LIGHT PERMEABLE METALLIC COATINGS AND METHOD FOR THE MANUFACTURE THEREOF

Abstract

It is provided a method for manufacturing a metal coated substrate by forming a metal coating on a surface of a substrate, comprising: immersing the substrate in a palladium/tin colloidal solution; immersing the substrate in an acid solution; and carrying out electroless metal plating in order to obtain a continuous film-coated substrate which is permeable to visible light. It is also provided a metal coated substrate obtainable by the mentioned method and an article of manufacture made of the metal coated substrate.

Claims

1. A method for manufacturing a metal coated substrate by forming a metal coating on a surface of a substrate, the method comprising: a) carrying out a sensitization step for 12 to 17 min by: immersing the substrate in a colloidal palladium/tin colloidal solution; immersing the substrate in a tin aqueous solution and, thereafter, in a palladium aqueous solution, or vice versa; or depositing on the substrate a silver nucleus by immersion or a spray method; b) immersing the substrate in an acid solution; c) optionally, immersing the substrate in a PdCl solution; d) carrying out electroless metal plating by immersing the substrate in a nickel electrolyte solution to form a metal coating on the surface of the substrate in order to obtain a continuous film-coated substrate, wherein the metal electrolyte solution comprises a source of nickel cations, a complexing agent and a reducing agent which is a hypophosphite alkali metal salt, wherein electroless plating is carried out for 5 to 20 seconds at a temperature from 65 to 75° C. at a pH of 6 to 7 in order to obtain a coating with a phosphorus content from 1 to 4 wt % related to the total weight coating, or wherein electroless plating is carried out for 15 to 60 seconds at a temperature from 40 to 60° C. at a pH of 8 to 10 in order to obtain a coating with a phosphorus content from 10 to 25 wt % related to the total weight coating.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein step a) is carried out for 15 min.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the metal coating is a nickel coating or a nickel alloy coating.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is polycarbonate.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein step a) is carried out for 15 min, and electroless plating is carried out for 10 seconds at a temperature from 70 to 75° C. in a nickel electrolyte solution at a pH of 6.5.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the coating has a structure containing crystallites having a size of up to 10 nm, such as from 2 to 10 nm, calculated by using the Scherrer's equation by X-ray diffraction with CuKα radiation (λ=1.5418 Å) in the Bragg Brentano geometry.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein step a) is carried out for 15 min, and electroless plating is carried out for 30 seconds at a temperature from 60° C. in a nickel electrolyte solution at a pH of 9.

8. A metal coated substrate obtainable by the method as defined in claim 1, wherein the coated substrate has a coating having a thickness from 50 to 175 nm.

9. A method for concealing illumination systems, image recording systems, sensors or radar antennas, the method comprising providing a metal coated substrate as defined in claim 8.

10. An article of manufacture made of the metal coated substrate of claim 8.

11. The article of manufacture of claim 10 for illumination applications.

12. The article of manufacture of claim 10 for image recording.

13. The article of manufacture of claim 12 that is an automotive reversing camera.

14. The article of manufacture of claim 10 comprising a sensor.

15. The article of manufacture of claim 14 wherein the sensor is a light sensor.

16. The article of manufacture of claim 10 comprising a radar antenna.

17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is transparent to visible light or has a higher permeability to visible light than the metal coating.

18. The method according to claim 3, wherein step a) is carried out for 15 min, and electroless plating is carried out for 10 seconds at a temperature from 70 to 75° C. in a nickel electrolyte solution at a pH of 6.5.

19. The method according to claim 3, wherein step a) is carried out for 15 min, and electroless plating is carried out for 30 seconds at a temperature from 60° C. in a nickel electrolyte solution at a pH of 9.

20. A metal coated substrate obtainable by the method as defined in claim 3, wherein the coated substrate has a coating having a thickness from 50 to 175 nm.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0028] FIG. 1 shows the image of the electroless nickel coating of sample ref. LP-1 of Example 1. The image was obtained by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (Zeiss, Ultra-Plus FESEM) operated at 3 kV) at a magnification of about 50,000×.

