COMPOSITE 3D-PRINTED REACTORS FOR GAS ABSORPTION, PURIFICATION, AND REACTION

Abstract

A composite material for gas capture including CO.sub.2 capture and capture of other gases. The composite material includes solid or liquid reactive material, filler material, and a gas-permeable polymer coating such that the reactive material forms micron-scale domains in the filler material.

Claims

1. A reactor for removing a single gas or multiple gases from a gas stream containing the single gas or the multiple gases, comprising: an extruded composite; a filler in said extruded composite; units of sorbent material in said extruded composite with said filler; and a gas-permeable polymer coating layer around said extruded composite.

2. The reactor for removing a single gas or multiple gases from a gas stream containing the single gas or the multiple gases of claim 1 wherein said units of sorbent material are units of carbon dioxide stripping material.

3. The reactor for removing a single gas or multiple gases from a gas stream containing the single gas or the multiple gases of claim 1 wherein said units of sorbent material are units of stripping material for stripping other gasses than carbon dioxide.

4. The reactor for removing a single gas or multiple gases from a gas stream containing the single gas or the multiple gases of claim 1 wherein said units of sorbent material are liquid units of carbon dioxide stripping material.

5. The reactor for removing a single gas or multiple gases from a gas stream containing the single gas or the multiple gases of claim 1 wherein said units of sorbent material are liquid droplets of carbon dioxide stripping material encapsulated in capsules.

6. The reactor for removing a single gas or multiple gases from a gas stream containing the single gas or the multiple gases of claim 1 wherein said units of sorbent material are solid units of carbon dioxide stripping material.

7. The reactor for removing a single gas or multiple gases from a gas stream containing the single gas or the multiple gases of claim 1 wherein said units of sorbent material are solid droplets of carbon dioxide stripping material encapsulated in capsules.

8. The reactor for removing a single gas or multiple gases from a gas stream containing the single gas or the multiple gases of claim 1 wherein said extruded composite is a flat sheet of said extruded composite with said filler in said extruded composite, with said units of sorbent material in said extruded composite with said filler; and with said gas-permeable polymer coating layer around said extruded composite.

9. The reactor for removing a single gas or multiple gases from a gas stream containing the single gas or the multiple gases of claim 1 wherein said extruded composite is a rolled sheet of said extruded composite with said filler in said extruded composite, with said units of sorbent material in said extruded composite with said filler; and with said gas-permeable polymer coating layer around said extruded composite.

10. The reactor for removing a single gas or multiple gases from a gas stream containing the single gas or the multiple gases of claim 1 wherein said extruded composite forms filaments of said extruded composite with said filler in said filaments, with said units of sorbent material in said filaments with said filler; and with said gas-permeable polymer coating layer around said filaments and wherein said filaments form an entangled mass of filaments.

11. The reactor for removing a single gas or multiple gases from a gas stream containing the single gas or the multiple gases of claim 1 wherein said extruded composite forms filaments of said extruded composite with said filler in said filaments, with said units of sorbent material in said filaments with said filler; and with said gas-permeable polymer coating layer around said filaments and wherein said filaments form a layered mass of filaments.

12. The reactor for removing a single gas or multiple gases from a gas stream containing the single gas or the multiple gases of claim 1 wherein said extruded composite forms filaments of said extruded composite with said filler in said filaments, with said units of sorbent material in said filaments with said filler; and with said gas-permeable polymer coating layer around said filaments and wherein said filaments form a woven mass of filaments.

13. A reactor product that removes a single gas or multiple gases from a gas stream containing the single gas or the multiple gases, comprising: units of sorbent material; a gas-permeable polymer; and a composite material that is a mixture of said units of sorbent material and said gas-permeable polymer.

14. The reactor product that removes a single gas or multiple gases from a gas stream containing the single gas or the multiple gases of claim 13 wherein composite material that is a mixture of said units of sorbent material and said gas-permeable polymer is in the form of a web with openings.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate specific embodiments of the apparatus, systems, and methods and, together with the general description given above, and the detailed description of the specific embodiments, serve to explain the principles of the apparatus, systems, and methods.

[0013] FIG. 1 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of the inventor's apparatus, systems, and methods.

[0014] FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of the inventors' ink that can be used to create a monolith reactor.

[0015] FIG. 3 an embodiment of the inventor's 3D printing and otherwise manufacturing of a monolithic reactor is illustrated.

