PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF RUTHENIUM COMPLEXES

Abstract

A process for the preparation of a complex of formula (I): the process comprising the step of reacting a complex of formula (II) or a complex of formula RuX.sub.3.H.sub.2O (IV) with a bidentate ligand of formula (III) wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9, R.sub.10, A, B, and X are described in the specification; the molar ratio of the complex of formula (II): the bidentate ligand of formula (III) is about 1:6 to about 1:8 or the molar ratio of the complex of formula (IV): the bidentate ligand of formula (III) is about 1:3 to about 1:4; and the process is carried out in water or a water-based solvent, wherein the water-based solvent comprises at least 60% water (by volume) and an organic solvent, at one or more temperatures in the range of about 80° C. to 110° C.

##STR00001##

Claims

1.-19. (canceled)

20. A process for the preparation of a complex of formula (I): ##STR00020## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halide, unsubstituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, substituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.6-20-aryl, substituted C.sub.6-20-aryl, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-alkoxy, substituted C.sub.1-20-alkyoxy, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-dialkyl amino, substituted C.sub.1-20-dialkyl amino, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-heteroalkyl, substituted C.sub.1-20-heteroalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.2-20-heterocycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.2-20-heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.4-20-heteroaryl and substituted C.sub.4-20-heteroaryl; A is selected from the group consisting of:—CR.sub.aR.sub.b—, —NR.sub.a—, O, S, —CR.sub.a═CR.sub.b—, —CR.sub.a═N—; B is selected from the group consisting of:—CR.sub.cR.sub.d—, —NR.sub.c—, O, S, —CR.sub.c═CR.sub.a—, —CR.sub.c═N—; R.sub.a, R.sub.b, R.sub.c, and R.sub.d are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halide, unsubstituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, substituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.6-20-aryl, substituted C.sub.6-20-aryl, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-alkoxy, substituted C.sub.1-20-alkyoxy, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-dialkyl amino, substituted C.sub.1-20-dialkyl amino, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-heteroalkyl, substituted C.sub.1-20-heteroalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.2-20-heterocycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.2-20-heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.4-20-heteroaryl and substituted C.sub.4-20-heteroaryl; or R.sub.a and one of R.sub.c and R.sub.d or R.sub.b and one of R.sub.c and R.sub.d together with the atoms to which they are bound, form a ring; and X is a halide; the process comprising the step of reacting a complex of formula (II) or a complex of formula RuX.sub.3.H.sub.2O (IV) ##STR00021## wherein R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halide, unsubstituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, substituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.6-20-aryl, substituted C.sub.6-20-aryl; X is as hereinbefore defined; with a bidentate ligand of formula (III) ##STR00022## where R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4, A and B are as hereinbefore defined; wherein the molar ratio of the complex of formula (II): the bidentate ligand of formula (III) is about 1:6 to about 1:8 or the molar ratio of the complex of formula (IV): the bidentate ligand of formula (III) is about 1:3 to about 1:4; wherein the process is carried out in water or a water-based solvent, wherein the water-based solvent comprises at least 60% water (by volume) and an organic solvent, at one or more temperatures in the range of about 80° C. to 110° C.

21. The process according to claim 20, wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, substituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.6-20-aryl or substituted C.sub.6-20-aryl.

22. The process according to claim 20, wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are the same.

23. The process according to claim 22, wherein each of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are H.

24. The process according to claim 20, wherein A is —CR.sub.a═CR.sub.b— or —CR.sub.a═N—.

25. The process according to claim 20, wherein B is —CR.sub.c═CR.sub.a— or —CR.sub.c═N—.

26. The process according to claim 20, wherein A is —CR.sub.a═CR.sub.b— and B is —CR.sub.c═CR.sub.d—.

27. A process according to claim 26 wherein the ligand of formula (III) is selected from the group consisting of: 2,2′-Bipyridine; 4,4′-Bis(methyl)-2,2′-bipyridine; 4,4′-Bis(tert-butyl)-2,2′-bipyridine; 4,4′-Bis(trifluoromethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine; and 5,5′-Bis(trifluoromethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine.

28. The process according to claim 26, wherein R.sub.a and one of R.sub.c and R.sub.d or R.sub.b and one of R.sub.c and R.sub.d together with the atoms to which they are bound form a ring.

29. The process according to claim 28 wherein the ring is a 6-membered ring.

30. The process according to claim 29, wherein the ligand of formula (III) is: 1,10-phenanthroline; 4,7-dimethoxy-1,10-phenanthroline.

31. The process according to claim 20, wherein A is —CR.sub.a═N— and B is —CR.sub.c═N—.

32. The process according to claim 31, wherein the ligand of formula (III) is: 2,2′-bipyrazine.

33. The process according to claim 31, wherein the ligand of formula (III) is: 2,2′-bipyrimidine.

34. The process according to claim 20, wherein X is chloride.

35. The process according to claim 20, wherein the process comprises reacting a complex of formula (II) with a bidentate ligand of formula (III) wherein the molar ratio of the complex of formula (II): the bidentate ligand of formula (III) is about 1:6 to about 1:8.

36. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (V), ##STR00023## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, A and B are as hereinbefore defined; and Y is a non-coordinating anion or a halide which is different to X as defined in relation to the complex of formula (I); said process comprising reacting a complex of formula (I) as hereinbefore defined with a compound of formula RY, wherein R is selected from a group consisting of an alkali metal cation, Ag.sup.+ and a quaternary ammonium cation and Y is as hereinbefore defined, in a molar ratio of complex of formula (I): RY of at least 1:2 and at most 1:3, wherein the process is carried out in water or a water-based solvent, wherein the water-based solvent comprises at least 60% water (volume) and an organic solvent, at one or more temperatures in the range of about 10° C. to 50° C.

37. The process according to claim 36, wherein R is K.sup.+, Na.sup.+, Ag.sup.+ or [R′.sub.4N].sup.+, wherein R′ is H or alkyl.

38. The process according to claim 36, wherein Y is PF.sub.6.sup.−, BF.sub.4.sup.−, BPh.sub.4.sup.−, SbF.sub.6.sup.−, [{3,5-(CF.sub.3).sub.2C.sub.6H.sub.3}.sub.4B].sup.−, CF.sub.3SO.sub.3.sup.−, ArFSO.sub.3.sup.−, [(CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.2N].sup.−, F, Cl, Br or I.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0037] In one aspect, the invention provides a process for the preparation of a complex of formula (I):

##STR00005##

the process comprising the step of reacting a complex of formula (II)

##STR00006##

with a bidentate ligand of formula (III)

##STR00007##

wherein the molar ratio of the complex of formula (II): the bidentate ligand of formula (III) is about 1:6 to about 1:8,
characterised in that the process is carried out in water or a water-based solvent, wherein the water-based solvent comprises at least 60% water (by volume) and an organic solvent, at one or more temperatures in the range of about 80° C. to 110° C.

[0038] A further aspect of the invention provides a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) as hereinbefore defined, the process comprising reacting a compound of formula RuX.sub.3.H.sub.2O (IV), wherein X is as hereinbefore defined, with a bidentate ligand of formula (III) as hereinbefore defined, wherein the molar ratio of the complex of formula IV: the bidentate ligand of formula (III) is about 1:3 to about 1:4, characterised in that the process is carried out in water or a water-based solvent, wherein the water-based solvent comprises at least 60% water (by volume) and an organic solvent, at one or more temperatures in the range of about 80° C. to 110° C.

