SMART CONTACT LENS WITH RATIOMETRIC LIGHT CHANGE DETECTION

Abstract

A smart contact lens (400) for detecting a ratiometric change in an incident light (126) intensity is provided, including one or more, preferably concentric, rings (410-1, 410-2, . . . , 410-N) of a liquid crystal display, LCD, type, each ring being operable between a state having a lower attenuation of light and a state having a higher attenuation of light; a circuit (420, 100, 101) for detecting a ratiometric change in an incident light intensity; and a controller (430) configured to operate the one or more rings based on an intensity of an incident light and to, as a response to the circuit (420, 100, 10 101) detecting a ratiometric change in the intensity of the incident light from a higher intensity state to a lower intensity state indicating that at least a beginning of a blinking of an eye of a user has occurred, initiate a re-polarization of the one or more rings. A method of operating the smart contact lens and various uses of the circuit are also provided.

Claims

1. A smart contact lens, comprising: one or more, preferably concentric, rings of a liquid crystal display, LCD, type, each ring being operable between a state having a lower attenuation of light and a state having a higher attenuation of light; a circuit for detecting a ratiometric change in an incident light intensity; and a controller configured to operate the one or more rings based on an intensity of an incident light and to, as a response to the circuit detecting a ratiometric change in the intensity of the incident light from a higher intensity state to a lower intensity state indicating that at least a beginning of a blinking of an eye of a user has occurred, initiate a re-polarization of the one or more rings.

2. The smart contact lens of claim 1, wherein the circuit comprises a light sensor configured to induce a photocurrent through it as a function of an intensity of an incident light.

3. The smart contact lens of claim 1, wherein the circuit comprises an operational amplifier.

4. The smart contact lens of claim 2, wherein the circuit comprises a light sensor configured to induce a photocurrent through it as a function of an intensity of an incident light and wherein the light sensor is connected to an inverting input of the operational amplifier.

5. The smart contact lens of claim 3, wherein the circuit comprises a feedback loop connecting an output of the operational amplifier to an inverting input of the operational amplifier, said feedback loop comprising at least one circuit element having a logarithmic voltage-current dependence.

6. The smart contact lens of claim 3, wherein the circuit comprises a high-pass filter configured to filter a signal output from the operational amplifier to generate a high-pass filtered signal.

7. The smart contact lens of claim 6, wherein the circuit comprises a comparison element configured to compare the high-pass filtered signal with at least a first threshold value and to output a signal which, as a response to an amplitude of the high-pass filtered signal passing the at least a first threshold value, changes to indicate a ratiometric change in the intensity of the incident light.

8. The smart contact lens of claim 7, wherein the circuit comprises a light sensor configured to induce a photocurrent through it as a function of an intensity of an incident light and wherein the light sensor is connected between the inverting input and a non-inverting input of the operational amplifier.

9. The smart contact lens of claim 7, wherein the at least one circuit element is or includes a diode or at least a two-terminal element behaving like a diode.

10. The smart contact lens of claim 9, wherein the at least one circuit element is arranged in the feedback loop with one terminal towards the inverting input of the operational amplifier and another terminal towards the output of the operational amplifier.

11. The smart contact lens of claim 7, wherein the comparison element is a comparator.

12. The smart contact lens of claim 11, wherein the comparator is a hysteretic comparator, and wherein the signal output from the comparator changes as a response to the high-pass filtered signal passing both the first threshold value and a second threshold value different from the first threshold value.

13. The smart contact lens of claim 7, wherein the high-pass filter has a corner frequency depending on a required rate of change of the circuit.

14. The smart contact lens of claim 7, wherein the high-pass filter is of a switched capacitor type.

15. A method of operating a smart contact lens including one or more, preferably concentric, rings of a liquid crystal display, LCD, type, comprising: detecting, using a circuit according to claim 1 comprised in the smart contact lens, whether a ratiometric change in an intensity of an incident light corresponding to at least a beginning of a blinking of an eye has occurred and, in response to detecting that such at least a beginning of a blinking of an eye has occurred, initiating a re-polarization of the one or more rings.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0033] Exemplifying embodiments will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0034] FIGS. 1a and 1b illustrate schematically various embodiments of a circuit according to the present disclosure;

