PHOTOCURABLE RESIN COMPOSITION WITH LOW SHRINKAGE AND HIGH ACCURACY FOR USE IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Abstract

A photo-curable resin composition is suitable for the fabrication of 3D printed objects via digital light processing (DLP) or stereolithography (SLA). The photo-curable resin composition can provide 3D printed objects having lower volumetric shrinkage, high accuracy and favorable mechanical strength for dental application such as building models, implant templates, surgical guides, night guard/occlusal splints, dentures, clear aligners, and temporary restorations.

Claims

1. A photo-polymerizable resin composition used for the fabrication of 3D printed objects for dental application comprising: A) a photo-polymerizable structural monomer with ethylenically unsaturated groups; B) a photo-polymerizable diluent monomer; C) a photo-initiator for photo-polymerization; D) a light stabilizer/blocker; and E) optionally, an inhibitor; wherein the photo-curable resin when cured has a volumetric shrinkage of less than 8.5%.

2. The resin composition of claim 1, wherein the structural monomer comprises bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA), 2,2-Bis[4-(2-acryloxyethoxy)phenyl]propane (Bis- MEPP), 2,2-bis[4-(2-methacryloxyethoxy)phenyl]propane, ethoxylated bis phenol A dimethacrylate (EBPADMA) (having 2 to 30 units of ethoxylation), urethane dimethacrylate (FIT 852), urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), aliphatic urethane dimethacrylate (BR-952), poly(ethyleneglycol)(400) extended Urethane dimethacrylate (Exothane 9), isophorone urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA-IPDI), or combinations of two or more thereof

3. The resin composition of claim 1, wherein the structural monomer comprises EBPADMA having 2 to 6 units of ethoxylation.

4. The resin composition of claim 1, wherein the structural monomer comprises EBPADMA having 2 to 4 units of ethoxylation with BR-952 or BisGMA

5. The resin composition of claim 1, wherein the diluent monomer is selected from triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate (HDDMA), 1,10-decanediol dimethacrylate (D3MA), neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate (NPDMA), polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate such as poly(ethyleneglycol)(400) dirnethacqlate (PEG400DMA) and poly(ethylene glycol)(600) dimethacrylate (PEG-600DMA), isobornyl (meth)acrylate (IBOA and IBOMA), tricyclodecane dimethanol diacrylate), hexyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, or tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate (THFMA).

6. The resin composition of claim 1, wherein the photo-initiator is selected from bis(2,4,6- trimethybenzoyl)- phenylphosphine oxide, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl diphenylphosphine oxide, ethyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phenylphosphinate, benzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide, benzil dimethyl ketal, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 2-hydroxy-2- methylpropiophenone, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl propiophenone, or a combination of two or more thereof

7. The resin composition of claim 1, wherein the light stabilizer/blocker is selected from 2- hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2,4-dihydroxy benzophenone, 2,5-Bis(5-tert-butyl-2- benzoxazolyl)thiophene, or a combination of two or more thereof.

8. The resin composition of claim 1, comprising: i. about 70-95 wt.% of the structural monomer; ii. about 5-30 wt.% of the diluent monomer; iii. about 0.05-3 wt.% of the photo-initiator; and iv. about 0.005-2 wt.% of UV stabilizer/blocker.

9. The resin composition of claim 1, wherein the photo-curable resin when cured has 3D deviation of less than 75 μm.

10. The resin composition of claim 1, wherein the photo-curable resin when cured has flexural strength greater than 70 MPa.

11. The resin composition of claim 1, wherein the photo-curable resin when cured has tensile strength of 43 MPa or higher.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0012] Resin compositions and methods are provided for making 3D printed objects having low volumetric shrinkage and high accuracy. 3D printed objects can be made via vat polymerization processes, such as digital light processing (DLP) and stereolithography (SLA).