[0039] The substituents R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halide, unsubstituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, substituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.6-20-aryl, substituted C.sub.6-20-aryl, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-alkoxy, substituted C.sub.1-20-alkyoxy, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-dialkyl amino, substituted C.sub.1-20-dialkyl amino, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-heteroalkyl, substituted C.sub.1-20-heteroalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.2-20-heterocycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.2-20-heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.4-20-heteroaryl and substituted C.sub.4-20-heteroaryl.

[0040] In one embodiment, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, substituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.6-20-aryl or substituted C.sub.6-20-aryl.

[0041] For example, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently selected from H, branched- or straight-chain alkyl groups (such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, stearyl), aryl groups (such as phenyl, naphthyl and anthracyl),

[0042] In one embodiment, the alkyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, the number of substituents being dependent on the number of substitutable H atoms) substituents each of which may be the same or different such as halide (F, Cl, Br or I) or alkoxy groups, (e.g. methoxy, ethoxy or propoxy). The aryl group may be optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, the number of substituents being dependent on the number of substitutable H atoms) substituents each of which may be the same or different such as halide (F, Cl, Br or I), straight- or branched-chain alkyl (e.g. C.sub.1-C.sub.10), alkoxy (e.g. C.sub.1-C.sub.10alkoxy), straight- or branched-chain (dialkyl)amino (e.g. C.sub.1-C.sub.10 dialkyl)amino), heterocycloalkyl (e.g. C.sub.3-10 heterocycloalkyl groups, such as morpholinyl and piperadinyl) or tri(halo)methyl (e.g. F.sub.3C—). Suitable substituted aryl groups include but are not limited to 4-dimethylaminophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl and 3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

[0043] In one embodiment, R.sub.1 and R.sub.3 are the same.

[0044] In another embodiment, R.sub.2 and R.sub.4 are the same.

[0045] In yet another embodiment, R.sub.1 and R.sub.3 are the same and R.sub.2 and R.sub.4 are the same.

[0046] In one embodiment, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are the same.

[0047] In one embodiment, each of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are H.

[0048] A is independently selected from the group consisting of:—CR.sub.aR.sub.b—, —NR.sub.a—, O, S, —CR.sub.a═CR.sub.b— and —CR.sub.a═N—; preferably —CR.sub.a═CR.sub.b— or —CR.sub.a═N—.

[0049] B is independently selected from the group consisting of:—CR.sub.cR.sub.d—, —NR.sub.c—, O, S, —CR.sub.c═CR.sub.d— and —CR.sub.c═N—; preferably —CR.sub.c═CR.sub.d— or —CR.sub.c═N—.

[0050] In one embodiment, A and B are the same.

[0051] In one embodiment, A and B are —CR.sub.a═CR.sub.b— and —CR.sub.c═CR.sub.d— respectively.

[0052] In one embodiment, A and B are each —CH═CH—.

[0053] R.sub.a, R.sub.b, R.sub.c and R.sub.d are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halide, unsubstituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, substituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.6-20-aryl, substituted C.sub.6-20-aryl, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-alkoxy, substituted C.sub.1-20-alkyoxy, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-dialkyl amino, substituted C.sub.1-20-dialkyl amino, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-heteroalkyl, substituted C.sub.1-20-heteroalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.2-20-heterocycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.2-20-heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.4-20-heteroaryl and substituted C.sub.4-20-heteroaryl;

[0054] or R.sub.a and one of R.sub.c and R.sub.d or R.sub.b and one of R.sub.c and R.sub.d together with the atoms to which they are bound, form a ring, suitably a 6-membered ring.

[0055] R.sub.a, R.sub.b, R.sub.c and R.sub.d may independently be H, unsubstituted branched- or straight-chain alkyl groups (such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, stearyl), aryl groups (such as phenyl, naphthyl and anthracyl), In another embodiment, the alkyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, the number of substituents being dependent on the number of substitutable H atoms) substituents such as halide (—F, —Cl, —Br or —I) or alkoxy groups (e.g. methoxy, ethoxy or propoxy). The aryl group may be optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, the number of substituents being dependent on the number of substitutable H atoms) substituents such as halide (—F, —Cl, —Br or —I), straight- or branched-chain C.sub.1-C.sub.10-alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.10alkoxy, straight- or branched-chain C.sub.1-C.sub.10-(dialkyl)amino, C.sub.3-10 heterocycloalkyl groups (such as morpholinyl and piperadinyl) or tri(halo)methyl (e.g. F.sub.3C—).

[0056] In one embodiment, R.sub.a is H and R.sub.b is selected from the group consisting of H, halide, unsubstituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, substituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.6-20-aryl, substituted C.sub.6-20-aryl, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-alkoxy, substituted C.sub.1-20-alkyoxy, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-dialkyl amino, substituted C.sub.1-20-dialkyl amino, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-heteroalkyl, substituted C.sub.1-20-heteroalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.2-20-heterocycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.2-20-heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.4-20-heteroaryl and substituted C.sub.4-20-heteroaryl.

[0057] In one embodiment, R.sub.a is methoxy and R.sub.b is selected from the group consisting of H, halide, unsubstituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, substituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.6-20-aryl, substituted C.sub.6-20-aryl, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-alkoxy, substituted C.sub.1-20-alkyoxy, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-dialkyl amino, substituted C.sub.1-20-dialkyl amino, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-heteroalkyl, substituted C.sub.1-20-heteroalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.2-20-heterocycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.2-20-heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.4-20-heteroaryl and substituted C.sub.4-20-heteroaryl.

[0058] In another embodiment, R.sub.c is H and R.sub.d is selected from the group consisting of H, halide, unsubstituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, substituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.6-20-aryl, substituted C.sub.6-20-aryl, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-alkoxy, substituted C.sub.1-20-alkyoxy, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-dialkyl amino, substituted C.sub.1-20-dialkyl amino, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-heteroalkyl, substituted C.sub.1-20-heteroalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.2-20-heterocycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.2-20-heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.4-20-heteroaryl and substituted C.sub.4-20-heteroaryl.

[0059] In another embodiment, R.sub.c is methoxy and R.sub.d is selected from the group consisting of H, halide, unsubstituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, substituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.6-20-aryl, substituted C.sub.6-20-aryl, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-alkoxy, substituted C.sub.1-20-alkyoxy, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-dialkyl amino, substituted C.sub.1-20-dialkyl amino, unsubstituted C.sub.1-20-heteroalkyl, substituted C.sub.1-20-heteroalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.2-20-heterocycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.2-20-heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.4-20-heteroaryl and substituted C.sub.4-20-heteroaryl.

[0060] In one embodiment, R.sub.a and R.sub.c are each H; and R.sub.b and R.sub.d are the same and are selected from unsubstituted branched- or straight-chain alkyl groups (such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, stearyl), aryl groups (such as phenyl, naphthyl and anthracyl).

