CONTAINER FOR PRESSURIZED FLUID WITH ELECTRONIC DEVICE FOR CALCULATING AND UPDATED DISPLAYING OF REMAINING FLUID

Abstract

A container for pressurized fluid, in particular a gas cylinder, having a given internal volume, having a fluid distribution valve having a member for selecting the flow rate, which can be manipulated by a user, a position sensor configured to detect the position of the member for adjusting flow rate, and an electronic device having a means for measuring pressure and temperature, a microprocessor (-based data processing means that are configured to calculate a remaining fluid on the basis of pressure and temperature measurements, of the position of the member for selecting the flow rate and of the internal volume of the container, a timer, and display means for displaying an updated remaining fluid.

Claims

1. A container for pressurized fluid having a given internal volume, comprising a fluid distribution valve comprising: a member for selecting the flow rate, which can be manipulated by a user between a plurality of distinct positions, each corresponding to a given fluid flow rate, at least one position sensor configured to detect the position of the member for selecting the flow rate, and an electronic device comprising: a means for measuring pressure and temperature in order to measure the pressure and the temperature of the fluid contained in the fluid container, a data processing means comprising at least one microprocessor which are configured to calculate a remaining fluid on the basis of all or some of the pressure and/or temperature measurements, of the position of the member for selecting the flow rate and of the internal volume of the container, a timer, and a display means for displaying the remaining fluid calculated by the data processing means, wherein: the data processing means are configured to: A) for an initial delay phase shorter than 10 minutes, starting when the member for selecting the flow rate is manipulated by the user in order to move it from a first position corresponding to a first fluid flow rate to a second position corresponding to a second fluid flow rate: i) calculate a remaining fluid on the basis of the position of the member for selecting the flow rate, of the measurements of the pressure and temperature of the gas, and of the internal volume of the fluid container, ii) control displaying of the remainder calculated in step A) i) on the display means, and iii) update, after a period of 1 minute, the displaying of the displayed remainder by controlling displaying, on the display means, of an updated remainder equal to the displayed remainder minus a duration of 1 minute, and B) repeat step A) iii) throughout the initial delay phase, to display an updated remainder (Ar) after a time interval of between 30 seconds and 3 minutes throughout said initial delay phase.

2. The container according to claim 1, wherein, in step B), the updated remainder is updated and displayed at time intervals of the order of 1 minute.

3. The container according to claim 1, further comprising a storage means for storing at least one history comprising the pressure and temperature measurements taken by the means for measuring pressure and temperature.

4. The container according to claim 3, wherein the data processing means are further configured to: C) calculate, after the initial delay phase, at least one remainder calculated on the basis of the history of the stored measurements of the pressure and temperature of the gas, and of the internal volume of the fluid container.

5. The container according to claim 4, wherein the data processing means are further configured to: D) compare the calculated remainder with the updated remainder displayed on the display means in step B) and E) control displaying, on the display means, of: i. the updated remainder when: 0.9.Ar≤Ac≤1.1.Ar, or ii. the calculated remainder when: Ac<0.9.Ar or Ac>1.1.Ar.

6. The container according to claim 5, wherein the data processing means are further configured to repeat steps C), D) and E) so as to update the displaying of the remainder after an updating period of between 30 seconds and 3 minutes.

7. The container according to claim 6, wherein the data processing means are further configured to set the duration of the updating period according to the difference between the calculated remainder and the updated remainder.

8. The container according to claim 6, wherein the duration de the updating period is of the order of 1 minute when, in step E) ii), the calculated remainder is displayed on the display means.

9. The container according to claim 5, wherein the data processing means are configured to display the calculated remainder when said data processing means determine, in step D), that the calculated remainder and the updated remainder differ from one another by at least 10 minutes.

10. The container according to claim 5, wherein the data processing means are configured to display the calculated remainder when the remainder is smaller than or equal to the updated remainder.

11. The container according to claim 1, wherein the data processing means comprise one or more microprocessors.

12. The container according to claim 1, wherein the timer is integrated into the data processing means.

13. The container according to claim 1, wherein the member for selecting the flow rate is configured to adopt a plurality of distinct positions each corresponding to a given fluid flow rate between 0 and 30 L/min, said member for selecting the flow rate being able to be rotatably manipulated by a user in order to select the desired flow rate.

