Laser device

Abstract

A laser device is provided that includes an element made of laser-active material and a cladding element bonded to the element so as to allow heat exchange by heat conduction between the cladding element and the element. The laser-active material emitting laser light when excited by pump light. The element being made of a glass. The cladding element being made of a material that exhibits an absorption coefficient for the pump light that is lower than a corresponding absorption coefficient of the glass. The element and cladding element being configured so that the pump light can be directed through the cladding element into the element and/or so that the pump light can be directed through the element into the cladding element.

Claims

1. A laser device comprising: an element made of laser-active material that emits laser light when excited by pump light, wherein the element is made of a glass; and a cladding element bonded to the element so as to allow heat exchange by heat conduction between the cladding element and the element, wherein the cladding element is made of a material that comprises phosphate crown glass or phosphate dense crown glass and exhibits an absorption coefficient for the pump light that is lower than a corresponding absorption coefficient of the element, and wherein the element and cladding element are configured so that the pump light is directed through the cladding element into the element and/or so that the pump light is directed through the element into the cladding element.

2. The laser device of claim 1, further comprising a difference in refractive indices of the material of the cladding element and the glass of the element that is less than 0.1.

3. The laser device of claim 1, further comprising a difference in refractive indices of the material of the cladding element and the glass of the element that is less than 0.05.

4. The laser device of claim 1, further comprising a difference in refractive indices of the material of the cladding element and the glass of the element that is less than 0.002.

5. The laser device of claim 1, wherein the cladding element has a thermal conductivity greater than that of air or of a protective gas.

6. The laser device of claim 1, wherein the cladding element has a thermal conductivity greater than that of the element.

7. The laser device of claim 1, wherein the element is doped with ions of one or more of elements selected from a group consisting of erbium, ytterbium, neodymium, chromium, cerium, and titanium.

8. The laser device of claim 1, wherein the cladding element is not doped with and does not contain laser light emitting ions or pump light absorbing ions.

9. The laser device of claim 1, wherein the material of the cladding element comprises fluorine ions.

10. The laser device of claim 1, wherein the material of the cladding element comprises a fluorine phosphate glass.

11. The laser device of claim 1, wherein the cladding element exhibits a laser damage threshold higher than that of the element.

12. The laser device of claim 1, further comprising a difference between thermal expansion coefficients of the material of the cladding element and the glass of the element that is less than 20%.

13. The laser device of claim 1, further comprising a difference between thermal expansion coefficients of the material of the cladding element and the glass of the element that is less than 10%.

14. The laser device of claim 1, wherein the cladding element is bonded to the element by optical contact bonding or by optical bonding or by anodic bonding.

15. The laser device of claim 1, wherein the cladding element further comprises a coating.

16. The laser device of claim 1, wherein the cladding element further comprises an anti-reflection coating.

17. The laser device of claim 1, wherein the element has a coating on a side facing away from the cladding element, the coating rendering the element at least partially reflective for the laser light or for the pump light or for both.

18. A laser device comprising: an element made of laser-active material that emits laser light when excited by pump light, wherein the element is made of a glass; and a cladding element bonded to the element by anodic bonding so as to allow heat exchange by heat conduction between the cladding element and the element, the cladding element being made of a material that comprises fluorine ions or comprises a fluorine phosphate glass and exhibits an absorption coefficient for the pump light that is lower than a corresponding absorption coefficient of the element, and wherein the element and cladding element are configured so that the pump light is directed through the cladding element into the element and/or so that the pump light is directed through the element into the cladding element.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to the accompanying figures in which the same reference numerals designate the same or equivalent elements, and wherein

(2) FIG. 1 shows a schematic drawing of a laser device according to the invention comprising two cladding elements;

(3) FIG. 2 shows a schematic drawing of a laser device according to the invention comprising one cladding element;

(4) FIG. 3 shows a schematic drawing of an alternative laser device according to the invention comprising one cladding element;

