Sorting waste materials

Abstract

Apparatus (200) for sorting mixed waste materials, comprising: a housing (260) configured to be vibrated to assist sorting; a screen (210) supported by the housing (260) and having an inlet end (212) for receiving waste materials and an outlet end (214) for discharging at least some waste received at the inlet end (212), the screen (210) comprising at least one portion (220) pivotally coupled adjacent the inlet end (212) to a substantially horizontal axle (222) mounted in the housing (260); and drive means (224,228) configured to pivot the at least one portion (222) of the screen (210) about the axle (222) with a controlled reciprocating action.

Claims

1. Apparatus for sorting mixed waste materials, comprising: a first sieve screen having upper and lower surfaces and first sieve openings configured to allow only the waste materials having a maximum dimension less than or equal to a first threshold dimension to pass therethrough; a second sieve screen having upper and lower surfaces and second sieve openings configured to allow only the waste materials having a maximum dimension less than or equal to a second threshold dimension to pass therethrough, the second threshold dimension being less than the first threshold dimension; and a third surface; wherein each of the first and second sieve screens have an inlet end configured to receive waste materials and an outlet end configured to discharge at least some of the waste materials received at the inlet end that do not pass through the respective sieve screen; wherein the apparatus is configured such that the waste materials passing through the first sieve screen fall under gravity towards the upper surface of the second sieve screen and the waste materials passing through the second sieve screen fall under gravity towards the third surface; the apparatus being further configured to generate: a first gas stream between the lower surface of the first sieve screen and the upper surface of the second sieve screen and configured to drive off volatile contaminants from the waste materials passing through the first sieve screen, the first gas stream having a first velocity; a second gas stream between the lower surface of the second sieve screen and the third surface and configured to drive off volatile contaminants from the waste materials passing through the second sieve screen, the second gas stream having a second velocity that is less than the first velocity; and one or more additional gas streams at the outlet ends of the first and second sieve screens, the one or more additional gas streams being vertically directed through the waste materials discharged at the outlet ends of the first and second sieve screens to assist separation thereof.

2. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first gas stream is configured to have a first velocity such that substantially all the waste materials having a maximum dimension equal to the first threshold dimension reach the upper surface of the second screen.

3. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second gas stream is configured to have a second velocity such that substantially all the waste materials having a maximum dimension equal to the second threshold dimension reach the third surface.

4. Apparatus according to claim 1 comprising a fan configured to generate the first and second gas streams.

5. Apparatus according to claim 4 including dampers configured to control the velocities of the first and second gas streams.

6. Apparatus according to claim 5 wherein the apparatus is configured to simultaneously vary the velocities of both the first and the second gas streams.

7. Apparatus according to claim 6 wherein the fan is a variable-speed fan located upstream of the dampers.

8. Apparatus according to claim 7 wherein the apparatus is configured to vary the velocity of a gas stream leaving the variable-speed fan by a factor of up to five.

9. Apparatus according to claim 8 wherein the apparatus is configured to vary the velocity of the first gas stream in a range from about 4 m/s to about 24 m/s.

10. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the apparatus is configured to compact at least one fraction of sorted waste.

11. Apparatus according to claim 10 comprising a roller configured to compact at least one fraction of sorted waste.

12. Apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the roller bears upon a driven conveyor belt.

13. Apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the roller is driven by the driven conveyor belt.

14. Apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a housing which supports the first and second sieve screens; and a vibration generator configured to vibrate the housing.

15. Method of sorting mixed waste materials, the method comprising: providing mixed waste materials; sieving on a first sieve screen the mixed waste materials so as to produce first particles having a maximum dimension less than or equal to a first threshold dimension; passing the first particles through a first gas stream having a first velocity so as to drive off volatile contaminants; sieving on a second sieve screen the first particles so as to produce second particles having a maximum dimension less than or equal to a second threshold dimension; passing the second particles through a second gas stream having a second velocity that is less than the first velocity, so as to drive off volatile contaminants; discharging the mixed waste materials which do not pass through the first and second sieve screens through respective outlet ends of the first and second sieve screens; and vertically directing one or more additional gas streams through the waste materials discharged at the respective outlet ends of the first and second sieve screens.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) An embodiment of the invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

