DEVICES AND METHODS FOR PROTECTING AGAINST NEUROMAS

Abstract

The subject invention provides devices and methods for alleviating discomfort associated with neuroma formation. The devices and methods of the invention effectively use the body's natural response of reconstructing implanted biomaterials to minimize the size of, isolate, and protect a neuroma. In preferred embodiments, the subject device is a cylindrical cap, wherein the internal chamber of the cylindrical cap physically partitions the nerve to enable an arrangement of nerve fibers (as opposed to haphazardly arranged nerve fibers often produced in neuromas). Tabs arranged on the outside of the cap can be used to manipulate the cap into place on a nerve. The open end can also be configured with flaps that can be used to widen the open end for easier insertion of the nerve into the cap. In addition, the cap's material remodels into a tissue cushion after implantation, which protects the neuroma from being stimulated and inducing pain.

Claims

1-20. (canceled)

21. A device comprising: a body having an open proximal end and a closed distal end; an internal chamber defined by the body; at least one divider within the internal chamber that subdivides at least a portion of the internal chamber, wherein the at least one divider extends from a distal end of the internal chamber to a region between the proximal end of the body and the distal end of the internal chamber so that the at least one divider subdivides about 25% to about 75% of a length of the internal chamber into separate channels; an undivided retaining cavity located between the proximal end and a proximal end of the at least one divider; and at least one tab extending out from an external surface of the body.

22. The device of claim 21, wherein the body of the device is about 1 mm to about 500 mm in length.

23. The device of claim 21, wherein the body of the device is about 1 mm to about 100 mm in diameter.

24. The device of claim 21, wherein the at least one divider extends along about 40% to about 60% of the length of the internal chamber.

25. The device of claim 21, wherein the at least one divider extends along about 50% of the length of the internal chamber.

26. The device of claim 21, wherein the at least one divider is a panel divider.

27. The device of claim 21, wherein the at least one divider includes a plurality of panel dividers so that the internal chamber is divided into more than two separate channels.

28. The device of claim 27, wherein the plurality of panel dividers includes at least two panel dividers arranged approximately perpendicular to one another.

29. The device of claim 27, wherein the plurality of panel dividers includes at least two panel dividers arranged approximately parallel to one another.

30. The device of claim 21, wherein the at least one tab includes a tab extending out from the distal end of the body.

31. The device of claim 30, wherein the tab extending out from the distal end of the body lies in a plane that includes the divider.

32. The device of claim 21, wherein the at least one tab includes a tab extending out from a side of the body.

33. The device of claim 21, wherein the at least one tab incudes a tab extending approximately parallel to a longitudinal axis of the device.

34. The device of claim 21, wherein the at least one tab incudes a tab extending approximately perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the device.

35. The device of claim 21, wherein the at least one tab incudes a tab extending at an oblique angle relative to a longitudinal axis of the device.

36. The device of claim 21, wherein the body has a diameter at a distal end region that is less than a diameter at a proximal end region.

37. The device of claim 21, wherein the body has a diameter at a distal end region that is approximately equal to a diameter at a proximal end region.

38. The device of claim 21, wherein the device comprises a biomaterial selected from the group consisting of: high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel, purified protein from human or animal sources, and decellularized tissue constructs.

39. The device of claim 38, wherein the biomaterial is selected from the group consisting of: collagen, fibrin, demineralized bone, amnion, small intestine submucosa (SIS), dermis, or fascia.

40. The device of claim 39, wherein the device comprises porous HDPE or PEG surrounded by a layer of non-porous HDPE or PEG.

41. The device of claim 21, wherein the body has a cylindrical shape.

42. The device of claim 21, further comprising a slit extending from the proximal end towards the distal end.

43. The device of claim 42, wherein the body includes one or more flaps that at least partially surround the retaining cavity.

44. The device of claim 21, further comprising at least one flap.

45. The device of claim 44, wherein the at least one flap includes a single flap that extends along at least one of: (i) approximately 25% to approximately 75% of a periphery of the opening at the proximal end; (ii) approximately 35% to approximately 65% of a periphery of the opening at the proximal end; or approximately 45% to approximately 55% of a periphery of the opening at the proximal end.

46. The device of claim 44, wherein the at least one flap includes two flaps that together extend along approximately 25% to approximately 75% of a periphery of the opening at the proximal end.