[0035] FIG. 2 illustrates schematically plots of various examples of signals provided in embodiments of a circuit according to the present disclosure;

[0036] FIG. 3 illustrates schematically a flowchart of an embodiment of a method according to the present disclosure;

[0037] FIG. 4 illustrates schematically an embodiment of a smart contact lens according to the present disclosure; and

[0038] FIG. 5 illustrates schematically a flowchart of an embodiment of a method according to the present disclosure;

[0039] In the drawings, like reference numerals will be used for like elements unless stated otherwise. Unless explicitly stated to the contrary, the drawings show only such elements that are necessary to illustrate the example embodiments, while other elements, in the interest of clarity, may be omitted or merely suggested. As illustrated in the figures, the sizes of elements and regions may not necessarily be drawn to scale and may e.g. be exaggerated for illustrative purposes and, thus, are provided to illustrate the general structures of the embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0040] Exemplifying embodiments will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. The drawings show currently preferred embodiments, but the invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided for thoroughness and completeness, and fully convey the scope of the present disclosure to the skilled person.

[0041] With reference to FIGS. 1a and 1b, various embodiments of a circuit for detecting a ratiometric change in an incident light intensity will now be described in more detail.

[0042] FIG. 1a illustrates schematically a circuit 100. The circuit 100 includes a light sensor 120 which has one terminal 122 connected to an inverting input 112 of an operational amplifier 110. The other terminal 124 of the light sensor 120 may be connected e.g. to ground or for example directly to a non-inverting input 114 of the operational amplifier 110. When hit by an incident light 126, the light sensor 120 induces a photocurrent I.sub.PD through it. The size of the photocurrent I.sub.PD depends on an intensity of the incident light 126.

[0043] The circuit 100 further includes a feedback loop 130. The feedback loop 130 connects an output 116 of the operational amplifier 110 back to the inverting input 112 of the operational amplifier 110. The feedback loop 130 includes a circuit element 132. The circuit element 132 is such that it has a logarithmic voltage-current dependence. Phrased differently, a voltage across the circuit element 132 changes in a logarithmic fashion with respect to a current through the circuit element 132. If no or very little current is allowed to enter the inverting input 112 of the operational amplifier 110 (e.g. by assuming the operational amplifier 110 to be ideal or at least approximately ideal), the current through the circuit element 132 may equal the induced photocurrent I.sub.PD. A voltage across the circuit element may then be at least proportional to ln(I.sub.PD+α) where α is a term which may be either zero or finite. Although not illustrated in FIG. 1a, it is envisaged that the feedback loop may also include other elements in addition to the circuit element 132.

[0044] The circuit 100 further includes a high-pass filter 140. The high-pass filter 140 is connected to the output 116 of the operational amplifier, and filters a signal V.sub.AMP output from the operational amplifier 110 to produce a high-pass filtered signal V.sub.HPF.

[0045] The circuit 100 includes a comparison element 150 which is connected to receive the high-pass filtered signal V.sub.HPF from the high-pass filter 140. The comparison element 150 is configured to compare the high-pass filtered signal V.sub.HPF with at least a first threshold value V.sub.T1 and to output a signal V.sub.OUT based thereon. The comparison element 150 is configured such that, as a response to an amplitude of the high-pass filtered signal V.sub.HPF passing the at least a first threshold value V.sub.T1, the signal V.sub.OUT changes to indicate a ratiometric change in the intensity of the incident light 126.

[0046] It is envisaged that the signal V.sub.OUT for example changes in a binary fashion between a first value (or state) V.sub.S1 indicative of e.g. a high or higher intensity of the incident light 126 and a second value (or state) V.sub.S2 indicative of e.g. a low or lower intensity of the incident light 126. In some embodiments, the first value V.sub.S1 is higher than the second value V.sub.S2 while, in other embodiments, the opposite is true. It is envisaged also that the signal V.sub.OUT, in other embodiments, does not change in a digital fashion but rather in an analogue fashion such that the signal V.sub.OUT assumes more than two different values. It may be envisaged that, for example, a higher value of V.sub.OUT indicates a higher intensity of the incident light 126, while a lower value of V.sub.OUT indicates a lower intensity of the incident light 126, or vice versa, and that a change in value indicate the ratiometric change in the intensity of the incident light 126. It is also envisaged that the signal V.sub.OUT may instead contain information about one or both of the intensity of the incident light 126 and a change in the intensity of the incident light 126 in for example a data format. The signal V.sub.OUT may for example be a bit-stream coding such information about the incident light 126. In any situation, the signal V.sub.OUT may be further provided to and used by e.g. a controller (not shown) to for example control one or more objects based on the information about the incident light 126. As will be described later herein, such an object may for example be a smart contact lens or similar. In other embodiments, the information about the change in intensity of the incident light 126 may for example be used to detect movement of an illuminated object.

