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Rational hive structure

11375697 · 2022-07-05

    Inventors

    Cpc classification

    International classification

    Abstract

    The present invention relates to a rational hive structure (1) comprising a nest comb box (2) delimiting a brood chamber for bees; a top cover (4) located in an upper portion of the hive structure to close an upper access to the hive structure; a lower closure element (5) located in a lower portion of the hive structure to close a bottom access to the hive structure; and a plurality of comb frames (6) in the form of substantially flat bodies extending in a main plane. Each comb frame includes peripheral element or bars (7) delimiting an inner comb area (8), wherein the inner comb area (8) has an overall dimension of at least 15 dm.sup.2.

    Claims

    1. A rational hive structure comprising: a nest comb box delimiting a brood chamber for bees, the nest comb box including a lateral wall delimiting an inner cavity housing the brood chamber; a top cover located in an upper portion of the hive structure to close an upper access to the hive structure; a lower closure element located in a lower portion of the hive structure to close a bottom access to the hive structure; a plurality of comb frames in the form of substantially flat bodies extending in a main plane, each comb frame including peripheral element or bars delimiting at least part of an inner comb area, wherein the inner comb area has a one-side overall dimension of at least 15 dm2; wherein the rational hive structure presents a hive thermal dissipation parameter less than 0.00600 [W/(dm2.Math.° C.)], measured at 26° C. of imposed temperature difference.

    2. The rational hive structure according to claim 1, wherein the comb frame has a polygonal structure, a rectangular structure or a trapezoidal structure, wherein the comb frame is symmetric with respect to a vertical axis and comprises a comb foundation sheet within the bars.

    3. The rational hive structure according to claim 1, wherein the comb frame includes four bars connected to each other to define the comb frame, an upper bar being connected to a lower bar with the interposition of two respective lateral bars, said comb frame being removably housed into the nest comb box, wherein the upper and the lower bars are substantially parallel to each other, wherein the upper bar of the comb frame is configured to be received and supported by an upper side of the lateral wall of the nest comb box.

    4. The rational hive structure according to claim 3, wherein the upper bar is longer than the lower bar and lateral bars have a substantially equivalent length, wherein at least one of the lateral bars is inclined with respect to the upper and lower bars to define an acute angle with respect to the lower bar.

    5. The rational hive structure according to claim 1, wherein, when in use, the plurality of comb frames vertically lays in a side-by-side relationship, a distance between a middle vertical plane of one comb frame and a middle vertical plane of an adjacent comb frame being substantially constant and included between 28 and 35 mm, a distance between a middle vertical plane of one comb frame and the lateral wall of the nest comb box being substantially constant and included between 14 and 18 mm.

    6. The rational hive structure according to claim 1, wherein, when in use, the comb frame has a geometric barycenter placed in an upper position with respect to half of the comb frame height and an overall horizontal dimension lower than a vertical overall dimension, wherein the comb frame has a height longer than a base, the height of the comb frame being at least 1.5 times the base.

    7. The rational hive structure according to claim 1, wherein, when in use, a line along a middle height divides the inner comb area into an upper area and a lower area, a ratio between the upper area and the lower area of the inner comb area being at least 1.05, wherein the comb frame is trapezoidal with an upper base longer than a lower base and an angle frame of at least 3°.

    8. The rational hive structure according to claim 1, wherein the overall dimension of the inner comb area of each comb frame is comprised between 15 and 28 dm2 and the overall dimension of the inner comb area of all the comb frames is higher than 100 dm2.

    9. The rational hive structure according to claim 1, wherein the overall dimension of the inner comb area of all the comb frames is comprised between 200 and 300 dm2, the hive including between two and fifteen comb frames.

    10. The rational hive structure according to claim 1, wherein the comb frames are housed into the nest comb box parallel one with the other, having respective inner comb areas facing one another and lay vertically when in use.

    11. The rational hive structure according to claim 1, wherein the lateral wall delimiting the inner cavity housing the brood chamber includes four lateral panels delimiting a substantially parallelepiped inner cavity and the lateral wall has a heat transfer coefficient lower than 5 W/(m2.Math.K), wherein a distance between a lateral bar of said bars of the comb frame and a lateral panel is substantially constant and included between 8 and 12 mm.

    12. The rational hive structure according to claim 1, wherein the lateral wall has a minimum thickness higher than 30 mm, the lateral wall is made of wood, polyurethane or expanded polymers.

    13. The rational hive structure according to claim 1, wherein the lateral wall delimiting the inner cavity housing the brood chamber includes four lateral panels delimiting a substantially parallelepiped inner cavity, two opposite lateral panels being parallel to one another, the other two lateral panels having a thickness increasing from an upper portion of the lateral wall towards the lower portion of the lateral wall, wherein the comb frames lay parallel to two opposite flat lateral panels of the lateral wall delimiting a parallelepiped inner cavity.

    14. The rational hive structure according to claim 1, further including at least one honey super placed in correspondence of an upper passage of the nest comb box, wherein the honey super comprises a box and a plurality of frames for honey, said frames for honey being hung in the box, the box of the honey super having no holes or cavities for putting into fluid communication the external environment with an inner cavity of the box, the top cover directly closes an upper part of the box, no holes or cavities for putting into fluid communication the external environment with the brood chamber are present in the top cover and between the top cover and the box.

    15. The rational hive structure according to claim 1, further comprising a bottom case placed below the nest comb box, the nest comb box and the bottom case being separate and distinct elements, wherein the bottom case comprises an auxiliary lateral wall delimiting a bottom cavity, when in use, the comb frames being not housed in the bottom cavity.

    16. The rational hive structure according to claim 15, wherein the bottom case comprises a bee entrance, said bee entrance being at a vertical distance from the comb frames of at least 15 mm, said distance is less than 200 mm and is a vertical distance between the entrance and a lower bar of the comb frames, wherein the bee entrance is in the form of an elongated horizontal slot, a height of the slot being between 8 and 16 mm and the comb frames extend away from the bee entrance.

