled and only one actuator motion sensor operating at a second frequency of resonance may be enabled. Furthermore, in implementations physically adjacent actuator motion sensors are never enabled at the same time, minimising the interference components. A plurality of the subsets of actuator motion sensors may be operated simultaneously.

(45) An example multiplexing scheme is shown in FIG. 7. The actuator motion sensors of the sensing system may be divided up into spatial groups e.g. each comprising keys which are not directly adjacent to one another, illustrated by the black and white bars in FIG. 7. The sensors in one group of keys may have a different resonant frequency to the sensors in another group of keys. In an example, in a group, illustrated say by the black bars, there are 8 time slots and every 8.sup.th key is activated (driven) simultaneously. This approach may be adapted for k time slots, driving every kth key simultaneously (that is simultaneously driven keys have k−1 inactive keys between them). Keys in simultaneously active groups, e.g. illustrated by the black and white bars, may be (physically) separated as far as possible.

(46) For example in implementations a multiplexing system is provided to multiplex the RF drive signal such that simultaneously driven key sensors are separated or surrounded by at least (k−1) keys, where (k−1) is an integer equal to or greater than 1, at least one detector detecting the level of RF signal from a driven actuator motion sensor.

(47) Some implementations of the system do not employ different groups of keys with different resonant frequencies. Instead all the sensors may have substantially the same resonant frequency. Use of such an approach is facilitated by the coil design with opposite senses of winding described previously. Thus there may be k time slots and every kth key may be active (driven) simultaneously.

(48) FIG. 8 shows an example time-division multiplexed controller, configured to drive a set or subset of actuator motion sensors operating at a single frequency of resonance. In the system of FIG. 8 a processor 35 generates a drive waveform 36 whose frequency matches the frequency of resonance the actuator motion sensors' active tuned resonant circuits; the processor generates selector signals 37 to select which actuator motion sensor is to be enabled; the actuator motion sensors' outputs 7 are coupled to an analogue multiplexer 34; the analogue multiplexer's output is coupled to an analogue-to-digital converter within the processor via a low-pass filter comprising a capacitive element 24 and resistive element within the analogue multiplexer; and an output 55 from the processor used to send information regarding the position and velocity of the actuator motion sensors. A further advantage to using the analogue multiplexer to couple the actuator motion sensors' outputs to the analogue-to-digital converter is that the analogue multiplexer can perform the function of the analogue switch 22 used for synchronous demodulation whereby the output of the analogue multiplexer can be synchronously enabled and disabled via an enable input 39 coupled to the drive waveform 36. In the case where a plurality of actuator motion sensors are operated at substantially different frequencies of resonance the time-division multiplexed scheme can be replicated as necessary. A suitable processor is an ARM Cortex-MO.

(49) FIG. 8 shows just one demultiplexer/multiplexer but if there are multiple resonant frequencies one demultiplexer/multiplexer may be employed for each of the resonant frequencies used. For example a second demultiplexer/multiplexer may be used where alternate resonant frequencies are mapped to alternate keys of the keyboard.

(50) Decreased sensitivity to detuning of the actuator motion sensor's active tuned resonant circuit or passive tuned resonant circuit, for example, caused by variations of component tolerance, may be facilitated by coupling the output of the (optional) synchronous demodulator circuit to a peak detection circuit comprising a diode 40 a capacitive element 24 and optionally a resistive element 41 or a switching element 42 (to reset the charge on capacitive element 24). In the case where a switching element is used the switching element may reset the detected peak level synchronously with the selector signals used to control the multiplexers.

(51) The signal from the detector (read-out circuitry) may be input to an analogue-to-digital converter 38, for example integrated into an analogue input of processor 35.

(52) In the case where a disabled actuator motion sensor's active tuned resonant circuit is not being driven, the active tuned resonant circuit acts as a tuned antenna. This can have a negative effect whereby moving the target corresponding to the disabled actuator motion sensor can produce a measurable variation in the output of a similarly-tuned actuator motion sensor. This is even if the similarly-tuned actuator motion sensor is not physically adjacent to the disabled actuator motion sensor and the motion of the target is constrained to be within its normal limits above the disabled actuator motion sensor. This negative effect can be reduced by changing the frequency of resonance of the disabled actuator motion sensor's active tuned resonant circuit for the duration of the disablement, for example by changing the capacitance, resistance or inductance of the active tuned resonant circuit by electronic switching. This can be done by driving the disabled sensor with a direct-current, or low-frequency signal, to prevent resonance. Referring to FIG. 8, a way to achieve this in a time-division multiplexed scheme is to use a digital demultiplexer 33 to drive the inputs 6 of the active tuned resonant circuits. Enabled actuator motion sensors' active tuned resonant circuits are driven by a waveform 36 at the frequency of resonance of the active tuned resonant circuits and disabled actuator motion sensors' active tuned resonant circuits are driven by a direct-current signal corresponding to logic-high or logic-low of the digital demultiplexer.