(2) FIG. 1A is a perspective view from above of apparatus, including primary, secondary and tertiary sections;

(3) FIG. 1B is a detail sectional view on A in FIG. 1A;

(4) FIG. 2A is a detail perspective view of the primary section of the apparatus taken from the opposite viewing direction to that of FIG. 1A;

(5) FIG. 2B is a detail perspective view of the secondary section of the apparatus taken from the opposite viewing direction to that of FIG. 1A;

(6) FIG. 3 is a sectional view from the opposite side of FIG. 2B and showing a first aspect of the invention;

(7) FIG. 4 is a sectional view from the opposite side of FIG. 2B and showing a second aspect of the invention;

(8) FIG. 5 is a sectional side view of the tertiary section of the apparatus of FIG. 1A;

(9) FIG. 6 is a detail perspective view of the tertiary section of the apparatus taken from the opposite viewing direction to that of FIG. 1A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

(10) FIG. 1 is a perspective view from above of apparatus 5 for sorting mixed waste materials and comprising primary, secondary and tertiary sections 100, 200, 300 arranged successively (in a feed direction E) along the longitudinal axis LL of the apparatus. FIGS. 2A-C are, respectively, detailed perspective views of the three sections 100, 200, 300 taken from the opposite viewing direction to that of FIG. 1. Sections 100, 200, 300 are mounted on a chassis provided at one end with wheels 92 and at the other end with an articulated connection (not shown) in order that the apparatus might be moved using a conventional HGV tractor unit. It will be appreciated that the sections with their respective separating functions may be divided up in a different fashion to that shown.

(11) As indicated by arrow W in FIG. 2A, waste is fed into the apparatus by deposition on a sloping grate 110 which is vibrated by one or more vibrators 120 attached thereto. As previously noted, the waste is of the kind normally encountered in skips hired for domestic use. Such waste materials often comprise a mixture of earth from gardens, brick and concrete rubble from small building works, wood, scrap metal and general household refuse including paper, light plastics packaging and broken glass. The waste—in particular the soil/earth—may additionally be contaminated by organic compounds, in particular hydrocarbons such as engine oil.

(12) Small components of the waste pass straight through the vibrating grate 110 through a hopper 130 and onto a conveyor belt 140 for conveying to the next section of the apparatus. Larger components of the waste either break up under the action of the vibration and fall through the grate or move, under the action of vibration and gravity and substantially transversely to axis LL, to the lower edge 150 of the sloping grate from where they fall into the hopper 130 as indicated by arrow Yin the detail view of FIG. 1A.

(13) FIG. 2B is a detailed perspective view of the second section 200 of the apparatus, with FIG. 3 showing a sectional view from the opposite side. Waste is carried to the top of conveyor belt 140 from where it drops, as indicated by arrow D, onto the inlet end 212 of a first screen 210 which slopes downwardly in the feed direction E to an outlet end 214 for discharging at least some waste received at the inlet end.

(14) Screen 210 is made up of two portions 220, 230 arranged successively along the longitudinal axis LL and supported by a housing 260 to the top of which is attached two vibrators 270. The vibrators 270 vibrate the housing 250 which in turn vibrates the portions 220, 230 of the screen, thereby assisting sorting of the waste as is known per se. In an alternative embodiment, not shown, a vibration generator of the ‘center shaft’ kind is mounted inside the housing, albeit at the expense of obstructing air flow within the housing to a certain extent.

(15) The first portion 220 of the screen nearest the inlet end 212 is pivotally coupled adjacent that end to a substantially horizontal axle 222 mounted in the housing 250. As indicated by arrow R, axle 222 and first screen portion are driven in controlled reciprocating motion by a linkage 224 driven by motor 228 via a belt 226. In the embodiment shown, this results in a peak-to-peak movement of that (‘distal’) tip 221 of the portion 220 most remote from the axle 222 of about 200 mm (8 inch) at 100 cycles per minute. Where the reciprocating motion is sinusoidal, as may result when the linkage incorporates a crank, this results in a velocity at the tip 221 of at least 1 m/s. Such a motion has been found to enhance the likelihood of material on that portion of the screen being ‘flipped’, which in turn helps to displace any heavy, low SSA waste (such as bricks) that may be sitting on top of other, high SSA material (such as cardboard), thereby promoting separation and material classification.