    Description

    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

    (1) Preferred, non-limiting embodiments of the present invention will be described hereinafter with specific reference to the following non-limiting figures, wherein:

    (2) FIG. 1A shows an exploded perspective view of a rational hive in accordance with the prior art (Langstroth);

    (3) FIG. 1B shows the brood temperature versus the brood surface in a rational hive according to prior art;

    (4) FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of the hive in accordance with an embodiment of the invention taken along a first vertical plane;

    (5) FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of the hive of FIG. 1 taken along a second vertical plane orthogonal to the first plane (line II-II);

    (6) FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional view of the hive of FIG. 1 taken along an horizontal plane (line III-III);

    (7) FIG. 3A shows the comb frame configuration used in the embodiment of FIG. 1 in more detail;

    (8) FIG. 3B shows a variant of the comb frame of FIG. 3A, made up of two semi-parts;

    (9) FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional view of the hive in accordance with another embodiment of the invention taken along a first vertical plane;

    (10) FIG. 4A shows the brood temperature versus the brood surface in a rational hive according to the embodiment of FIG. 4;

    (11) FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of the hive of FIG. 4 taken along a second vertical plane orthogonal to the first plane (line V-V);

    (12) FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional view of the hive of FIG. 5 along a horizontal plane (line VI-VI);

    (13) FIG. 6A shows the comb frame configuration used in the embodiment of FIG. 4 in more detail;

    (14) FIG. 7 shows a cross-sectional view of the hive in accordance with another embodiment of the invention taken along a first vertical plane;

    (15) FIG. 7A shows the brood temperature versus the brood surface in a rational hive according to the embodiment of FIG. 7;

    (16) FIG. 8 shows a cross-sectional view of the hive of FIG. 7 taken along a second vertical plane orthogonal to the first plane (line VIII-VIII);

    (17) FIG. 9 a cross-sectional view of the hive of FIG. 7 taken along a horizontal plane (line IX-IX);

    (18) FIG. 9A shows the comb frame configuration used in the embodiment of FIG. 7 in more detail;

    (19) FIG. 10 shows a cross-sectional view of the hive in accordance with another embodiment of the invention taken along a first vertical plane;

    (20) FIG. 11 shows a cross-sectional view of the hive of FIG. 10 taken along a second vertical plane orthogonal to the first plane (line XI-XI);

    (21) FIG. 12 a cross-sectional view of the hive of FIG. 10 taken along a horizontal plane (line XII-XII);

    (22) FIG. 13 shows a cross-sectional view of the hive in accordance with another embodiment of the invention taken along a first vertical plane;

    (23) FIG. 14 shows a cross-sectional view of the hive of FIG. 13 taken along a second vertical plane orthogonal to the first plane (line XIV-XIV);

    (24) FIG. 15 shows a cross-sectional view of the hive of FIG. 13 taken along an horizontal plane (line XV-XV);

    (25) FIG. 16 shows a cross-sectional view of the hive in accordance with another embodiment of the invention taken along a first vertical plane;

    (26) FIG. 17 shows a cross-sectional view of the hive of FIG. 16 taken along a second vertical plane orthogonal to the first plane (line XVII-XVII);

    (27) FIG. 18 shows a cross-sectional view of the hive of FIG. 16 taken along a horizontal plane (line XIII-XIII);

    (28) FIG. 19 shows time versus hive heat dissipation comparing a standard Dadant/Langstroth wood hive, with a hive according to the invention (PrimalBee system) obtained with an identical brood area and identical temperature difference to compare the transient thermal response to keep warm the brood;

    (29) FIG. 20 shows the emerging bees (from brood combs)—average on 10 hives—data refers to prior art hives, namely Dadant, versus invention hives, namely Primal hive, when the data were collected and branded PrimalBee system;

    (30) FIG. 21 shows colony emerging bees (from brood combs)—details for each hive—data refers to prior art hives, namely Dadant, versus invention hives, namely PrimalBee system; standard hive nr. 1 collapsed; PrimalBee system hive nr. 8 swarmed;

    (31) FIG. 22 shows nest bees (i.e. bees resting on the combs into the nest to warm it)—data refers to prior art hives, namely Dadant, versus invention hives, namely PrimalBee System;

    (32) FIG. 23 shows brood surface versus thermal dissipation of standard hive versus PrimalBee hive according to the invention;

    (33) FIG. 24 shows a springtime population dynamic comparison in terms of month number versus total brood surface;

    (34) FIG. 25 shows climate influence over the colony maximal brood surface in terms of brood surface versus thermal dissipation;

    (35) FIG. 26 shows the effect of the comb shape in terms of the brood surface versus the thermal dissipation;

    (36) FIG. 27 shows the combined effect of the hive insulation and comb shape with respect to the standard hive response;

    (37) FIG. 28 shows climate influence over the colony maximal brood surface in terms of brood surface versus thermal dissipation;

    (38) FIG. 29 shows a heater assembly to test rational hive structures and determining heat dissipation;

    (39) FIG. 30 shows a frontal view of the heater assembly seen from arrow A of FIG. 29; and

    (40) FIG. 31 shows a top view of the heater assembly seen from arrow B of FIG. 29.

    DETAILED DESCRIPTION

    (41) A rational hive structure in accordance with embodiments of the present invention is indicated with reference number 1. In the various embodiments, same reference numbers refer to the same element. The rational hive structure 1 comprises a nest comb box 2 delimiting a brood chamber for bees. In modern hives, the brood chamber is the nursery area where brood at various stages of development—eggs, larvae, and pupae—is located. The nest comb box is generally in the shape of a box defining at its interior the brood chamber.

    (42) From a structural point of view, the nest comb box 2 includes a lateral wall 3 delimiting the inner cavity housing the brood chamber. The inner cavity has a cross-section in a horizontal plane (see e.g. FIGS. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18) of polygonal shape, particularly rectangular; the dimension and rectangular elongation are defined by the number and dimensions of the removable comb frames 6 housed therein (below described in detail).

    (43) In other embodiments, the inner cavity may have a circular or elliptical cross-section in the horizontal plane. In this respect, the lateral wall 3 delimiting the inner cavity housing the brood chamber includes four lateral panels 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d delimiting a substantially parallelepiped inner cavity. To obtain a reasonable insulation, the lateral wall 3 has a minimum thickness of about 20 mm, but particularly higher than 30 mm. To the same purpose, the thermal conductivity of the same lateral wall should be low, e.g. lower than 0.3 W/(m.Math.K).

    (44) The nest comb box 2 is made therefore of an insulating material, particularly having a low conductivity, such as wood or polyurethane or expanded polymer. In this respect, taking into consideration both the thickness and the thermal conductivity (the higher the thickness, the lower the thermal transmittance), another relevant parameter is the total heat transfer coefficient, which should be lower than 5 W/(m.sup.2.Math.K), in particular lower than 3.5 W/(m.sup.2.Math.K) and in even more detail less than 0.5 W/(m.sup.2.Math.K).

    (45) To achieve the desired heat transfer coefficient and to control radiation heat exchange, films, layers, painting or other materials can be used to cover and/or paint the inner or external nest. Moreover, to achieve the desired heat transfer, inner natural convection can be improved.

    (46) In other terms, in the described embodiments, design choices were made to reduce the heat transfer coefficient by working on heat conductivity, radiation and/or natural convection (in particular improving the design in respect to all the above technical features). As shown in the various embodiments, the final shape of the nest comb box 2 might be different.