(53) It is important for the performance of a keyboard to be stable over a range of operating temperatures. Although the tuned resonant circuits used by a actuator motion sensor as described herein have excellent temperature stability, particularly when the tuned resonant circuits are formed on a printed circuit board and the capacitive elements of the tuned resonant circuits comprise temperature-stable dielectrics (Class 1 dielectrics), other electronic elements in the circuit can have properties that change with temperature which may cause a variation in the output signal of the actuator motion sensor with variations in operating temperature. Such electronic elements include but are not limited to: diode 40, digital demultiplexer 33, analogue multiplexer 34, resistive elements 4, 5 and 41, tracks on printed circuit boards, and voltage regulators. Therefore a temperature compensation scheme can be useful to minimise variations in the output signals of a plurality of actuator motion sensors on a keyboard caused by variations in operating temperature.

(54) An example temperature compensation scheme comprises: performing measurements of the output signal of a actuator motion sensor while driving the actuator motion sensor's active tuned resonant circuit with a direct-current, or low-frequency signal such that the actuator motion sensor's passive tuned resonant circuit has no effect on the output signal of the actuator motion sensor; the first of the measurements is performed during a calibration procedure; the subsequent the measurements are performed periodically, typically within additional time slots of a time-division multiplexed scheme; calculating temperature-dependent offsets in the output signal by subtracting subsequent the measurements from the first measurement; and adding the offsets to the measurement of the output signal when the active tuned resonant circuit is being driven at a frequency equal to or close to the frequency of resonance of the active tuned resonant circuit to measure position. Such a temperature compensation scheme may utilise one temperature-dependent offset for: each actuator motion sensor in a keyboard; each group of actuator motion sensors in a keyboard; or for all actuator motion sensors in a keyboard.

(55) A keyboard with moveable keys utilising a multiplexing scheme as hereinabove described allows fast and accurate measurement of the position of the keys. For example it is possible to multiplex the example shown in FIG. 8 wherein the frequency of update of selector signals 37 is at least 32,000 Hz thus allowing the position of each moveable key in a subset of 8 moveable keys to be determined at a frequency of 4,000 Hz. This example can be replicated and run in parallel for other subsets of moveable keys, thus allowing e.g. a keyboard with 101 or 104 keys to have the position of the keys determined at a rate of at least 404,000 or 416,000 keys/second. Positions of the keys should ideally be determined at least 250 times per second, corresponding to a rate of at least around 26,000 keys/second for e.g. 101 or 104 keys, to allow suitably accurate timing of key/button-on events and key/button-off events and optionally to determine the actuator velocity associated with the events. Implementations of the described system easily exceed these targets.

(56) Referring to FIG. 9, when a moveable key on a keyboard according to example implementations of the system is depressed there are three primary positions of the key: a resting position Kmax 43 when the key is at rest; a point Kzero 44 when a moveable top member of the key/actuator makes a first contact with the deformable end-stop; and a point of maximum depression Kmin 45, corresponding to the point of maximum pressure being applied to the key by a typical user, at which the deformable end-stop may be considered to be maximally deformed. For a plurality of such moveable keys, due to mechanical variation and due to electronic component tolerance, it is unlikely that the output signal of the actuator motion sensor of a first key at any one of the primary positions of the first key will be identical to the output signal of the actuator motion sensor of a second key at the same primary position of the second key. Therefore a calibration procedure is desirable to ensure that the position of any moveable keys is known relative to the respective primary positions of the moveable keys. Such a calibration procedure is shown in FIG. 11.

(57) In the case where the position of a moveable key is between primary positions Kmax and Kzero, the calibrated position K of the key as a percentage of depression between Kmax and Kzero can thus be calculated from the measured position Ko of the key using the following equation: K=100%×(Ko−Kzero)/(Kmax−Kzero).