[0029] FIG. 2 shows the image obtained X-Ray diffraction as explained in Example 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0030] All terms as used herein in this application, unless otherwise stated, shall be understood in their ordinary meaning as known in the art. Other more specific definitions terms as used in the present application are as set forth below and are intended to apply uniformly throughout the specification and claims unless an otherwise expressly set out definition provides a broader definition.

[0031] In physics, electromagnetic radiation refers to the waves of the electromagnetic field, propagating (radiating) through space, carrying electromagnetic radiant energy. Electromagnetic waves are classified according to their frequency, so it includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, (visible) light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.

[0032] As used herein, the term “visible light” refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye and is responsible for the sense of sight.[1] Visible light is usually defined as having wavelengths in the range of 400-700 nanometers (nm).

[0033] As used herein, the term “homogeneous layer” or “homogeneous coating”, used herein interchangeably refers to a layer or coating covering all the surface of the substrate, namely, the 100% of the surface, and having a uniform thickness and composition.

[0034] It is noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0035] As mentioned above, the metallization process of substrates of the present invention is a multistep process comprising several steps addressed to prepare the surface of the substrate in such a way that the electroless nickel plating allows forming a coating having the required visible light permeability, metallic luster appearance, and structural and mechanical properties, and a good adhesion with the substrate.

[0036] Previously to step a), a surface cleaning can be performed, for instance, by treatment with a detergent and rinsing or by treatment with a degreasing solution such as an acid or alkali solution, or a degreasing agent. Detergents, degreasing solutions and degreasing agents suitable for the mentioned surface cleaning are already known and commercially available.

[0037] As mentioned above, a sensitization step (step a) is carried out by immersing the substrate in a colloidal palladium/tin solution. Alternatively, the substrate can be immersed in a tin aqueous solution and, thereafter, in a palladium aqueous solution, or vice versa. Examples of commercially available colloidal palladium/tin solutions are Neolink Activator (Atotech), Macuplex D-34 (MacDermid), and Silken Catalyst 501 (Coventya). The objective of the sensitization step is to render active places over the substrate surface so the electroless process can be initiated on the metallic nuclei. It is possible to perform the sensitization step with other metallic nuclei catalytically active towards the electroless process such as silver, tin or the like. These metallic nuclei can be deposited by immersion, or a spray method.

[0038] Subsequently, an acceleration step (step b) is carried out with an accelerator solution which is an aqueous solution of an acid. The acid can be selected, for example, from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, citric acid and tetrafluoroboric acid. In the case of a palladium/tin colloid, the accelerator solution helps to remove the tin compounds which served as the protective colloid. Examples of commercially available commonly used accelerator solutions are Adhemax Accelerator (Atotech), Macuplex GS-50 (MacDermid), and Silken Accelerator 602 (Coventya).

[0039] After the acceleration step, an activation step (step c) can be optionally carried out by immersing the substrate in a PdCl solution adjusted to acid pH (i.e. a pH less than 7) by the addition of HCl. Particularly, the amount of PdCl in the solution can be from 0.1 to 0.5 g/L, and the pH is from 1 to 4.

[0040] Electroless plating allows depositing a homogeneous metallic layer on a substrate which can be either a conductive material or an insulator (i.e. non-conductive) material. The resulting metallic coating is in fact an alloy, as part of the reducing agent is co-deposited along with the metal. The metallic layer, when deposited sufficiently thin and homogeneous, becomes permeable to visible light.

[0041] In an embodiment, the immersion of the substrate in a colloidal palladium/tin colloidal solution (step a) is carried out for 5 to 20 min, or for 12 to 17 min, particularly for 15 min.

[0042] In another embodiment, optionally in combination with one or more features of the embodiments defined above, electroless coating (i.e. step d) is carried out for 5 to 60 seconds, particularly for 10 to 60 seconds, more particularly for 10 to 30 seconds, even more particularly for 20 seconds. This allows obtaining a metal coating having a thickness from 50 to 175 nm, particularly from 75 to 150 nm. Particularly, the metal coating is a homogeneous coating having a uniform thickness and composition.