    (47) FIG. 1 shows a nest comb box 2 developing vertically: in the upper portion the comb frames 6 are housed; the lower portion is substantially a hollow space. The wall thickness is constant in correspondence of the upper portion and increases inside the inner cavity from a maximum overall dimension at the lower end of the comb frames 6 tapering towards a bottom of the hive up to reaching a minimum overall dimension, which remain constant up to the box lower passage.

    (48) Differently, FIG. 4 shows a nest comb box 2 having the lower passage aligned with the lower end of the comb frames 6. The box 2 according to FIG. 4 includes four flat lateral panels 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d delimiting a parallelepiped inner cavity, and opposite lateral panels are constantly parallel one to the other.

    (49) FIG. 7 (and following embodiments) shows a nest comb box 2 having (in a first cross-section view) a tapered inner configuration, particularly adapted to match (i.e. counter shaped to) the outer shape of the comb frames 6. In this latter configuration, the lateral wall 3 delimiting the inner cavity housing the brood chamber includes four lateral panels 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d delimiting a substantially parallelepiped inner cavity, in which two opposite lateral panels are parallel one another and the other two lateral panels have a thickness increasing on moving from an upper portion of the lateral wall 3 towards the lower portion of the lateral wall (3). It is noted that the lateral wall 3 has no holes or cavities for putting into fluid communication the external environment with the inner cavity housing the brood chamber, e.g. neither an entrance for the bees, nor a vent is provided in the lateral wall 3. This is in order not to affect the proper thermal insulation of the hive.

    (50) The exclusive exception is the hive according to FIG. 16, which is specifically designed for extremely warm condition were the external temperature is constantly higher than the requested brood chamber temperature (e.g. desert). In this specific situation, two entrances are provided in the nest comb box 2, on opposite panels 3b, 3d to allow the bees and air to enter the hive.

    (51) The two entrances define respective tortuous passages to properly direct air into the inner chamber and forcing a ventilation direction through the comb frames; e.g. an upper inlet on one side and a lower inlet at the other side as shown. The nest comb box 2 is configured to removably house a plurality of comb frames 6, in the form of polygonal structures, such as a square structure—FIGS. 1 and 3A, a rectangular structure—FIGS. 4 and 6A—or a trapezoidal structure—FIGS. 7 and 9A, for example.

    (52) The comb frames 6 delimit and support the brood comb, which is the beeswax/plastic structure of cells where the queen bee lays eggs. It is the part of the beehive where a new brood is raised by the colony. In general, but not limiting, the comb frame 6 is in one piece, i.e. the comb frames 6 are in the form of substantially flat bodies extending in a main plane. Each comb frame includes peripheral element or bars 7 delimiting an inner comb area 8 where a comb foundation sheet is placed. Such foundation sheets allow the bees to build the comb with less effort, and the hexagonal pattern of worker-sized cell bases discourages the bees from building the larger drone cells. It is however noted that not necessarily the comb frame perimeter is completely and fully delimited by peripheral elements/bars. It may be that only one upper bar is used which support the comb foundation sheet (or alternatively one upper bar and two lateral bars emerging from the upper bar are present). Additionally (see FIG. 3b), it is noted that a comb frame 6 may be built up combining two semi-comb frames 6a, 6b (i.e. bringing one semi-comb frame 6a into close contact with the other semi-comb frame 6b). In this case, the semi-comb frames 6a, 6b may be fixedly joined together or not; however, a distance ‘d’ between the lower portion of the upper semi-comb frame 6a and the upper portion of the lower semi-comb frame 6b should be substantially zero.

    (53) In other terms, a comb frame is considered a single comb frame 6, even if made up of two one or more semi-comb frames, in case there is no gap between the bars, in particular no gap allowing the bees to pass there between. The inner comb area 8 has an overall one-side dimension of at least 12 dm.sup.2 to provide sufficient space to the bee nest (correspondingly the overall inner comb area—two sides—of one single comb frame 6 should be at least 24 dm.sup.2). In more detail, the inner comb area 8 of each comb frame 6 is comprised between 12 and 50 dm.sup.2, preferentially between 15 and 28 dm.sup.2, in particular the overall one side dimension of the relevant solutions is about 20 dm.sup.2.

    (54) As mentioned, a plurality of comb frames 6 are housed in parallel in the nest comb box 2 so that the overall dimension of the inner comb area 8 sum of all the comb frames 6 is higher than 100 dm.sup.2. This is considered a minimum dimension to generate a growing new bee colony. A more relevant range for the overall dimension of the inner comb area 8 of all the comb frames 6 is comprised between 150 and 350 dm.sup.2; in particular the overall dimension of the inner comb area 8 of all the comb frames 6 having the best performances is comprised between 200 and 300 dm.sup.2. To achieve the above areas is necessary to have more than two comb frames 6 and a reasonable range is included between 3 and 15 frames.

    (55) The comb frames 2 are housed into the nest comb box 2 parallel one with the other, having respective inner comb areas 8 facing one another. Referring to the enclosed figures, each comb frame 6 includes four bars 7 (e.g. made of wood or plastic) connected to each other to define the comb frame (the bars delimit the outer perimeter of the comb frame 6); an upper bar 7a, generally laying horizontally when the frame 6 is in use, is connected to a lower bar 7b by means of the interposition of two respective lateral bars 7c, 7d.

    (56) In certain embodiments, the comb frame may include only three bars, the upper bar 7a and the two lateral bars 7c, 7d. In this latter configuration no lower bar 7b is used. In the following description four bars are referred to, however it is intended that the same comb frame configurations are equally included with no lower bar 7b (i.e. the lateral bars 7c, 7d are free at their respective lower portions.

    (57) Each comb frame 6 is generally (even if not necessarily) removably housed into the nest comb box 2. The upper and the lower bars 7a, 7b may be substantially parallel to each other as shown in all embodiments. Moreover, the comb frame 6 is normally symmetric with respect to a vertical axis V.

    (58) In a first embodiment according to FIG. 1, the comb frame 6 is squared, having the four delimiting bars 7a-7d all having substantially the same extension (base B has a length equivalent to the height H). It is noted that the upper bar 7a may have emerging sides to be received and housed in corresponding seats of the nest comb box lateral wall so that each comb frame 6 may be (removably) supported and correctly/precisely positioned in the inner housing. In a more preferred embodiment of FIGS. 4 and 6A, the comb frame is rectangular, with height H longer than the base B; a particularly preferred ratio may include a height H being 0.8B to 3B, particularly 1.5B to 2.2B and specifically twice the base length B (2B=H). The other embodiments of FIGS. 7 to 18 includes a trapezoidal frame 6, wherein at least one of the lateral bars 7c, 7d is inclined with respect to the upper and lower bars 7a, 7b to define an acute angle α with respect to the lower bar 7b; optionally both lateral bars 7c, 7d are inclined to define respective acute lower angles α, β. As suggested, also just one lateral bar can be inclined. The specific example shows a comb frame having identical acute angles (i.e. α=β); this is only exemplificative and simpler to manufacture.