[0016] FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of the inventor's monolith reactor.

[0017] FIG. 5 illustrates spheres containing liquid stripping solvent for carbon dioxide removal.

[0018] FIG. 6 is an illustration of a system for making the spheres.

[0019] FIG. 7 illustrates another embodiment of the inventors' ink that can be used to create a monolith reactor.

[0020] FIG. 8 is an illustration of an additive manufacturing system for making an embodiment of the monolithic reactor.

[0021] FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a system utilizing the inventor's reactor for removing the target gas from a fluid or mixture and regenerating the reactor.

[0022] FIG. 10 illustrates another embodiment of the reactor.

[0023] FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of a reactor stack.

[0024] FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of the inventor's reactor with a coating layer.

[0025] FIG. 13 illustrates an embodiment of the inventor's reactor as a thin sheet rolled up.

[0026] FIG. 14 illustrates an embodiment of the inventor's reactor as a randomly entangled mass of filaments.

[0027] FIG. 15 illustrates an embodiment of the inventor's reactor as a thin sheet of porous mesh-like or lace-like structure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

[0028] Referring to the drawings, to the following detailed description, and to incorporated materials, detailed information about the apparatus, systems, and methods is provided including the description of specific embodiments. The detailed description serves to explain the principles of the apparatus, systems, and methods. The apparatus, systems, and methods are susceptible to modifications and alternative forms. The application is not limited to the forms disclosed. The application covers all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the apparatus, systems, and methods as defined by the claims.

[0029] The inventor's apparatus, systems, and methods provide a high-surface-area, hierarchically-structured, reactive composite material for energy-efficient gas purification and the techniques to fabricate this material. The hierarchy consists of, on the one hand, micron-scale domains of solvent or sorbent particles embedded within a gas-permeable polymer to form the composite material and, on the other hand, the submillimeter-scale structures that the composite materials form to create a monolith reactor. The reactor has channels for optimal gas flow and features sized for fast reaction with the gas. The structure optionally consists of hollow tubes where a second solvent, for heat exchange or additional chemical reaction, is flowed through the tube cores.

[0030] The reactor is fabricated by dispersing solid sorbents, solid precursors to liquid solvents, or microencapsulated liquid solvents within a 3D-printable, gas-permeable polymer, and then printing or otherwise shaping the mixture into reactor structures. The composite material may contain other reactive components, such as a pH-indicator dye to give visual indication of CO.sub.2 absorption. Various structures can be printed that have desired properties for gas flow, fit into desired reactor housings, or provide other benefits. Features at the centimeter or larger scale can be incorporated into the printed structure, such as a hierarchy of gas channel sizes. The inventors have shown that the resulting structures absorb CO.sub.2 much faster than comparable films of the liquid solvent, indicating much smaller and more efficient reactors are possible using the printed composite concept than with conventional technology. The CO.sub.2 absorption rates are higher for smaller filament sizes (which have higher surface area-to-volume ratios) and they approach or exceed the absorption rates for the microencapsulated solvents we have previously developed. Though the inventors' research focus is on CO.sub.2 capture and early demonstrations use sodium carbonate. This invention is widely applicable to other solvents, other reactions, and other applications involving gas purification or heterogeneous reactions involving a gas.

[0031] Several key innovations underpin the inventor's apparatus, systems, and methods:

[0032] 1. The method of preparing a gas-absorbing composite material, i.e. by mixing solid precursors to liquid solvents with a gas-permeable polymer precursor, cross-linking the polymer, and then hydrating the solid particles to form micro-scale solvent domains. This innovation is not specific to 3-D printing (it can be achieved by extrusion or other conventional manufacturing techniques), but it is specific to solvents that can be dispersed as solid powders and then re-hydrated, solid sorbents, or microencapsulated solvents.

[0033] 2. The concept of preparing and 3-D printing a gas-absorptive ink into a monolith reactor with beneficial gas-flow features. This innovation is not specific to liquid solvents and can be applied to absorptive or reactive powders that remain solid, such as metal-organic frameworks.

[0034] 3. The formation of a composite material as in concepts 1 or 2 into hollow-tube structures, where a second liquid is flowed through the center of the tubes for the purpose of heat exchange. The tubes can be printed with a Direct Ink Write 3-D printing system equipped with core-shell nozzles for printing hollow or liquid-filled tubes.

