LIGHTWEIGHT BEVERAGE CAN MADE FROM ALUMINUM ALLOY

Abstract

The invention relates to a beverage can on the basis of an aluminum alloy, preferably for a carbonated drink, comprising: a body (6) having a cylindrical shape and an outer diameter D1; a concave dome-shaped bottom (1) having a depth H1 at its center, an outer diameter D3 and a rectilinear part (2) having a height H3; a convex lower ring (7) having a stand diameter D2 and a flat surface with a width L2; an outer shoulder (5) of radius R1; a shime (4) connecting the outer shoulder (5) and the lower ring (7).

The invention is characterized in that the thickness of the sheet of the dome is from 180 to 230 μm, preferably from 190 to 220 μm; and in that the outer diameter D3 of the concave dome (1) is from 36 to 44 mm, preferably from 37 to 43 mm; and in that the width of the lower ring L4 is from 3 to 4.5 mm, preferably from 3.3 to 4 mm; and in that the lower ring has concave deformations (8) which are distributed at regular intervals along the lower ring (7).

Claims

1. A beverage can comprising an aluminium alloy, optionally for a carbonated beverage, comprising: a body of cylindrical shape having an outer diameter D1; a bottom in a shape of a concave dome having a depth H1 at a centre thereof, an outer diameter D3 and a rectilinear part of height H3; a convex lower ring having a stand diameter D2 and a flat surface of width L2; an outer shoulder having a radius R1; a shime connecting outer shoulder and the lower ring; wherein a thickness of the dome sheet is 180 to 230 μm, optionally preferably 190 to 220 μm; and wherein an outer diameter D3 of the concave dome is 36 to 44 mm, optionally 37 to 43 mm; and wherein a lower ring L4 is 3 to 4.5 mm, optionally 3.3 to 4 mm; and wherein the lower ring comprises one or more concave deformations, distributed at regular intervals along the lower ring.

2. The beverage can according to claim 1, wherein the outer diameter D1 of the body of the beverage can is 50 to 75 mm, optionally 55 to 70 mm.

3. The beverage can according to claim 1, wherein the dome has at least one of the following features: a diameter D2 of the lower ring of 39 to 47 mm, optionally 40 to 46 mm; a depth H1 of 7 to 12 mm, optionally 8 to 11 mm; and/or a rectilinear part of height H3 from 0 to 6 mm, optionally from 1.5 to 4 mm.

4. The beverage can according to claim 1, wherein the lower ring has at least one of the following features: a width L4 of 3 to 4.5 mm, optionally 3.3 to 4 mm; a flat surface forming an angle with the horizontal in the direction of the axis of symmetry of the beverage can from 0 to 10°; and/or a flat surface having a length L2 of 0 to 2 mm.

5. The beverage can according to claim 1, wherein the shime has at least one of the following features: a height H2 of 5 to 20 mm, optionally 6 to 14 mm; a rectilinear section forming an angle with the horizontal of 30 to 40°; a diameter D4 at the beginning of the rectilinear section of 42 to 53 mm; a height H4 of the beginning of the rectilinear section of 1.5 to 4 mm, optionally 1.5 to 3.5 mm; and/or a length L1 of the rectilinear section from 0 to 13.5 mm.

6. The beverage can according to claim 1, wherein a connecting portion between the shime and the lower ring comprises at least one of: a radius R2 of 2 to 4 mm; and/or a radius R3 of 1 to 3 mm.

7. The beverage can according to claim 1, wherein a connecting portion between the lower ring and the rectilinear part of the dome comprises a radius R4 of 1 to 3 mm.

8. The beverage can according to claim 1, wherein the one or more concave deformations have at least one of the following features: a length L5 of 1 to 10 mm, optionally 1 to 5 mm; a number N from 4 to 36, optionally from 6 to 24; a width L3 of 2 to 4.5 mm, optionally 2.5 to 3.5 mm; a radius R5 of 2 to 4 mm; a radius R6 of 1 to 3 mm; a length L5 of 1 to 10 mm; a radius R7 of 0.5 to 4 mm; and/or a radius R8 of 0.5 to 20 mm.