[0013] According to one embodiment, a resin composition for forming 3D printed objects comprises: A) at least one photo-polymerizable structural monomer with ethylenically unsaturated groups, B) at least one photo-polymerizable diluent monomer, C) at least one photo- initiator for photo-polymerization, D) at least one light stabilizer/blocker, and E) optionally, additives such as an inhibitor.

[0014] Structural monomers suitable for use in the resin compositions described herein provide the resin composition with a low volumetric shrinkage and good mechanical strength. Suitable resins may comprise, but are not limited to, a mono-, di-, or poly-functional (meth)acrylate such as bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA), 2,2-Bis[4-(2- acryloxyethoxy)phenyl]propane (Bis-MEPP), 2,2-bis[4-(2-methacryloxyethoxy)phenyl]propane, ethoxylated bis phenol A dimethacrylate (EBPADMA) (having 2 to 30 units of ethoxylation), urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), urethane monomer (FIT 852 from Esstech, Inc.), aliphatic urethane dimethacrylate (e.g., BR-952 from Bomar), poly(ethyleneglycol)(400) extended urethane dimethacrylate (e.g., Exothane 9 from Esstech, Inc.), isophorone urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA-IPDI), or combinations of one or more of the foregoing polymerizable monomers.

[0015] In some embodiments, the resin compositions described herein comprise ethoxylated bis phenol A dimethacrylate (EBPADMA) having 2 to 6 units of ethoxylation, or EBPADMA having 2 to 4 units of ethoxylation.

[0016] In some embodiments, the structural monomer(s) have/has the highest weight percent of the components in the resin composition. Structural monomers may comprise 70 wt% or more, such as from 70 wt% to 95 wt%, 75 wt% to 95 wt%, or 80 wt% to 90 wt%, of the total weight of the polymerizable resin composition that includes resins, initiators, and additives.

[0017] In some embodiments, a lower viscosity resin composition is preferred to obtain good handling properties and high accuracy for 3D printed objects. In these embodiments, a lower viscosity (meth)acrylate monomer is included as a diluent in the resin composition. Suitable lower viscosity diluent monomers include, but are not limited to, triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate (HDDMA), 1,10-decanediol dimethacrylate (D3MA), neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate (NPDMA), polyethylene glycol dimethacrylates, such as poly(ethyleneglycol)(400) dimethacrylate (PEG400DMA) and poly(ethylene glycol)(600) dimethacrylate (PEG600DMA), isobornyl (meth)acrylate (IBOA and IBOMA), tricyclodecane dimethanol diacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate and tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate (THFMA).

[0018] Diluent monomers may comprise 5 wt% or more, such as from 5 wt% to 30 wt%, 10 wt% to 20 wt%, or 10 wt% to 15wt%, of the total weight of the polymerizable resin composition that includes resins, initiators, and additives.

[0019] The photo-polymerizable resin composition contains a photo-initiator together with the above resin monomers to generate the free radicals to initiate the photo-polymerization. Photo initiators suitable for use in the resin compositions described herein include bis(2,4,6- trimethybenzoyl)-phenylphosphine oxide, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl diphenylphosphine oxide, ethyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phenylphosphinate; benzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide, benzil dimethyl ketal, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone, 2- hydroxy-2-methyl propiophenone; or a combination of one or more of the foregoing photo initators. In some embodiments, the amount of photo initiator may vary depending on the resin monomers. The concentration of the photo initiator is 0.05 wt% to 3 wt%, preferably 0.1 wt% to 2 wt %, or more preferably from 0.2 wt% to 0.8 wt%, based on the total weight of the polymerizable resin composition.

[0020] In some embodiment, a UV stabilizer/blocker is provided to the resin composition to control the curing process for the quality of printed objects and to prevent photo degradation. Suitable UV stabilizer/blockers include 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone; 2, 4-dihydroxy benzophenone; 2,5-bis(5-tert-butyl-2-benzoxazolyl)thiophene; or a combination of one or more of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the UV stabilizer/blocker contained in the resin composition comprises 0.005 wt% to 2 wt%, preferably 0.01 wt% to 1 wt %, or more preferably from 0.02 wt% to 0.6 wt%, based on the total weight of the polymerizable resin composition.