(5) FIG. 4 shows a schematic drawing of a laser device according to the invention comprising a mirror, a metallic heat sink, and a cladding element;

(6) FIG. 5 shows a schematic drawing of a laser device according to the invention comprising a dichroic mirror and two cladding elements;

(7) FIG. 6 shows a schematic drawing of an alternative laser device according to the invention comprising a dichroic mirror and two cladding elements; and

(8) FIG. 7 shows a schematic drawing of a laser device according to the invention comprising two dichroic mirrors and two cladding elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(9) Each of FIGS. 1 to 7 schematically shows an exemplary embodiment of a laser device 1 according to the invention. In each case, the laser device 1 comprises an element 3 made of laser-active material, a pump light source (not shown) which emits pump light X, a laser light source (not shown) which emits laser light Y, and a resonator (not shown).

(10) The element 3 made of laser-active material, preferably glass, more preferably phosphate glass, most preferably doped phosphate glass, emits laser light Y when being excited by pump light X.

(11) FIG. 1 shows a laser device 1 in which the element 3 made of laser-active material is bonded to a first cladding element 5 on the pump light input side 4 and to a second cladding glass element 7 on the laser light exit side 6 of the element 3 made of laser-active material, so that heat exchange by heat conduction is made possible between the cladding elements 5, 7 and the element 3 made of laser-active material. In particular, the heat generated in the element 3 made of laser-active material is dissipated via cladding elements 5 and 7.

(12) The laser device 1 of FIG. 1 is designed such that the pump light X can be directed through the first cladding element 5 and into the element 3 made of laser-active material, and such that the pump light X can be directed through the element 3 made of laser-active material and into the second cladding element 7.

(13) In the exemplary embodiments, the cladding elements 5, 7 are preferably made of glass.

(14) The glasses of cladding elements 5, 7 and of the element 3 made of laser-active material differ in that the cladding element 5 or 7 exhibits an absorption coefficient for the pump light X, which is lower than the corresponding absorption coefficient of the element 3 made of laser-active material. Thus, the laser device 1 allows for an undisturbed conduction of the laser light Y.

(15) According to one embodiment, the element 3 made of laser-active material has the shape of a disk. The energy required for the generation of the laser light Y may be obtained by passing the pump light X through the laser disk several times, the disk usually having a thickness between 0.5 mm and 500 mm, preferably between 1 mm and 30 mm, more preferably between 1.5 and 15 mm.

(16) In order to be effective as a heat sink, the cladding element 5 and 7 advantageously exhibits a greater thermal conductivity than air or than a protective gas. As a result, the heat is dissipated away from the element 3 made of laser-active material.

(17) The cladding element 5 and 7 is thermally particularly advantageous if it exhibits at least a similar or preferably a higher heat capacity than the element 3 made of laser-active material.

(18) For optimum bonding between the cladding element 5 or 7 and the element 3 made of laser-active material, the glasses of the cladding element 5 or 7 and of the element 3 made of laser-active material, i.e. the laser glass, advantageously have similar thermal expansion coefficients, preferably the difference is less than 20%, more preferably less than 10%.

(19) In order to guarantee transparency for the laser light, the refractive index is preferably similar, that is to say a difference between the refractive indices of the glasses of the cladding element 5 and 7 and of the element 3 made of laser-active material is preferably less than 0.1, more preferably less than 0.05, and most preferably less than 0.002.

(20) Advantageously, the cladding element 5 or 7 is bonded to the element made of laser-active material by optical bonding, in particular using an adhesive matched in the refractive index, preferably a two-component epoxy adhesive, or by anodic bonding, or by optical contact bonding.

(21) With regard to thermal conductivity, the coefficient of thermal expansion, and the refractive index of the one or more cladding element(s) 5, 7 and of the element 3 made of laser-active material as well as their bonding, the laser devices 1 of FIGS. 2 through 7 are preferably configured similarly as in FIG. 1.