[0047] FIG. 1b illustrates schematically a circuit 101. The circuit 101 includes an operational amplifier 110, having an inverting input 112, a non-inverting input 114 and an output 116. In the circuit 101, a light sensor 120 is provided in form of a photodiode. The photodiode 120 is connected across the inputs 112 and 114 of the operational amplifier 110, such that its cathode 122 is connected to the inverting input 112 and such that its anode 124 is connected to the non-inverting input 114 of the operational amplifier 110.

[0048] A feedback loop 130 connects the output 116 of the operational amplifier 110 back to the inverting input 112 of the operational amplifier 110. In the circuit 101, the feedback loop 130 includes a circuit element 132 in form of a diode. The diode 130 is arranged such that its cathode 134 is connected to the inverting input 112 of the operational amplifier 110, and such that its anode 136 is connected to the output 116 of the operational amplifier 110. In other embodiments of the circuit 101, it may be envisaged that the directions of the two diodes 120 and 132 are reversed, such that e.g. the cathode 122 of the diode 120 is towards the non-inverting input 114 and the anode 124 is towards the inverting input 112, and such that the cathode 134 of the diode 132 is towards the output 116 and the anode 136 towards the inverting input 112.

[0049] The circuit 101 further includes a high-pass filter 140. In FIG. 1b, the high-pass filter 140 is illustrated as being formed by a voltage divider including a variable resistor 142 and a capacitor 144. Due to the impedance of the capacitor 144 being inversely proportional to frequency, various frequency components of the signal V.sub.AMP will distribute differently across the capacitor 144 and the variable resistor 142. A component having a lower frequency will for example distribute more across the capacitor 144 than across the variable resistor 142, while the opposite is true for a component having a higher frequency. This allows the variable resistor 142 and capacitor 144 to together function as a high-pass filter which outputs a signal V.sub.HPF which is a high-pass filtered version of the signal V.sub.AMP. A corner (or cut-off) frequency of the filter 140 may be adjusted as a function of the variable resistance provided by the variable resistor 142. It is, however, envisaged also that the high-pass filter 140 may be formed in other ways, for example as a switched-capacitor high-pass filter.

[0050] The circuit 101 includes a comparison element 150 in form of a comparator. The comparator 150 is connected such that a voltage across the variable resistor 142 (e.g. V.sub.HPF) is provided across the input terminals 152 and 154 of the comparator 150. The comparator 150 provides an output signal V.sub.OUT depending on a sign of a differential voltage across its input terminals 152 and 154. Depending on the sign of the differential voltage, the output signal V.sub.OUT obtains one of two values, such as for example a positive voltage and a negative voltage, or a zero voltage and a positive or negative voltage. In the circuit 101, the positive input 154 of the comparator 150 is connected to ground. As a result, the comparator 150 may for example be such that the output V.sub.OUT assumes one value when (an amplitude of) the high-pass filtered signal V.sub.HPF is positive, and another value when (an amplitude of) the high-pass filtered signal V.sub.HPF is negative. This may correspond to a first threshold value of the comparator 150 being equal to zero.