[0021] In some embodiments, other additive(s) may be provided that are useful in the 3D printing resin composition for some applications. Additives may include one or more of an inhibitor, fluorescent agents, colorants or pigments, and the like. In an embodiment, the resin composition may comprise an inhibitor such as 2,6-di-(tert-butyl)-4-methylphenol (BHT) or 4- methoxyphenol (MEHQ). In an embodiment, the resin composition may comprise fluorescent agents such as 7-hydroxycoumarin or 7-(2H-naphtho[1,2-d]triazol-2-yl)-3-phenylcoumarin. In an embodiment, the resin composition may comprise Lumilux Z-pigments.

[0022] Some advantages of the resin compositions described herein are further illustrated by the following Examples and Comparative Examples.

Test Methods

Volumetric Shrinkage

[0023] Volumetric Shrinkage (%) was measured by AcuVol (Bisco, Inc. Schaumburg, IL) according to the AcuVol testing procedure. Small, semi-spherical specimens (about 10-15 mg) of resin materials were manually formed. Place the cure gun about 2 mm from the specimen and do not move the gun during curing and light cured for 20 seconds with light intensity of about 1000 mW/cm.sup.2 (Bluephase Style, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Liechtenstein). The results of each resin material were obtained at 5 minutes after light-cured to make sure that there was no further shrinkage change from the observation of 2-3 minutes.

Accuracy

[0024] The full-arch models of resin materials were printed by DLP printing system (Asiga 3D printer, MAX UV 405 nm) with the 100 μm of layer thickness based on the designed digital model, washed and post-cured. The 3D-printed models were then scanned using a 3 Shape lab scanner (E3) (, Copenhagen, Denmark) to be compared with the original CAD digital model using GOM-Inspect software (GOM GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany). Accuracy was represented by 3D deviation between scanned 3D printed model and original CAD model.

Flexural strength (FS) and Flexural Modulus (FM)

[0025] Flexural strength and flexural modulus were determined by three-point bending method according to ISO-4049. The rectangular test specimens (thickness×width×length=2×2×25 mm, n=5) were printed from the resin materials. After 3D printing, the specimens were washed, post-cured, polished and tested under crosshead speed of 0.75 mm/min on an Instron 5564 universal testing machine. Flexural modulus was determined from the slope of the linear region of the stress-strain curve.

Tensile strength (TS)

[0026] The dumbbell-shaped specimens (Type V, n=5) were prepared by 3D printing and tested under crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min on a Shimadzu (AGS-X-10 KN-table top model) universal testing machine according to the ASTM-D638. The specimens were washed and post-cured before testing.

Examples

Abbreviations:

[0027] BR952—aliphatic urethane dimethacrylate

[0028] BisGMA—bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate

[0029] EBPADMA—ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate

[0030] TEGDMA—triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate

[0031] BAPO—phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide]

[0032] BO+−2,5-bis(5-tert-butyl-2-benzoxazolyl)thiophene

[0033] BHT -2,6-di-(tert-butyl)-4-methylphenol

[0034] UV-9-2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone

Preparation of Resin Composition and 3D Printed Objects

[0035] 3D printable resin compositions for Examples 1 through 4 were prepared with components in accordance with Table 1. Homogeneous resin mixtures were made by stirring resin monomers with the photo-initiator and other additives.

[0036] The resulting resin compositions were printed by DLP printing system (Asiga 3D printer, MAX UV 405 nm), washed and post-cured to form 3D printed objects.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Resin Compositions Amount (wt. %) Component Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 BR952 19.87 9.94 49.69 9.94 BisGMA 9.94 19.87 0 0 EBPADMA 59.62 59.62 39.75 79.50 TEGDMA 9.94 9.94 9.94 9.94 BAPO 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 BO+ 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 BHT 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 UV-9 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

[0037] 3D printed objects corresponding to the compositions of Examples 1-4 were evaluated for volumetric shrinkage, accuracy, flexural strength, flexural modulus and tensile strength, according to the methods described herein. The results of the evaluations are reported in Table 2. Comparative Examples 1 through 3 are commercially available 3D print resins as follows: Die and Model Tan (SprintRay, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.), Formlabs Grey Resin (Formlabs Inc., Somerville, Mass.), and LCD Grey (Roxel3D, Irvine, Calif.).