9. The method for manufacturing a beverage can according to claim 1, comprising: providing an aluminium alloy, optionally AA3104, optionally in the metallurgical state H14 or H19, in the shape of a strip with a thickness of 180 to 230 μm, optionally 190 to 220 μm; cutting one or more discs comprising one or more blanks in the aluminium alloy strip; stamping and stretching the blanks to obtain a beverage can body, using tools adapted to form the beverage can; making a cover with another aluminium alloy, optionally AA5182; assembling the cover and a body of the beverage can to obtain a beverage can.

10. A tool for shaping the beverage can according to claim 1.

Description

FIGURES

[0033] FIG. 1 is a sectional diagram of a beverage can half-bottom. Reference 1 corresponds to the dome of the beverage can, reference 2 to the rectilinear part of the dome, reference 3 to the lower ring, reference 4 to the oblique edge of the bottom of the beverage can, called shime, reference 5 to the outer shoulder of the body of the beverage can and the reference 6 to the body of the beverage can.

[0034] FIG. 2 is a theoretical curve illustrating the increase in the height of the beverage can, measured at the lower ring, as a function of the internal pressure, that is to say the pressure inside the beverage can. Reference I corresponds to a stage of reversible deformation, reference II to a stage of non-reversible deformation, which could adversely affect the filling, stability or stackability of the beverage can, and reference III to a stage where the dome turns over. In stage III, the beverage can is then no longer stable, that is to say it can no longer stand upright, and it is no longer stackable.

[0035] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional diagram of a beverage can half-bottom illustrating the different stages of deformation as a function of the increase in internal pressure. The solid line (stage 0) corresponds to the undeformed beverage can. The dashed line corresponds to the limits of the bottom of the beverage can when transitioning from stage I to stage II in FIG. 2. The dotted line corresponds to the limits of the bottom of the beverage can when transitioning from stage II to stage III in FIG. 2. The reference “a” corresponds to the deformation of the dome, the reference “b” to the deformation of the oblique edge, and the reference “c” to the deformation of the lower ring.

[0036] FIG. 4 is a sectional diagram of a beverage can half-bottom according to the present invention, and in particular according to Example 1 below. In this figure, the references 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 are the same as those described in connection with FIG. 1 above. Reference 7 corresponds to the lower ring according to the present invention and reference 8 to a concave deformation of the lower ring (for example a rib).

[0037] FIG. 5 is a sectional diagram of a beverage can half-bottom according to the present invention, and in particular according to Example 1 below. In this figure, the reference D1 corresponds to the outer diameter of the beverage can, D2 to the stand diameter of the lower ring, on the outermost bearing point relative to the central axis of the dome, D3 to the outer diameter of the dome (=diameter of the rectilinear part of the dome), H1 to the depth of the dome, H2 to the height of the shime, H3 to the height of the rectilinear part of the dome, A1 to the angle of the rectilinear section of the shime relative to the horizontal, and R1 to the radius of the outer shoulder 5, which is convex, located in the connecting portion between the body 6 of the beverage can and the shime 4.

[0038] FIG. 6 is a sectional diagram of a beverage can half-bottom according to the present invention, and in particular according to Example 1 below. In this figure, the reference D4 corresponds to the diameter of the beginning of the rectilinear section of the shime, H4 to the height of the beginning of the rectilinear section of the shime, L1 to the width of the rectilinear section of the shime, A2 to the angle of the flat surface of the lower ring relative to the horizontal, L2 to the length of the flat surface of the lower ring, L3 to the minimum width of the lower ring within a concave deformation, and L4 to the width of the lower ring excluding the concave deformations. The widths L3 and L4 are defined at a height equal to half the height H4.

[0039] FIG. 7 is a sectional diagram of a beverage can half-bottom according to the present invention, and in particular according to Example 1 below. In this figure, the reference R2 corresponds to the concave radius, located in the connecting portion between the shime and the lower ring, excluding the concave deformations, before the radii R3 and R4 described below, R3 to the convex radius, located in the connecting portion between the shime and the lower ring, excluding the concave deformations, between the radii R2 described above and R4 described below, R4 to the convex radius, located in the connecting portion between the lower ring and the rectilinear part of the dome, after the radii R2 and R3 described above, R5 to the concave radius, located in the connecting portion between the shime and the lower ring, within the concave deformations, before the radii R6 described below and R4 described above, and R6 to the convex radius, located in the connecting portion between the shime and the lower ring, within the concave deformations, between the radii R5 and R4 described above.