[0051] To for example avoid fluctuations of the output V.sub.OUT when the signal V.sub.AMP fluctuates around the first threshold value, the comparator 150 may be modified such that it obtains a hysteretic behavior. For example, the comparator 150 may be such that its output V.sub.OUT only changes once V.sub.HPF has passed (in a same direction) both the first threshold value and a second threshold value different from the first threshold value. For example, for a first threshold value V.sub.T1 and a second threshold value V.sub.T2>V.sub.T1, the comparator 150 may be configured such the output V.sub.OUT assumes one value once V.sub.HPF exceeds V.sub.T2, and assumes another, different value once V.sub.HPF goes below V.sub.T1. In another embodiment, for a first threshold value V.sub.T1 and a second threshold value V.sub.T2<V.sub.T1, the comparator 150 may be configured such that the output V.sub.OUT assumes one value once V.sub.HPF goes below V.sub.T2 and another, different value once V.sub.HPF exceeds V.sub.T1. Other variants providing the same functionality are also envisaged. Phrased more generally, a hysteretic comparator may provide an output signal V.sub.OUT which assumes one state/value while the signal V.sub.HPF is within a region of values bounded by the first and second threshold values, and which assumes another state/value when the signal V.sub.HPF is outside this region.

[0052] Although not illustrated in the FIGS. 1a and 1b, it is envisaged that e.g. power supply rails are provided to power e.g. the operational amplifier 110 and the comparison element/comparator 150.

[0053] The functionality of a circuit (such as the circuits 100 and 101 described with reference to FIGS. 1a and 1b, respectively) according to the present disclosure will now be described in further detail with reference to FIGS. 1a and/or 1b, and FIG. 2.

[0054] For a light sensor in form of e.g. a photodiode 120, the induced photocurrent I.sub.PD through the photodiode 120 may depend on an intensity of the incident light 126. For example, it may be envisaged that the photocurrent I.sub.PD changes between a low value I.sub.PDL for a low intensity of the incident light 126 and a high value I.sub.PDH>I.sub.PDL for a high intensity of the incident light 126. A change ratio between the respective high and low values of the photocurrent I.sub.PD may be defined as CR=I.sub.PDH/I.sub.PDL>1. FIG. 2 illustrates schematically a plot 200 of an example of a photocurrent I.sub.PD as a function of time, including a change of the photocurrent I.sub.PD under a time interval between t=0 and t=t.sub.e. A reduction of the intensity of the incident light 126 from a higher value to a lower value changes the photocurrent from a higher value I.sub.PDH to a lower value I.sub.PDL during a sub-interval between t=0 and t=t.sub.f, and a later return of the intensity to the higher value changes the photocurrent back to the higher value I.sub.PDH during a later sub-interval between t=t.sub.b and t=t.sub.e.

[0055] The induced photocurrent I.sub.PD may flow from the cathode to the anode of the photodiode 120. The operational amplifier 110 and the feedback loop 130 may control/regulate a voltage V.sub.PD across the photodiode 120 to (or at least towards) zero, and direct the photocurrent I.sub.PD through the circuit element (i.e. the diode 132). If the anode 124 of the photodiode 120 and the non-inverting input 114 of the operational amplifier 110 are connected to a potential V.sub.CM1 (e.g. a ground), a potential at the inverting output 112 of the operational amplifier 110 (and at the respective cathodes 122 and 134 of the photodiode 120 and diode 130, respectively) will thus be controlled/regulated to V.sub.CM1.

[0056] A voltage Vo across the diode 132 will thus depend on the photocurrent I.sub.PD in a logarithmic fashion. Assuming the diode 132 to be ideal, the voltage across the diode 132 may be approximated as V.sub.D=V.sub.T*ln(I.sub.PD/I.sub.S+1), where V.sub.T is a thermal voltage and I.sub.S a saturation current of the diode 132. Consequently, the signal V.sub.AMP output from the operation amplifier 110 is assumed to be V.sub.AMP=V.sub.D+V.sub.CM1.