[0035] Referring now to the drawings, and in particular to FIG. 1, an embodiment of the inventor's apparatus, systems, and methods is shown. This embodiment is designated generally by the reference numeral 100. The inventor's apparatus, systems, and methods 100 provide a high-surface-area, hierarchically-structured, reactive composite material for energy-efficient gas purification and the techniques to fabricate this material. The hierarchy consists of, on the one hand, micron-scale domains of solvent or sorbent particles embedded within a gas-permeable polymer to form the composite material and, on the other hand, the submillimeter-scale structures that the composite materials form to create a monolith reactor. The reactor has channels for optimal gas flow and features sized for fast reaction with the gas. The structure optionally consists of hollow tubes where a second solvent, for heat exchange or additional chemical reaction, is flowed through the tube cores.

[0036] A flow chart illustrates the inventor's apparatus, systems, and methods 100. The flow chart illustrates a number of individual steps that encompass the inventor's apparatus, systems, and methods 100.

[0037] Step 102 comprises selecting the sorbents. For example, the sorbents can be mixing solid precursors to liquid solvents with a gas-permeable polymer precursor, cross-linking the polymer, and then hydrating the solid particles to form micro-scale solvent domains.

[0038] Step 104 comprises dispersing the sorbent material within a 3D printable gas permeable polymer. The inventor's apparatus, systems, and methods are not specific to liquid solvents and can be applied to absorptive or reactive powders that remain solid, such as metal-organic frameworks.

[0039] Step 106 comprises 3-D printing and shaping the sorbent material within a 3D printable gas permeable polymer into a monolith reactor with beneficial gas-flow features. The inventor's apparatus, systems, and methods are limited to specific to 3-D printing (it can be achieved by extrusion or other conventional manufacturing techniques), but it is specific to solvents that can be dispersed as solid powders and then re-hydrated, solid sorbents, or microencapsulated solvents.

[0040] Step 108 comprises curing the monolith reactor by thermal treatment.

[0041] Referring now to FIG. 2, one embodiment of the inventors' ink that can be used to create a monolith reactor is shown. This embodiment of the inventors' ink is designated by the reference numeral 200. The ink 200 includes sodium carbonate particles 202 in uncured silicone oil 204. The sodium carbonate particles 202 were produced by milling solid sodium carbonate to a fine powder of ˜10-micron average diameter. The sodium carbonate particles 202 were then mixed with an uncured silicone oil 204, for example (e.g. Dow Corning® SE1700) via planetary mixing. The resulting ink 200 was supplied to a Direct Ink Write device for 3-D printing into desired structures. The completed structure was then cured. The sodium carbonate particles 202 can be considered solid particles for some operations and the sodium carbonate particles 202 can become liquid units when the sodium carbonate is exposed to moisture.

[0042] Referring now to FIG. 3, an embodiment of the inventor's 3D printing and otherwise manufacturing of a monolithic reactor is illustrated. As illustrated in FIG. 3, extruded material 304 is deposited on a surface 310 to be printed by print head 302. For example, the extruded material 304 can be composed of the ink illustrated in FIG. 2.

[0043] The print head 302 extrudes the material 304 onto the surface 310. Movement of the print head 302 is controlled by computer controller 308 which provides freedom of movement along all axes as indicated by the arrows 309. The instructions for creating the reactor 312 is fed to the computer controller 308. The computer controller 308 uses the instructions to move the print head 302 through a series of moments along the surface 310 forming the reactor 312.

[0044] Referring now to FIG. 4 an embodiment of the inventor's monolith reactor is illustrated. This embodiment is designated generally by the reference numeral 400. The reactor 400 has channels 402 for optimal gas flow and features sized for fast reaction with the gas. The structure can also be optionally constructed to consist of hollow tubes where a second solvent, for heat exchange or additional chemical reaction, is flowed through the tube cores.

[0045] As illustrated in FIG. 4, individual channels 402 are made by the shape of the structure 404. The structure is made of micron-scale domains of solvent and/or sorbent particles embedded within a gas-permeable polymer to form the monolith reactor. The structure 404 includes gas-permeable particles 406 and a solvent matrix 408. This an embodiment 400 of the inventor's monolith reactor is a lattice like structure. The physical dimensions can be varied by length, width, and height. A smaller filament size yields a higher surface to volume ratio and faster CO.sub.2 absorption rates.

[0046] The inventors' ink that is used to create a monolith reactor includes solid or liquid reactive filler and a gas-permeable polymer, such that the reactive filler forms micron-scale domains in the polymer matrix. The solid particle reactive filler is illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 4.