47. The device of claim 44, wherein the at least one flap includes two flaps that are configured to open in opposite directions from one another.

48. The device of claim 44, wherein at least a portion of the retaining cavity is located between a distal edge of the at least one flap and the proximal end of the at least one divider.

49. The device of claim 44, wherein none of the retaining cavity is located between a distal edge of the at least one flap and the proximal end of the at least one divider.

50. The device of claim 44, wherein a distal edge of the at least one flap is aligned with the proximal end of the at least one divider.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C show a schematic presentation of consecutive steps of various current nerve stump capping methods: Step 1—nerve transection; Step 2—nerve stump preparation (A and B, nerve sheath must be slid off, then a piece of the nerve is removed to prepare a sleeve-like fragment of epineurium; C, cap can be formed of any autologous tissue, sutured to the epineurium); Step 3—the end of epineurium can be tied up or sutured. Lewin-Kowalik J. et al. (2006) Prevention and Management of Painful Neuroma. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo), 46:62-68.

[0020] FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C show perspective views (2A and 2C) of two embodiments of the invention and a side view (2B) of an embodiment of the device of the subject invention.

[0021] FIGS. 3A and 3B show a side cut-away view (FIG. 3A) of and top view of the proximal end (FIG. 3B) of the embodiment.

[0022] FIG. 4A is a schematic drawing showing an untreated neuroma.

[0023] FIG. 4B is a schematic drawing showing a neuroma treated using an embodiment of a device of the subject invention.

[0024] FIG. 5A is a schematic drawing showing a perspective view of another embodiment of the device of the invention.

[0025] FIG. 5B is a view illustrating a press-forming process executed by the press-forming apparatus to manufacture an embodiment of the device shown in FIG. 5A.

[0026] FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, 6D, and 6E illustrate embodiments of a cap, according to the subject invention, configured with a tab by which the cap can be manipulated and an internal panel that subdivides a portion of the distal end of the internal chamber into separate channels.

[0027] FIG. 6A is a proximal end perspective view of an embodiment. FIG. 6B is top side, proximal end perspective view of the embodiment. FIG. 6C is a right side elevation view of the embodiment. FIG. 6D is a top side plan view of the embodiment. FIG. 6E is a left side perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a cap with a tab extending from the edge of the open end.

[0028] FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C and 7D illustrate an embodiment of a cap, according to the subject invention, configured with multiple tabs by which the cap can be manipulated and also shows several internal panels that subdivide a portion of the distal end of the internal chamber into multiple separate channels. The example shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B has a tab at the distal end and two tabs on the right and left sides. Also shown in this example are three perpendicularly placed panels within the internal chamber. FIGS. 7C and 7D illustrate an alternative embodiment where more than one panel is arranged parallel with each other in the internal cavity.

[0029] FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C, 8D, and 8E illustrate embodiments of a cap, according to the subject invention, where the open end is configured with one or more flaps that partially spread or widen the open end to allow a terminal nerve end to be more easily placed within the retaining cavity. FIG. 8A shows an embodiment with one flap and FIG. 8B shows an embodiment with two flaps. FIG. 8C illustrates how distal edge of the flaps can open directly onto the separate channels. FIG. 8D illustrates an alternative embodiment where the distal edges of the flaps open proximal to the separate channels. FIG. 8E shows a non-limiting example of a cap with a slit at the open end, such that there is are tri-corner flaps that can be used to temporarily widen the open end.

DETAILED DISCLOSURE

[0030] The subject invention provides devices and methods for alleviating discomfort associated with neuromas. More specifically, the subject invention pertains to devices and methods for limiting neuroma size and physically surrounding the neuroma to inhibit stimulation that elicits neuropathic pain. In certain embodiments, the subject invention is directed to a tissue-engineered scaffold that provides: a barrier that limits the size of a neuroma, dividers that subdivide the neuroma volume or mass into smaller, disconnected neuromas masses to reduce axonal cross-talk or the “cascade effect,” and mechanical isolation of the neuroma to inhibit stimulation.

[0031] A device of the subject invention is designed to form a protective, connective tissue covering or cap surrounding the terminal nerve end 29, thereby surrounding any resulting neuroma formation. Within the volume created by the barrier, sub-dividing the neuroma volume as it forms can limit the amount of interaction between axons, thereby limiting signaling cascades being triggered inside the neuroma that can be interpreted as pain. By providing mechanical isolation of the neuroma volume, the subject device limits stimulation of the neuroma. The ability of the material of the subject device to remodel into a native tissue cushion is another advantageous feature when combined with the physical partitioning of the neuroma.