[0057] If an intensity of the incident light 126 changes from the high value to the low value, the photocurrent will change from I.sub.PDH to I.sub.PDH/CR. This will result in a corresponding change in the signal V.sub.AMP from V.sub.T*ln(I.sub.PDH/I.sub.S+1)+V.sub.CM1 to VT*ln(I.sub.PDH/(CR*I.sub.S)+1)+V.sub.CM1. Provided that I.sub.PDH/(CR*I.sub.S)>>1 (i.e. that exp(V.sub.D/V.sub.T)>>1), the change in the signal V.sub.AMP may be expressed as ΔV.sub.AMP=V.sub.T*ln(CR). Such an assumption may be made valid by e.g. sizing the diode 132 accordingly. At room temperature, the thermal voltage may be assumed to be approximately 26 mV. For a reduction in light intensity with a factor e (i.e. approximately 2.72), a difference in the voltage V.sub.AMP output by the operational amplifier 110 is approximately 26 mV. This provides a high dynamic range for the circuit of the present disclosure, and allows to detect e.g. the ratiometric change in dim indoor lighting conditions to bright outdoor lighting conditions. FIG. 2 illustrates schematically a plot 210 of an example of a signal V.sub.AMP as a function of time, including a change of V.sub.AMP during the above time interval from t=0 and t=t.sub.e resulting from the change in photocurrent I.sub.PD during the same time interval.

[0058] The high-pass filter 140 removes a DC content (i.e. a constant component) of the signal V.sub.AMP, and produces a signal V.sub.HPF. FIG. 2 illustrates schematically a plot 220 of a signal V.sub.HPF as a function of time. By high-pass filtering the signal V.sub.AMP, the high-pass filtered signal V.sub.HPF includes a negative transition 222 which marks the start of the change in intensity of the incident light 126.

[0059] A negative transition 222 in the signal V.sub.HPF is detected by the comparison element (e.g. a comparator) 150. In one embodiment, this is obtained by comparing the amplitude of the signal V.sub.HPF against a first threshold value V.sub.T1. When the amplitude of the signal V.sub.HPF goes below the threshold V.sub.T1, the comparison element 150 changes the output signal V.sub.OUT from a first state (or voltage value) V.sub.S1 to a second state (or voltage value) V.sub.S2. Once the amplitude of the signal V.sub.HPF returns above the threshold V.sub.T1 again, the output signal V.sub.OUT changes back to the first state V.sub.S1. This is illustrated in FIG. 2, which illustrates schematically a plot 230 of an example of a signal V.sub.OUT as a function of time, where the change in intensity of the incident light 126 is indicated by a pulse 232 in the signal V.sub.OUT.

[0060] In another embodiment, the comparison element (e.g. a hysteretic comparator) compares the signal V.sub.HPF also against a second threshold value V.sub.T2, and changes the state of the output signal V.sub.OUT only when V.sub.HPF passes (or have passed, and in a same direction) both the first threshold value V.sub.T1 and the second threshold value V.sub.T2>V.sub.T1. As illustrated schematically in FIG. 2 in a plot 240 of an example of another signal V.sub.OUT as a function of time, the signal V.sub.OUT changes from the first state V.sub.S1 to the second state V.sub.S2 once the amplitude of V.sub.HPF goes below the first threshold value V.sub.T1, but does not return to the first state V.sub.S1 until the amplitude of V.sub.HPF exceeds the second threshold value V.sub.T2. This configuration also provides a pulse 242 indicating the start of the reduction in intensity of the incident light 126, but in a way which may be e.g. less sensitive to noise. If for example the amplitude of the signal V.sub.HPF were to fluctuate around the first threshold value V.sub.T1, the embodiment using the hysteretic comparator would not (erroneously) output multiple pulses for each time V.sub.HPF fluctuates across the first threshold value V.sub.T1, and may therefore provide a more stable way of indicating the change in intensity of the incident light 126 compared to e.g. the use of a single-threshold comparator as shown in the plot 230.

[0061] It should be noted that in FIG. 2, all plots 200, 210, 220, 230 and 240 are plotted versus a same time coordinate (t), but on separate vertical axes which are also shifted vertically with respect to each other in order to enhance clarity of presentation. In each plot, the zero value of the respective vertical axis is indicated by a small, filled circle.

[0062] With reference to FIG. 3, various embodiments of a corresponding method of detecting a ratiometric change in an intensity of an incident light according to the present disclosure will now be described in more detail.