[0047] Referring now to FIG. 5, one embodiment of the inventors' liquid reactive filler is illustrated. The inventors' liquid reactive filler utilizes individual spheres that are capsules with liquid stripping solvents for absorbing CO.sub.2 encapsulated within the capsules. One of the capsules 500 is shown in FIG. 5. The capsule 500 has a polymer surface layer 504 that is permeable to carbon dioxide. A liquid stripping solvent 502 for absorbing CO.sub.2 is encapsulated within the polymer surface layer 504 of the spheres 500.

[0048] Referring now to FIG. 6, a system for making the spheres is illustrated. The system for making the spheres is designated generally by the reference numeral 600. The individual spheres have a polymer surface layer that is permeable to carbon dioxide and have liquid stripping solvents for absorbing carbon dioxide encapsulated within the polymer surface layer and inside the spheres.

[0049] One specific example of a system for making the spheres is shown in FIG. 6. The schematically illustrated method 600 is composed of the following items. An injection tube 602 with a ID (um) and OD 1000 (um), a collection tube 604 with an ID of 500 (um) and OD 1000 (um) and an outer tube 606 of square cross section with ID of 1000 (um) and ID of 1200 (um).

[0050] In operation, the inner fluid 610 (Monoethanolamine/H.sub.2O) with a viscosity of 10-50 (cP) and a flow rate of 200-800 (uLh-1) flows in the injection tube 602 in the direction indicated by the inner fluid arrow. As this fluid proceeds it passes thru a droplet forming nozzle 624. The formed droplet 626 is released from the nozzle 602 and becomes encased in the middle fluid 612 (Norland Optical Adhesive Pre-polymer) with a viscosity of 10-50 (cP) and flow rate of 200-800 (uLh-1), the middle fluid 612 is flowing in the direction indicated by arrow 616. The inner fluid droplet 626 becomes encased in the middle fluid 612 forming encapsulated microcapsules 618 that have a CO.sub.2 capturing solvent core with a thin CO.sub.2 permeable outer shell. The outer fluid (Polyvinyl Alcohol Stabilizer) with a viscosity of 10-50 (cP) and a flow rate of 200-800 (uLh-1) flowing in the outer tube 606 in the direction indicated by arrow 622. This outer fluid 620 carries the fabricated microcapsules 618 into the collection tube 604. There is a boundary layer 614 that prevents the middle fluid 612 and outer fluid 620 from mixing as they have a large difference in both their viscosity and flow rates. The above described method will produce Microcapsules of a controlled size with an inner fluid (solvent/catalyst) enclosed in a CO.sub.2 permeable polymer shell. The fabricated microcapsules 618 move out of the system as indicated by arrow 628.

[0051] Referring now to FIG. 7, another embodiment of the inventors' ink that can be used to create a monolith reactor is shown. This embodiment of the inventors' ink is designated by the reference numeral 700. The ink 700 includes spherical capsules 702 in a gas-permeable polymer 704. The spherical capsules 700 have a polymer surface layer that is permeable to carbon dioxide and a liquid stripping solvent for absorbing CO.sub.2 encapsulated within the polymer surface layer. The resulting ink 700 can be supplied to a Direct Ink Write device for 3-D printing into desired structures.

[0052] Referring now to FIG. 8, another embodiment of the inventors' 3-D printing for manufacturing a monolithic reactor is illustrated. As illustrated in FIG. 8, extruded material 804 is deposited on a surface 810 to be printed by print head 802. For example, the extruded material 804 can be composed of the ink illustrated in FIG. 7.

[0053] The print head 802 extrudes the material 804 onto the surface 810. Movement of the print head 802 is controlled by computer controller 808 which provides freedom of movement along all axes as indicated by the arrows 809. The instructions for creating the reactor 812 is fed to the computer controller 808. The computer controller 808 uses the instructions to move the print head 802 through a series of moments along the surface 810 forming the reactor 812.

[0054] Referring now to FIG. 9, an embodiment of a system utilizing the inventor's reactor for (1) removing the target gas from a fluid or mixture and (2) for regenerating the reactor to remove the captured target gas from the reactor and getting it ready for another cycle of removing target gas from a fluid or mixture. This embodiment is designated generally by the reference numeral 900.