[0061] In one embodiment, R.sub.a and R.sub.c are each methoxy; and R.sub.b and R.sub.d are the same and are selected from unsubstituted branched- or straight-chain alkyl groups (such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, stearyl), aryl groups (such as phenyl, naphthyl and anthracyl).

[0062] In an alternative embodiment, R.sub.a and R.sub.c are each H; and R.sub.b and R.sub.d are the same and are selected from substituted branched- or straight-chain alkyl groups or substituted aryl groups. The alkyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, the number of substituents being dependent on the number of substitutable H atoms) substituents such as halide (—F, —Cl, —Br or —I) or alkoxy groups,(e.g. methoxy, ethoxy or propoxy). The aryl group may be optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, the number of substituents being dependent on the number of substitutable H atoms) substituents such as halide (—F, —Cl, —Br or —I), straight- or branched-chain C.sub.1-C.sub.10-alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.10alkoxy, straight- or branched-chain C.sub.1-C.sub.10-(dialkyl)amino, C.sub.3-10 heterocycloalkyl groups (such as morpholinyl and piperadinyl) or tri(halo)methyl (e.g. F.sub.3C—).

[0063] In an alternative embodiment, R.sub.a and R.sub.c are each methoxy; and R.sub.b and R.sub.d are the same and are selected from substituted branched- or straight-chain alkyl groups or substituted aryl groups. The alkyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, the number of substituents being dependent on the number of substitutable H atoms) substituents such as halide (—F, —Cl, —Br or —I) or alkoxy groups,(e.g. methoxy, ethoxy or propoxy). The aryl group may be optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, the number of substituents being dependent on the number of substitutable H atoms) substituents such as halide (—F, —Cl, —Br or —I), straight- or branched-chain C.sub.1-C.sub.10-alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.10alkoxy, straight- or branched-chain C.sub.1-C.sub.10-(dialkyl)amino, C.sub.3-10 heterocycloalkyl groups (such as morpholinyl and piperadinyl) or tri(halo)methyl (e.g. F.sub.3C—).

[0064] In one embodiment, each of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are H; A and B are —CR.sub.a═CR.sub.b— and —CR.sub.c═CR.sub.d respectively; R.sub.a and R.sub.c are H; R.sub.b and R.sub.d are the same and are H, CH.sub.3, t-Bu or CF.sub.3. In a preferred embodiment, R.sub.b and R.sub.d are hydrogen.

[0065] Preferably the ligand in the complex of formula (I) and the ligand of formula (III) is:

[0066] bipy=2,2′-bipyridine

##STR00008##

[0067] dmbpy=4,4′-Bis(methyl)-2,2′-bipyridine (which is also known as 2,2′-bi-4-picoline);

##STR00009##

[0068] dtbbpy=4,4′-Bis(tert-butyl)-2,2′-bipyridine;

##STR00010##

[0069] 4,4′-btfmb=4,4′-Bis(trifluoromethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine;

##STR00011##

or

[0070] 5,5′-btfmb=5,5′-Bis(trifluoromethyl)-2,2′-bipyridine;

##STR00012##

[0071] In an alternative embodiment, A and B are —CR.sub.a═CR.sub.b— and —CR.sub.c═CR.sub.d respectively and R.sub.a and one of R.sub.c and R.sub.d or R.sub.b and one of R.sub.c and R.sub.d together with the atoms to which they are bound, form a ring, suitably a 6-membered ring; optionally, the ring is aromatic. For example, R.sub.a and R.sub.c or R.sub.d, together with the atoms to which they are bound, form a ring, suitably a 6-membered ring. Alternatively, R.sub.b and R.sub.c or R.sub.d, together with the atoms to which they are bound, form a ring, suitably a 6-membered ring.

[0072] Suitably, each of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are H; A is —CH═CR.sub.b—; B is —CH═CR.sub.d—; R.sub.b and R.sub.d together with the carbon atoms to which they are bound form a ring; suitably a 6-membered ring.

[0073] Preferably, the ligand in the complex of formula (I) and the ligand of formula (III) is:

[0074] phen=1,10-phenanthroline.

##STR00013##

[0075] Suitably, each of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are H; A is —CR.sub.a═CR.sub.b—; B is —CR.sub.c═CR.sub.d—; R.sub.b and R.sub.d together with the carbon atoms to which they are bound form a ring, suitably a 6-membered ring.

[0076] Suitably, R.sub.a and R.sub.c are methoxy groups and R.sub.b and R.sub.c together with the carbon atoms to which they are bound form a ring, suitably a 6-membered ring.

[0077] Preferably, the ligand in the complex of formula (I) and the ligand of formula (III) is:

[0078] OMe-phen=4,7-dimethoxy-1,10-phenanthroline

##STR00014##

[0079] In an alternative embodiment, A and B are the same and are —CR.sub.a═N— and —CR.sub.c═N— respectively. In a preferred embodiment, R.sub.a and R.sub.c are H. In a most preferred embodiment, each of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are H; and R.sub.a and R.sub.c are H.

[0080] Preferably the ligand in the complex of formula (I) and the ligand of formula (III) is:

[0081] bpz=2,2′-bipyrazine

##STR00015##

[0082] Preferably the ligand in the complex of formula (I) and the ligand of formula (III) is:

[0083] bpm=2,2′-bipyrimidine

##STR00016##

[0084] Halide X may be fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide. Preferably, the halide is chloride.

[0085] The complex of formula (I) may be:

[0086] (i) Ru(bipy).sub.3Cl.sub.2,

[0087] (ii) Ru(dmbpy).sub.3Cl.sub.2,

[0088] (iii) Ru(dtbbpy).sub.3Cl.sub.2,

[0089] (iv) Ru(4,4′-btfmb).sub.3Cl.sub.2,

[0090] (v) Ru(5,5′-btfmb).sub.3Cl.sub.2,

[0091] (vi) Ru(bpz).sub.3Cl.sub.2,

[0092] (vii) Ru(1,10-phen).sub.3Cl.sub.2,

[0093] (viii) Ru(OMe-phen).sub.3Cl.sub.2,

[0094] (ix) Ru(bpm).sub.3Cl.sub.2.

[0095] In a most preferred embodiment, the complex of formula (I) is Ru(bipy).sub.3Cl.sub.2.

[0096] R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 in the complexes of formula (II) may be independently selected from the group consisting H, halide, unsubstituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, substituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.6-20-aryl, substituted C.sub.6-20-aryl.

[0097] R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 may independently be H, branched- or straight-chain alkyl groups (such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl (e.g. n-pentyl or neopentyl), hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl or stearyl), cycloalkyl groups (such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or adamantly), aryl groups (such as phenyl, naphthyl or anthracyl).

[0098] In one embodiment, the alkyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, the number of substituents being dependent on the number of substitutable H atoms) substituents each of which may be the same or different such as halide (F, Cl, Br or I) or alkoxy groups, e.g. methoxy, ethoxy or propoxy. The aryl group may be optionally substituted with one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, the number of substituents being dependent on the number of substitutable H atoms) substituents each of which may be the same or different such as halide (F, Cl, Br or I), straight- or branched-chain alkyl (e.g. C.sub.1-C.sub.10), alkoxy (e.g. C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkoxy), straight- or branched-chain (dialkyl)amino (e.g. C.sub.1-C.sub.10 dialkyl)amino), heterocycloalkyl (e.g. C.sub.3-10 heterocycloalkyl groups, such as morpholinyl and piperadinyl) or tri(halo)methyl (e.g. F.sub.3C—). Suitable substituted aryl groups include but are not limited to 4-dimethylaminophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl and 3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.