[0032] Current methods for limiting the size and stimulation of a neuroma are shown in FIGS. 1A-1C. The methods include dissecting or cutting the terminal end to form a flap of epineurium that can be folded over the terminal nerve end 29, as shown in the first column of FIGS. 1A-1C. The nerve can also be dissected or cut back to form a sleeve of epineurium that can be ligated over the terminal nerve end, as seen in the middle column in FIGS. 1A-1C. A patch epineurium can be obtained from another location and attached to the terminal nerve end, as shown in the last column in FIGS. 1A-1C.

[0033] The subject invention provides the benefits of an epineural flap (or ligation) to limit neuroma size and the advantages of isolating a nerve end by emplacement in another tissue combined in a single device. This device isolates and protects the neuroma, thereby inhibiting painful sensations without the need for any repositioning of the nerve. Advantageously, the device can be secured to the stump of the nerve prior to formation of a neuroma and as the neuroma forms the material of the device can remodel into a tissue cushion 55 and become integrated into the surrounding host tissues, which effectively isolates the neuroma from undesirable contact and stimulation.

[0034] FIGS. 2A-8B illustrate embodiments of the invention. In one embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 2, the cap 10 of the subject invention has an external body 15 that comprises a proximal end 20 and a distal end 25.

[0035] It can be seen in FIG. 2 that one embodiment of the external body 15 of the cap 10 is cylindrical in shape. However, the shape of the external body 15 of the cap 10 can vary depending upon the type, diameter and location of a nerve stump, as well as other factors known to those with skill in the art. For example, the circumferential shape of the external body can be variable and be, by way of non-limiting examples, an ovoid, a circle, a square, a rectangle, a triangle, or any other polygonal shape. In an exemplified embodiment, the circumferential shape of the external body is generally a circle.

[0036] The dimensions of the external body can vary depending on the type, diameter and location of a nerve stump on which it will be used, as well as other factors known to those skilled in the art. In one embodiment, the external body of the device has dimensions of approximately 1 mm to approximately 100 mm in diameter and is approximately 1 mm to approximately 500 mm in length, between the proximal end 20 and the distal end 25. In a particular embodiment, the external body of the device will be less than 100 mm in diameter and less than 500 mm in length. In a specific embodiment, the diameter of the external body is between approximately 1 mm and approximately 25 mm and the length of the external body, between the proximal end and the distal end of the cap, is between approximately 1 mm and approximately 100 mm.

[0037] In one embodiment, the diameter of the distal end 25 of the external body 15 can be narrower than the diameter of the proximal end 20, as seen, for example, in FIGS. 2 and 3. This can give the cap a bullet or conical shape. In a particular embodiment, shown for example in FIGS. 2A-2C, the distal end 25 of the external body is cone-shaped. In an alternative embodiment, shown for example in FIGS. 6A-6E and FIGS. 7A-7B, the diameter of the distal end and the proximal end are the same or substantially the same, such that the distal end of the cap is fat, giving the cap a cylinder or barrel shape.

[0038] Ideally, the external body 15 of the cap 10 has no openings other than the open end 18 at the proximal end 20 of the cap through which a nerve can be inserted or placed. In one embodiment, for example, as shown in FIG. 3, the proximal end 20 is open and the distal end 25 of the external body 15 is closed off entirely so that the external body forms a cap 10. FIG. 3 also illustrates an embodiment in which an internal chamber 35 is provided in the external body 15. In certain embodiments, the interior surface 22 of the closed off 30 portion of external body 15 can be in the form of a bevel 40, as shown in FIG. 3A. Alternatively, a closed off portion can be substantially flat, as shown in FIGS. 6C and 7A. In yet another alternative, the closed off portion or closed end 30 can be conical, such as shown, for example, in FIGS. 2A and 6E.

[0039] An external body without excess openings can inhibit axon growth from extending outside the cap. The open end 18 of the cap can provide the only access into the internal chamber. Fitting a terminal nerve end 29 through the open end of a cap can be challenging and can potentially damage the nerve. If a cap with a larger diameter is selected, it can be easier to insert the terminal nerve end, but may result is excess space around the nerve perimeter. If not properly closed off, the openings around the nerve can allow axons to escape.