[0063] FIG. 3 illustrates schematically a flowchart of a method 300. In a first step S310, a light sensor is provided (if not already present). The light sensor is configured to induce a photocurrent through it as a function of an intensity of an incident light (hitting the light sensor). In a next step S320, an operational amplifier and a feedback loop including at least one circuit element having a logarithmic voltage-current dependence is used to regulate a voltage a cross the light sensor to zero. This provides that a photocurrent induced through the light sensor is passed through the at least one circuit element in the feedback loop. In a next step S330, a signal output from the operational amplifier is high-pass filtered to generate a high-pass filtered signal. In a next step S340, a change in the intensity of the incident light is detected by confirming that the high-pass filtered signal passes at least a first threshold value. As already described herein, this may for example correspond to an amplitude of the high-pass filtered signal exceeding (or falling below) the at least one threshold value. Although not illustrated in FIG. 3, the method 300 may operate in a cyclic fashion, and cycle back to the step S310 again to detect a further change in the intensity of the incident light.

[0064] In some embodiments of the method 300, the step S340 may alternatively include comparing the high-pass against both of the first threshold value and also a second threshold value different from the first threshold value, and detecting the change in the intensity of the incident light by confirming that the high-pass filtered signal passes (in a same direction) both the first threshold value and the second threshold value (i.e. by confirming that the high-pass filtered signal is outside a regional of values bounded by the first and second threshold values). For further details and/or advantages of such a way of detecting the change in intensity of the incident light, referral is made to the above description related to the use of a hysteretic comparator as the comparison element.

[0065] With reference to FIG. 4, one or more embodiments of a smart contact lens according to the present disclosure will now be described in more detail.

[0066] FIG. 4 illustrates schematically a smart contact lens 400. The lens 400 includes one or more rings 410-1 to 410-N (where N is an integer such that N≥1). The one or more rings 410-1 to 410-N are concentrically arranged, but it is envisaged also that other suitable arrangements of the one or more rings 410-1 to 410-N may be provided, for example an approximately concentric arrangement, or similar. The rings 410-1 to 410-N may have different inner/outer diameters, and for example be arranged such that the smallest ring (e.g. the ring 410-1) is at the center and the other rings (e.g. 410-2 to 410-N) are arranged outwards of the ring 410-1 in order of increasing diameters. Each ring 410-1 to 410-N may be operable between a state having a lower attenuation of light (e.g. an “open state”) and a state having a higher attenuation of light (e.g. a closed/shut state).

[0067] In some embodiments, the one or more rings 410-1 to 410-N may for example be of a twisted nematic (TN) or super twisted nematic (STN) type. In other embodiments, the one or more rings 410-1 to 410-N may be of a guest-host liquid crystal type, including a mix of e.g. a color dichroic dye, chiral dopant and liquid crystal. Such a type may be beneficial in that it may not need a polarizer to filter light. Such a type may also be driven in a direct current (DC) manner instead of an alternating current (AC) manner. Driving the one or more rings 410-1 to 410-N in a DC manner may further reduce the energy consumption, and thereby help to further reduce e.g. a battery capacity needed for driving the smart contact lens 400. It is envisaged also that rings of one or more other types than LCD may be used, as long as a same or similar functionality is obtained.

[0068] The lens 400 also includes a circuit 420. The circuit 420 may for example be a circuit such as the circuit 100 described with reference to FIG. 1a, or for example the circuit 101 described with reference to FIG. 1b, or other embodiments thereof. The circuit 420 is preferably arranged within the lens 400 such that, if the lens 400 is inserted into an eye of a user (not shown) such that the rings 410-1 to 410-N obtains the function of an artificial iris of the eye, and such that e.g. a light sensor of the circuit 420 is at least partly covered by an eye lid of the eye when the eye lid is partially or completely closed. It is also preferable that the lens 400 is further configured such that, when inserted into the eye of the user, as much of the lens 400 except the rings 410-1 to 410-N are arranged outside a field of visibility for the eye, in order not to disturb the sight of the user more than necessarily.

[0069] The circuit 420 is configured to detect a ratiometric change in an incident light intensity. The ratiometric change may be used by a controller 430 to control the one or more rings 410-1 to 410-N or be indicative of a beginning of a blinking of an eye of a user.

[0070] The ratiometric change may be detected by measuring absolute values of the incident light intensity and establishing threshold values and/or differences that correspond to e.g. the beginning of a blinking of the eye of the user.

[0071] The ratiometric change may also be detected by measuring relative values of the incident light intensity and detecting relevant changes, e.g. beyond a threshold.

[0072] The ratiometric change may be measured using e.g. a photodiode, photo-resistor and/or a photodetector.