[0099] In one embodiment, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are the same. Preferably, each of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are H.

[0100] In another embodiment, at least one of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 is selected from a group which is not —H. For example, one of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 may be selected from a group which is not —H, such as two of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10, three of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10, four of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10, five of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 or all of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10.

[0101] In another embodiment, five of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are —H, and the other one of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of halide, unsubstituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, substituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.6-20-aryl and substituted C.sub.6-20-aryl. In a preferred embodiment, five of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are —H, and the other one of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 is a branched- or straight-chain alkyl. In another embodiment, five of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are —H (e.g. R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10), and the other one of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 (e.g. R.sub.5) is selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-5-alkyl, such as -Me, -Et, -Pr (n- or i-), -Bu (n-, i- or t-), for example, -Me, -iPr.

[0102] In another embodiment, four of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are —H, and the other two of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 re independently selected from the group consisting of halide, unsubstituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, substituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.6-20-aryl and substituted C.sub.6-20-aryl. In a preferred embodiment, four of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are —H, and the other two of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are independently selected from the group consisting of branched- or straight-chain alkyl. In another embodiment, four of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are —H (e.g. R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10), and the other two of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 (e.g. R.sub.5 and R.sub.8) are independently selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-5-alkyl, such as -Me, -Et, -Pr (n- or i-), -Bu (n-, i- or t-), for example, -Me, -iPr.

[0103] In another embodiment, three of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are —H, and the other three of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are independently selected from the group consisting of halide, unsubstituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, substituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.6-20-aryl and substituted C.sub.6-20-aryl. In a preferred embodiment, three of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are —H, and the other three of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are independently selected from the group consisting of branched- or straight-chain alkyl. In another embodiment, three of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are —H (e.g. R.sub.6, R.sub.8 and R.sub.10), and the other three of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 (e.g. R.sub.5, R.sub.7 and R.sub.9) are independently selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-5-alkyl, such as -Me, -Et, -Pr (n- or i-), -Bu (n-, i- or t-), for example, -Me, -iPr.

[0104] In another embodiment, two of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are —H, and the other four of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are independently selected from the group consisting of halide, unsubstituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, substituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.6-20-aryl and substituted C.sub.6-20-aryl. In a preferred embodiment, two of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are —H, and the other four R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are independently selected from the group consisting of branched- or straight-chain alkyl. In another embodiment two of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are —H (e.g. R.sub.5 and R.sub.8), and the other four of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 (e.g. R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10) are independently selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-5-alkyl, such as -Me, -Et, —Pr (n- or i-), -Bu (n-, i- or t-), for example, -Me, -iPr.

[0105] In another embodiment, one of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 is —H and the other five of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are independently selected from the group consisting of halide, unsubstituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, substituted branched or straight chain C.sub.1-20-alkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, substituted C.sub.3-20-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted C.sub.6-20-aryl and substituted C.sub.6-20-aryl. In a preferred embodiment, one of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 is —H and the other five of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 are independently selected from the group consisting of branched- or straight-chain alkyl. In another embodiment, one of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 is —H (e.g. R.sub.5) and the other five of R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10 (e.g. R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9 and R.sub.10) are selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-5-alkyl, such as -Me, -Et, —Pr (n- or i-), -Bu (n-, i- or t-), for example, -Me, -iPr.

[0106] X is as hereinbefore defined for complexes of formula (I).

[0107] In one embodiment, the complex of formula (II) is [{RuCl.sub.2(benzene)}.sub.2.

[0108] In another embodiment, the complex of formula (II) is [{RuCl.sub.2(p-cymene)}.sub.2.

[0109] In another embodiment, the complex of formula (II) is [{RuCl.sub.2(mesitylene)}.sub.2.

[0110] The process uses commercially available starting material complexes of formula (II) and (IV) and bidentate ligands of formula (III) which may readily be made following literature methods.

[0111] The complexes of formula (II) or of formula (IV) and the bidentate ligand of formula (III) are mixed together in water or a water-based solvent.

[0112] In one embodiment, the complexes of formula (II) or of formula (IV) and the bidentate ligand of formula (III) are mixed together in water.

[0113] In an alternative embodiment, the complexes of formula (II) or of formula (IV) and the bidentate ligand of formula (III) are mixed together in a water-based solvent, wherein the water-based solvent is a mixture of water and an organic solvent, wherein the water content is at least 60% (volume). Preferably, the organic solvent is an alcohol or an ether. Suitable alcohols are methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), n-propanol (nPrOH), iso-propanol (iPrOH) and t-amyl alcohol (t-amyIOH), preferably methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), n-propanol (nPrOH) and iso-propanol (iPrOH). Suitable ethers are tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-Me-THF), 3-methyltetrahydrofuran (3-Me-THF) and dioxane; particularly THF. A particularly preferred organic solvent is ethanol.

[0114] In an embodiment, the water content of the water-based solvent is at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95%. Preferably, the water content of the water-based solvent is at least 90% or at least 95%.

[0115] The concentration of the complexes of formula (II) or of formula (IV) in the water-based solvent is about 0.005 mmol/mL to about 5 mmol/mL, preferably about 0.01 mmol/mL to about 2.5 mmol/mL, even more preferably 0.1 mmol/mL to 1 mmol/mL.

[0116] In the present invention, the molar ratio of the complex of formula (II): the bidentate ligand of formula (III) is about 1:6 to about 1:8 or the molar ratio of the complex of formula (IV): the bidentate ligand of formula (III) is about 1:3 to about 1:4. The molar ratio of the complex of formula (II): the bidentate ligand of formula (III) may be 1:6.0, 1:6.1, 1:6.2, 1:6.3, 1:6.4, 1:6.5, 1:6.6, 1:6.7, 1:6.8, 1:6.9, 1:7.0, 1:7.1, 1:7.2, 1:7.3, 1:7.4, 1:7.5, 1:7.6, 1:7.7, 1:7.8, 1:7.9, 1:8.0, preferably 1:6.0, 1:6.1, 1:6.2, 1:6.3, 1:6.4, 1:6.5; more preferably 1:6.0 or 1:6.1. The molar ratio of the complex of formula (IV): the bidentate ligand of formula (III) may be 1:3.0, 1:3.1, 1:3.2, 1:3.3, 1:3.4, 1:3.5, 1:3.6, 1:3.7, 1:3.8, 1:3.9, 1:4.0; preferably 1:3.0, 1:3.1, 1:3.2; more preferably 1:3.0.

[0117] In reacting the complexes of formula (II) or of formula (IV) and the bidentate ligand of formula (III) in water or the water-based solvent, the components may be mixed in any suitable order, although preferably the complex of formula (II) or of formula (IV) is first added to water or the water-based solvent, followed by the bidentate ligand of formula (III).

[0118] After the complexes of formula (II) or of formula (IV) and the bidentate ligand of formula (III) are mixed together in water or the water-based solvent, preferably the reaction mixture is stirred at a temperature in the range of about 80° C. to about 110° C., suitably about 85° C. to about 110° C., suitably about 90° C. to about 110° C., preferably about 95° C. to about 105° C., even more preferably at 100° C.