(22) The laser device 1 of FIG. 2 is configured such that the pump light X can be directed through the element 3 made of laser-active material and into a cladding element 7, and the element 3 made of laser-active material is bonded to the cladding element 7 on its laser light exit side 6.

(23) FIG. 3 shows an alternative exemplary embodiment of the laser device 1 according to the invention, in which, unlike in FIG. 2, an element 3 made of laser-active material is bonded to a cladding element 5 on the pump light input side 4 of the element 3 made of laser-active material. Thus, the laser device 1 of FIG. 3 is configured such that the pump light X can be directed through the cladding element 5 and into the element 3 made of laser-active material, and the laser light Y exits from the element 3 made of laser-active material on the opposite side, i.e. laser light exit side 6.

(24) FIG. 4 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a laser device 1 according to the invention, in which an element 3 made of laser-active material is directly bonded to a mirror 9 on a side facing away from the pump light input side 4 of the element 3 made of laser-active material, and to an additional metallic heat sink 11 adjacent to the mirroring face. On the pump light input side 4 of the element 3 made of laser-active material, which, because of the mirror 9, is at the same time the laser light exit side 6 of the element 3 made of laser-active material, the element 3 made of laser-active material is bonded to a cladding element 5. Thus, the laser device 1 of FIG. 4 is designed such that the pump light X can be directed through the cladding element 5 and into the element 3 made of laser-active material, and such that the laser light Y is deflected by the mirror 9 and can be directed through the element 3 made of laser-active material and through and out of the cladding element 5.

(25) The additional metallic heat sink 11 is a spatially limited area or body which dissipates or transfers thermal energy stored therein or supplied thereto to an adjacent medium.

(26) Adjacent media may be solid objects, liquids or gases.

(27) In the case of a disk geometry of the element 3 made of laser-active material, the better cooling of the laser crystal is advantageous. If the thickness of the disk is smaller than the diameter thereof, heat dissipation occurs almost exclusively via the base surface of the disk. Thus, a temperature gradient is found almost exclusively perpendicular to the disk surface, but not in the plane of the disk. This leads to a reduction of the mechanical stresses arising during operation as a result of thermal expansion of the disk, which in other high-power solid-state lasers may have an adverse effect on beam quality or focusability.

(28) FIG. 5 shows an exemplary embodiment of a laser device 1 according to the invention, in which an element 3 made of laser-active material is directly bonded to a dichroic mirror 13 on the pump light input side 4 of the element 3 made of laser-active material, which dichroic mirror is transparent to the pump light X and reflective to the laser light Y, and in which a first cladding element 5 is provided adjacent to the dichroic mirror 13. Furthermore, the element 3 made of laser-active material is bonded to a second cladding element 7 on the laser light exit side 6 of the element 3 made of laser-active material.

(29) Thus, the laser device 1 of FIG. 5 is designed such that the pump light X can be directed through the first cladding glass element 5 and through the dichroic mirror 13 and into the element 3 made of laser-active material, and such that the laser light Y can be directed through the element 3 made of laser-active material and into the second cladding element 7.

(30) FIG. 6 shows an exemplary embodiment of a laser device 1 according to the invention, in which an element 3 made of laser-active material is directly bonded to a first cladding element 5 and a dichroic mirror 13 adjacent thereto on the pump light input side 4, which dichroic mirror 13 is transparent to pump light X and reflective to laser light Y, and is bonded to a second cladding element 7 on the laser light exit side 6. Thus, the laser device 1 of FIG. 6 is configured such that the pump light X can be directed through the dichroic mirror 13 and through the cladding element 5 and into the element 3 made of laser-active material, and such that the laser light Y can be directed through the element 3 made of laser-active material and into the cladding element 7.