[0040] FIG. 8 is a diagram of a concave deformation viewed from below. In this figure, the references 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 are the same as those described in connection with FIG. 1 above. References 7 and 8 are the same as those described in connection with FIG. 4 above. Reference 9 corresponds to the curved section of the connection area between the interior of a concave deformation and an area without concave deformation, along a horizontal section at a height equal to half the height H4.

[0041] FIG. 9 is a diagram of a concave deformation seen from below. In this figure, the reference L5 corresponds to the length of the concave deformation 8, R7 to the concave radius of the curved section 9, and R8 to the convex radius of the curved section 9. The references L3 and L4 are the same as those described in connection with FIG. 6 above.

[0042] FIG. 10 is a sectional diagram of a beverage can half-bottom according to the present invention, and in particular according to Example 1 below. In this example, an additional shaping operation for reforming the dome was applied, as currently practiced on a number of commercial beverage can formats, and so that the rectilinear part of the dome 2 is transformed with an axisymmetric concave deformation 10.

[0043] FIG. 11 is a three-dimensional diagram of a cross section of a beverage can bottom according to the present invention, and in particular according to Example 1 below. In this figure, the references 1, 2 and 4 to 9 are the same as those described in connection with FIG. 8 above.

[0044] FIG. 12 is a curve showing the increase in height of the beverage can (generally expressed in mm), measured at the highest point when the beverage can is positioned upside down, that is to say when the dome is up, as a function of the internal pressure (generally expressed in bars), that is to say the pressure inside the beverage can. It illustrates the results of numerical simulations for calculating the overturning pressure for several beverage cans, as explained in the examples below. The abscissa axis is not expressed in bars but in standardised values, the value 1 corresponding to the value of the overturning pressure of the reference preform C1, which is the purpose that the present invention seeks to achieve at least at 100%. This target is represented by the grey vertical line. The ordinate axis is not expressed in mm but in standardised values, the value 1 corresponding to the can height of the reference preform C1 when it is overturned.

[0045] FIG. 13 is a curve showing the increase in vertical force (usually expressed in newtons (N)), applied to the upper part of the beverage can during the axial strength test, as a function of the vertical displacement (usually expressed in mm). It illustrates the results of numerical simulations of calculation of the axial resistance of the bottom, corresponding to the inflection point of the curve, characterising the end of the linear section. The abscissa and ordinate axes are not expressed in mm and in N respectively, but in standardised values, the values 1 corresponding to the vertical displacement and vertical force values representing the axial resistance of the reference beverage can C1. The grey horizontal line corresponds to the value of 900 N (200 lbs) discussed above in the description, which is the objective that the present invention seeks to exceed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0046] In the description, unless otherwise indicated: [0047] the designation of aluminium alloys conforms to the nomenclature established by The Aluminum Association; [0048] the contents of chemical elements are indicated in % and represent mass fractions, unless otherwise indicated.

[0049] According to the present invention, the term “convex” means oriented outwardly of the beverage can.

[0050] According to the present invention, the term “concave” means oriented inwardly of the beverage can.

[0051] The beverage can according to the present invention allows to compensate for the loss of resistance to internal pressure due to a decrease in the thickness of the aluminium alloy sheet from which the beverage can is made.

[0052] In general, with current methods, the maximum internal pressure that a beverage can undergoes during its manufacturing and life cycle is considered to be approximately 6.2 bar (90 psi). Also, it is desirable for the overturning pressure to be greater than 6.2 bars, that is to say of the same order of magnitude as that of the reference beverage can (C1 in the examples below) existing on the market. The overturning pressure is the pressure at which the dome of the bottom of the beverage can is overturned. This overturn is irreversible and prevents the stability and stacking of the beverage cans on top of each other.

[0053] In addition to the resistance to internal pressure, a beverage can is also preferably resistant to the axial loading (vertical force) which occurs during the various shaping operations of the shrinkage and the vertical section of the dome, as well as during filling and crimping of the cover. It is considered, with the current methods, that the beverage can body must withstand an axial force (vertical force) greater than approximately 900 N (that is to say 200 lbs), without having any damage to the bottom of the beverage can, or to the side wall. It is generally considered that this value of 900 N represents approximately 85% of the resistance of the reference beverage can (C1 in the examples below) existing on the market.