[0119] The mixture may be stirred for a period e.g. preferably about 30 minutes to about 72 hours, more preferably about 5 hours to about 24 hours, more preferably 10 hours to 20 hours and most preferably about 16 hours.

[0120] On completion of the reaction, the complex of formula (I) may be separated from the reaction mixture by any appropriate method which is dependent on the physical form of the product, optionally with the aid of an anti-solvent, such as acetone, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). For example, when it is desired to recover the complex of formula (I) as a solid, the complex may be isolated from the reaction mixture by distillation, filtration, decanting or centrifuging. The separated complex is preferably washed with further solvent and then dried. Drying may be performed using known methods, for example, at temperatures in the range of about 10-60° C. and preferably about 20-40° C. under about 1-30 mbar vacuum for about 1 hour to about 5 days.

[0121] In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (V),

##STR00017##

[0122] wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, A and B are as hereinbefore defined; and

[0123] Y is a non-coordinating anion or a halide which is different to X as defined in relation to the complex of formula (I);

[0124] said process comprising reacting a complex of formula (I) as hereinbefore defined with a compound of formula RY, wherein R is selected from a group consisting of an alkali metal cation, Ag.sup.+ and a quaternary ammonium cation and Y is as hereinbefore defined, in a molar ratio of complex of formula (I): RY of at least 1:2 and at most 1:3, characterized in that the process is carried out in water or a water-based solvent, wherein the water-based solvent comprises at least 60% water (volume) and an organic solvent, at one or more temperatures in the range of about 1000 to 50° C.

[0125] R is suitably K.sup.+, Na.sup.+, Ag.sup.+ or [R′.sub.4N].sup.+, wherein R′ is H or an alkyl.

[0126] Y is suitably PF.sub.6.sup.−, BF.sub.4.sup.−, BPh.sub.4.sup.−, SbF.sub.6.sup.−, [{3,5-(CF.sub.3).sub.2C.sub.6H.sub.3}.sub.4B].sup.− ([BAr.sup.F.sub.4].sup.−), CF.sub.3SO.sub.3.sup.− (OTf), ArFSO.sub.3.sup.−, [(CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.2N].sup.− (TFSI), F, Cl, Br or I.

[0127] Examples of suitable compounds of formula RY include NaI, tetra-n-butylammonium iodide, NaPF.sub.6, KPF.sub.6, AgPF.sub.6, NaBF.sub.4, KBF.sub.4, NaBAr.sup.F.sub.4, Preferably, the compound of formula RY is KPF.sub.6 or AgPF.sub.6. Most preferably, the compound of formula RY is KPF.sub.6.

[0128] Preferably, the compounds of formula (V) are:

[0129] [Ru(bipy).sub.3]Y.sub.2;

[0130] [Ru(dmbpy).sub.3]Y.sub.2;

[0131] [Ru(dtbbpy).sub.3]Y.sub.2;

[0132] [Ru(4,4′-btfmb).sub.3]Y.sub.2;

[0133] [Ru(5,5′-btfmb).sub.3]Y.sub.2;

[0134] [Ru(bpz).sub.3]Y.sub.2;

[0135] [Ru(phen).sub.3]Y.sub.2;

[0136] [Ru(OMe-phen).sub.3]Y.sub.2;

[0137] [Ru(bpm).sub.3]Y.sub.2.

[0138] In a most preferred embodiment, the complex of formula (V) is Ru(bipy).sub.3(PF.sub.6).sub.2.

[0139] In another most preferred embodiment, the complex of formula (V) is Ru(1,10-phenanthroline).sub.3(PF.sub.6).sub.2.

[0140] In another most preferred embodiment, the complex of formula (V) is Ru(dmbpy).sub.3(PF.sub.6).sub.2.

[0141] In another most preferred embodiment, the complex of formula (V) is Ru(bpm).sub.3(PF.sub.6).sub.2.

[0142] The molar ratio of complex of formula (I): RY may be 1:2.0, 1:2.1, 1:2.2, 1:2.3, 1:2.4, 1:2.5, 1:2.6, 1:2.7, 1:2.8, 1:2.9 or 1:3.0. Preferably, the molar ratio of complex of formula (I): RY is 1:2.0 or 1:2.1.

[0143] The components may be combined in any suitable order, although it is preferred that the complex of formula (I) in water or a water-based solvent is combined with the compound of formula RY in water or a water-based solvent.

[0144] The water-based solvent is generally as described above.

[0145] The process of the invention may be carried out at one or more temperatures in the range of about 10° C. to about 50° C., preferably about 15° C. to about 30° C., for example, about 20° C. to about 25° C.

[0146] In one embodiment, the complex of formula (V) is prepared without prior isolation of the complex of formula (I).

[0147] The complex of formula (V) may then be isolated as generally described above in relation to complexes of formula (I).

[0148] Compounds of formula (I) or (V) show particular utility as photoredox catalysts for carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bond formation in the synthesis of pharmaceutical and agrochemical compounds, as described for example in Org. Process. Res. Dev. 2016, 20, 1134-1147.

[0149] The invention will be further illustrated by reference to the following non-limiting Examples.

EXAMPLES

General Information

[0150] All reactions were carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere in solvent using commercially available reagents that were purchased and used as received. No attention was paid to the drying of solvents. 1,10-phenanthroline was purchased from Sigma Aldrich and used as received. 2,2′-Bi-4-picoline (dmbpy) and 2,2′-bipyrimidine were purchased from Oakwood Chemicals and used as received. For kilogram scale reactions, 2,2′-bipridine and KPF.sub.6 were purchased from RennoTech and used as received. [Ru(Cl).sub.2(p-cymene)].sub.2 was supplied by Johnson Matthey. Kilogram scale experiments were conducted in a Chemglass 30 L jacketed reactor using (Huber Unistat 510) for heating and cooling. All .sup.1H NMR, .sup.13C NMR, .sup.31P NMR and .sup.19F NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance DRX-400 spectrometer at ambient temperature; chemical shifts (δ) are given in ppm. .sup.1H and .sup.13C NMR spectra were referenced to the NMR solvent peaks or internal TMS. .sup.31P NMR spectra were calibrated to an external phosphoric acid standard (85% in D.sub.2O as provided by Sigma Aldrich). Coupling constants (J) are reported in Hz and apparent splitting patterns are designated using the following abbreviations: s (singlet), d (doublet), t (triplet), q (quartet), sept (septet), m (multiplet), br (broad), app. (apparent) and the appropriate combinations. All reactions were carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere. The identity of known isolated products was confirmed by comparison with literature spectroscopic data. The purity of the isolated products was >95% as determined by .sup.1H NMR or elemental analysis.