(58) In the case where the position of a moveable key is between primary positions Kzero and Kmin, the calibrated position Kpress of the key as a percentage of depression between Kzero and Kmin, 50 in FIG. 9, can thus be calculated from the measured position of the key Ko using the following equation: Kpress=100%×(Ko−Kmin)/(Kzero−Kmin). In such a case Kpress may be considered to be the amount of pressure being applied to the key, corresponding to the range of depression 50 of the key.

(59) In some embodiments the calculation of Kpress may include an offset, Kpoff, whereby Kpress is zero until the position of the key Ko lies between (Kzero−Kpoff) and Kmin; thence Kpress=100%×(Ko−Kmin)/(Kzero−Kpoff−Kmin). The offset creates a dead-zone wherein variation in position of the key results in no variation of calibrated position K of the key and in no variation of Kpress. This facilitates implementation of an aftertouch threshold.

(60) On a typical keyboard it is desirable for each moveable key on the keyboard to issue a key-pressed event when the depression of the key is beyond a secondary position Kon and to issue a key-released event when the depression of the key is returned to another secondary position Koff. In some cases Kon may equal Koff, but it is preferred for Kon and Koff to be unequal. Referring to FIG. 9, preferably secondary position Kon 48 is chosen to be near the primary position Kzero 44. Similarly, the secondary position Koff 47 is chosen to be near the secondary position Kon.

(61) In some embodiments the secondary position Koff 46 of each moveable key is chosen to be near the primary position Kmax 43. Such an arrangement allows the position of the key to be used to issue expression events prior to issuing a key-released event wherein the measured position Ko of the key between Koff and Kzero can be used to calculate a calibrated expression value Kexp=100%×(Ko−Kzero)/(Koff−Kzero), corresponding to the range of depression 49 of the key.

(62) The example process of FIG. 12 may be used for each moveable key on a keyboard in an implementation of the system wherein the measured position Ko of the moveable key, when calibrated using primary positions Kmax, Kzero and Kmin and thence using secondary positions Kon and Koff, may be used to issue: key-pressed events, key-released events, expression events and pressure events for each moveable key on the keyboard.

(63) A particular advantage of deriving the secondary positions Kon and Koff of a moveable key on a keyboard from the primary positions Kmax and Kzero of the moveable key is that the secondary positions can be modified easily by simple numerical calculations, allowing the response of the keyboard to be changed. Moreover such a modification can be different for each individual key on a keyboard with a plurality of moveable keys, allowing a large range of responses to be achieved on the keyboard without requiring any mechanical changes to the keyboard.

(64) To provide further control of a computer system it is possible to send velocity information relating to key-pressed events and optionally also information related to key-released events. Such velocity information can be determined by measuring the separation in time between two known points of key depression, or conversely measuring the change in the key depression at two known points in time.

(65) In implementations the velocity (speed and direction) of a moveable key is determined from a plurality of positions of the key at a plurality of corresponding times using averaging, filtering, or similar methods. An example is described in detail below. Such a method of calculating the velocity has several advantages over other methods: it does not assume a linear velocity profile as is used for a two-point measurement method but allows changes in velocity throughout the range of depression of the key to be detected thus measured values of velocity are more representative of the true velocity of the key thus making the response of the key more consistent; higher resolution and precision of velocity can be determined because a larger number of statistically significant data points are used; and it allows predictions of the future position of the key to be calculated allowing, for example, the future time at which the key's position equals secondary positions Kon and Koff to be estimated, thus permitting key-pressed or key-released events to be issued in advance of the corresponding physical event thus compensating for latency in a computer system.

(66) One example filtering procedure is as follows:
deltaV=deltaPos(i.e. the change in position between fixed time steps)
alpha=k*abs(deltaV)

(67) The filtering coefficient, alpha, depends on magnitude of deltaV; alpha is limited to sensible values to avoid overflow/underflow.
velocity=alpha*last_velocity+deltaV*(1−alpha)

(68) Such a method, which may be implemented in the digital domain, can provide improved resolution because of the filtering, which is especially important for a very slowly moving key, without significantly compromising the time response for a fast-moving key. Modifying the filtering and/or a maximum permitted velocity value can be used, for example, to give it a harder of softer response.

(69) To illustrate such benefits of such a method, FIG. 10 shows the calibrated position 51 of a moveable key and the corresponding calibrated velocity 52 of the key wherein the depression of the key reaches primary point Kzero 44 within 7 ms of the start of depression of the key. The plot of FIG. 10 approximates a velocity calculated directly from differentiated position but when the position moves slowly the velocity filtering is heavier so the velocity lags a little. Such a method can yield substantially more information regarding the velocity of a moveable key on a keyboard than other methods.