[0043] The metal constituting the coating layer can be nickel, a nickel alloy, copper, a copper alloy, silver, a silver alloy, tin, and a tin alloy. Particularly, the metal is nickel or a nickel alloy. In the electroless metal plating step, the electroless plating solution will contain an appropriate metal depending on the type of the metal coating formed on the surface of the substrate. As a consequence, electroless metal plating will be carried out in a bath of an electrolyte solution (also called electroless plating bath) basically comprising a source of cations of the corresponding metal or metals, a complexing agent, and a reducing agent.

[0044] Thus, in an embodiment, optionally in combination with one or more features of the embodiments defined above, the metal coating is selected from the group consisting of a nickel, a nickel alloy, a copper, a copper alloy, a silver, a silver alloy, a tin, and a tin alloy coating, and the electrolyte solution comprises a source of metal cations wherein the metal cations are selected from the group consisting of nickel cations, copper cations, silver cations, tin cations, and mixtures thereof. Particularly, the metal coating is a nickel coating, or a nickel alloy coating and the electrolyte solution comprises a source of nickel cations.

[0045] As an instance, electroless nickel plating can be carried out in an electroless plating bath containing a source of nickel cations, a complexing agent such as glycine, and a hypophosphite reducing agent.

[0046] Examples of nickel compounds useful as source of nickel cations include nickel sulfate (anhydrous or hydrated), nickel hypophosphite, nickel sulfamate nickel carbonate, nickel chloride or a combination thereof. Normally, hydrated nickel sulfate is preferred. Typically, in order to get a nickel or nickel alloy coating the electroless plating bath has a nickel ions concentration of from 3 g/L to 20 g/L, particularly from 5 g/L to 10 g/L.

[0047] Examples of reducing agents include hypophosphite salts such as hypophosphite alkali metal salts, particularly sodium hypophosphite. More particularly, the reducing agent is a hypophosphite salt and it is in an amount from 15 to 75 g/L, particularly from 20 to 40 g/L.

[0048] Examples of complexing agents include acetate ethylendiamine, malate, citrate, glycine, and lactate. Particularly, the complexing agent can be in an amount from 1 to 60 g/L, particularly from 20 to 30 g/L.

[0049] The electroless plating bath can also comprise a stabilizer such as lead, cadmium, sulfur, and thiourea. Particularly, the stabilizer can be in an amount from 1 ppm to 10 ppm.

[0050] As used herein, the term “low phosphorus (LP) coating” refers to a coating comprising phosphorous in an amount from 1 to 4 wt % related to the total weight coating.

[0051] As used herein, the term “high phosphorus (HP) coating” refers to a coating comprising phosphorus in an amount from 10 to 25 wt %, particularly from 10 to 14 wt %, related to the total weight coating.

[0052] As used herein, the term “medium phosphorus (MP) coating” refers to a coating comprising phosphorus in an amount from 5 to 9 wt % related to the total weight coating.

[0053] The amount of phosphorus in the final coating will depend on the concentration of the source of phosphorus (such as sodium hypophosphite) in the electrolyte solution, the pH of this electrolyte solution, and the presence and amount of complexing agent. A skilled person in the art will know which concentration of the source of phosphorus, the amount of complexing agent and the pH of the solution in order to obtain the sought amount of phosphorus in the final coating.

[0054] The deposition reaction takes place in the bath and generally involves the reduction of a nickel cation to form a nickel coating on the desired substrate surface.

[0055] In an embodiment, optionally in combination with one or more features of the embodiments defined above, the electrolyte solution is an electrolyte solution capable of providing a low phosphorus (LP) coating. Electrolyte solutions capable of providing a LP coating are commercially available. Examples of electrolyte solution capable of providing a LP coating are Niklad ELV 824 (from Macdermid Enthone Industrial Solutions), Nichem® (from Atotech), and Enova EF 243 (from Coventya). As an instance, the LP electrolyte solution comprises from 15 to 30 g/L of a hypophosphite salt and from 1 to 40 g/L of a complexing agent, and has a pH from 6 to 8. The amount of source of nickel cations is such that the amount of nickel ions is from 3 g/L to 20 g/L, particularly from 3 g/L to 10 g/L. LP coatings exhibit a nano crystalline structure and allow a higher plating rate and a better coverage of the surface of the substrate, as well as a better control of the thickness of the coating applied onto the surface of the substrate.