[0040] The use of flaps 90 around the open end 18 can provide a temporary enlargement of the open end, making nerve placement into the internal chamber easier, while the flap can be wrapped around and sutured to provide for a close fit around the terminal nerve end. The enlargement of the open end allows a terminal nerve end to be moved through a slot 92 formed in the open end. FIGS. 8A and 8E illustrate non-limiting examples of a cap having an open end 18 with one or more flaps. Ideally, the slot provided by one or more flaps is large enough to allow a terminal nerve end to pass through the slot, with minimal compression of the nerve tissue, so as to minimize the number of sutures necessary to close the flap and the slot.

[0041] In one embodiment, there is a single flap, as shown in FIG. 8A. The single flap can provide a slot of between approximately 25% to approximately 75% of the diameter of an opening 18. In a more particular embodiment, there is a single flap that provides a slot of between approximately 35% to approximately 65% of the diameter of the opening. In a specific embodiment, there is a single flap that provides a slot of between approximately 45% to approximately 55% of the diameter of the opening. In a specific embodiment, there is a single flap that provides a slot of approximately 50% of the diameter of the opening.

[0042] In an alternative embodiment, there are two flaps, as shown in FIG. 8B. The dual flaps can open in opposite directions. The dual flaps can provide a slot of between approximately 25% to approximately 75% of the diameter of an opening 18. In a more particular embodiment, there is a single flap that provides a slot of between approximately 35% to approximately 65% of the diameter of the opening. In a specific embodiment, there is a single flap that provides a slot of between approximately 45% to approximately 55% of the diameter of the opening. In a specific embodiment, there is a single flap that provides a slot of approximately 50% of the diameter of the opening.

[0043] In an alternative embodiment, there is a slit 98 in the proximal end 20 of the cap that is integral with opening 18 and that advances towards the distal end 25 to form a flap with three corners part-way along the external body 15 of the cap. FIG. 8E illustrates a non-limiting example of a three-corner flap.

[0044] The nerve tissue in a neuroma mass 13 grows in a random, haphazard fashion and the axons in one section of a neuroma can be in contact with other surrounding axons. This creates the disadvantageous effect of the neuroma acting as one, open nerve end. As a result, stimulation of a neuroma in one area can trigger a cascade effect wherein the signal received by axons in one area, because of contact, will trigger signals in nearby axons. Each step in the cascade can amplify the initial signal until finally most or all of the axons in the neuroma are “fired.” This massive signal cascade can also amplify pain. By isolating or separating areas of the neuroma from other areas of the neuroma, this cascade effect can be minimized, thereby limiting the amount of pain caused by stimulation of the neuroma.

[0045] In one embodiment, the internal chamber 35 can be configured with one or more dividers 70 that subdivide at least a portion of the internal chamber into two or more separate channels 36 into which the neuroma mass 13 can grow and become portioned into smaller, disconnected neuroma masses. This separation of the neuroma mass into the different channels creates a physical barrier between the axons of the smaller, disconnected portions in the different separate channels, thereby limiting the scope of a cascade effect. The dividers 70 used in an internal chamber can be configured in a myriad of ways to create different sizes and shapes of separate chambers. Likewise, the dividers can be individual or unconnected or they can be joined together. Variations in the configurations of the dividers that separate a neuroma mass into smaller, disconnected masses 17 or portions with different channels are within the scope of this invention.

[0046] A nerve end can be positioned within the cap 10 so that the neuronal growth is directed towards the closed end 30 and the separate chambers. It can be beneficial if there is some overlap between the external body and the epineurium, so as to provide space or distance between the end of the nerve and the open end when the terminal nerve end 29 is secured in the cap. This can be achieved by having the dividers 70 terminate some distance from the open end, thereby forming a retaining cavity 60 between the open end 18 and a divider. FIGS. 6A, 6C, 7A, and 7D illustrate non-limiting examples of dividers that are shorter than the length, between the distal end and the proximal end of the cap, of the external body 15. The termination of the dividers before the open end forms an undivided retaining cavity in which the terminal nerve end can be disposed. The subsequently forming neuroma will be directed towards the separate channels and divided into separate, smaller, disconnected portions or volumes as it grows into the separate channels.