[0054] The beverage can according to the present invention compensates for the loss of strength due to the decrease in thickness of the aluminium alloy sheet from which the beverage can is made. In general, the beverage can according to the present invention allows to limit the deformation of the bottom of the beverage can, and in particular of the dome, of the lower ring and the shime, in stage II and to push stage III (dramatic deformation) to pressure levels higher than those requested by customers, generally 6.2 bars.

[0055] The solution proposed according to the present invention comprises the combination of three features having a synergistic effect: [0056] reduction of the outer diameter of the dome; [0057] increase in the width of the lower ring; [0058] addition of concave deformations (for example notches or ribs) at the lower ring.

[0059] A first object according to the present invention is a beverage can based on an aluminium alloy, preferably for a carbonated beverage, comprising: [0060] a body 6 of cylindrical shape having an outer diameter D1; [0061] a bottom in the shape of a concave dome 1 having a depth H1 at its centre, an outer diameter D3 and a rectilinear part 2 of height H3; [0062] a convex lower ring 7 having a stand diameter D2 and a flat surface of width L2; [0063] an outer shoulder 5 having a radius R1; [0064] a shime 4 connecting the outer shoulder 5 and the lower ring 7; [0065] characterised in that the thickness of the dome sheet is 180 to 230 μm, preferably 190 to 220 μm;

[0066] and in that the outer diameter D3 of the concave dome 1 is 36 to 44 mm, preferably 37 to 43 mm;

[0067] and in that the width of the lower ring L4 is 3 to 4.5 mm, preferably 3.3 to 4 mm; and in that the lower ring comprises concave deformations 8, distributed at regular intervals along the lower ring 7.

[0068] Preferably, the outer diameter D1 of the body 5 of the beverage can according to the present invention is 50 to 75 mm, preferably 55 to 70 mm.

[0069] Preferably, the radius R1 of the shoulder is 2 to 5 mm.

[0070] Preferably, the dome 1 of the beverage can according to the present invention has at least one of the following features: [0071] a diameter D2 of the lower ring 3 is 39 to 47 mm, preferably 40 to 46 mm; [0072] a depth H1 of 7 to 12 mm, preferably 8 to 11 mm; and/or [0073] a rectilinear part 2 of height H3 from 0 to 6 mm, preferably from 1.5 to 4 mm.

[0074] Preferably, the lower ring 7 of the beverage can according to the present invention has at least one of the following features: [0075] a width L4 of 3 to 4.5 mm, preferably 3.3 to 4 mm; [0076] a flat surface forming an angle A2 with the horizontal in the direction of the axis of symmetry of the beverage can from 0 to 10°; and/or [0077] a flat surface having a length L2 of 0 to 2 mm.

[0078] Regarding the lower ring, its geometry (for example its shape and diameter) can be optimised to improve performance depending on the intended applications. Likewise, the dimensions (for example height, width, radii of curvature) of the lower ring can also be optimised.

[0079] Preferably, the shime 4 of the beverage can according to the present invention has at least one of the following features: [0080] a height H2 of 5 to 20 mm, preferably 6 to 14 mm; [0081] a diameter D4 at the beginning of the rectilinear section of 42 to 53 mm; [0082] a height H4 at the beginning of the rectilinear section of 1.5 to 4 mm, preferably 1.5 to 3.5 mm; [0083] an angle A1 of the rectilinear section relative to the horizontal of 30 to 40°; and/or [0084] a length L1 of the rectilinear section from 0 to 13.5 mm.

[0085] Preferably, the connecting portion between the shime 4 and the lower ring 7 comprises at least one of: [0086] a radius R2 of 2 to 4 mm; and/or [0087] a radius R3 of 1 to 3 mm.

[0088] Preferably, the connecting portion between the lower ring 7 and the rectilinear part 2 of the dome 1 comprises a radius R4 of 1 to 3 mm.