[0056] In another embodiment, optionally in combination with one or more features of the embodiments defined above, the electrolyte solution is an electrolyte solution capable of providing high phosphorus (HP) coating. Electrolyte solutions capable of providing a HP coating are commercially available. As an instance, Macuplex M550 (from Macdermid Enthone Industrial Solutions) can be used.

[0057] The substrate is made of a suitable material such as a resin having a small visible light transmission loss.

[0058] Examples of resins include acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), acrylonitrile ethylene styrene (AES), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyurethane resins, polyamide, polyurea, polyester resins, polyether ether ketones, polyvinyl chloride resins, polyether sulfones (PES), cellulose resins, and polycarbonate (PC), copolymers and mixtures thereof (such as ABS+PC). Note that these resin-based materials are listed as examples and many others thermosetting and/or thermostable resin could be used as suitable substrates. Particularly the substrate is PC. The substrate is in the form of a molded article, which can be manufactured by any conventional method, such as melt molding or casting. The substrate is not limited to resins, but it would be also possible to apply the coating on transparent substrates like glass or semiconductors such as ITO (indium-tin-oxide), conducting polymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) PEDOT or the like.

[0059] Thus, in another particular embodiment, optionally in combination with one or more features of the embodiments defined above, the substrate is a material exhibiting a small visible light transmission loss such as thermosetting and/or thermostable resins, glass, semiconductor materials or a combination thereof.

[0060] The thickness of the substrate is not relevant provided it is transparent to visible light or has a higher permeability to visible light than the metal coating.

[0061] In an embodiment, optionally in combination with one or more features of the embodiments defined above, step a) is carried out for 5 to 20 min, and wherein in step d) the metal electrolyte solution is a nickel electrolyte solution, the reducing agent is a hypophosphite alkali metal salt, and electroless plating is carried out for 5 to 300 seconds at a T from 40 to 80° C. in an electroless nickel electrolyte in the pH range from 4 to 10 that is capable of providing a coating with a phosphorous content from 1-25 wt %, particularly of 1 to 14 wt %, related to the total weight coating.

[0062] In another embodiment, optionally in combination with one or more features of the embodiments defined above, step a) is carried out for 12 to 17 min, and wherein in step d) the metal electrolyte solution is a nickel electrolyte solution, the reducing agent is a hypophosphite alkali metal salt, and electroless plating is carried out for 5 to 20 seconds at a temperature from 65 to 75° C. at a pH of 6 to 7 in order to obtain a coating with a phosphorous content from 1 to 4 wt % related to the total weight coating. In a more particular embodiment, step a) is carried out for 15 min, an electroless plating is carried out for 10 seconds at a temperature from 70 to 75° C. in a nickel electrolyte solution at a pH of 6.5.

[0063] The coating with a low phosphorous content, i.e. with a phosphorous content from 1 to 4 wt %, exhibit a nanocrystalline structure. The coating microstructure can be measured by X-ray diffraction (Bruker, D8) using CuKα radiation (λ=1.5418 Å) in the Bragg Brentano geometry. Crystallite size can be measured using the Scherrer's equation which is implemented in the EVA software (Bruker) of the diffractometer. Measurement range was 20-100° C. The Scherrer's equation is applied in the most intense reflection for the face centered cubic (fcc) nickel phase (according to PDF 065-2865) corresponding to the (111) reflection. Thus, in a more particular embodiment, the electroless nickel coating has a nanocrystalline structure yielding crystal size values of up to 10 nm, such as from 2 to nm, calculated by the Scherrer's equation by X-ray diffraction with CuKα radiation (λ=1.5418 Å) in the Bragg Brentano geometry. As mentioned above, by carrying out the electroless plating with an electrolyte solution providing a low phosphorous content, a higher plating rate and a better coverage of the surface of the substrate are, as well as a better control of the thickness of the coating applied onto the surface of the substrate are provided.