Example 1: Conversion to [Ru(Bpy).SUB.3.][Cl].SUB.2 .with Variation in the EtOH: H.SUB.2.O Solvent Composition

[0151] In EtOH as the only solvent, the reaction proceeded to give only about 5% of desired product [Ru(bpy).sub.3][Cl]2 (Example 1A). A 10:1 EtOH:H.sub.2O ratio provided [Ru(bpy).sub.3][Cl]2 in 11% conversion (Example 1B). Increasing the water content first to a 2:1, then to a 1:2 EtOH:H.sub.2O ratio, resulted in improved conversions to [Ru(bpy).sub.3][Cl].sub.2 (47 and 97% respectively; Examples 1C and 1D). Further step-wise changes of EtOH: H.sub.2O to 1:2.5 and 1:3 produced desired product [Ru(bpy).sub.3][Cl].sub.2 in close to quantitative conversions and 78 and 80% isolated yield, respectively (Examples 1E and 1F). Reducing the ethanol content even further, to a 1:10 EtOH:H.sub.2O ratio improved the isolated yield to 92% (Example 1G). Complete removal of ethanol from the reaction mixture resulted in 100% conversion and 94% isolated yield of [Ru(bpy).sub.3][Cl].sub.2 (Example 1H). The results are shown in Table 1.

##STR00018##

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Conversion to [Ru(bpy).sub.3][Cl].sub.2 with variation in the EtOH:H.sub.2O solvent composition EtOH:H.sub.2O ratio Temp Conv. to Example (by volume) (° C.) .sup.[a] [Ru(bpy).sub.3][Cl].sub.2 (%) .sup.[b] 1A .sup.[d] 1:0    80  5 1B .sup.[d] 10:1     80 11 1C .sup.[d] 2:1    80 47 1D 1:2    85 97 1E 1:2.5  90 98 (78) 1F 1:3    90 >99 (80) 1G 1:10  100 100 (92) 1H .sup.[c] 0:1   100 100 (94) .sup.[a] Reflux of the mixtures was observed at the listed temperatures; .sup.[b] Isolated yield in parentheses; .sup.[c] average of 5 reactions; .sup.[d] not according to the invention

[0152] Solvent Screening for the Preparation of [Ru(Bpy).sub.3][Cl].sub.2•x H.sub.2O (Examples 2-7)

[0153] A 100 mL two-necked round bottom flask equipped with a condenser, nitrogen inlet adapter and Teflon-coated stir bar is charged with the Ru precursor and 2,2′-bipyridine. The flask is sealed, then evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen three times. Solvent is added via syringe, and the reaction is stirred at the indicated temperature for 16 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled to ambient temperature, and anti-solvent is added (if applicable). The resulting mixture is stirred for 30 min, and the solids are isolated by filtration. The solids are washed with the specified solvent and dried in vacuo. The resulting solids are characterized by NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis in certain cases. The results are shown in Table 2.

[0154] Example 2: [Ru(Cl).sub.2(p-cymene)]2 (0.61 g, 1 mmol); 2,2′-bipyridine (0.94 g, 6.02 mmol); H.sub.2O(4.5 mL) and THF (0.45 mL) 100° C., 16 hrs; acetone (15 mL) as antisolvent; acetone (2×10 mL) to wash final product. Title compound obtained as a bright orange solid (1.27 g, 85%).

[0155] Example 3: [Ru(Cl).sub.2(p-cymene)]2 (0.61 g, 1.00 mmol); 2,2′-bipyridine (0.94 g, 6.02 mmol); H.sub.2O(4.5 mL) and iPrOH (0.45 mL); 100° C., 16 hrs; acetone (15 mL) as antisolvent; acetone (2×10 mL) to wash final product. Title compound obtained as a bright orange solid (1.36 g, 91%).

[0156] Example 4: [Ru(Cl).sub.2(p-cymene)]2 (1.00 g, 1.63 mmol); 2,2′-bipyridine (1.53 g, 9.77 mmol); MeOH (2.7 mL) and H.sub.2O (27 mL); 100° C., 16 hrs; acetone (120 mL) added as antisolvent; acetone (3×10 mL) used to wash final product. Title compound obtained as a bright orange solid (1.51 g, 72%).

[0157] Example 5: [Ru(Cl).sub.2(p-cymene)]2 (1.00 g, 1.63 mmol); 2,2′-bipyridine (1.53 g, 9.77 mmol); EtOH (2.7 mL) and H.sub.2O (27 mL); 100° C., 16 hrs; Title compound obtained as a bright orange solid (2.25 g, 92%).

[0158] Example 6: [Ru(Cl).sub.2(p-cymene)]2 (1.00 g, 1.63 mmol); 2,2′-bipyridine (1.53 g, 9.77 mmol); H.sub.2O(30 mL); 100° C., 16 hrs; THE (150 mL) added as antisolvent; THE (20 mL) used to wash final product. Title compound obtained as a bright orange solid (1.82 g, 87%).

Example 7: Representative Procedure for Intermediate Scale-Up of Synthesis of [Ru(Bpy).SUB.3.][Cl].SUB.2

[0159] (Table 2, Entry 6):

[0160] A 1 L multi-necked round bottom flask equipped with a condenser, nitrogen inlet adapter and Teflon-coated stir bar was charged with [Ru(Cl).sub.2(p-cymene)].sub.2 (125.00 g, 203.46 mmol) and 2,2′-bipyridine (190.66 g, 1.22 mol). The flask was sealed, then evacuated and backfilled with nitrogen three times. Water (320 mL) was added, and the reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. in an oil bath. The mixture was stirred at this temperature for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and transferred to 5 L fishbowl. Acetone (2 L) was added, and the resulting red slurry was stirred for 30 min. The solids were isolated by filtration and washed with acetone (3×300 mL). The product was dried in vacuo to yield the title compound obtained as a bright orange solid (300 g, 99%). Characterisation data consistent with those previously reported in the literature (see, for example, Inorg. Chem. 2008, 47, 14, 6427-6434). .sup.1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 400 MHz): δ 8.91 (d, J 8.4, 6H), 8.18 (t, J 6.4, 6H), 7.74 (d, J 5.2, 6H), 7.57-7.53 (m, 6H); Anal. Calcd for C.sub.30H.sub.36Cl.sub.2N.sub.6O.sub.6Ru: C, 48.13; H, 4.85; N, 11.23; Ru, 13.50. Found: C, 47.58; H, 4.49; N, 10.98; Ru, 13.25.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Preparation of [Ru(bpy).sub.3][Cl].sub.2 according to the invention Solvent Temp Conv. to Example (ratio) (° C.) [Ru(bpy).sub.3][Cl].sub.2 (%).sup.[a] 2 H.sub.2O:THF 10:1 100 100 (85) 3 H.sub.2O:iPrOH 10:1 100 100 (91) 4 H.sub.2O:MeOH 10:1 100 100 (72) 5 H.sub.2O:EtOH 10:1 100 100 (92) 6 .sup.[b] H.sub.2O 100 100 (87) 7 H.sub.2O 100 100 (99) .sup.[a]Isolated yield in parentheses; .sup.[b] THF added as anti-solvent