[0055] The system 900 uses a stack 904 of reactors in cylindrical rector vessels 902a and 902b for removing the target gas from a fluid or mixture. An example of using the reactor for removing a target gas from a fluid or mixture include use in the capture of carbon dioxide from gas mixtures containing carbon dioxide (examples: fossil fuel plants, natural gas streams, air). Also, the system 900 can be used for removing and/or capturing other gases including nitrous oxides (NOx), sulphates (SOx), hydrogen sulfide, or other trace gases.

[0056] The target gas in a fluid or mixture 906 is directed to one of the reactor vessels 902a or 902b. This is accomplished by selectively using the valves 908a and 908b to channel the target gas in a fluid or mixture to the selected reactor vessel. The target gas in a fluid or mixture passes through the selected reactor stack and the reactive material in the reactor removes the gas. The fluid or mixture exits the system through valve 914a or 904b.

[0057] The reactors in the stack 904 of reactors needs to be purged of the trapped target gas. This can be accomplished using the temperature control system 912a and/or 912b and the purge system 910a and/or 910b. Once the reactors in the stack 904 of reactors have been purged of the trapped target gas they are ready for reuse. This is accomplished by selectively using the valves 908a and 908b to channel another target gas in a fluid or mixture to the reactor vessel with the purged reactors.

[0058] As illustrated in FIG. 10, another embodiment of the reactor is illustrated. This embodiment is designated generally by the reference numeral 1000. The reactor 1000 includes individual channels 1002 formed by the shape of the structural members 1004. The structure is made of micron-scale domains of solid or liquid sorbent units 1006 embedded within a gas-permeable polymer 1008 to form the monolith reactor 1000. The physical dimensions can be varied by length, width, and height. A smaller filament size yields higher surfaced to volume ration and faster absorption rates. Temperature control tubes 1010 are in the structural members 1004. The coolant tubes can be used for heat exchange and for recycling the reactors.

[0059] Referring now to FIG. 11, an embodiment of a reactor stack is illustrated. This embodiment is designated generally by the reference numeral 1100. A reactor vessel 1102 contains reactors in a reactor stack 1104. Coolant tubes 1106 are in the individual reactors. The target gas in a fluid or mixture is directed through the reactor stack 1004 wherein the stripping solvent in the individual reactors removes the target gas.

Additional Apparatus, Systems, and Methods Embodiments

[0060] The description above describes composite materials for carbon dioxide capture that incorporate a carbon dioxide capture material into a gas permeable polymer. As described, this composite can be 3-D printed or manufactured by conventional means and can be used to remove carbon dioxide from mixed or pure gas streams. The composite can also be used to capture other gases. The composite material can be shaped to desired reactor dimensions and can be tailored to have hierarchical structure to improve gas flow, alter the pressure drop across the reactor, or increase the rate of gas sorption. A higher composite surface area (exposed to the gas) results in a higher gas sorption rate. The inventors have developed additional apparatus, systems, and methods for carbon dioxide capture that incorporate a carbon dioxide capture for carbon dioxide capture that utilize a carbon dioxide capture composite.

[0061] These composites are comprised of active materials for gas sorption (e.g. carbon capture chemicals) embedded within a gas permeable polymer. The active materials can be solids, liquids, encapsulated liquids, or solid precursors to liquid solvents (e.g. dispersed as solid powders then rehydrated). The inventors' additional apparatus, systems, and methods provide the carbon dioxide capture composite features identified and described below.

[0062] A carbon capture or other gas capture composite material that contains two or more gas permeable polymers such that one of the polymers forms a sealant coating around the other. This sealant polymer is less permeable to water migration and serves to prevent active materials from leaching out or contaminants from leaching in.

[0063] A carbon capture or other gas capture composite material that contains two or more gas permeable polymers such that one or more polymers is significantly less water permeable than the others. These polymers (along with the active material) are mixed together prior to shaping and curing the composite. The significantly less water permeable polymer serves to prevent active materials from leaching out or contaminants from leaching in.

[0064] A carbon capture or other gas capture composite material shaped as a series of thin sheets which can be stacked in a reactor, rolled and inserted into a reactor, or crumpled and inserted into a reactor. The hierarchical structuring controls gas sorption rates, gas flow-through rates and pressure drop across the reactor.

[0065] A carbon capture or other gas capture composite material shaped as a series of thin, porous or lace-like sheets which can be stacked in a reactor, rolled and inserted into a reactor, or crumpled and inserted into a reactor. The hierarchical structuring controls gas sorption rates, gas flow-through rates and pressure drop across the reactor.