[0064] In another embodiment, optionally in combination with one or more features of the embodiments defined above, step a) is carried out for 12 to 17 min, and wherein in step d) the metal electrolyte solution is a nickel electrolyte solution, the reducing agent is a hypophosphite alkali metal salt, and electroless plating is carried out for 15 to 60 seconds, particularly for 25 to 35 seconds, at a temperature from 40 to 60° C. in an electroless nickel electrolyte solution having a pH of 8 to 10 in order to obtain a coating with a high phosphorous content, i.e. with a phosphorous content from 10 to 25 wt %, particularly from to 14 wt %, related to the total weight coating. This coating exhibits an amorphous structure. In a more particular embodiment, optionally in combination with one or more features of the embodiments defined above, step a) is carried out for 15 min, an electroless plating is carried out for 30 seconds at a temperature from 60° C. in a nickel electrolyte solution at a pH of 9.

[0065] Finally, to protect the metallic coating from corrosive and mechanical influences, it is recommended to apply a protective layer such as organic, inorganic or hybrid coating, applied by spraying, immersion or the like.

[0066] As commented above, an inherent result of the process of the invention is that it provides metal coatings with a particularly good performance in terms of permeability to visible light and having an excellent metallic luster appearance. Thus, a metal coating can be formed on a surface of a non-conductive substrate to obtain a decorative coated substrate having a metal-look, particularly a chrome-look, while being permeable to visible light.

[0067] These properties make the metal coated substrate of the invention particularly suitable for the production of different articles of manufacture for illumination applications, including some applications of the automotive and aerospace industry. As an instance, the metal coated substrate of the invention can be placed in front of a camera device such as an automotive reversing camera keeping it hidden from the naked eye while maintaining its metallic appearance. However, general uses are not limited to the former and may include any potential application that requires concealed illumination systems, image recording systems, sensors, or radar antennas.

[0068] As mentioned above, the invention also concerns to an article of manufacture made of the metal coated substrate of the invention.

[0069] In an embodiment, the article of manufacture is for illumination applications.

[0070] In another embodiment, the article of manufacture is for image recording. Particularly, it is an automotive reversing camera.

[0071] In another embodiment, the article of manufacture is comprises a sensor such as a light sensor.

[0072] In an embodiment, the article of manufacture comprises a radar antenna.

[0073] Such improved properties indicate that the metal coated substrate and article of manufacture obtained there from are different to the already known in the prior art.

[0074] Throughout the description and claims the word “comprise” and variations of the word, are not intended to exclude other technical features, additives, components, or steps. Furthermore, the word “comprise” encompasses the case of “consisting of”.

[0075] The following examples and drawings are provided by way of illustration, and they are not intended to be limiting of the present invention. Furthermore, the present invention covers all possible combinations of particular and preferred embodiments described herein.

EXAMPLES

[0076] General Procedure

[0077] Polycarbonate (PC) substrates (70×50×2 mm) were cleaned with a commercially available detergent and gently rinsed before surface sensitization. To make the surface active towards the electroless metal plating process, a metallic seeding step (sensitization step) was carried out by immersing the substrate in a commercially available colloidal Pd/Sn solution (Neolink Activator, Atotech Deutchland GMbH), which was held at 30° C. without stirring for a time interval of 1-20 min. After the metallic seeding the PC substrates were removed from the sensitization bath and rinsed with deionized water. In order to remove the excess of metallic catalyst, the sample was subjected to an accelerator stage using an acid-based solution (Adhemax accelerator, Atotech Deutchland GMbH). The accelerating solution worked at 48° C. under magnetic stirring for 2 minutes. After the accelerating stage, the sample was cleaned with deionized water and immersed in an electroless nickel solution.

[0078] The electroless nickel solution contained nickel sulfate, sodium hypophosphite, glycine as main complexing agent, and a stabilizer to produce a low phosphorus nickel coating.

[0079] Once the electroless plating was finished, the PC substrate was removed from the electroless plating bath, gently rinsed with deionized water and dried by air blowing.

[0080] The surface of the nickel phosphorus coatings was studied by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (Zeiss, Ultra-Plus FESEM) operated at 3 kV of accelerating voltage.

[0081] Depending on the solution composition, it is possible to obtain different phosphorus content in the metallic layer. Thus, for the sake of comparison, high phosphorus (HP) and low phosphorus (LP) nickel electrolyte solutions were used, leading to coatings with HP or LP contents, having different electric conductivity and stress nature.