[0161] Procedures for the preparation of [Ru(bpy).sub.3][PF.sub.6]2

##STR00019##

[0162] Example 8: Preparation of [Ru(bpy).sub.3][PF.sub.6].sub.2 without isolation of intermediate [Ru(bpy).sub.3][Cl].sub.2.6H.sub.2O: A 250 mL two-necked round bottom flask was charged with the [Ru(Cl).sub.2(p-cymene)]2 (5.00 g, 8.14 mmol) and 2,2-bipyridine (7.63 g, 48.83 mmol). The flask was equipped with a condenser attached to a nitrogen inlet and purged with N.sub.2. H.sub.2O (100 mL) was added through the second port of the flask. This was then sealed with a glass stopper, and the reaction stirred at reflux temperature. After 16 hrs, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to ambient temperature. Then a solution of NH.sub.4PF.sub.6 (2.79 g, 17.1 mmol) in H.sub.2O (50 mL) was added, the flask rinsed with another 30 mL of H.sub.2O, then the orange slurry stirred for 30 min. Then the solid was isolated by filtration and washed with H.sub.2O (2×25 mL) and Et.sub.2O (2×25 mL). The bright orange product was dried in vacuo and weighed (7.29 g). Additional NH.sub.4PF.sub.6 was required, so product was re-combined with mother liquor, a solution of NH.sub.4PF.sub.6 (2.79 g, 17.1 mmol) in H.sub.2O(50 mL) was added under N.sub.2 atmosphere, the flask rinsed with another 30 mL of H.sub.2O, then the orange slurry stirred for 30 min. Then the solid was isolated by filtration and washed with H.sub.2O (3×50 mL) and Et.sub.2O (2×50 mL). The bright orange product was dried in vacuo and weighed (13.60 g, 97%).

Example 9: Preparation of [Ru(Bpy).SUB.3.][PF.SUB.6.].SUB.2 .with Isolation of Intermediate [Ru(Bpy).SUB.3.][Cl].SUB.2..6H.SUB.2.O

[0163] A 250 mL two-necked roundbottom flask was charged with the [Ru(Cl).sub.2(p-cymene)].sub.2 (10.0 g, 16.33 mmol) and 2,2-bipyridine (15.30 g, 97.98 mmol). The flask was equipped with a condenser attached to a N.sub.2 inlet and purged with N.sub.2. H.sub.2O (50 mL) was added through the second port of the flask. This was then sealed with a glass stopper, and the reaction stirred at reflux temperature. After 16 hrs, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was then decanted into a 500 mL roundbottom flask, and acetone (300 mL) added. It was stirred for 20 min, then the orange solid was isolated by filtration and washed with acetone (2×50 mL). The resulting solid was dried for 10 min, then charged to a 500 mL roundbottom flask with a magnetic stirrer, and H.sub.2O (200 mL) added to form a red suspension. Then a solution of NH.sub.4PF.sub.6 (11.71 g, 71.85 mml) in H.sub.2O (50 mL) was added, the flask was rinsed with another 50 mL H.sub.2O, and the orange slurry stirred for 1 hour 25 min. Then the solid was isolated by filtration and washed with H.sub.2O (3×100 mL) and Et.sub.2O (2×50 mL). The bright orange product was dried in vacuo and weighed (25.67 g, average yield from 2 reactions: 85%).

[0164] Example 10: Preparation of [Ru(bpy).sub.3][PF.sub.6].sub.2 without isolation of intermediate [Ru(bpy).sub.3][Cl].sub.2.6H.sub.2O: A 250 mL two-necked round bottom flask was charged with the [Ru(Cl).sub.2(p-cymene)]2 (5.00 g, 8.14 mmol) and 2,2-bipyridine (7.63 g, 48.83 mmol). The flask was equipped with a condenser attached to a nitrogen inlet and purged with N.sub.2. H.sub.2O (100 mL) was added, the flask was sealed with a glass stopper, and the reaction mixture stirred at 100° C. After 16 hrs, the reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature. A solution of KPF.sub.6 (6.59 g, 35.81 mmol) in H.sub.2O (60 mL) was added and the orange slurry stirred for 1 hour. The solids were isolated by filtration and washed with H.sub.2O (3×150 mL). The product was dried in vacuo to give the title compound as a bright orange solid (13.78 g, 98%)

Example 11: Preparation of [Ru(Bpy).SUB.3.][PF.SUB.6.].SUB.2 .with Isolation of Intermediate [Ru(Bpy).SUB.3.][Cl].SUB.2.•6H.SUB.2.O

[0165] A 1000 mL two-necked round bottom flask was charged with the [Ru(Cl).sub.2(p-cymene)].sub.2 (125 g, 203.46 mmol) and 2,2-bipyridine (190.66 g, 1.221 mol). The flask was equipped with a condenser attached to a nitrogen inlet and purged with nitrogen. H.sub.2O (320 mL) was added through the second port of the flask. This was then sealed with a glass stopper, and the reaction stirred at reflux temperature (100° C.). After 16 hrs, the reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was then decanted into a 5 L fishbowl, and acetone (1950 mL) added. It was stirred for 20 min, then the orange solid was isolated by filtration and washed with acetone (3×300 mL). The resulting solid was charged to a 5 L fishbowl and H.sub.2O (2.5 L) added. An overhead stirrer was inserted, then a solution of KPF.sub.6 (164.76 g, 895.15 mmol) in H.sub.2O (650 mL) was added and the orange slurry stirred for 1 hour. Then the solid was isolated by filtration and washed with H.sub.2O (2×750 mL). The bright orange product was dried in vacuo and weighed (328.89 g, 94%).

[0166] .sup.1H NMR (dmso-d.sub.6, 298 K): δ 7.54 (t, 6H); 7.73 (d, 6H); 8.18 (t, 6H); 8.84 (d, 6H) ppm. .sup.31P{.sup.1H} NMR (dmso-d.sub.6, 298 K): δ−144.21 (sept, .sup.1J.sub.PF=710 Hz) ppm. .sup.19F{.sup.1H} NMR (dmso-d.sub.6, 298 K): δ 72.51 (d, .sup.1J.sub.FP=710 Hz) ppm. Anal. calc'd for C.sub.30H.sub.24F.sub.12N.sub.6P.sub.2Ru: C 41.92%; H 2.81%; N 9.78%; P 7.21%; found: C 41.94%; H 2.75%; N 9.71%; P 7.29%

Example 12: Representative Procedure for Intermediate Scale-Up of Synthesis of [Ru(Bpy).SUB.3.][Pf.SUB.6.].SUB.2