(70) Movement detection systems for computer keyboards have been described as well as sensing systems and methods for keyboard input devices. However the techniques described are not limited to desktop computer keyboards and may also be used, for example for laptop keyboards, keyboards for industrial or scientific equipment, game controllers and computer mouse buttons.

(71) For example in some implementations the above described techniques may be employed in a laptop keyboard. In this case one or both of the passive and active resonant circuits may be mounted on a flexible PCB. For example the passive resonant circuits may be mounted beneath the keys, on a flexible PCB and the active resonant circuits may be mounted on an underlying rigid PCB. The ability to sense position may be used to sense pressure applied to a key, for example if some resilient material is provided between the active and passive resonant circuits. In some implementations, for example a laptop, computer, or other keyboard, where the keys are arranged in a 2D pattern on a flat or curved surface, the multiplexing may be arranged, for example in a generally corresponding manner to that described above, so that no key is driven at the same time as an adjacent key in two dimensions. For example in a rectangular 2D grid alternate keys in each of two dimensions in a surface defined by the keyboard may be active in alternate time slots (i.e. two sets of non-adjacent keys may be identified); this may be extended to key layouts defined by hexagonal and other grids where sets of non-adjacent keys may similarly be identified. Keys which are adjacent to one another in a surface defined by the keyboard may be inactive and/or damped when a target key is read. However, as previously described, the multiplexing may be arranged to read multiple keys of the keyboard simultaneously. The described techniques can be advantageous for computer and other keyboards because they can be fabricated inexpensively and because response times can be very quick, for example <1 ms.

(72) FIG. 13 shows an example of a computer keyboard 100 incorporating a sensing system 110 including a signal processor and actuator motion sensors as previously described. The computer keyboard also includes non-volatile memory 120 for storing configuration data defining characteristics e.g. the sensitivity of the actuator motion sensors, individually or in groups. The non-volatile memory may be incorporated into the sensing system 110.

(73) The computer keyboard 100 is coupled by a wired or wireless connection to a computer 150. This provides a user interface 160 to enable user-definition of the configuration data, and a communications interface 170, to enable import and/or export of the configuration data. Thus the computer keyboard may be electronically configurable as well as or instead of being mechanically configurable.

(74) Further aspects of the invention are set out in the following clauses:

(75) 1. A sensing system for a computer keyboard. The sensing system may comprise a plurality of key sensors. Each key sensor may comprise a passive resonant circuit, for example for mounting on a moving part of a key, and an active resonant circuit, for example for mounting in a reference position. In implementations the passive resonant circuit has a resonant frequency and the active resonant circuit is configured to excite the passive resonant circuit at the resonant frequency. The sensing system may further comprise at least one sensor driver to drive the active resonant circuit with an RF drive signal at the resonant frequency; this may be shared between multiple sensors. In implementations the sensing system may further comprise a multiplexing system, such as one or more multiplexers and/or demultiplexers, to multiplex the drive signal such that simultaneously driven key sensors are (physically) separated by at least (k−1) keys, where (k−1) is an integer equal to or greater than 1. Thus in implementations one key is not driven at the same time as an adjacent key (or at the same time as a key at least k keys away). The sensing system may further comprise at least one detector, for example readout-circuitry and/or a microprocessor, to detect a level of RF signal from a driven key sensor. This may be used for sensing a position and/or velocity of a key associated with the key sensor. The at least one detector may detect variation of a resonant RF signal in the active resonant circuit with relative position of the active and passive resonant circuits; it may peak-detect the level of RF signal.

(76) 2. A sensing system as defined in clause 1 configured to damp the active resonant circuits of key sensors which are not driven.

(77) 3. A sensing system as defined in clause 1 or 2 wherein at least the active resonant circuit comprises one or more coils with windings in opposite senses, in particular wherein the windings in opposite senses are configured to generate magnetic fields in opposite senses to cancel one another.

(78) 4. A sensing system as defined in clause 1, 2 or 3 wherein the active resonant circuit comprises a pair of laterally adjacent pancake coils.

(79) 5. A sensing system as defined in any one of clauses 1 to 4 further comprising a temperature-compensation system to temperature-compensate the detected level of RF signal, wherein the temperature-compensation system is configured to apply an off-resonance drive signal to at least one of the active resonant circuits, to measure a level of the off-resonance drive signal from the at least one detector, and to compensate the detected level of RF signal responsive to the level of the off-resonance drive signal.