14. The container according to claim 11, wherein the means for measuring pressure and temperature comprise one or more pressure and temperature sensors.

15. The container according to claim 1, wherein the one or more microprocessors are configured to process the one or more pressure and temperature measurements provided by the one or more pressure and temperature sensors.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0116] The invention will now be better understood from the following detailed description, which is given by way of a non-limiting illustration, with reference to the appended figures, in which:

[0117] FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a fluid container equipped with a gas distribution valve having an electronic device according to the invention,

[0118] FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of a container of gas cylinder type for pressurized fluid according to the invention,

[0119] FIG. 3 is an example of a remainder measured and displayed over time when drawing gas from a gas container,

[0120] FIG. 4 is an example of a remainder measured and displayed over time when drawing gas from a gas container, and

[0121] FIG. 5 is an example of a remainder measured and displayed over time when drawing gas from a gas container.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0122] FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a container 1 for pressurized gas according to the invention, while FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of such a container 1, namely here a pressurized gas cylinder. Such a gas container 1 is particularly well suited for storing or for supplying a medical gas (i.e. pure gas or gaseous mixture) chosen from among oxygen or a gaseous mixture such as N.sub.2O/O.sub.2, NO/N.sub.2, He/O.sub.2, or medical air.

[0123] Plus precisely, the fluid container 1 illustrated in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 comprises an internal volume 2 for storing pressurized gas, for example at more than 200 bar abs (pressure when full), and is equipped with a fluid distribution valve 3, such as an IPR, through which passes an internal fluid passage or circuit (not shown) in fluidic communication with the internal volume 2 of the container 1 so as to convey the fluid, namely here gas, such as oxygen, within the body of the gas distribution valve 3 to a delivery outlet connector 11 to which is fluidically connected, for example, a flexible gas duct (not shown) or another device using the gas that is delivered.

[0124] The cylinder or container 1 for pressurized gas of axis AA in FIG. 2 comprises a cylindrical body and a neck, i.e. it is ogival in shape. The cylindrical body defines the internal volume 2 for storing gas under pressure, typically a maximum pressure of 130 to 300 bar abs, or even beyond 300 bar abs. The neck comprises a fluid inlet/outlet orifice that is in communication with the internal volume 2 and allows the gas to be withdrawn from the internal volume 2 or, conversely, allows it to be filled when it is empty. The gas distribution valve 3 is mounted, typically screwed, at the level of the orifice in the neck of the gas cylinder.

[0125] The container 1 has a cylindrical general shape and is made of metal or metal alloy (e.g. steel, aluminium, etc.) or of one or more composite materials. It contains a gas or a mixture of gases, such as oxygen, an NO/N.sub.2, O.sub.2/N.sub.2O or He/O.sub.2 mixture, air, or any other medical gas.

[0126] The gas distribution valve 3, which is here an IPR including internal regulation means, is screwed, via an expansion or a threaded attachment end fitting, at the level of the neck of the gas cylinder, i.e. it is screwed into the fluid inlet/outlet orifice which bears complementary tapping.

[0127] The gas distribution valve 3 additionally comprises a gas distribution connector or end fitting, called the delivery outlet connector 11, to which can be connected, for example, a flexible gas duct, such as a pipe made of flexible plastic, used to convey the gas to a medical device or apparatus using the gas delivered by the valve 3, for example a breathing mask delivering gas to a patient at a flow rate prescribed by a doctor or the like corresponding to a treatment to be followed. The valve body is preferably made of brass or of stainless steel.

[0128] Additionally, the gas distribution valve 3 comprises either a distinct pressure sensor and a distinct temperature sensor, or a single pressure and temperature sensor 4 (as illustrated here), used to measure the pressure and the temperature of the gas within the internal gas passage and/or in the internal volume 2 of the container 1, and to delivery pressure measurements (i.e. measurement signals) to microprocessor 15-based data processing means 5, i.e. a data processing unit or device comprising one or more microprocessors 15 implementing one or more algorithms, for example a circuit board bearing one or more microprocessors 15 implementing one or more algorithms, etc., preferably a microcontroller. The data processing means 5 are also called driver means, control electronics or the like. Preferably, a single pressure and temperature sensor 4 is used since this simplifies the general architecture, in particular by decreasing the number of taps/bores required to take the measurements.