[0066] A carbon capture or other gas capture composite material shaped as a randomly entangled mass of filaments.

[0067] A carbon capture or other gas capture composite material where the embedded active (e.g. carbon capture) chemicals are at sufficient concentration so as to exceed a percolation threshold within the composite, creating a network of continuous connectivity of the active chemicals. This material can be sealed with a second polymer to reduce leaching.

[0068] A manufacturing method where the composite is extruded from a high-pressure extruder. The high pressure is necessary for highly viscous inks, generated with a high loading of carbon capture solids. The high-pressure extrusion can also tailor the radial distribution of active material within the composite filament by manipulating flow properties.

[0069] A manufacturing method where the composite is extruded from a high-pressure extruder with local heating for in situ curing.

[0070] A manufacturing method where the composite is extruded from a high-pressure extruder with local UV light directed at the nozzle tip for in situ UV curing.

[0071] A manufacturing method where the composite is cast, extruded or printed into a mold. The mold can be of a sacrificial material.

[0072] A manufacturing method where the composite is coated with a second polymer during the extrusion process. This polymer can have greater resistance to water migration and seal the exterior of the composite to prevent active materials from leaching out or contaminants from leaching in. This second polymer can be applied before or after the first polymer has been cured. This second polymer can be cured concurrently or separately from the curing of the first polymer. The second polymer is permeable to some gases.

[0073] A manufacturing method where the composite is coated with a second polymer by spray coating after the composite has been shaped. This polymer can have greater resistance to water migration and seal the exterior of the composite to prevent active materials from leaching out or contaminants from leaching in. This second polymer can be applied before or after the first polymer has been cured. This second polymer can be cured concurrently or separately from the curing of the first polymer. The second polymer is permeable to some gases.

[0074] A manufacturing method where after the composite has been shaped and cured, it is dipped into a second polymer to coat the composite. The second polymer can have greater resistance to water migration and seal the exterior of the composite to prevent active materials from leaching out or contaminants from leaching in. The second polymer can be cured in a separate step and is permeable to some gases. Prior to curing the second polymer, excess liquid can be blown off using localized gas flow.

[0075] A manufacturing method where an additional polymer coating is applied by passing the composite through a layer of polymer that is floating on a second immiscible fluid that does not interact with the composite.

[0076] A manufacturing method where the composite is rolled into a thin film

[0077] A manufacturing method where the composite is spread into a thin film by doctor blading.

[0078] A manufacturing method where the composite is cast into a thin film by rapid spinning.

[0079] A manufacturing method where the composite is first formed into a thin film and then sliced into thin strips. The slicing can be concurrent with the process of producing the thin film. For instance, rollers may concurrently roll the composite into a thin film and push it through a slicing apparatus.

[0080] A method of composite regeneration where room temperature air (or other gas) is blown through the composite to remove the absorbed carbon dioxide (or other gas).

[0081] A method of composite regeneration where the composited is heated to remove the absorbed gases (with or without concurrent air flow).

[0082] A method of composite regeneration where hydrated air (or other gas) is blown through the composite to remove the absorbed carbon dioxide (or other gas). The hydrated air prevents the composite from losing water mass and drying out.

[0083] A method of operation where the gas stream to undergo sorption is hydrated to prevent the sorbet from drying out during the sorption process.

[0084] A method of composite regeneration where steam (saturated or superheated) is flowed over the composite to remove absorbed gases.

[0085] A method of regenerating the composite with a pressure swing cycle, where absorption takes place during high pressure periods and desorption takes place during low pressure periods.

[0086] A method of operation where the composite is rehydrated after a fixed number of cycles by soaking the composite in water.

[0087] A method of operation where the composite is rehydrated after a fixed number of cycles by soaking the composite in a solution that is osmotically balanced to the composition of the fluid pockets inside of the composite prior to cycling.

[0088] A method of operation where the composite is rehydrated after a fixed number of cycles by exposing the composite to water saturated vapor.