[0073] The lens 400 includes a controller 430. The controller 430 is configured to operate the one or more rings 410-1 to 410-N (i.e. to operate each ring between its open and closed states, as needed) based on an intensity of an incident light (not shown) hitting the light sensor of the circuit 420, thereby together with the one or more rings 410-1 to 410-N emulating the functioning of an iris. The controller 430 is further configured to receive a signal V.sub.OUT output from the circuit 420 (e.g. from the comparison element or the light sensor) and to, as a response to the signal V.sub.OUT indicating a ratiometric change in the intensity of the incident light from a higher state to a lower state (e.g. a beginning of a blinking of the eye), initiate a re-polarization of the one or more rings 410-1 to 410-N. As a result, the rings 410-1 to 410-N may be re-polarized during a moment when the eye of the user is closed, and such that little or no visual flickering occurs due to the re-polarization. This provides an improvement over e.g. a lens in which the one or more rings are re-polarized without taking into account if the user is blinking or not, which may lead to flickering if the rings are re-polarized e.g. during a time when the eye lid is not closed or partially closed. Re-polarizing the one or more rings may, as described earlier herein, make the rings not lose their contrasts or, if for example rings of a ghost-host display type are used, also avoid degradation of the crystal cell(s).

[0074] With reference to FIG. 5, various embodiments of a corresponding method of operating a smart contact lens (such as the contact lens 400 described with reference to FIG. 4) according to the present disclosure will now be described in more detail.

[0075] FIG. 5 illustrates schematically a flowchart of a method 500. In a first step S510, it is detected whether a ratiometric change in an intensity of an incident light has occurred using a circuit as described earlier herein and/or a method as described earlier herein, for example the circuits 100 and 101 described with reference to FIGS. 1a and 1b, and/or the method 300 described with reference to FIG. 3. Such a ratiometric change corresponds to at least a beginning of a blinking of an eye (into which the contact lens is inserted). If it is detected that such at least a beginning of a blinking of an eye has occurred, the method 500 proceeds 501 to a next step S520. In the step S520, a re-polarization of the one or more rings is initiated as a response to detecting that the beginning of the blinking of the eye in step has occurred. If no at least a beginning of a blinking of an eye is detected in step S510, the method may stop or repeat 502 the step S510 one or more additional times until such at least a beginning of a blinking of the eye is detected.

[0076] The present disclosure further envisages the use of a circuit and/or method as described herein for e.g. detection of a movement of an illuminated object. For example, a matrix of circuits configured to detect a blinking of an eye may be provided on a surface which is illuminated in a variable way when objects and/or e.g. people are moving. If one or more of the circuits detects a ratiometric change in an intensity of the incident light, such a change may be related to a movement of an object or e.g. a person. In contrast to other techniques for detecting movement, based on e.g. image processing, the present disclosure may offer an improved way of detecting a movement, including the benefits and advantages already recited herein when describing the use of a single circuit.

[0077] In general, the present disclosure provides a way of detecting a ratiometric change in an intensity of an incident light. Such a detection may be provided with high dynamic range, and work e.g. in dim indoor lighting conditions as well as in bright outside lighting conditions and conditions therebetween. A circuit as described herein may consume little power, have a small physical footprint, and be suitable to be used as for example a blink detector in a smart contact lens where it allows blinking to be detected reliably and independent of ambient light conditions. The circuit, and method, also provides a way of for example detecting a movement of an illuminated target.

[0078] The person skilled in the art realizes that the present disclosure is by no means limited to the embodiments described above. On the contrary, many modifications and variations are possible within the scope of the appended claims.

[0079] Although features and elements are described above in particular combinations, each feature or element may be used alone without the other features and elements or in various combinations with or without other features and elements.

[0080] Additionally, variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by the skilled person in practicing the claimed invention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims. In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. The mere fact that certain features are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these features cannot be used to advantage.