[0129] When a single pressure and temperature sensor 4 is used, it can comprise a sensor body through which passes an internal passage, for example an axial passage, i.e. a single duct or tap. The internal passage of the sensor is fluidically connected to the internal gas circuit of the fluid distribution valve 3 so that some of the pressurized gas conveyed by the internal gas circuit through the body of the distribution valve 3 will fill this internal passage of the sensor so as to allow the desired pressure and temperature measurements to be taken. For this, it is possible to use membrane-based means and temperature probe-based means which are connected to embedded electronics in the single pressure and temperature sensor 4. For example, a membrane may be provided in contact with the gas conveyed by the internal passage in order to measure the pressure of the gas and a temperature probe may be arranged, for example behind the membrane, in order to measure the temperature of the gas routed by the internal passage. The pressure and temperature measurements are processed by the embedded electronics, for example an internal circuit board with a microprocessor, and are then sent to the data processing means 5 comprising the microprocessor 15 in order to be used to determine the remaining gas.

[0130] Additionally, the microprocessor 15-based data processing means 5 are configured to process the pressure and temperature measurements provided by the one or more pressure and temperature sensors. They are preferably arranged in the housing for the electronic device 7, for example a digital manometer, attached to the fluid distribution valve 3, which comprises a digital display 6, such as an LCD screen or the like, for displaying the remainder or other parameters.

[0131] Provision is further made for a device for selecting the flow rate 12 which can be actuated by a user, such as a rotary handwheel, used to select a desired flow rate for the gas that has to be delivered by the delivery outlet connector 11, for example to meet what has been prescribed by a doctor or the like. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the device for selecting the flow rate 12 may be a rotary handwheel that can be rotated between a plurality of angular positions, offset from one another, which each correspond to a given flow rate value, namely typically selectable gas flow rate values of between 0 L/min and 30 L/min, preferably between 0 and 25 L/min.

[0132] For example, the selectable flow rate values may be as follows: 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 22 and 25 L/min, or any other value. The desired flow rate value selected by the user by actuating the device for selecting the flow rate 12, i.e. rotary handwheel, appears in a readout window 14 located above the device for selecting the flow rate 12, for example a cutout made in the body 10 of the protective covering 13 arranged around the valve 3 and serving to protect it from impacts or other external stresses.

[0133] The device for selecting the flow rate 12 further cooperates with a device for adjusting the flow rate arranged in the body of the valve 3 in order to adjust the flow rate to the desired gas flow rate value, for example the device for adjusting the flow rate may be a calibrated disc with orifices arranged in the path of the gas in the body of the valve 3. Such an arrangement is known per se. Once the desired gas flow rate has been selected, the position of the device for selecting the flow rate 12, for example the angular position of the rotary handwheel, may be determined by virtue of one or more position sensors. Knowing the angular position of the rotary handwheel then allows the data processing means 5 to know the value of the desired gas flow rate that has been selected.

[0134] In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the delivery outlet connector 11 is arranged at the centre of and coaxially with the rotary handwheel for selecting the flow rate 12; however, they could also be separate from one another according other possible embodiments (not shown).

[0135] Additionally, the one or more pressure and temperature sensors 4 are configured and arranged to measure the pressure and the temperature of the gas in the cylinder 1, i.e. coming from the internal volume 2, and then to deliver the pressure and/or temperature measurements taken to the data processing means 5. The pressure and temperature measurements taken and transmitted by the one or more sensors 4 are, for example, signals that represent either pressure and/or temperature values or other quantities, such as voltage or current values, corresponding to pressure and/or temperature values. These pressure and/or temperature measurements are processed by the data processing means 5 in order to determine various items of information, namely the remainder, or even additionally the volume of gas in the container 1 or the gas pressure in the container 1. This information can be displayed on the display 6 for a user, typically a caregiver, such as a doctor or a nurse.

[0136] Provision is also made for a timer, for example internal to the data processing means 5, in order to allow duration calculations or other time tracking to be carried out, as explained hereinafter.