[0047] In one embodiment, a divider is shorter than length of the internal chamber, such that between approximately 25% to approximately 75% of the internal chamber is divided into separate channels. In a more particular embodiment, a divider is shorter than the length of the internal chamber, such that between approximately 40% and 60% of the internal chamber is divided into separate channels. In a specific embodiment, a divider is shorter than the length of the internal chamber, such that approximately 50% of the internal chamber is subdivided into separate chambers.

[0048] According to one embodiment of the invention, the external body 15 can have an internal chamber 35 that includes spiral partitions 45. Advantageously, the spiral partitions enable subdivision and arrangement of axons from the nerve stump. In certain related embodiments, the internal chamber of the external body comprises a tightly packed spiral of a solid sheet of biomaterial. Preferably, where the internal chamber of the external body comprises a tightly packed spiral of a solid sheet of biomaterial, there are no voids present that could lead to axonal escape from the device.

[0049] In an alternative embodiment, the internal chamber can be subdivided by separate concentric tubes 46, such as shown, for example, in FIG. 2C. The concentric tubes 46 can also partition or subdivide the internal chamber, enabling the formation of smaller, disconnected neuromas masses 17. In another embodiment, the divider 70 is a panel that extends across and attaches to the internal surface 22 of the internal chamber 35. The panel divider can extend from the closed portion 30 at distal end 25 and towards the open end 18 proximal end 20 thereby dividing the closed off portion 30 of the internal chamber in a longitudinal direction 28 into two separate channels 36. In a further embodiment, the panel divider extends partially through the internal chamber, such that a portion of the internal chamber is subdivided and another portion, nearer the proximal end, remains undivided. FIGS. 6A-6D illustrate a non-limiting example of this embodiment. In a further embodiment, there can be more than one panels so that the internal chamber is divided into more than two separate channels. FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate non-limiting examples of 2 and 3 panels arranged perpendicularly, dividing the internal chamber into four quadrants. FIGS. 7C and 7D illustrate another non-limiting example of multiple panels arranged parallel within the internal chamber, dividing the internal chamber into similar parallel, separate channels. Other arrangements of panels that form different configurations of separate channels are within the scope of this invention.

[0050] In one embodiment, a panel extends in a longitudinal direction 28 between approximately ¼ to approximately ¾ of the length, between the proximal end 20 and the distal end 25 of the internal chamber. In a more specific embodiment, a panel extends in a longitudinal direction between approximately ⅖ to approximately ⅗ of the length of the internal chamber. In a specific embodiment, a panel extends approximately ½ of the length of the internal chamber.

[0051] The flaps 90, mentioned above, can provide a slot 92 that allows the terminal nerve end 29 to be placed in close proximity to the dividers 70. In one embodiment, the flaps have a rear edge 96 that allows the flap to open onto the dividers, so that the slot is directly open to the dividers, allowing a terminal nerve end to be placed against the dividers, which is shown, for example, in FIG. 8C. In another embodiment, the flaps have a rear edge 96 that is proximal to the dividers, such that the flap opens more proximal 20 to the dividers, providing for at least a small retaining cavity 60 between the rear edge or the slot and the dividers, such as shown, for example, in FIG. 8D.

[0052] In an alternative embodiment, the flap is formed by a slit 98 in the external body of the cap, extending from the opening towards the distal end. FIG. 8E illustrates a non-limiting example of a flap formed by a single slit 98 in the external body. The slit can extend part-way towards the distal end, such that it terminates at the dividers 70, such that the slot 92 opens onto the dividers. Alternatively, the slit 98 can terminate proximal to the dividers, such that the slot 92 opens more proximal or a distance in front of to the dividers, providing for at least small retaining cavity 60 between the dividers and the end of the distal end of the slit.

[0053] In one embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 4B, the internal chamber 35 is an unchambered or undivided layer of biomaterial 50. The biomaterial preferably isolates the neuroma and prevents axons from escaping the external body 15 of the device. FIG. 4A is a schematic drawing showing an untreated neuroma.

[0054] Both natural and synthetic biomaterials can be used to manufacture a cap and components thereof of the subject invention. In certain embodiments, the biomaterial is a homogenous material. Examples of biomaterials for use in manufacturing the subject invention include, but are not limited to, high density polyethylene (HDPE), polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel, purified proteins from human or animal sources (e.g., membrane of purified collagen or fibrin), and decellularized tissue constructs (e.g., demineralized bone, amnion. SIS, dermis, or fascia). An HDPE or PEG device can comprise or consist of a cylinder of porous HDPE or PEG surrounded by a layer of non-porous HDPE or PEG. Biomaterials that can form a fluid material, such as soluble purified collagen or particulate SIS and dermis, can be directly cast to form the device without a membrane as an intermediate.