    (59) Notably, the angle α and/or β is included in a range between 1° and 15°; a good option is an angle of about 8°. The use of trapezoidal comb frames 6 allows to further increase the invention advantages because the frame barycenter is moved upward to warmer nest regions, increasing the fraction of the brood surface resident in highest brood temperature range. In this respect, FIG. 4A shows the brood temperature versus the brood surface in a rational hive according to the embodiment of FIG. 4 (rectangular frame).

    (60) As can be seen, most of the brood surface is included between 30 and 34° C., which represents an exemplificative optimum temperature range for bee development in the climate conditions were the test was run. Notably, accordingly to scientific studies (Tautz J, Maier S, Groh C, Roessler W, Brockmann A.—Behavioral performance in adult honeybees is influenced by the temperature experienced during their pupal development) even small temperature variations of 0.5° have a relevant impact in the quality and vitality of the newborn bee. On the contrary, the brood temperature versus the brood surface in a rational hive according to prior art hives has a distribution of the type shown in FIG. 1B, where most of the brood surface is about 26° C. (the lower limit for bee incubation).

    (61) The temperature distribution (isothermal contour) inside a standard hive (in deep nest and vertical double deep) is far from being optimized. The gradient of the brood is considerable and the distance between the isothermal lines is extremely small. The brood is layered over the combs at the incubation acceptance range (from 26° to 36°) and the most part of the brood surface is set into the lower temperature range (FIG. 1B—surface to brood temperature of known hives). The trapezoidal frame (e.g. FIG. 9) allows to move the frame barycenter upwards and increases the brood surface with higher temperature. FIG. 7A shows the brood temperature versus the brood surface in a rational hive according to the embodiment of FIG. 7.

    (62) As can be immediately seen, the 80% of the brood surface is at 34° C. and the rest of the brood surface is higher than 28° C. The brood nest is in the perfect situation for incubation and in the maximum brood acceptable range. In other terms, in the invention configuration, the temperature is stratified (FIGS. 4A and 7A) with large space between isothermal lines. The major part of the brood is set into the maximal brood acceptable range (FIG. 4A); the use of the trapezoidal optimized frame allows to set the major part of the brood surface into the maximal temperature range, (FIG. 7A) also for large brood deposition areas (300 dm.sup.2).

    (63) Comparison between the resultant surface/temperature (FIGS. 1B, 4A and 7A) synthetizes the effect of the hive over the brood incubation temperature. Moving back to trapezoidal comb frames 6, the middle height (H/2) divides the frame into two regions, namely an upper area 8a and a lower area 8b of different surface. The ratio between the upper surface (with respect to the middle frame height) and the lower surface can be calculated and optimized. The ratio may be seen as an indication of the advantage obtained to enhance the brood surface temperature with respect to a rectangular frame.

    (64) A ratio between the upper area 8a and the lower area 8b of the inner comb area 8 should be at least 1.05 and optionally at least 1.12 or greater. As previously mentioned, the comb frames 2 are housed into the nest comb box 2 parallel one with the other and having the respective inner comb areas 8 facing one another. The comb frames 2 lay vertically when in use in side by side relationship (see FIG. 2, for example).

    (65) A distance between a middle vertical plane of one comb frame 6 and a middle vertical plane of an adjacent comb frame 6 is substantially constant and included between 28 and 35 mm. This allows the bees to build the cells and to keep a sufficient space to move between the frames (e.g. about 8-12 mm once the cells are built, this is the well know bee-space concept).

    (66) A distance between a middle vertical plane of one comb frame and the lateral wall 3 of the nest comb box is substantially constant, too and included between 18 and 24 mm to allow the bees to build the cells on the frame side and then to pass in the remaining space.

    (67) Also, a distance between a lateral bar 7c; 7d of the bars 7 of each of the comb frames 6 and a lateral panel 3a; 3b; 3c; 3d of the box 2 should be substantially constant and included between 8 and 12 mm. This prevents that combs are built between the frames 6 and the box 2, but allows the bees to move there between.

    (68) The rational hive structure 1 additionally comprises a top cover 4 located in an upper portion of the hive structure to close an upper access to the hive structure itself. In certain embodiments (e.g. FIGS. 4, 7, 10 and 16) the top cover 4 directly closes the upper passage; no holes or cavities for putting into fluid communication the external environment with the inner cavity housing the brood chamber are present in the top cover 4 and/or between the top cover and the lateral wall 3. During summer, when external temperature is higher than the internal temperature of the brood chamber, in case of honey supers including a lot of honey, a small hollow might be exceptionally left (e.g. in the top cover). This small hollow does not allow bees to fly through and the bees may close it with wax if they consider it proper.

    (69) The top cover 4 may have an overall thickness of at least 10 mm, in particular of at least 20 mm and more in particular of at least 40 mm to provide proper thermal insulation. In the embodiment of FIG. 11, the top cover 4 is box shaped to include a closed air chamber 15 confined between top and bottom panels 4a, 4b and lateral wall panels 4c. Of course, the top cover 4 of FIG. 11 may be used in anyone of the other disclosed embodiments. FIGS. 1 and 13 show a hive including at least one honey super 9 placed in correspondence of the upper passage of the nest comb box 2. A honey super consists of a box 10 in which e.g. 8-10 frames 11 are hung. Standard or customized geometry of the super frame can be used. Western honeybees collect nectar and store the processed nectar in honeycomb, which they build on the frames.

    (70) When the honeycomb is full, the bees will reduce the moisture content of the honey to 12-18% moisture content before capping the comb with beeswax. Beekeepers will take the full honey supers and extract the honey. The box 10 has no holes or cavities for putting into fluid communication the external environment with an inner cavity of the box itself. More than one honey super may be used. In this configuration, the top cover 4 directly closes an upper part of the box 10, and in particular no holes or cavities for putting into fluid communication the external environment with the inner cavity housing the brood chamber are present in the top cover 4 and/or between the top cover and the box 10.