(31) FIG. 7 shows an exemplary embodiment of a laser device 1 according to the invention, in which an element 3 made of laser-active material is directly bonded to a first cladding element 5 on the pump light input side 4 of the element 3 made of laser-active material and to a dichroic mirror 13 adjacent thereto, which dichroic mirror 13 is transparent to pump light X and reflective to laser light Y, and is directly bonded to a second cladding element 7 and an adjacent dichroic mirror 15 on the laser light exit side 6 of the element 3 made of laser-active material, which dichroic mirror 15 is transparent to laser light Y and reflective to pump light X.

(32) Thus, the laser device 1 of FIG. 7 is configured such that the pump light X can be directed through the dichroic mirror 13 and the cladding element 5 and into the element 3 made of laser-active material, and such that the laser light Y can be directed through the element 3 made of laser-active material and into the cladding element 7 and the dichroic mirror 15.

(33) The laser devices 1 according to the invention preferably exhibit improved chemical resistance, in particular improved climate resistance and water resistance, compared to a simple phosphate-based laser glass.

(34) Climate resistance describes the behavior of optical glasses under high relative humidity and temperatures between 40° C. and 50° C. In sensitive glasses, blotchy haze may appear on the surface, which usually cannot be removed by wiping.

(35) For testing the glasses for climate resistance, a short-time procedure is employed, in which polished non-coated glass plates are exposed to an atmosphere saturated with water vapor under a temperature that changes every hour between 40° C. and 50° C. This creates a periodic alternation in moisture condensation on the glass surface and subsequent drying. After an exposure time of 30 hours, the glass plates are removed from the climatic chamber. The difference ΔH between transmission haze before and after the exposure is used as a measure for the surface changes that occurred in the form of blotchy haze. The measurements are carried out using a sphere hazemeter. The classification is based on the increase in transmission haze after 30 hours of exposure.

(36) The classification of optical glasses into climate resistance classes (CR), CR 1 through CR 4, is listed in Table 1 below.

(37) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Climate resistance class CR 1 2 3 4 ΔH <0.3% ≥0.3% to <1% ≥1% to <2% ≥2%

(38) Glasses of climate resistance class CR 1 do not show any visible degradation after 30 hours of exposure to climate alternation. Under the usual humidity conditions during processing and storage of optical glasses of class CR 1, degradation of the surface does not have to be expected. By contrast, processing and storage of class CR 4 glasses should be carried out with particular care, since these glasses are extremely sensitive to climatic influences.

(39) Table 2 below lists some glasses for the element 3 made of laser-active material, i.e. laser glasses, as well as glasses suitable for the one or more cladding element(s) 5, 7, and two crystals suitable for the one or more cladding element(s) 5, 7, together with their climate resistance (CR) class, their thermal conductivity, their thermal expansion coefficient, and their refractive index at selected laser wavelengths.

(40) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 Thermal Thermal expansion Laser Climate conduc- coefficient wave- resistance tivity (−30/+70° C./ Refractive Refractive length class (25° C.) 20-40° C.) index @ index @ Glass [nm] CR [W/mK] [10.sup.−7/° C.] 1054 nm 1535 nm LG940 1533 1-2 0.51 80.1 1.522 LG950 1534 4 0.63 108 1.515 LG760 1054 2 0.57 125 1.508 N-PK51 1 0.65 124 1.520 1.517 N-BK7 1 1.114 71 1.507 1.501 N-PSK3 3 0.99 62 1.541 1.536 Crystal BaF.sub.2 1 11.7 181 1.47 1.47 CaF.sub.2 1 9.7 185 1.43 1.43

(41) The glasses LG940 and LG950 are “eye-safe” phosphate laser glasses for 1.5 micrometer emission. These erbium-doped and ytterbium-doped phosphate glasses are intended for use in laser systems pumped by flash-lamps or diodes. They have very low refractive indices, good thermal properties and a very high emission cross section. Typical applications are laser distance measurements and medical lasers.

(42) LG940 from SCHOTT AG is an erbium-ytterbium-chromium-cerium-doped phosphate laser glass.

(43) LG950 from SCHOTT AG is a phosphate laser glass doped with erbium and ytterbium ions.