(16) The second screen portion 230 is similarly attached to a second substantially horizontal axle 232 which is similarly driven with a controlled reciprocating action S by linkage 224. In another embodiment, not shown, two separate drive means are employed to reciprocate the two screen portions 220, 230. Moreover, linkage 224 is configured such that the second portion moves counter to the first portion, to moving downwards when the first portion is moving upwards and vice versa. Again, such motion enhances material separation and classification as the waste material moves from the inlet 212, over the first and second screens 220, 230 to the outlet 214 where any material that, despite the enhanced motion described above, has not passed through the screen portions is received onto the upper end of a slide 250. Slide is mounted in the housing 260 and accordingly vibrates which, in combination with its inclination, delivers the waste into the third section of the apparatus as indicated by arrow F.

(17) FIG. 4 corresponds to the view of FIG. 3 and illustrates a second aspect of the invention. As discussed with regard to FIG. 3, the apparatus has a housing 260 supporting a first sieve screen 210, inclined downwards in the feed direction E and having upper and lower surfaces 300, 310 and first sieve openings configured to allow only particles having a maximum dimension less than or equal to a first threshold dimension (T1) to pass therethrough. Such openings are an inherent and well-known feature of a sieve screen and accordingly not shown in further detail.

(18) A second sieve screen 400, again inclined downwards in the feed direction E, is also supported by the housing 260 and is located beneath the first sieve screen 210 such that particles passing through the first screen land on the upper surface 410 of the second screen. The second screen has second sieve openings configured to allow only particles having a maximum dimension less than or equal to a second threshold dimension to pass through to the lower surface 420 of the screen, the second threshold dimension (T2) being less than the first threshold dimension. Again, this is well known and accordingly not shown in further detail. The second screen is made up of first and second portions 430, 440 arranged one above the other and both inclined downwards in the feed direction E. The first, upper portion 440 is shorter than the second, lower portion 430 so that any waste material that does not pass through the first portion falls from the outlet end 432 thereof onto the second portion 430. Any material that does not pass through the second portion then falls (as indicated at G) from the outlet end 442 thereof onto a second vibrating inclined slide 450 for transfer to the tertiary section of the apparatus.

(19) Those particles that do pass through the second screen, however, land on the upper surface 500 of a vibrating inclined slide 510 which delivers those particles to the tertiary section of the apparatus as indicated at H.

(20) Waste flows F, G, H are then passed through multiple high-velocity vertically-directed air jets or ‘knives’ P as discussed in more detail below with reference to FIG. 5. Similar ‘knives’ (not shown) are arranged under the top plate of the screen housing 260 and at the back.

(21) As better shown in FIG. 3, slide 510 may itself be a further screen having yet smaller sieve openings, that material passing through the further screen landing on a conveyor belt 520 from which it is deposited on to a conveyor belt 530 extending from the side of the apparatus, transversely to axis LL.

(22) A fan 600 is located adjacent the inlet ends 212, 412 of the first and second screens 210, 400 to blow a first gas stream (indicated by arrow J) of air between the lower surface 310 of the first screen and the upper surface 410 of the second screen and a second gas stream (indicated by arrow K) of air between the lower surface 420 of the second screen and the surface 500 of slide 510.

(23) Between the fan 600 and screens 210, 400 is further located a damper housing 610 containing first and second dampers (not shown) that respectively control/throttle the air flow from the fan 600 such that the velocity of the second gas stream K leaving the damper housing is less than that of the first gas stream J leaving the housing. Specifically, the second, lower damper may be more closed than the first, upper damper.

(24) The two gas streams J, K drive off hydrocarbon contaminants from sand and soil particles passing through the first and second screens respectively, the velocity of the first gas stream J being chosen such that substantially all of the maximum-size particles passing through the first sieve screen 210 (of dimension T1) land on the upper surface 410 of the second screen rather than being carried past the end of the second screen by the gas stream and exhausted to ambient.