    (71) The rational hive structure according to the described embodiments, further comprises a bottom case 12 placed below the nest comb box 2; generally, though not essentially, the nest comb box and the bottom case 12 are separate and distinct elements, which may be coupled in use. Bottom case 12 comprises a respective auxiliary lateral wall 13 delimiting a bottom cavity (also the bottom case may be in tubular form); in use condition, the comb frames 6 are preferably not housed in the bottom cavity (see all figures), however, the bottom case 12 is into fluid communication with the nest comb box 2. With the exclusion of the previously described embodiment of FIG. 16 (having a closed bottom case/bottom cavity), the bottom case 12 comprises a bee entrance 14. The bee entrance 14, for example in the form of an elongated horizontal slot (of height about 8-16 mm, and preferably 12 mm), is at a distance D, in particular a vertical distance, from the comb frames 6 of at least 15 mm. The specified minimum distance has the aim to allow a proper air recirculation inside the hive. As indicated in all the figures, the distance is a vertical distance between the entrance 14 upper profile and a lower bar 7d of the comb frames 6. The distance D is less than 200 mm and particularly the distance is at least 100-120 mm. The beehive entrance 14 can be also alternatively shaped as duct or suitable shape. The entrance 14 is in the direction of the plurality of lateral bars of one side of the comb frames 6, i.e. the comb frames extend away from the bee hive entrance and the slot is transversal to the main plane of each comb frame 6. This is only optional: the beehive entrance 14 may be parallel to the main plane of each comb frame 6. Finally, the hive structure includes a lower closure element 5, which closes the lower passage of the auxiliary lateral wall 3. The lower closure element 5 may be separate from and a distinct element with respect to the bottom case 12, or the two elements may be made in a single piece depending on the design needs. The lower closure accepts the mite inspection board and an eventual net to allow ventilation and transportation.

    (72) Theoretical Background of the Invention

    (73) The described hive structure is different than the prior art. The inventors demonstrated the honey to brood equivalence is not an biological characteristic of the honeybee species: the honey to brood equivalence is related to the hive parameters and the local climatic conditions.

    (74) It was demonstrated that the honey to brood of standard hives can be largely modified by the criteria at the basis of the invention. Literature describes the colony rearing depending to bee average life or to pathologies or to intrinsic behaviors; however, according to prior art, the colony status was considered not to be related to the hive. The authors linked the population growth to the colony and hive interaction, highlighting the more sensitive physical and configuration parameters. The colony growing exponent is explicitly dependent to the hive dissipation, and it also depends to the hive geometrical parameters.

    (75) Another important inventor intuition is that the brood temperature is dependent from the hive characteristics. In a standard hive, the bees work opposing the physical constraint of the standard hive and they can barely adapt to it. The bees rise the new generations at the lowest temperature range, as the last chance to survive in a very inefficient hive. The brood temperature is far from optimal for bee synthesis because of the high brood surface at lower temperature (cold brood). Moreover, cold brood leads to a degenerative process producing weaker generations of bees. Differently, the invention allows the colony to manage the brood temperature and rise the new generation at the highest brood temperature range, resulting in better biological bee synthesis. The described critical hive configuration allows optimal temperature control by the bees themselves. The effects are: a. optimal bee synthesis leading improvements, generation by generation; b. reducing the honey to brood consumption and achieving larger brood surface; c. extremely high numbers in bee population; d. reducing the incubation time of the newborn bees; e. reducing the parasite growing ratio; f. reducing the worker bees needed into the nest respect the flying bees; and g. enhancing the colony capability to self-select pathology resistance

    (76) Notably, honeybees always perform active temperature control, but uniquely into the optimized hive the colony is induced to perform an optimal temperature control. An optimal temperature control means that the bees can continuously (in time-seasons) set the temperature within a nest distribution (volume, gradient) not possible to be observed in standard hives.

    (77) Because of the relation bee quality-temperature and because of other new phenomenon (e.g. the process to raise a new queen by the colony), the colony status follows divergent trajectories once reared in standard or optimized hive. In a short observation time (month/seasons), the colony develops faster with large population and lower honey consumption. During several seasons (years) observation, the colony becomes more resistant to parasites and pathologies, exhibiting a further increase of the surplus capability and a strong reduction in treatment requirement and parasites infestation reduction.

    (78) The long term effect of the optimized hive is the stability-survivability of the bee stocks respect the continuous decay or the stocks managed into standard hives. The effects of the hive structure are due to the optimal temperature control of the honey bee colony. With the optimal temperature control the inventors noted the following new effects: 1. The possibility to maintain the brood temperature with low thermal dissipation produces more brood for unit of honey consumed. The honey to brood is not constant and leads to more population production while reducing the bee work, and increasing the flying bee number (population split). The particular shape of the optimized hive allows to extend the brood surface into the best temperature range with less thermal cost (trapezoid-like frames or upper barycentric frame). This leads to enhance brood surface rearing. 2. The characteristics of the hive allows to generate an inner air stratification, almost isothermal, at the optimal bee temperature. This temperature distribution (power/volume/gradient) is intrinsically due to the optimized hive characteristics. This temperature distribution is obtained by the bees (or without the bees by eventually placing a heater into the hive) and origins the long term colony improvement and is one of the factors reducing the mite growing ratio.
    The Measure of the Hive Performances in Terms of Dissipation and Temperature Gradient

    (79) It is necessary to relate the critical hive property to the hive structural configuration. The measure of the critical hive property also allows to relate the hive structure to the hive-colony effects. It is not possible to consider uniquely theoretical relations between the critical hive property and the hive structure because of the complex and non-linear influence of the hive structural parameters. The hive property, which induces modifications in the bee colony are:

    (80) a) k thermal dissipation to unitary brood surface and unitary temperature difference at fixed or at maximum brood surface.

    (81) b) temperature gradient into the colony

    (82) It is known that:
    W=k.Math.ΔT.Math.S

    (83) where

    (84) W is the thermal power to maintain the brood surface into the hive with a pre-set temperature difference respect to the environment;

    (85) k is the thermal dissipation to unitary brood surface and unitary temperature difference at fixed or at maximum brood surface;

    (86) ΔT is the pre-set temperature difference respect to the external environment;

    (87) S is the considered surface area (maximal brood surface).

    (88) The temperature gradient into the colony is linked to the thermal dissipation as result of the thermos-fluid dynamic problem. The temperature gradient at steady state into the nest can be measured during the k measurement. The hive is maintained in operative configuration, preserving the inner air ducts geometry due to the combs or hive structure.

    (89) A thermal power is imposed to the nest surface, obtaining a steady state thermal field with a measured environmental temperature difference. The provided necessary thermal power, as well as the nest temperature field, are then measured with an adequate number of inner sensors, so obtain the nest equivalent brood surface at the incubation temperature.

    (90) Using the above equation and the measure of S, ΔT, and W, it is possible to calculate k. In standard hive the measure is repeated considering the maximal brood surface S=220 dm.sup.2 and it is compared with the dissipation according to hives of the invention with the identical brood surface S. In case the radiator cannot maintain the range of bee incubation, the portion of the surface at incubation temperature is measured.

    (91) Efficiency is 1/k (bee effect proportionality) and is proportional to the invention benefits. Invention benefits are found in case of values lower than a specific k. FIG. 19 discloses the difference in terms of thermal performances between a Dadant wood hive of the prior art and a hive according to embodiments of the present invention. In FIG. 19 it is depicted the heat power for unit of brood area and unit of temperature difference in standard and PrimalBee System hive during a transient thermal cycle. The inventors understood that the benefits to the bee colony may be achieved in case the rational hive structure presents a hive thermal dissipation parameter less than 0.00600 [W/(dm.sup.2.Math.° C.)]; in particular the hive thermal dissipation parameter should be less than 0.005 [W/(dm.sup.2.Math.° C.)], measured at 26° C. of imposed temperature difference.