[0055] In certain embodiments, the external body 15 of the device can be made by rolling a sheet of biomaterial to form spiral partitions. Where the external body of the device is a “roll” of spiral partitions, the layers of the roll separate slightly to allow nerve regeneration to proceed a short distance into the device before encountering, and being stopped by, infiltrating non-nerve tissue (i.e., the rolled version has longitudinal pores or characteristics). In specific related embodiments, layers of the rolled biomaterial are situated such that a spiral channel is present on the face of the device facing the nerve stump, while the device face external to the nerve stump is solid.

[0056] In other embodiments, the external body of the device can be made of a porous biomaterial. In yet other embodiments, the body includes a hollow central cavity to facilitate insertion of a nerve stump. In certain other embodiments, a body is provided with a hollow cavity wherein layers of biomaterial scaffolding fill a portion of the hollow cavity to create a laminar or multi-laminar construct 60 (see FIG. 2C).

[0057] In an alternate embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 5A, the external body 15 of the device resembles a test tube, where the body is made of a thin layer of biomaterial (either a single layer or multiple layers) and there is a hollow central cavity 55 to facilitate insertion of a nerve stump.

[0058] Illustrated in FIG. 5B is a method for producing the embodiment of the device shown in FIG. 5A. FIG. 5B illustrates a press formation apparatus 100 for manufacturing the device of FIG. 5A. As shown in FIG. 5A, a thin layer of biomaterial 105 (formed from either a single layer or multiple layers of biomaterial) is mounted on a receiving portion 115 of the press formation apparatus 100. The receiving portion 115 has an opening 120 for receiving a punch 125, where the shape of the opening 120 corresponds with that of the punch 125. The receiving portion 115 and the punch 125 can be manufactured by die molding. Preferably, the punch 125 is rod shaped; however, other shapes known to the skilled artisan can be used for the opening of the receiving portion and the punch.

[0059] The thin layer of biomaterial 105 is arranged over the opening 120 of the receiving portion 115. Once the biomaterial 105 is positioned, the punch 125 is then driven downward and received in the opening 120. In this way, the body 15 of the device is formed.

[0060] In further embodiments, a cylindrical body having a hollow interior with open ends is provided. The distal end of the body may be “crimped” during the manufacturing process to present a more solid biomaterial as a barrier to axonal escape from the device. An example is the use of a crimped mold during vacuum pressing of a rolled cylinder, such that one end is of a smaller diameter.

[0061] In a preferred embodiment, the body of the subject device comprises a cylinder of SIS. A hollow cavity is provided at the proximal end to allow insertion of a nerve stump. A deep spiral partition is present in the body to subdivide the neuroma that will form from the nerve stump, and a dense layer of biomaterial is provided on the entire exterior surface to mechanically isolate the neuroma and prevents axons from escaping the device.

[0062] In a method of use, a nerve stump is secured in the internal chamber 35 by means of a suture, staple, clip, or surgical adhesive or sealant. After implantation, the cap is remodeled into the body's own tissue and provides a tissue cushion 55 for the neuroma. As host cells infiltrate the biomaterial, it is converted into a form of connective tissue. Axons and Schwann cells will also infiltrate from the stump. As fibroblasts (and other cells supporting remodeling into a connective tissue) 1) migrate and proliferate faster than Schwann cells/axons and 2) infiltrate from multiple sides and 3) axonal regeneration stops when it encounters other tissues (such as muscle, connective tissue layers, etc); the device will result in a layer of connective tissue surrounding a small neuroma in a vascularized tissue capsule. This capsule provides the desired isolation and protection.

[0063] It can be beneficial for the nerve end to be fully encapsulated within the cap, so that when the nerve begins to grow and form a neuroma, all neuronal growth is contained within the cap and, preferably, directed towards the separate channels at the closed end 30. Manipulation of a terminal nerve end 29 into a cap can be difficult. Nerve tissue is usually soft and susceptible to damage if too much force is applied. Typically, the cap is manipulated onto the terminal nerve end. The cap can be grasped or encircled by various instruments to manipulate it onto the terminal nerve end. This can distort the shape of the external body and make it difficult to manipulate onto the terminal nerve end.