[0089] Referring now to FIG. 12 another embodiment of the inventor's reactor is illustrated. This embodiment is designated generally by the reference numeral 1200. The reactor 1200 includes an extruded composite 1204 with a coating layer 1202. The coating layer 1202 can be a polymer coating and in various embodiments the coating layer 1202 can be a gas-permeable polymer coating. The extruded composite 1204 includes a solid or liquid reactive filler 1206 that functions as a gas sorbent or catalyst for chemical reactions as explained above. The solid or liquid reactive filler 1206 of the extruded composite 1204 can include multiple components. As illustrated in FIG. 12, the extruded composite 1204 can includes units of sorbent material 1208. The units of sorbent material 1208 can take many forms. For example, the units of sorbent material 1208 can be units of carbon dioxide stripping material, units of stripping material for stripping other gasses than carbon dioxide, liquid units of carbon dioxide stripping material, solid units of carbon dioxide stripping material, solid droplets of carbon dioxide stripping material encapsulated in capsules, or liquid droplets of carbon dioxide stripping material encapsulated in capsules. The reactor with a coating layer 1200 can be 3-D printed or manufactured by conventional means and can be used to remove carbon dioxide from mixed or pure gas streams. The reactor with a coating layer 1200 can also be used to capture other gases. The material can be shaped to desired reactor dimensions and can be tailored to have hierarchical structure to improve gas flow, alter the pressure drop across the reactor, or increase the rate of gas sorption. A higher surface area (exposed to the gas) results in a higher gas sorption rate.

[0090] Referring now to FIG. 13 an embodiment of the inventor's reactor as a thin sheet rolled up is illustrated. This embodiment is designated generally by the reference numeral 1300. The thin sheet rolled up reactor 1300 can be made using the extruded composite 1204 with a coating layer 1202 illustrated in FIG. 12. The extruded composite 1204 includes a solid or liquid reactive filler 1206 and units of sorbent material 1208. The thin sheet rolled up reactor 1300 can be 3-D printed or manufactured by conventional means and can be used to remove carbon dioxide from mixed or pure gas streams. The thin sheet rolled up reactor 1300 can also be used to capture other gases. The material can be shaped to desired reactor dimensions and can be tailored to have hierarchical structure to improve gas flow, alter the pressure drop across the reactor, or increase the rate of gas sorption. A higher surface area (exposed to the gas) results in a higher gas sorption rate.

[0091] Referring now to FIG. 14 an embodiment of the inventor's reactor as a randomly entangled mass of filaments 1402 is illustrated. This embodiment is designated generally by the reference numeral 1400. The randomly entangled mass of filaments reactor 1400 can be 3-D printed or manufactured by conventional means and can be used to remove carbon dioxide from mixed or pure gas streams. The randomly entangled mass of filaments reactor 1400 can also be used to capture other gases. The material can be shaped to desired reactor dimensions and can be tailored to have hierarchical structure to improve gas flow, alter the pressure drop across the reactor, or increase the rate of gas sorption. A higher surface area (exposed to the gas) results in a higher gas sorption rate.

[0092] Referring now to FIG. 15 an embodiment of the inventor's reactor as a thin sheet of porous mesh-like or lace-like structure is illustrated. This embodiment is designated generally by the reference numeral 1500. The thin sheet of porous mesh-like or lace-like structure reactor 1500 includes layers of individual filaments 1502. The thin sheet of porous mesh-like or lace-like structure reactor 1500 can be 3-D printed or manufactured by conventional means and can be used to remove carbon dioxide from mixed or pure gas streams. The thin sheet of porous mesh-like or lace-like structure reactor 1500 can also be used to capture other gases. The material can be shaped to desired reactor dimensions and can be tailored to have hierarchical structure to improve gas flow, alter the pressure drop across the reactor, or increase the rate of gas sorption. A higher surface area (exposed to the gas) results in a higher gas sorption rate.

[0093] Although the description above contains many details and specifics, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the application but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of the apparatus, systems, and methods. Other implementations, enhancements and variations can be made based on what is described and illustrated in this patent document. The features of the embodiments described herein may be combined in all possible combinations of methods, apparatus, modules, systems, and computer program products. Certain features that are described in this patent document in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination. Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the embodiments described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments.

[0094] Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of the present application fully encompasses other embodiments which may become obvious to those skilled in the art. In the claims, reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated, but rather “one or more.” All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the above-described preferred embodiment that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the present claims. Moreover, it is not necessary for a device to address each and every problem sought to be solved by the present apparatus, systems, and methods, for it to be encompassed by the present claims. Furthermore, no element or component in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element or component is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for.”

[0095] While the apparatus, systems, and methods may be susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and have been described in detail herein. However, it should be understood that the application is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the application is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the application as defined by the following appended claims.