    (92) The following table illustrates some experimental results.

    (93) TABLE-US-00001 Thermal power/(dm.sup.2 ° C.) HIVE TYPE [W/(dm.sup.2 .Math. ° C.)] Dadant standard hive 0.0224 Langstroth standard hive 0.0227 Thermal dissipation Between 0.005 and 0.006 (e.g. 0.0058) parameter (limit) Present invention hive 0.004; 
    Example of Steady State Thermal Power Requirement:

    (94) Temperature difference nest/environment=30° C.; 220 dm.sup.2 of nest surface; Dadant thermal power=148 watt Limit thermal power set by the invention=39.5 watt Present invention hive thermal power=29 watt

    (95) The configuration limit corresponding to the hive dissipation parameter of about 0.006 [W/(dm.sup.2° C.)] allows experimentally to observe the merging of the positive effects into a certain (more limited) range of the colonies (e.g. test data in Europe, 20% of the tested strains).

    (96) The hives configurations below the critical limit allows to spread the benefits over the majority of the tested colonies (see below table: experimental test data).

    (97) TABLE-US-00002 Hive type Effects over bee population and mites Dadant standard hive NO Limit Yes in 20% of the colonies Present invention hive Yes in 95% of the colonies
    Measurement Instrument and Protocol
    Measure of the Hive Thermal Dissipation
    1) Boundary Conditions

    (98) During the measure the tested rational hive structure should be configured in a configuration mimicking a use configuration (a configuration where the bee colony is inside the hive in standard conditions). In particular:

    (99) 1. The tested rational hive structure should use a cover or roof on place as in usual colony managing;

    (100) 2. The tested rational hive structure should use other components on place (e.g. basis or pallets; or other hive bodies below e.g. in case of Langstroth double depth configuration, or with the entrance or bottom component in place as used during the colony managing);

    (101) 3. Bee entrance should be opened as during the use with the bee colony in place;

    (102) 4. Venting opened or closed as during the use with the bee colony in place;

    (103) 5. The tested rational hive structure should be placed on flat ground or floor in vertical position as used in the field with the bee colony in place.

    (104) Test Conditions (Hive Structure):

    (105) a) The tested rational hive structure should use a structure without bee colony inside;

    (106) b) The tested rational hive structure should use a structure without natural or artificial nest combs, or nest wax sheet in any part of the hive structure;

    (107) c) The tested rational hive structure should use a structure without removable frames into the nest;

    (108) d) A radiator is placed in the tested rational hive structure in place of the nest frames/combs (see below); in case two or more nests are in the tested hive structure, only one nest is substituted with the radiator, the other nest/s, i.e. comb frames, are left in place;

    (109) e) Cables, connections, measures devices should not modify the closure of the tested rational hive structure e.g. roof or entrance or vents modifications, and its general configuration.

    (110) Test Environmental Conditions:

    (111) The measures will be performed in a controlled ambient having the following conditions:

    (112) f) Air/environment temperature: 8.0° C.;

    (113) g) Sun or heat radiation: absent;

    (114) h) Pressure: 98210 Pa (i.e. about the standard pressure at 250 meters above the sea level);

    (115) i) fluid: air;

    (116) j) free space surrounding the hive during the measure to do not generate or modify natural air stream;

    (117) k) wind: absent;

    (118) Radiator to be Placed into the Tested Rational Hive Structure for the Measure:

    (119) A radiator should be placed into the tested rational hive structure and in particular, the radiator will mimic the nest. Radiator characteristics (see FIGS. 29-31): The radiator 100 is build using copper sheets having each a thickness of 0.8 mm; The radiator 100 is composed of a number of foils 101 to 108 identical to the number of removable frames or combs to be used into the tested rational hive structure; the foils are used to mimic the presence of the frames/combs into the hive body; Each radiator foil should lie in the same plane of the corresponding frame/comb, in particular in the frame/comb plane of symmetry; The radiator foils are assembled to a front support foil 110 by means of a continuous connection (i.e. brazing) ensuring thermal conductance (between connected parts) identical to the copper sheet used to build the foils; the front support foil 110 is in use parallel to the front face of the tested rational hive structure, in detail the front face placed on the same side of the hive bee entrance; Radiator surface: the overall radiator is built to simulate the overall brood surface of a standard colony plus the frame contribute to the radiator size: e.g. in a total 220 dm.sup.2 of brood for standard colony, a total 250 dm.sup.2 of radiator frame foils (from 101 to 108) is used which includes the frame contribute of about 30 dm.sup.2; the area of the front support foil 110 connecting the foils is not considered; Radiator size: the radiator 100 respects the bee space distance from the tested rational hive structure walls; the foil surface is defined by the frames/combs middle plane copying the wax sheet and frames; the radiator foils extension and shape fits the outer perimeter of the removable frames or combs; the front support foil 110 connects the frame foils 101 to 108 along all their depth; Radiator positioning: the radiator is suspended in the tested rational hive structure by touching the hive structure where the frames usually touch the hive structure; apart from that, the radiator respects the bee space and it is not in direct contact with other parts of the tested rational hive structure.
    Heater Assembly Over the Radiator:

    (120) An electric heater 109 (Watlow—ULTRAMIC® Advanced Ceramic Heaters—from Watlow St. Louis (Mo.)) is used. The heater itself provides feedback to the controller. A heater is assembled over the radiator, into its central upper part (see FIG. 29). The heater 109 is positioned at the geometrical barycenter of the hive body top cross section. A face of the heater is in direct contact with the middle radiator foil (e.g. 104—depends on the number of foils), gaps and thermal discontinuities between the heater 109 and the foil 104 are minimized by the use of conductive glues so that the heat flux can flow through the foils. The electric heater 109 is placed into the tested rational hive structure into contact with the radiator. The radiator emulates the removable frames and the wax combs. A controller imposes a fixed temperature to the heater. The heater is the sole and exclusive heat source into the tested rational hive structure.

    (121) Temperature Sensors (S.sub.1 to S.sub.5):

    (122) Temperature sensors S.sub.1 to S.sub.4 are placed in air inside the hive (i.e. are not into contact with the radiator foils) at middle distance between respective radiator foils. First purpose of the temperature sensors inside the hive is to check the dimension of the isothermal air distribution at steady state during the experiment, sensors second purpose is to check the temperature delta inside the nest in case a isothermal air distribution should not be achieved. The number of temperature sensors inside the hive is 4, enough to reasonably detect the temperature profile at steady state into the tested rational hive structure.