[0137] The internal volume 2 of the container 1 (in water equivalent) is a known value which can be stored by storage means 9 either directly in software implemented by the microprocessor 15 or in a computer memory, of EEPROM type or the like, of the electronic device 7. The computer memory can be arranged on the circuit board bearing the microprocessor 15 and electrically connected thereto. For example, gas cylinders equipped in this way used to deliver medical oxygen (i.e. oxygen of medical quality) typically have internal volumes 2 of between 1 L and 20 L (water equiv.), typically between 2 L and 15 L; for example, depending on the cylinder in question, the volume may be of the order of 2 L, 3.5 L, 4.6 L, 5 L, 7 L, 10 L, 11 L or 15 L.

[0138] The storage means 9 may also store other data, such as, for example, the duration elapsed between successive times, pressure and/or temperature measurements, or other parameters, such as the internal volume of the cylinder, the position of the selector, the configuration of the cylinder, the fill pressure, alerts, etc.

[0139] More generally, the electronic device 7, for example a digital manometer, which comprises the microprocessor 15-based data processing means 5, such as a circuit board, is accommodated in an opening or compartment provided in the body 10 of the protective covering 13 arranged around the fluid distribution valve 3 and serving to protect it from impacts or other possible damage, for example a rigid covering made of polymer and/or of metal, as illustrated in FIG. 2.

[0140] The body 10 of the covering 13 defines a volume or compartment dimensioned to accommodate the gas distribution valve, namely here a valve with an integrated pressure regulator or IPR. It additionally comprises one or more carrying handles 16 arranged here so as to surmount the covering 13, i.e. located substantially on top of the body 10 of the covering 13, and being connected to the body 10 here by two support uprights 17 projecting substantially upwards.

[0141] According to one embodiment, the covering body 10 may further comprise a securing system 18 (not completely visible), preferably a pivoting securing means, designed to allow it to be secured to a support, in particular to a bar of a hospital bed or to a stretcher for carrying a patient or the like.

[0142] The digital display 6 of the electronic device 7 comprises a digital screen, for example a liquid crystal display (LCD) or the like, borne by the rigid housing, in particular the front face, for the electronic device 7, as illustrated in FIG. 2. It may be displayed in colour or in black and white.

[0143] The digital display 6 is supplied with power by an electrical energy source (not visible) arranged in the covering 13, for example one or more batteries or cells placed in a cell compartment made in the wall of the covering body and closed by a removable flap or the like. The electrical power source also serves to supply power to the other components of the electronic device 7 that need electric current to operate, in particular the microprocessor 15-based data processing means 5.

[0144] As explained above, the digital display 6 of the electronic device 7 makes it possible to display all of the information of use to the user, such as, for example, pressure and gas volume values, a remainder (in hours and minutes) or other information or data, for example the value of the desired or actual gas flow rate (in L/min or in other units), or the remaining gas (in hours and minutes) may also be represented by a graphic bar. For example, the digital display 6 comprises a screen with a height of, for example, between 29 and 37 mm approximately, and with a width of, for example, between 39 and 43 mm approximately.

[0145] The microprocessor 15-based data processing means 5, typically a circuit board, are also configured to control sound alert means and/or visual alert means, preferably both, so as to trigger at least one sound alert and/or visual alert, preferably both, in the event of detection of a malfunction, in particular a restriction, or an amount of gas or remainder that is too low.

[0146] In order to allow the data processing means 5, typically the microprocessor 15, to perform highly accurate calculations and to control rapid displaying by the display means, i.e. on the digital display 6, of the remainder available in the gas cylinder 1 equipped with the gas distribution valve 3 comprising the flow rate selector 12 based on a rotary member for selecting the outlet flow rate, the data processing means 5 are configured to calculate the remaining fluid.

[0147] Of course, calculating the remainder may require other parameters depending on the formula used and/or on the desired accuracy, such as the compressibility factor, etc. More generally, calculating a remainder on the basis of such parameters presents no difficulty. One example of calculating a remainder is given by WO2005/093377.

[0148] According to the invention, in order to provide the user with the remainder available in the container 1 with less fluctuation and more reliably, the data processing means 5, typically a circuit board with one or more microprocessors, are configured in a particular manner.