(44) The glass LG760 from SCHOTT AG is a phosphate-based laser glass for high-power applications to meet the requirements of high-power solid-state laser systems. It has a large cross section and a low nonlinear refractive index. Furthermore, it is free of metallic platinum particles and other inclusions which could cause damage to the laser.

(45) The phosphate crown glass N-PK51 from SCHOTT AG is a barium phosphate glass, the glass N-BK7 from SCHOTT AG is a borosilicate crown glass, and the phosphate dense crown glass N-PSK3 is also a barium phosphate glass from SCHOTT AG.

(46) Borosilicate crown glass has a particularly high thermal conductivity coefficient and is therefore particularly suitable for a cladding element 5 or 7 for a laser device 1 according to the invention.

(47) Thus, when bonded to an element 3 made of laser-active material, for example in the form of any one of the phosphate-based glasses listed in Table 2, the heat produced during operation of the laser device 1 can be removed particularly well from the element 3 made of phosphate laser glass.

(48) Furthermore, a desired transparency for the laser light Y is guaranteed by the similar refractive indices of the assembly consisting of cladding element 5 or 7 and the element 3 made of laser-active material.

(49) By virtue of the climate resistance class CR 1 of the borosilicate crown glass, this cladding element 5 or 7 is moreover capable of protecting, in a particularly effective way, an element 3 made of laser-active material and featuring a higher climate resistance class, such as LG950 or LG760, from detrimental climatic impacts.

(50) The cladding element 5 or 7 may quite well also be made of phosphate glass, provided it is not actively doped, in particular with laser light emitting ions or pump light absorbing ions. Thus, in particular a phosphate crown glass such as, e.g., N-PK51, comes into consideration as a cladding element 5 or 7 for dissipating particularly well the heat resulting during operation of the laser device 1, away from an element 3 made of phosphate laser glass, in particular a phosphate glass doped with laser ions, such LG940 or LG950.

(51) The cladding element 5 or 7 made of phosphate crown glass featuring climate resistance class CR 1 is also effective as a protection for the moisture-sensitive laser-active phosphate glasses of the element 3, such as LG940 or LG950.

(52) Thus, depending on the field of application, various combinations of the glasses mentioned in Table 2 are possible for the element 3 made of laser-active material and for the cladding element 5 or 7 for heat dissipation and optionally additional climate resistance.

(53) For optimum bonding between the at least one cladding element 5 or 7 and the element 3 made of laser-active material, the thermal expansion coefficients of the glasses of cladding element 5 and 7 and of the element 3 made of laser-active material, i.e. the laser glass, are advantageously similar. Preferably the difference is less than 20%, more preferably less than 10%. By way of example, a combination of the borosilicate crown glass N-BK7 as the cladding element 5 or 7 with the laser-active phosphate glass LG940 as the element 3 comes into consideration in this regard, or an assembly comprising the phosphate crown glass N-PK51 as the cladding element 5 or 7 and an element 3 made of LG760 or LG950.

(54) Crystals such as BaF.sub.2 or CaF.sub.2 may also be used as a cladding to constitute a non-laser-active heat sink. They exhibit very good thermal conductivity. However, refractive index and coefficient of thermal expansion differ significantly.

(55) It will be apparent to a person skilled in the art that the embodiments described above are given by way of example only, and that the invention is not limited thereto, rather they can be varied in various ways without departing from the scope of the claims.

(56) Furthermore, it will be apparent that the features, whether disclosed in the specification, in the claims, or in the figures, define essential components of the invention also individually, even if described in conjunction with other features.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS

(57) 1 Laser device 3 Element made of laser-active material 4 Pump light input side of element 3 5 (First) cladding element 6 Laser light exit side of element 3 7 (Second) cladding element 9 Mirror 11 Metallic heat sink 13 Dichroic mirror transparent to pump light X and reflective to laser light Y 15 Dichroic mirror transparent to laser light Y and reflective to pump light X X Pump light Y Laser light