    (123) A first sensor S.sub.1 is positioned in the upper part of the tested rational hive structure between one lateral last foil 101 and the lateral penultimate foil 102 in a rear (opposite side of hive entrance) position. FIGS. 29, 30 and 31 clearly identify the first sensor placement. A second sensor S.sub.2 is positioned in the lower part of the tested rational hive structure between one lateral last foil 108 and the lateral penultimate foil 107 in a front position at a side opposite to the side where the first sensor S.sub.1 is placed. FIGS. 29, 30 and 31 clearly identify the second sensor placement. A third sensor S.sub.3 is positioned in the lower part of the tested rational hive structure between two central foils 103-104 in a front position at a side opposite to the front support foil 110 and not on the same side of the heater. FIGS. 29, 30 and 31 clearly identify the third sensor placement. Note that each sensor is exactly spaced 20 mm in vertical and horizontal direction towards the inside of the radiator as specifically indicated in the drawings.

    (124) A fourth sensor S.sub.4 is positioned in the radiator between two central foils 105-106 in a front upper position. FIGS. 29, 30 and 31 clearly identify the fourth sensor placement. All the four sensors are positioned at max 20 mm inside the radiator as better explained by the FIGS. 29, 30, 31. A fifth temperature sensor S.sub.5 is placed outside the hive, into the environment, to provide the constant measure of the outside temperature; this sensor is placed far from any (heat) perturbation.

    (125) Measure Concept—Reach the Steady State

    (126) The thermal power W absorbed by the heater to reach the temperature increment of +26° C. with respect to the external environment temperature is measured. In case the external temperature is 8° C., the absorbed power W is measured when the sensors indicate a temperature of 34° C. In particular, the temperature increment (Δ26° C.) should be reached by all the sensors, meaning that the absorbed thermal power is measured when the last sensor reaches the imposed delta. At steady state, the isotherm profile into the hive body at temperature difference of +26° C. is identified using the temperature sensor output signals. In general terms, the total surface S of the radiator foils intercepted by the isotherm volume at temperature ΔT=26° C. is calculated as follows: for each sensor there are always two foils, consider the most external foil from each sensor at ΔT=26° C. isotherm, including all the foils emulating the frames in between and excluding the connecting front foil; symmetry allowed; consider the double side (right/left) contribute of the single foil, excluding the portion of the foil emulating the frame thickness; sum of the all sub surfaces for the whole foils number to obtain a surface value S. Then, W (absorbed thermal power when the last sensor determines a ΔT=26° C.), S (determined surface value), ΔT=26° C. are used to obtain the tested hive structure thermal dissipation. The thermal dissipation (k.sub.w) is calculated as:

    (127) k w = W ( Δ ⁢ ⁢ T ⁢ ⁢ ° .Math. S ) k w = [ W ⁢ / ⁢ ( dm 2 ⁢ ⁢ ° ⁢ ⁢ C . ) ]

    (128) In some standard hive configurations, it is impossible to reach the ΔT=26° C. due to the air dissipation. In this case, evidently the thermal dissipation is enormous because the real isothermal surface S is very small even not intercepted by the prescribed sensors position. In some kind of nests, due to their shapes, two radiators must be built to achieve the S value of 220 dm.sup.2.

    (129) Experimental Data (Field Test)

    (130) The field test consisted into an experimental comparison of the honeybee colony response to the growth into the standard hive vs optimized hive (i.e. according to described embodiments of the invention). Multiple field tests were carried out considering different climatic regions and hive configurations. The field tests were so implemented. Two groups of 10 hives each, standard and optimized, were prepared. The initial colonies were as much identical as possible, considering strains, supplier, population, infestation. An identical managing protocol, including chemical treatments, nutrition, etc. was decided. The two hive groups were placed into the same environment. Honeybee colony and parasite brood and population were measured for two years. A long term observation was required to obtain a first full development of both groups. The measurements were made with objective methods, considering automatic bee flight counter, pictures of the nest and further computing of the bees over the combs and brood extension.

    (131) Field test 1: standard vs optimized hives—MILD CLIMATE, 45° latitude, standard bee strain, 250 masl (meters at sea level)

    (132) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 1.1 (Best performances of both groups only) MILD CLIMATE COMPARATIVE TEST RESULTS Lateral wall thickness - Population Peak seasonal Hive # conductivity Adimensionalized Infestation brood surface nr Hive type mm - W/m .Math. k to standard pop. Varroa mite dm.sup.2 1.1 Langstroth 20 - 0.2 1 no positive 150 standard effects 1.2 Langstroth 50 - 0.2 1 no positive 150 standard effects 1.3 Langstroth 100 - 0.15 1 no positive 150 standard effects 2.1 PrimalBee vp1 20 - 0.1 1.2 positive effects 180 2.2 PrimalBee vp1 50 - 0.1 1.3 positive effects 195 3.1 PrimalBee vp2 20 - 0.1 2.2 positive effects 210 3.2 PrimalBee vp2 50 - 0.1 2.4 positive effects 250 3.3 PrimalBee vp2 75 - 0.1 2.7 positive effects 280 3.4 PrimalBee vp2 100 - 0.1  3 positive effects 300

    (133) Langstroth standard: prior art hives;

    (134) PrimalBee vp1: hives according to the invention with comb frames having height extension substantially matching base extension;

    (135) PrimalBee vp2: hives according to the invention with comb frames having height extension substantially twice the base extension.

    (136) Relevant observations: the max brood surface of PrimalBee vp2 is 300 dm.sup.2 corresponding to a new value with respect to maximum value known in literature (200 dm.sup.2). Mites' development was heavily reduced in optimized hive, namely 80:1 ratio measured by sugar and alcohol tests and obtained with formic acid treatment exclusively admitted into the managing protocol. The wall thickness highly improved the performances of the optimized hive, and did not improve at all the performances of the standard hive. Into the optimized hive group, the constructive parameters affect the performance (vp1 vs vp2).

    (137) Field test 2: standard vs optimized hives—SEVERE CLIMATE, 45° latitude, standard bee strain, 800 to 1600 masl

    (138) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 1.2 SEVERE CLIMATE COMPARATIVE TEST RESULTS Lateral wall thickness - Population Max seasonal Hive # conductivity Adimensionalized infestation brood surface nr Hive type mm - W/m .Math. k to standard pop. varroa mite dm.sup.2 1.1 Langstroth 20 - 0.2 0.5 no positive 75 standard effects 1.2 Langstroth 50 - 0.2 0.5 no positive 80 standard effects 1.3 Langstroth 100 - 0.15 0.5 no positive 80 standard effects 2.1 PrimalBee vp1 20 - 0.1 0.6 positive effects 150 2.2 PrimalBee vp1 50 - 0.1 0.9 positive effects 165 3.1 PrimalBee vp2 20 - 0.1 1.5 positive effects 180 3.2 PrimalBee vp2 50 - 0.1 1.7 positive effects 200 3.3 PrimalBee vp2 75 - 0.1 2.3 positive effects 265 3.4 PrimalBee vp2 100 - 0.1  2.7 positive effects 290

    (139) Langstroth standard: prior art hives;

    (140) PrimalBee vp1: hives according to the invention with comb frames having height extension substantially matching base extension;

    (141) PrimalBee vp2: hives according to the invention with comb frames having height extension substantially twice the base extension.