Example 1

[0082] Preparation of a High Phosphorus Ni Coating

[0083] A first PC substrate was treated according to the general procedure above. The sensitization time was set at 15 min. Electroless plating was performed using a high phosphorus commercial electroless nickel electrolyte (Macuplex M550, Macdermid Enthone Industrial Solutions) of pH 9 at 60° C. under magnetic stirring for 30 seconds. A homogeneous nickel coating (sample HP-1) was obtained.

[0084] The metal coating had a metallic luster appearance with a specular shine. Additionally, it was verified that it was highly permeable to visible light.

[0085] Preparation of Low Phosphorus Ni Coatings

[0086] Several PC substrates were treated according to the general procedure above. An electroless solution comprising 25 g/L hexahydrated nickel sulfate, 30 g/L sodium hypophosphite as reducing agent and 20 g/L glycine as main complexing agent and having a pH of 6.5 was used. Electroless plating was performed at 75° C. under magnetic stirring. Sensitization times and electroless plating times are shown in the Table 1 below.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE Experimental set-up for LP coatings. Sample T of electroless Sensitization Electroless Ni Ref pH bath (° C.) time (min) plating time (s) LP-1 6.5 75 15 15 LP-2 6.5 75 20 20 LP-3 6.5 75 15 10 + 10 (bilayered)

[0087] In sample reference LP-3, after 10 seconds in the electroless Ni plating bath, the substrate was removed for 1-3 seconds and later on reintroduced into the bath for another seconds to apply another consecutive layer. Thus, in a total bath time of 20 seconds, 2 layers of 10 seconds each were formed.

[0088] A dense and homogeneous nickel coating having a metallic luster appearance with a specular shine was obtained for all the samples. The thickness range was between 75-150 nm as determined by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (see General Procedure). Additionally, it was verified that the metal coating was highly permeable to visible light.

[0089] In general, the higher plating rate of the LP coatings allowed better coverage of the PC surface as well as a better control of the applied thickness onto the PC surface.

Example 2

[0090] Several PC substrates were coated with a low phosphorous nickel coating according to the general procedure described above (Example 1) from an electroless solution at pH 6.5. The sensitization time was set at 15 min. Electroless plating was performed at 75° C. for 10 seconds under magnetic stirring.

[0091] It was verified that the metal coating had a metallic luster appearance with a specular shine and was highly permeable to visible light.

Example 3

[0092] A low phosphorous nickel coating was obtained according to the general procedure describe above from an electroless solution at pH 6.6 and a temperature 75° C. for a total plating time of 1 min over polished low carbon steel samples. The coating microstructure was measured by X-ray diffraction (Bruker, D8) using CuKα radiation in the Bragg Brentano geometry (see FIG. 3). Crystallite size was evaluated using the Scherrer's equation which is implemented in the EVA software (Bruker) of the diffractometer. Measurement range was 20-100° C. The Scherrer's equation was applied in the most intense reflection for the face centered cubic (fcc) nickel phase (according to PDF 065-2865) corresponding to the (111) reflection. The remaining peaks in the diffractogram correspond to the base material. According to Scherrer's equation the calculated crystallite size for the electroless nickel coating was 8.1 nm.

Example 4

[0093] Several PC substrate having low phosphorus Ni coatings were prepared following the procedure of Example 1, but for the specific features shown in Table 4.

[0094] In order to evaluate the applicability of these coated substrates for camera devices, values of transmittance data were measured and are shown in Table 4. These values demonstrate the feasibility of using these coated substrates for camera devices.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 4 Transmittance values Processing Electroless nickel temperature (°) plating time (s) Transmittance (%) 65 30 10 70 10 5 75 15 3 75 30 0

[0095] Additionally, high quality images were obtained for the coated substrates. The quality of the images obtained evidenced the suitability of the PC coated substrates to be used for hiding a camera device. Application in which a camera device is hidden behind a metallized object include as a way of example reversing cameras in automobiles, however general uses are not limited to the former and may include any potential application which requires concealed illumination systems, image recording systems, sensors, or radar antennas.

CITATION LIST

[0096] 1. US2018345877