[0167] A 30 L jacketed reactor equipped with an overhead agitator, thermocouple, condenser and nitrogen inlet adapter was charged with [Ru(Cl).sub.2(p-cymene)].sub.2 (1155 g, 1.88 mol), 2,2′-bipyridine (1760 g, 11.25 mol) and water (7 L). The vessel was evacuated for 2 minutes with agitation then backfilled with nitrogen. This process was repeated three times. The reactor jacket was set to 115° C. and the condenser jacket was set to 20° C. The reaction mixture was heated to an internal temperature of 101° C. and stirred at this temperature for 5 h to give a dark red homogeneous solution. The reactor jacket was set to 25° C., and the mixture was cooled to below 30° C., resulting in a bright red heterogeneous slurry. A 22 L multi-necked round bottom flask equipped with an overhead agitator was charged with KPF.sub.6 (1553 g, 8.44 mol) and water (15 L). The flask was evacuated for 2 minutes with agitation then backfilled with nitrogen. This process was repeated three times. The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature until the KPF.sub.6 was dissolved (ca. 15 minutes). The KPF.sub.6 solution was added to the reaction mixture over 30 minutes via peristaltic pump, and the resulting bright orange slurry was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 hrs. The slurry was filtered in a 15 L filter box, and the resulting orange solids were washed sequentially with water (2×4 L) and MTBE (7 L). The solids were dried at ambient temperature on the filter box for 16 hrs. under a sweep of nitrogen, then transferred to a vacuum oven at 45° C. for 48 hours to give the title compound as a bright orange solid (3.25 kg, 99% yield). Characterisation data are consistent with those reported in the literature. .sup.1H NMR (acetone d-6, 400 MHz): δ ppm 8.81 (d, 6H), 8.20 (t, 6H), 8.04 (d, 6H), 7.57 (m, 6H); .sup.31P NMR (acetone d-6, 160 MHz): δ ppm −142.01 (sept, J 700 Hz); Anal. Calcd for C.sub.30H.sub.24F.sub.12N.sub.6P.sub.2Ru: C, 41.92; H, 2.81; N, 9.78. Found: C, 41.76; H, 2.94; N, 9.96.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Preparation of [Ru(bpy).sub.3][PF.sub.6].sub.2 in H.sub.2O Temp Yield PF.sub.6 (° C.) [Ru(bpy).sub.3][PF.sub.6].sub.2 Example salt of step (i) (%)  8 .sup.[a] NH.sub.4PF.sub.6 100 97  9 NH.sub.4PF.sub.6 100 85 10 .sup.[a] KPF.sub.6 100 98 11 KPF.sub.6 100 94 12 .sup.[a] KPF.sub.6 100 99 .sup.[a] without isolation of [Ru(bpy).sub.3][Cl].sub.2•6H.sub.2O

Example 13: Preparation of [Ru(Phen).SUB.3.][PF.SUB.6.].SUB.2 .without Isolation of Intermediate [Ru(Phen).SUB.3.][Cl].SUB.2..6H.SUB.2.O

[0168] A 20 mL scintillation vial equipped with a Teflon coated stir was charged with [Ru(p-cymene)Cl.sub.2].sub.2 (612 mg, 1.0 mmol), 1,10-phenanthroline (1.08 g, 6.0 mmol), water (5.5 mL) and iPrOH (0.5 mL). The vial was sealed with a screwcap septum and evacuated with stirring until a soft boil was achieved, backfilling with N.sub.2. This process was repeated three times. The vial was placed in an aluminum vial block pre-heated to 100° C. and stirred at this temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, transferred to a 100 mL round bottom flask in air and diluted with water (25 mL). A separate 20 mL scintillation vial equipped with a Teflon coated stir bar was charged with KPF.sub.6 (370 mg, 4.0 mmol) and water (5 mL). The mixture was stirred until all the KPF.sub.6 had dissolved (ca. 5 minutes). The KPF.sub.6 solution was transferred to the reaction mixture dropwise via syringe over 10 minutes. The resulting slurry was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minutes. The solids were filtered over a sintered glass funnel, washed with water (3×10 mL) and dried in a vacuum over at 40° C. for 16 hours to give the product as an orange solid (1.60 g, 86%).

[0169] .sup.1H NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6) 400 MHz: δ ppm 8.78 (d, 6H, J=8.2 Hz), δ 8.39 (s, 6H), δ 8.09 (d, 6H J=5.2 Hz), δ 7.76 (dd, 6H, J=5.2 Hz, 8.2 Hz). .sup.31P NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6) 160 MHz: δ ppm −143.3 (sept, J.sub.P-F=711 Hz). .sup.19F NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6) 375 MHz: δ ppm −70.13 (d, J.sub.P-F=711 Hz).

Example 14: Preparation of [Ru(Dmbpy).SUB.3.][PF.SUB.6.].SUB.2 .without Isolation of Intermediate [Ru(Dmbpy).SUB.3.][Cl].SUB.2..6H.SUB.2.O

[0170] A 20 mL scintillation vial equipped with a Teflon coated stir was charged with [Ru(p-cymene)Cl.sub.2].sub.2 (612 mg, 1.0 mmol), 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-dipyridyl (1.11 g 6.0 mmol), water (5.5 mL) and iPrOH (0.5 mL). The vial was sealed with a screwcap septum and evacuated with stirring until a soft boil was achieved, backfilling with N.sub.2. This process was repeated three times. The vial was placed in an aluminum vial block pre-heated to 100° C. and stirred at this temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, transferred to a 100 mL round bottom flask in air and diluted with water (25 mL). A separate 20 mL scintillation vial equipped with a Teflon coated stir bar was charged with KPF.sub.6 (370 mg, 4.0 mmol) and water (5 mL). The mixture was stirred until all the KPF.sub.6 had dissolved (ca. 5 minutes). The KPF.sub.6 solution was transferred to the reaction mixture dropwise via syringe over 10 minutes. The resulting slurry was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minutes. The solids were filtered over a sintered glass funnel, washed with water (3×10 mL) and dried in a vacuum over at 40° C. for 16 hours to give the product as an orange-red solid (1.71 g, 90%).

[0171] .sup.1H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ ppm 8.68 (s, 6H), δ 7.54 (d, 6H, J=5.8 Hz), δ 7.33 (d, 6H, J=5.7 Hz), δ 2.51 (s, 18H). .sup.31P NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6) 160 MHz: δ ppm −143.3 (m, J.sub.P-F=711 Hz). .sup.19F NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6) 375 MHz: δ ppm −70.10 (d, J.sub.P-F=711 Hz).

Example 15: Preparation of [Ru(Bpm).SUB.3.][PF.SUB.6.].SUB.2 .without Isolation of Intermediate [Ru(Bpm).SUB.3.][Cl].SUB.2..6H.SUB.2.O

[0172] An 8 mL scintillation vial equipped with a Teflon coated stir was charged with [Ru(p-cymene)Cl.sub.2].sub.2 (150 mg, 0.25 mmol), 2,2′-bipyrimidine (240 mg, 1.5 mmol), and water (2.5 mL). The vial was sealed with a screwcap septum and evacuated with stirring until a soft boil was achieved, backfilling with N.sub.2. This process was repeated three times. The vial was placed in an aluminum vial block pre-heated to 100° C. and stirred at this temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature. A separate 8 mL scintillation vial equipped with a Teflon coated stir bar was charged with KPF.sub.6 (185 mg, 1.0 mmol) and water (2.5 mL). The mixture was stirred until all the KPF.sub.6 had dissolved (ca. 5 minutes). The KPF.sub.6 solution was transferred to the reaction mixture dropwise via syringe over 5 minutes. The resulting slurry was stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minutes. The solids were filtered over a glass sintered frit and washed sequentially with water (10 mL) and methanol (2×10 mL). The resulting solids were dried in a vacuum over at 40° C. for 16 hours to give the product as a pale orange solid (320 mg, 74%).

[0173] .sup.1H NMR (DMSO-d6): δ ppm 9.20 (d, 6H, J=3.1 Hz), δ 8.34 (d, 6H, J=4.9 Hz), δ 7.71 (t, 6H, J=5.2 Hz). .sup.31P NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6) 160 MHz: δ ppm −143.3 (m, J.sub.P-F=711 Hz). .sup.19F NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6) 375 MHz: δ ppm −70.12 (d, J.sub.P-F=711 Hz).