[0081] Various aspects of the present disclosure may be appreciated from the following enumerated example embodiments, EEEs:

EEE 1. A circuit (100, 101) for detecting a ratiometric change in an incident light intensity, comprising:

[0082] an operational amplifier (110);

[0083] a light sensor (120) configured to induce a photocurrent (Iso) through it as a function of an intensity of an incident light (126), and connected to an inverting input (112) of the operational amplifier;

[0084] a feedback loop (130) connecting an output (116) of the operational amplifier to the inverting input of the operational amplifier, said feedback loop comprising at least one circuit element (132) having a logarithmic voltage-current dependence;

[0085] a high-pass filter (140) configured to filter a signal (V.sub.AMP) output from the operational amplifier to generate a high-pass filtered signal (V.sub.HPF), and

[0086] a comparison element (150) configured to compare the high-pass filtered signal with at least a first threshold value and to output a signal (V.sub.OUT) which, as a response to an amplitude of the high-pass filtered signal passing the at least a first threshold value, changes to indicate a ratiometric change in the intensity of the incident light.

EEE 2. The circuit of EEE 1, wherein the light sensor is connected between the inverting input and a non-inverting input (114) of the operational amplifier.
EEE 3. The circuit of EEE 1 or 2, wherein the at least one circuit element is or includes a diode or at least a two-terminal element behaving like a diode.
EEE 4. The circuit of EEE 3, wherein the at least one circuit element is arranged in the feedback loop with one terminal towards the inverting input of the operational amplifier and another terminal towards the output of the operational amplifier.
EEE 5. The circuit of anyone of the preceding EEEs, wherein the comparison element is a comparator.
EEE 6. The circuit of EEE 5, wherein the comparator is a hysteretic comparator, and wherein the signal output from the comparator changes as a response to the high-pass filtered signal passing both the first threshold value and a second threshold value different from the first threshold value.
EEE 7. The circuit of anyone of the preceding EEEs, wherein the high-pass filter has a corner frequency depending on a required rate of change of the circuit.
EEE 8. The circuit of anyone of the preceding EEEs, wherein the high-pass filter is of a switched capacitor type.
EEE 9. A method (300) of detecting a ratiometric change in an intensity of an incident light, comprising:

[0087] providing (S310) a light sensor configured to induce a photocurrent through it as a function of an intensity of an incident light;

[0088] regulating (S320), by using an operational amplifier and a feedback loop including at least one circuit element having a logarithmic voltage-current dependence, a voltage across the light sensor to zero;

[0089] high-pass filtering (S330) a signal output from the operational amplifier to generate a high-pass filtered signal, and detecting (S340) a change in the intensity of the incident light by confirming that the high-pass filtered signal passes at least a first threshold value.

EEE 10. The method of EEE 9, wherein said detecting a change in the intensity of the incident light includes confirming that the high-pass filtered signal passes both the first threshold value and a second threshold value different from the first threshold value.
EEE 11. Use of the circuit (100, 101) of any one of EEEs 1 to 8 and/or the method (300) of EEE 9 or 10 to detect a blinking of an eye.
EEE 12. Use of the circuit (100, 101) of any one of EEEs 1 to 8 and/or the method (300) of EEE 9 or 10 to detect a movement of an illuminated object.
EEE 13. A smart contact lens (400), comprising:

[0090] one or more of, preferably concentric, rings (410-1, 410-2, . . . , 410-N) of a liquid crystal display, LCD, type, each ring being operable between a state having a lower attenuation of light and a state having a higher attenuation of light;

[0091] a circuit (420, 100, 101) according to any one of EEEs 1 to 8;

[0092] a controller (430) configured to operate the one or more rings based on an intensity of an incident light, to receive the signal (V.sub.OUT) output from the comparison element and to, as a response to said signal indicating a ratiometric change in the intensity of the incident light from a higher intensity state to a lower intensity state, initiate a re-polarization of the one or more rings.

EEE 14. A method (500) of operating a smart contact lens (400) including one or more, preferably concentric, rings (410-1, 410-2, . . . , 410-N) of a liquid crystal display, LCD, type, comprising:

[0093] detecting (S510), using a circuit (100, 101) according to any one of EEEs 1 to 8 and/or a method (300) according to any one of EEEs 9 to 11, whether a ratiometric change in an intensity of an incident light corresponding to at least a beginning of a blinking of an eye has occurred and,

[0094] in response to detecting that such at least a beginning of a blinking of an eye has occurred, initiating (S520) a re-polarization of the one or more rings.