[0149] Thus, for an initial delay phase shorter than 10 minutes, for example for 3 to 5 minutes, which starts when the member for selecting the flow rate 12 is manipulated by the user in order to adjust the gas flow rate as desired by turning it clockwise or anticlockwise to move it from a first position corresponding to a first fluid flow rate, for example 0 L/Min, to a second position corresponding to a second fluid flow rate, for example 5 L/min, the data processing means 5 start by calculating a remainder on the basis of the position of the member for selecting the flow rate 12 which is detected by the one or more position sensors, of the measurements of the pressure and of the temperature of the gas, and of the internal volume 2 of the gas cylinder which is known and stored, for example, in a memory of the data processing means 5.

[0150] Next, the data processing means 5 control the displaying of the remainder (Ac) thus calculated on the display means 6, such as a digital screen, of the electronic device 7 fitted to the IPR of the gas cylinder.

[0151] Lastly, the data processing means 5 update, after a period of 1 minute, the displaying of the displayed remainder by displaying, on the display means 6, an updated remainder which is equal to the displayed remainder minus a duration of 1 minute.

[0152] These steps are repeated at time intervals of 30 seconds to 3 minutes, throughout the delay phase, so as to display updated remainders (Ar); for example, the update may take place every minute.

[0153] Additionally, the storage means make it possible to store a history comprising at least some and preferably all of the pressure and temperature measurements that have been taken by the means for measuring the pressure and temperature, i.e. one or more sensors.

[0154] This history is then used by the data processing means 5 to refine the determination of the remainder to be displayed. Thus, the data processing means 5 can calculate, after the initial delay phase, a remainder (Ac) calculated on the basis of the history of the measurements of the pressure and of the temperature of the gas, and of the internal volume 2 of the gas container 1 which is stored.

[0155] Next, according to this calculation, the data processing means 5 compare the remainder (Ac) thus calculated with the updated remainder (Ar) which was displayed on the display means 6, as explained above, and, according to this comparison, they then control displaying, on the display means 6, either of the updated remainder (Ar) when they determine that: 0.9.Ar≤Ac≤1.1.Ar, i.e. when Ac differs by less than +/−10% from Ar (expressed in %), or of the calculated remainder (Ac) when they determine that: Ac<0.9.Ar or Ac>1.1.Ar, i.e. when Ac differs by more than +/−10% from Ar (expressed in %).

[0156] Of course, instead of a percentage (%), the difference (or threshold) could be expressed per unit time, typically in minutes, for example 30 minutes (or another preset threshold-duration). In this case, the display means 6 control displaying of the updated remainder (Ar) when they determine that Ac differs by less than +/−30 min from Ar, or of the calculated remainder (Ac) when they determine that Ac differs by more than +/−30 min from Ar.

[0157] The displaying of the remainder is then updated cyclically after an updating period of between 30 seconds and 3 minutes, which is chosen according to the difference between the calculated remainder (Ac) and the updated remainder (Ar).

[0158] Thus, the duration of the updating period is of the order of 1 minute when the calculated remainder (Ac) is displayed on the display means 6, and therefore when Ac differs by more than +/−30 min from Ar in the preceding example.

[0159] In any case, the data processing means 5 still display the calculated remainder (Ac) when the remainder is smaller than or equal to a preset safety threshold, preferably a safety threshold shorter than or equal to 30 minutes.

[0160] In other words, below a remaining gas safety threshold, for example 30 min, in the case of the calculated remainder being smaller than the measured remainder, for safety, the displayed remainder should always be updated so as to avoid overestimating what is displayed to the user.

[0161] FIG. 3 to FIG. 5 are representations of the measured (AM) and displayed (AA) remainders during a decrease in gas pressure within a gas cylinder corresponding to the use of this gas cylinder over time, i.e. during withdrawal of the gas, in three different situations. The Y-axis gives the available remainder (expressed in minutes), while the X-axis gives elapsing time (expressed in minutes).

[0162] In FIG. 3, it can be seen that the curve AA, representing the remainder obtained by calculating (AA) on the basis of the position of the knob, of the measured pressure and of the cylinder volume, gives a remainder of 200 minutes at the start of use of the gas cylinder, i.e. a displayed remainder (AA) of 200 minutes. Next, this remainder decreases “linearly” minute by minute, i.e. the remainder is updated after 1 minute and the updated remainder that is displayed corresponds to the preceding remainder minus 1 minute, i.e. 199 minutes, then 198 minutes, etc.