[0064] In one embodiment, the external body 15 is configured with one or more tabs 80 extending out from the external body. The tabs can provide points for grasping the cap without contacting, or by making minimal contact, with the external body. A tab can be any size or shape and there can be more than one tab on an external body. Preferably, the size and shape of a tab provides opposing surfaces 82 for grasping with a forceps or any other instrument with pincers that can be squeezed together to grasp or hold small structures. A tab can also be used as a connection point, wherein by the cap and a terminal nerve secured therein can be attached to another structure in the body using a tab. In one embodiment, a tab comprises the same or similar material as the cap. For example, a tab can be formed from the same biomaterial that the cap is formed from, allowing the tab to be remodeled with the cap, as described above. In an alternative embodiment, the tab comprises a different material than the cap. For example, a tab can comprise a polymer that dissolves or is absorbed by the body. After the tab has been used to manipulate the cap into position, the tab can be left in place on the cap. Alternatively, a tab can be removed from the cap, such as by cutting with a scissors, blade, or compression sealing.

[0065] In one embodiment, a tab extends out from the closed end 30 of the cap 10, such as shown, for example, in FIGS. 6B, 6C, and 6D. In these Figures, the tab is shown traversing the full diameter of the closed end. This is not required and the width of the tab can be less than the diameter of the cap, which is not shown, but is understood by a person with skill in the art.

[0066] In another embodiment, a tab can extend from the open end 18 of the cap 10, such that it forms a lip or shelf around the edge 19 of the open end. FIG. 6E illustrates one example of a tab 80 extending from the edge 19 of the open end 18. This type of tab can be used to pull the cap onto a terminal nerve end. A tab extending from the edge of the open end can also support a terminal nerve end placed thereon and other tabs on the external body 15 can be used to push the cap onto the terminal nerve end.

[0067] In addition to tabs that can be used to push or pull a cap onto a terminal nerve end 29, tabs can be located in and extend from other areas of the cap and used to twist, turn, rotate, or otherwise manipulate a cap 10 onto a terminal nerve end. In another embodiment, at least one tab extends out from or away from a side of the external body. One example of this is shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B, where two tabs are shown extending out from each side of the external body.

[0068] Furthermore, tabs can be arranged in any of a myriad of orientations on the external body. One embodiment, shown in FIG. 78, has at least one tab arranged with an opposing surface parallel with, or approximately parallel with, the longitudinal direction 28 of the internal chamber 35. FIG. 6E shows an alternative embodiment where the tab is arranged with an opposing surface perpendicular, or approximately perpendicular, to the longitudinal direction of the internal chamber. Tabs can also be arranged with an opposing surface, relative to the opening 18, at an oblique angle with the longitudinal direction of the internal chamber. A person with skill in the art will be able to determine, for one or more tabs, the appropriate location on the external body and orientation with respect to the longitudinal direction of the internal chamber. Such variations are within the scope of this invention.

[0069] Neuroma formation occurs in approximately 30% of severed nerve ends. Without intervention, neuroma formation can form a randomly arranged conglomeration of axons. This haphazard arrangement of axons makes the neuroma susceptible to a cascade effect when the neuroma is stimulated, where stimulation in one area radiates and intensifies through the entire neuroma mass, resulting in intense pain. The embodiments of the subject invention can mitigate the effects of a cascade effect with caps that can be attached to terminal nerve ends. The caps can aid in reducing the size of a neuroma and can provide channels for mechanical separation of a neuroma mass, thereby limiting the effect of stimulation of the neuroma. The caps of the subject invention also have external tabs and flaps that can aid in fitting the cap over a terminal nerve end. The caps of the subject invention represent a significant improvement in amelioration of the pain caused by neuromas.

[0070] Any reference in this specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “example embodiment,” “further embodiment,” “alternative embodiment,” etc., is for literary convenience. The implication is that any particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with such an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearance of such phrases in various places in the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. In addition, any elements or limitations of any invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein can be combined with any and/or all other elements or limitations (individually or in any combination) or any other invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein, and all such combinations are contemplated with the scope of the invention without limitation thereto.

[0071] All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, and publications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all figures and tables, to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.