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Properties of Resin Materials Volumetric 3D deviation Flexural Flexural Tensile Shrinkage (μm) strength modulus strength (%) (Acurracy) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) Example 1 .sup. 7.52 ± 0.14.sup.d, e 47 81.6 ± 1.2 1784.9 ± 37.9 45.0 ± 0.8 Example 2 7.28 ± 0.18.sup.e 34 87.0 ± 4.0 2050.2 ± 61.9 45.5 ± 0.6 Example 3 8.09 ± 0.27.sup.d 48 72.2 ± 1.3 1554.2 ± 51.8 48.0 ± 1.2 Example 4 .sup. 7.60 ± 0.21.sup.d, e 41 71.9 ± 2.3 1554.9 ± 23.2 49.8 ± 3.3 Comp. Example 1 10.26 ± 0.37.sup.b  48 88.5 ± 2.8  2109.9 ± 105.1 56.3 ± 2.1 (Die and Model Tan, SprintRay) Comp. Example 2 11.2 ± 0.35.sup.a 53 63.4 ± 2.4 1446.9 ± 70.7 38.5 ± 0.4 (Formlabs Grey, Formlabs) Comp. Example 3 9.19 ± 0.21.sup.c 42 108.6 ± 2.5  2569.5 ± 84.2 59.1 ± 1.4 (LCD Grey, Roxel3D)

[0038] The data for volumetric shrinkage reported in Table 2 was analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p<0.05). Values in the same column with the same superscript (e.g., a, b, c, d or e) are not statistically different according to the statistical tests used.

[0039] Examples 1-4 showed a significantly lower volumetric shrinkage (7.28-8.09%) than the comparable commercial resin materials tested (9.19-11.2%). The 3D printable resin compositions described herein all comprise neat resins, meaning that they do not include any fillers (e.g., silica or barium silicate glass) that are typically included in flowable resin composites. Since 3D printable resins for most applications are typically neat resins without the incorporation of the foregoing fillers, the volumetric shrinkage is typically much higher than the flowable resin composites (with about 50-70 wt.% of filler loading) that are about 3-6% by AcuVol as reported, The resin compositions described herein provide neat resins having volumetric shrinkage of less than 9.0%, such as less than 8.5%, such as less than 8.0%, such as less than 7.5%, such as between 6.5% and 9.0%, such as between 7.0% and 8.5%, such as between 7.0% and 8.0%.

[0040] Accuracy contributes to the quality of 3D printed objects for various dental applications, especially for modeling used in restorative, orthodontic, and implant dental applications. The accuracy of 3D printed objects is affected by various factors such as resin composition and material properties, printing system, printing parameters, and post-processing. Since all of the objects prepared as examples and comparative examples were printed by the same DLP printing system and processing conditions, the accuracy will be strongly based on the printed resin materials. As a less than 150 μm and preferable less than 100 μm of the reported value on accuracy is generally desirable, all the resins (Examples 1-4 and Comparative Examples 1-3) exhibited a sufficiently low printing deviation (≤53 μm), especially Example 2 has the lowest value of 3D deviations.

[0041] The adequate mechanical properties are important not only for good printability with high accuracy but also for the clinical success of dental uses. Examples 1-4 showed higher flexural strength (FS) and flexural Modulus (FM) than Formlabs Grey resin and lower than LCD Gray resin (Roxel3D). Flexural properties (FS & FM) of Example 2 are similar to Die and Model Tan resin (SprintRay). Like flexural properties, LCD Gray resin has the highest tensile strength among these tested resins. The resin compositions described herein (Examples 1-4) all exhibited higher tensile strength than Formlabs Grey.