[0163] Additionally, the first remainders calculated on the basis of the decrease in pressure result in a measured remainder (AM) of the order of 210 minutes, thus greater than the displayed remainder (AA), while still remaining within an acceptable range, i.e. an error of less than 10%.

[0164] From there, the displayed minutes are “adjusted” to make them last a bit longer than a minute in order to make the displayed remainder (AA) converge towards the measured remainder (AM). This is what is seen here, for example for the 25 first minutes of use when the display decreases only by 19 minutes (i.e. 19 steps).

[0165] After about 30 minutes, the remainders AM, AA have converged and are correlated, since the remainder curves (AA, AM) merge with one another for the rest of the duration of use of the gas cylinder.

[0166] In FIG. 4, it can be seen, as above, that the curve AA, representing the remainder obtained by calculating (AA) on the basis of the position of the knob, of the measured pressure and of the cylinder volume, gives a remainder of 200 minutes at the start of use of the gas cylinder, i.e. a displayed remainder (AA) of 200 minutes, which then decreases minute by minute throughout.

[0167] In parallel, the first remainders calculated for the observed decrease in pressure give a calculated remainder (curve AM) of the order of only 190 minutes, thus less than the displayed remainder (curve AA), while here too still remaining within an acceptable range with an error of less than 10%.

[0168] In this case, in contrast to the preceding case, the displayed minutes will last a bit less than a minute in order to make the displayed remainder (AA) converge towards the measured remainder (AA). This is what is seen throughout, for example for the 20 first minutes of use when the display decreases by 29 minutes (i.e. 29 steps). After about 20 minutes, the remainders are again correlated and the curves AA and AM merge thereafter.

[0169] Additionally, in FIG. 5, it can be seen that the curve AA, representing the remainder obtained by calculating (AA) on the basis of the position of the knob, of the measured pressure and of the cylinder volume, gives a remainder of 235 minutes, i.e. a displayed remainder (AA) of 235 minutes. This remainder then decreases minute by minute at the start, i.e. the time to have a reliable calculation based on the decrease in the pressure, namely here a few minutes (until the break in the curve AA).

[0170] In parallel, the first remainders calculated with the decrease in pressure give a remainder of the order of 210 minutes. This remainder is less than the displayed remainder and is not within an acceptable range, i.e. the error is more than 10%. The displayed minutes, i.e. the displayed remainder, will therefore be adjusted directly in order to converge immediately towards the measured/calculated remainder AM at the sudden drop on the curve AA. The remainders AA and AM are correlated and the curves merge thereafter.

[0171] These three examples illustrate the advantage in proceeding according to the invention in order to obtain reliable and relatively accurate displaying of the remaining gas in a gas cylinder or the like since they show that at the start of withdrawal, i.e. use of the gas, it is acceptable to display the calculated remainder (Ac) on the display means 6 and then to update, after a given period, for example of 1 minute, i.e. every minute, the displaying of the displayed remainder by displaying an updated remainder equal to the previously displayed remainder minus the given duration, for example 1 minute, and to repeat this procedure, throughout the initial delay phase, to display an updated remainder (Ar) after a given time interval, typically of between 30 seconds and 3 minutes, for example every minute. The initial delay phase preferably lasts less than 10 minutes.

[0172] Next, after the initial delay phase, the remainder, i.e. the calculated remainder (Ac), is calculated on the basis of the pressure measurements that were taken during the first few minutes of use and of the stored measurements of the temperature of the gas, and of the internal volume 2 of the fluid container, and either the updated remainder (Ar), if it does not differ by more than +/−10% from the calculated remainder (Ac) (see FIG. 3 and FIG. 4), or the calculated remainder Ac if it differs by more than +/−10% (see FIG. 5), is displayed on the display means 6.

[0173] A fluid container according to the invention is particularly well suited for storing and distributing a pressurized medical gas, typically medical oxygen.

[0174] It will be understood that many additional changes in the details, materials, steps and arrangement of parts, which have been herein described in order to explain the nature of the invention, may be made by those skilled in the art within the principle and scope of the invention as expressed in the appended claims. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the specific embodiments in the examples given above.