    (142) Relevant observations: the colony in the standard hive is severely disadvantaged by cold climates. The optimized hive is much less affected by the climate and further provides positive effects against the mite development. Combination of wall thickness and comb shape can further optimize the colony response by the optimized hive. The observed population difference were between 3 and 5 times in favor of the optimized hive.

    (143) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 1.3 Formic acid used during the hive managing The 65% or 85% formic acid project story Formic acid Formic acid Formic Formic External solution solution acid acid Water temperature Hive Group [g] [ml] % [g] [g] [° C.] PrimalBee (invention) 340 297 65% 235.5 104.5 >15 PrimalBee (invention) 360 315 65% 250 110 <15 Dadant/Langstroth 720 606 85% 628.5 91.5 >15 Standard suggested qty 657 580 60% 424.5 232 >15 (as comparision)

    (144) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 1.4 Apiary development after test ending Brood Total comb surface surface (nest + super) dm.sup.2 dm.sup.2 Hive type min max min max Treatment PrimalBee 200 290 410 710 not treated (invention) Dadant/Langstroth 30 70 80 120 heavy chemical (prior art) treatment to avoid colony loss and reinforcement from other colonies

    (145) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 1.5 Field test Lugano May 2016 Nest Bees and Brood surface Brood surface Emerging bees Nest bees Hive type Hive code dm.sup.2 nr nr PrimalBee (invention) R8 166 79′818 14′800 PrimalBee (invention) S10 83 40′143 15′300 PrimalBee (invention) R5 183 88′034 15′800 PrimalBee (invention) R1 188 90′554 16′700 PrimalBee (invention) S12 204 98′022 17′000 PrimalBee (invention) R6 177 84′953 17′100 PrimalBee (invention) S7 152 73′283 18′600 PrimalBee (invention) 8 2 934  .sup.  19′800 swarmed PrimalBee (invention) R2 125 60′214 22′600 PrimalBee (invention) S1 151 72′817 26′500 Total 688′771  184′200  Dadant/Langstroth P17 11  4′552  8′710 collapsed Dadant/Langstroth P8 103 44′156 12′570 Dadant/Langstroth P10 119 50′984 13′165 Dadant/Langstroth P3 99 42′335 14′370 Dadant/Langstroth P9 119 50′984 15′255 Dadant/Langstroth P14 97 41′425 16′230 Dadant/Langstroth P1 117 50′074 18′900 Dadant/Langstroth P5 131 55′992 20′490 Dadant/Langstroth P16 96 40′970 20′920 Dadant/Langstroth P12 126 53′716 20′990 Total 435′189  161′600 
    Advantages of Some Described Embodiments

    (146) The described hive structures positively affect the colony population dynamics (unlikely to occur with standard hives). The positive influences are substantially obtained in any climatic region. The colony overall population may increase with respect to the standard hive up to three times. Moreover, increase of the overall population is seen in all seasons, as well as increase of foragers bee population. Increase of the brood surface in respect to standard colonies with identical population was observed. Increase of the maximal season brood surface and increase of the brood surface was achieved in any time during the season.

    (147) The optimized hive provided increased robustness of the brood to suddenly temperature drops. Novelty in literature, brood surfaces in hives according to the invention were experimentally measured up to 300 dm.sup.2. The optimized hive provided increased possibility to produce artificial swarms and extension of the replication period. Indeed, a larger colony population, a reduced mortality and infestation, with faster build up, and a less overall work for the colony the invention allow to reproduce artificial swarms at a highest ratio 8:1.

    (148) The optimized hive provided modification of the ratio between bees into the nest and flying bees in favor of the flying bees and a natural modification of the ratio between drones and workers at favor of workers. Presence of drones into the colony also in winter could be observed, (overwintering drones in cold climates—no brood). The bee population increases the surplus and pollination capability and the fly activity by extension of the daily flight hours, increase of the flight intensity, increase of the flight speed. Increased surplus capability was recorded in cold and extreme climates (mountain regions, northern climates, etc.), too.

    (149) Additionally, reduced surplus consumption due to quick climatic changes was obtained. The hive caused a huge reduction in Varroa mite growing ratio (80:1 as field test data) and higher resistance other pests (e.g. fungus, etc.), increased colony resistance to Varroa mite at short term and further increase in long term. High reduction of mite infestation in drone cells was achieved and no drone cell cutting required as Varroa managing strategy. At the same time, a stronger colony has major defensive attitude against small beetle or Vespa velutina or other predators. A reduction of artificial nutrition consequent to higher surplus income and due to the higher optimized hive efficiency was observed. High reduction (i.e. disappearing) of robbery between colonies with high population differences as a consequence of increased pollen stores into the colony was obtained. Managing time and cost were significantly reduced and new managing techniques become possible, in particular managing of the colony with formic acid only. In other terms, strong reduction in chemical requirement, both in frequency and quantity, with respect practice/literature is necessary with possibility to migrate to pure chemical free. This additionally allowed increased formic acid efficacy against Varroa mite. The colonies response to parasite and colonies performances were improved due to bee breed differences obtained by highly reducing time and efficacy of the selection.

    (150) When a number of hives according to the described embodiments is managed properly, the mentioned advantages manifest through time (years) with a continuous and progressive performance (parasites and super) improvement. The improvement is due to the automatic increase of the genetic quality of the colony. The invention also increased colony strength to extreme climates, with increased capability to over wintering in cold climates, increased colony strength to strong temperature variations while brood is present, superior spring build up, increased survivability to forage less periods, adaptability to extreme climates regions and adaptability to high temperature regions.

    (151) A strong reduction of colony loss in short and long term period was observed with major colony strength to transportation stress and reduction in transportation mortality. The improvement management of the optimal temperature range inside the hive results in an extension of the warm brood surface into the nest and through time (night-day-seasons), a decrease of the temperature gradient, a reduced nest temperature variability due to environmental causes, a better stratification of the nest temperature and a larger distance between isothermal lines. Thereby those other effects were observed: less bees than usual can better control the internal hive temperature, large portion of brood uncovered by bees in healthy and populated colonies and less brood contamination by the mites was obtained. Finally, a modification of the honey to brood equivalence in favor of the colony was possible.

    (152) A strong colony reduced the incubation time, increased bee work capability, obtained better protein synthesis in larva and pupa and increased capability to build wax combs during the all seasons (Beeswax comb build up was observed in winter time in north Italy).