(25) As regards those particles passing through the second sieve screen 210, the velocity of the second gas stream K is chosen such that the maximum-size particles (of dimension T2) land on the surface 500 rather than being carried past the end of that surface by the gas stream and exhausted to ambient.

(26) As set out above, since T2 is less than T1, the velocity of the second stream is less than that of the first stream. Accordingly, the first velocity may be the maximum velocity of the first gas stream between the lower surface of the first screen and the upper surface of the second screen. As also noted above, it may be the maximum velocities of the two gas streams that are determinant.

(27) Although only two sieve screens and two gas streams of different velocity are discussed in the embodiment above, it will be appreciated that additional screen(s) with corresponding smaller threshold dimension(s) T may be used with correspondingly lower velocity gas stream velocities.

(28) For example, first, second, third and fourth screens may be employed with respective threshold dimensions T1=30 mm, T2=20 mm, T3=15 mm and T4=10 mm and gas flows V m/s between the lower surface of each screen and the surface below of V1>V2>V3>V4.

(29) Moreover, in addition to a variation in velocity between gas streams, there may also be a simultaneous variation upward or downward in the velocities of all gas streams. In the embodiment shown, this is achieved by varying the speed of the fan 600 ahead of the damper housing 610 so as to vary the velocity of the air leaving the fan, potentially by a factor of up to five. This may result in the velocity of the fastest gas stream J varying in a range from about 4 m/s to about 24 m/s, in particular from 4.5 m/s (10 miles per hour) to 22.5 m/s (50 miles per hour), the velocity of the slower gas stream K varying between correspondingly lower limits. Such variability in overall gas velocity allows for overall variations in the mass of sand/soil particles resulting e.g., from variation in moisture content: wet sand/soil particles of a given size will have a higher mass and thus lower SSA than corresponding dry particles, with the result that they will accommodate a higher gas stream velocity.

(30) FIG. 5 is a sectional view of the third section 300 of the apparatus while FIG. 6 is a perspective view from the opposite side. Waste flows F, G, H from the second section of the apparatus are passed through multiple high-velocity vertically-directed air jets or ‘knives’ P generated by a fan, blower, compressor or similar to further assist separation of material into lighter/heavier fractions. The use of multiple jets ensures redundancy for the event that one of the jets is blocked, e.g., by a piece of waste. Similar ‘knives’ (not shown) may be arranged under the top plate of the screen ‘box’ or housing and at the back.

(31) As indicated by arrow Q, high SSA items such as paper and plastic are blown along the surface of a curved guide 710 and then crushed between a conveyor belt 720 and a roller 730 which is supported on the belt 720 by at least one swing arm such that the roller is driven by the belt. Roller 730 is perforated to allow the through-flow of air, the perforations having a diameter of around 10 mm. Curved guide 710 comprises bars (not shown) that extend transversely to the longitudinal axis LL in the manner of the rungs of a hamster wheel. The bars/rungs may be spaced by about 25 mm. A secondary guide screen 715 (not shown in FIG. 6), located to the rear of guide 710 when viewed in the feed direction F, reduces the chances of any waste that may pass through guide 710 becoming jammed in the nip 716 between wheel 730 and housing 731. The crushed waste material is then conveyed in compacted form between the belt 720 and an upper belt 740 to the end of the belts where it is ejected (e.g., into a skip) as indicated by arrow T. Low SSA items, by contrast, are conveyed up elevator 800 from the top of which they are deposited as indicated by arrow U onto a conveyor belt 810 extending transversely to the apparatus axis LL.

(32) It should be understood that this invention has been described by way of examples only and that a wide variety of modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

(33) The entire content of each document listed below is incorporated by reference into this document (the documents below are collectively referred to as the “incorporated documents”).

(34) Priority Patent Documents Incorporated by Reference:

(35) Int'l Pat. Pub. No. WO 2017/198980 (App. No. PCTGB2016/053253), titled “Sorting Waste Materials,” filed on 19 Oct. 2016, published on 23 Nov. 2017.