[0089] Preferably, the concave deformations 8 of the beverage can according to the present invention have at least one of the following features: [0090] a width L3 of 2 to 4.5 mm, preferably 2.5 to 3.5 mm; [0091] a length L5 of 1 to 10 mm, preferably 1 to 5 mm; [0092] a radius R5 of 2 to 4 mm; [0093] a radius R6 of 1 to 3 mm; [0094] a length L5 of 1 to 10 mm; [0095] a radius R7 of 0.5 to 4 mm; [0096] a radius R8 of 0.5 to 20 mm; and/or [0097] a number N from 4 to 36, preferably from 6 to 24.

[0098] As regards the concave deformations, their shape and their number can be optimised according to the intended applications in order to gain in performance. In particular, the concave deformations extend generally and preferably beyond the lower ring in the connecting portion between the rectilinear section of the shime and the lower ring.

[0099] According to a common practice, the beverage can according to the present invention can, in certain cases, be subjected to a subsequent operation of reforming the dome, as described in FIG. 10. This modification of the profile of the bottom of the beverage can is generally carried out, on current beverage cans on the market, after application and curing of the varnishes, just like the shrinking operation in the upper part of the beverage can. It has a positive effect on the resistance to internal pressure, regardless of the features of the proposed solution.

[0100] A second object of the invention is a method for manufacturing a beverage can according to the present invention, comprising the following successive steps: [0101] providing an aluminium alloy, for example AA3104, for example in the metallurgical state H14 or H19, in the shape of a strip with a thickness of 180 to 230 μm, preferably 190 to 220 μm; [0102] cutting discs called blanks in the aluminium alloy strip; [0103] stamping and stretching the blanks to obtain a beverage can body, using tools adapted to form the beverage can as described in the present application; [0104] making a cover with another aluminium alloy, for example AA5182; [0105] assembling the cover and the body of the beverage can to obtain a beverage can.

[0106] A third object of the invention is a tool for shaping the beverage can according to the present invention.

[0107] As regards the manufacture of the beverage can according to the present invention, the person skilled in the art will know how to adapt the tools and parameters for shaping the bottom of the beverage can according to the present invention.

[0108] The metal used for the manufacture of beverage cans can be any aluminium alloy known to the person skilled in the art suitable for this application. For example, an AA3104 type alloy can be used. The metallurgical state of the aluminium alloy can be adapted depending on the particular application. For example, the metallurgical state can be H14, H16 or H19, as described in standard EN515 (June 1993).

Examples

[0109] For the purpose of illustrating the present invention, several preforms beverage cans were evaluated for their overturning pressure and their can height increase as a function of internal pressure. The preforms correspond to the beverage can just after the initial shaping of the bottom, without taking into account the subsequent steps of reforming the dome. The metal of the beverage cans was AA3104 aluminium alloy in an H19 metallurgical state.

[0110] To determine the overturning pressure, the height of the beverage can, measured from the base of the lower ring to the top of the beverage can must be monitored according to the internal pressure. These measurements allow to plot a curve such as that shown in FIG. 12. In this figure, the reference C1 corresponds to a reference beverage can having a conventional geometry as illustrated in FIG. 1 and a dome sheet thickness of 240 μm. The reference C2 corresponds to a reference beverage can having a conventional geometry as illustrated in FIG. 1 but with a dome sheet thickness of 220 μm. The stand diameter of C1 and C2 is 57 mm. The reference C3 corresponds to the beverage can C2 but with a stand diameter of 43 mm, a height H1 of 9.35 mm so as to avoid breaking in the rectilinear part 2 of the dome during shaping, and a height H2 of 10.5 mm so that the angle A1 is kept identical to that of C1. The reference C4 corresponds to the beverage can C3 but with a width L4 of the lower ring of 3.7 mm. The references C1 to C4 are not in accordance with the present invention. The beverage can C5 is in accordance with the present invention and corresponds to the beverage can C4 but with N=18 concave deformations (ribs) distributed along the lower ring and a lower ring comprising a flat surface.