(80) 6. A sensing system as defined in clause 5 wherein the multiplexing system is configured to multiplex the drive signal such that one of the key sensors is driven in each of a set of time slots, and wherein the temperature-compensation system is configured to apply the off-resonance drive signal during an additional time slot to the set of time slots.

(81) 7. A sensing system as defined in any one of clauses 1 to 6 wherein each key sensor further comprises a deformable element to limit motion of one or both of the passive resonant circuit and the active resonant circuit for pressure sensing.

(82) 8. A set of sensors for a computer keyboard. The keyboard has a plurality of keys. The set of sensors may be part of a sensing system. Each sensor may comprise a passive resonant circuit for mounting on a moving part of a key and an active resonant circuit for mounting in a fixed, reference position, for example on part of the keyboard. In implementations the passive resonant circuit has a resonant frequency and the active resonant circuit excites the passive resonant circuit at the resonant frequency. Each sensor may further comprise a detector, which may be shared between multiple sensors, to detect variation of a resonant signal in the active resonant circuit with relative position of the active and passive resonant circuits to thereby detect a position and/or velocity of the key. The variation may, in some implementations, be a variation in amplitude of signal in the resonant signal. The set of sensors may comprise sensors having two or more different resonant frequencies arranged such that sensors having the same resonant frequency are non-adjacent when mounted to sense keys of the computer keyboard.

(83) 9. A sensing system as defined in clause 8 wherein sensors having a first resonant frequency are interleaved with sensors having a second, different resonant frequency.

(84) 10. A sensing system as defined in clause 8 or 9 further comprising a multiplexing system and/or controller to control selection of sensors of the set of sensors such that adjacent keyboard sensors are selected at different times.

(85) 11. A sensing system as defined in any one of clauses 1-7 and 10 wherein the multiplexing system/controller is further configured to damp the active resonant circuits of unselected sensors.

(86) 12. A sensing system as defined in clause 10 or 11 wherein the multiplexing system/controller is configured to time division multiplex operation of the sensors, wherein each resonant frequency defines a group of sensors having the resonant frequency, wherein the time division multiplexing defines a plurality of n time slots, and wherein successive keyboard sensors of each group are allocated successive time slots.

(87) 13. A sensing system as defined in clause 12 wherein there are N resonant frequencies and N groups of sensors, wherein sensors of the groups of sensors are interleaved on the keyboard.

(88) 14. A sensing system as defined in clause 13 wherein the multiplexing system/controller is configured such that keyboard sensors in the same group and activated in the same time slot have (n×N)−1 sensors between them.

(89) 15. A sensing system as defined in any preceding clause further comprising a processor configured to process the variation of the resonant signal in the active resonant circuit of each sensor to determine the motion of each key of the keyboard over a succession of time intervals as a depressed key moves between released and depressed positions, in particular wherein the motion of each key comprises a position and a velocity of the key as the key moves between released and depressed positions.

(90) 16. A sensing system as defined in clause 15 wherein the processor is configured to process the variation of the resonant signal in the active resonant circuit of each sensor to determine the velocity of a key, as the key moves between depressed and released positions, from changes in position of the key determined at successive time intervals filtered dependent upon key velocity.

(91) 17. A sensing system as defined in any preceding clause further comprising a processor coupled to process the level/variation of the RF/resonant signal to determine a key press and key release event for each key.

(92) 18. A sensing system as defined in any one of clauses 15-17 wherein the processor is further configured to distinguish between at least three different key positions, a first, note-off position, a second, note-on position, and a third, aftertouch position, wherein the aftertouch position is beyond the note-on position and corresponds to additional pressure applied to the key after depression.

(93) 19. A sensing system as defined in any preceding clause further comprising a substrate supporting the active resonant circuits for the sensors in a sequence corresponding to a sequence of keys of the keyboard.

(94) 20. A computer keyboard comprising the sensing system of any preceding clause.

(95) 21. A polyphonic aftertouch keyboard comprising the sensing system or keyboard of clause 19 or 20, each key having a deformable end-stop, such that the after-touch position corresponds to movement of a key beyond an end-stop position defined by the deformable end-stop, wherein identification of the aftertouch position for the key enables aftertouch.