[0111] Table 1 below gives the different features of the beverage can C5.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Example 1 Id unit Name (C5) A1 ° Angle of the straight section of the shime 34 A2 ° Angle of the flat surface of the bottom ring 0 D1 mm Outer diameter of the beverage can 66 D2 mm Stand diameter of the lower ring 43 D3 mm Outer diameter of the dome 39.6 D4 mm Diameter of the beginning of the rectilinear 49.4 section of the shime H1 mm Depth of the dome 9.35 H2 mm Height of the shime 10.5 H3 mm Height of the rectilinear part of the dome 2 H4 mm Height of the beginning of the rectilinear 3.2 section of the shime L1 mm Length of the straight section of the shime 6.5 L2 mm Length of the flat surface of the ring 0.7 L3 mm Min width of the lower ring at a concave 3.1 deformation L4 mm Width of the lower ring excluding concave 3.7 deformations L5 mm Length of a concave deformation 2.4 N Number of concave deformations 18 R1 mm Radius of the outer shoulder 3.7 R2 mm First radius between shime and lower ring 3 excluding concave deformation R3 mm Second radius between shime and lower ring 1.75 excluding concave deformation R4 mm Radius between lower ring and rectilinear 1.5 part of the dome R5 mm First radius between shime and lower ring at 2.9 a concave deformation R6 mm Second radius between shime and lower ring 1.75 at a concave deformation R7 mm Inner radius of a concave deformation 1.2 R8 mm Outer radius of a concave deformation 0.9

[0112] The evaluation of the overturning pressure and of the increase in the height of the can as a function of the internal pressure was carried out using finite element digital modelling with the commercial software “LS-Dyna”, version 10.1, developed by the company Livermore Software Technology Corporation. The modelling consisted of first drawing the three-dimensional shape of the different beverage can bottoms in Computer Aided Design. The three-dimensional geometries have been discretised according to a sufficiently fine finite element mesh so that it is possible to precisely simulate its mechanical behaviour. The boundary conditions were applied to simulate the behaviour of the preform as a whole during internal pressure resistance and axial force resistance tests.

[0113] Regarding the test of resistance to internal pressure, the calculation was controlled with a constant gas flow increment, allowing to simulate: [0114] the resulting internal pressure, and [0115] the displacement of the various points of the bottom under this internal pressure.

[0116] By combining these two variables, it was possible to plot the curves, for each of the cans tested, giving the increase in the height of the beverage can as a function of the internal pressure, normalised respectively by the pressure and the height of the beverage can when the reference C1 is overturned. FIG. 12 corresponds to a monotonic increase in internal pressure, until the dome turns over.

[0117] Regarding the test of resistance to the axial force, the calculation was controlled with an increment of vertical displacement of the upper end of the can body, allowing to simulate: [0118] the resulting axial force, and [0119] the displacement of the various points of the bottom under this axial force.

[0120] By combining these two variables, it was possible to plot the curves, for each of the cans tested, giving the resulting axial force on the upper end of the beverage can as a function of the applied displacement, normalised respectively by the force and the displacement during the inflection of the curve of the reference C1. FIG. 13 corresponds to a monotonic increase in displacement, up to the inflection of the curve then the collapse of the bottom at maximum force.

[0121] The results obtained in terms of the beverage can overturning pressure and the inflection of the curve of the axial force as a function of the axial displacement, characterising the resistance to the axial force of the beverage can bottom, are given in FIGS. 12 and 13 and in Table 2 below.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Normalised Normalised overturning resistance pressure to axial force Features compared to C1 compared to C1 C1 Reference bearing Diam. 57 mm 1 1 (sheet thickness 240 μm) C2 Reference bearing Diam. 57 mm 0.94 0.84 (sheet thickness 220 μm) C3 Bearing Diam. 43 mm (sheet 1.06 0.83 thickness 220 μm) C4 Bearing Diam. 43 mm + 1.05 0.83 enlarged lower ring (sheet thickness 220 μm) C5 Example 1 1 0.94 (sheet thickness 220 μm)

[0122] According to the curves of FIGS. 12 and 13 and Table 2 above, the beverage can according to the present invention allows to counterbalance the negative effects of a reduction in thickness of the initial sheet and therefore of the sheet of the dome (beverage can C2) on the overturning pressure and the axial resistance of the beverage can, and to find a good compromise compared to the values obtained with the reference beverage can C1, namely of the same order of magnitude for the resistance to the internal pressure and more than 85% of the axial resistance. It should be noted that FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate the synergistic effect of the combination between the decrease in the diameter of the lower ring, the widening of the lower ring and the presence of concave deformations in the lower ring. Indeed, a satisfactory compromise between overturning pressure and resistance to axial force can only be obtained by combining the three features together. The combination of only two elements together is not enough (see curves C4).