(96) 22. A method of sensing the positions of a plurality of keys, for example of a computer keyboard. The method may comprise providing each key with a sensor comprising a passive resonant circuit for mounting, for example, on a moving part of a key and an active resonant circuit for mounting, for example, in a fixed, reference position, for example part of the computer keyboard. In some implementations the passive resonant circuit has a resonant frequency, the active resonant circuit exciting the passive resonant circuit at the resonant frequency. Each sensor may further have a detector, which may be shared, to detect variation of a resonant signal in the active resonant circuit with relative position of the active and passive resonant circuits to detect a position and/or velocity of the key. The method may further comprise arranging the sensors to operate at two or more different resonant frequencies arranged such that keyboard sensors having the same resonant frequency are non-adjacent. Additionally or alternatively and/or the method may further comprise reducing interference between sensors by configuring one or more coils of at least the active resonant circuits, and optionally also of the passive resonant circuits, to have windings in opposite senses.

(97) 23. A method as defined in clause 22 further comprising providing aftertouch by distinguishing between at least three different key positions, a first, note-off position, a second, note-on position, and a third, aftertouch position, wherein the aftertouch position is beyond the note-on position and corresponds to additional pressure applied to the key after depression and movement of a key beyond an end-stop position.

(98) 24. A method of periodically compensating a response of a computer keyboard. Each key of the keyboard may have a sensor comprising an active resonant circuit, a passive tuned resonant circuit and a detector. The method may comprise retrieving from storage a detected initial output signal of the sensor, O.sub.t0, at a first time, t.sub.0, wherein at t.sub.0 the active resonant circuit is being driven at a frequency below a resonant frequency of the active resonant circuit. The method may further comprise, periodically, for at least one of the sensors, detecting a later output signal of the sensor, O.sub.t1, at a time after t.sub.0. The method may then calculate an adjustment value, for example a difference between the initial output signal of the sensor and the later output signal of the sensor. The method may then further comprise compensating the response of the keyboard by adjusting an operational output of the sensor using the adjustment value. The operational output may be an output from the sensor when the active resonant circuit is being driven at the resonant frequency of the active resonant circuit. The method may further comprise operating the sensor according to a time division multiplexed addressing scheme. The method may then using a “spare” time slot of the time division multiplexed addressing scheme, in which the sensor is not operational, for the detecting.

(99) 25. The method of clause 24 further comprising operating the sensor according to a time division multiplexed addressing scheme, and using a time slot of the time division multiplexed addressing scheme in which the sensor is not operational for the detecting.

(100) 26. A set of sensors for a computer keyboard. The keyboard has a plurality of keys. The set of sensors may be part of a sensing system. Each sensor may comprise a passive resonant circuit for mounting on a moving part of a key and an active resonant circuit for mounting in a fixed, reference position, for example on part of the computer keyboard. In implementations the passive resonant circuit has a resonant frequency and the active resonant circuit excites the passive resonant circuit at the resonant frequency. Each sensor may further comprise a detector, which may be shared between multiple sensors, to detect variation of a resonant signal in the active resonant circuit with relative position of the active and passive resonant circuits to thereby detect a position and/or velocity of the key. The variation may, in some implementations, be a variation in amplitude of signal in the resonant signal. The set of sensors may comprise sensors having two or more different resonant frequencies arranged such that sensors having the same resonant frequency are non-adjacent when mounted to sense keys of the keyboard.

(101) The above described techniques may be employed in a laptop keyboard. In this case one or both of the passive and active resonant circuits may be mounted on a flexible PCB. For example the passive resonant circuits may be mounted beneath the keys, on a flexible PCB and the active resonant circuits may be mounted on an underlying rigid PCB. The ability to sense position may be used to sense pressure applied to a key, for example if some resilient material is provided between the active and passive resonant circuits. In some implementations, for example a laptop, computer, or other keyboard, where the keys are arranged in a 2D pattern on a flat or curved surface, the multiplexing may be arranged, for example in a generally corresponding manner to that described above, so that no key is driven at the same time as an adjacent key in two dimensions. For example in a rectangular 2D grid alternate keys in each of two dimensions in a surface defined by the keyboard may be active in alternate time slots (i.e. two sets of non-adjacent keys may be identified); this may be extended to key layouts defined by hexagonal and other grids where sets of non-adjacent keys may similarly be identified. Keys which are adjacent to one another in a surface defined by the keyboard may be inactive and/or damped when a target key is read. However, as previously described, the multiplexing may be arranged to read multiple keys of the keyboard simultaneously.

(102) No doubt many other effective alternatives will occur to the skilled person. It will be understood that the invention is not limited to the described embodiments and encompasses modifications apparent to those skilled in the art lying within the spirit and scope of the claims appended hereto.