Methods and kits for the derivatization of a biogenic amine

Abstract

A method for the in situ derivatization of at least one biogenic amine, precursor, or metabolite thereof in an isolated aqueous sample includes the steps of: (i) contacting the sample with a propionic anhydride/acetonitrile solution in the presence of a phosphate buffer having a pH in the range of 7.0 to 9.0 and allowing the conversion of amine and/or hydroxyl moieties of the biogenic amine, precursor, or metabolite thereof to form a propionyl derivative of the biogenic amine; followed by (ii) adding to the reaction mixture obtained in step (i) a carbodiimide compound and an electrophilic amine-containing compound, and allowing the carbodiimide-mediated derivatization of carboxylic acid moieties of the biogenic amine, precursor, or metabolite thereof.

Claims

1. A method for in situ derivatization of at least one biogenic amine, precursor, or metabolite thereof in an aqueous biological sample, the derivatization comprising the steps of: (i) contacting said aqueous biological sample with a propionic anhydride/acetonitrile solution in presence of a phosphate buffer having a pH in a range of 7.0 to 9.0, wherein the contacted biological sample comprises a biogenic amine, precursor, or metabolite thereof comprising amine and/or hydroxyl moieties and carboxylic acid moieties, and allowing conversion of the amine and/or hydroxyl moieties of said biogenic amine, precursor, or metabolite thereof to form a reaction mixture comprising a propionyl derivative of said biogenic amine, precursor, or metabolite thereof; followed by (ii) adding to the reaction mixture obtained in step (i), a carbodiimide compound and an electrophilic amine-containing compound, and allowing carbodiimide-mediated derivatization of the carboxylic acid moieties of the biogenic amine, precursor, or metabolite thereof.

2. Method according to claim 1, wherein said aqueous biological sample is an isolated aqueous biological sample.

3. Method according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous biological sample is selected from the group consisting of urine, plasma, saliva, CSF, cell lysate and cell culture supernatant.

4. Method according to claim 1, wherein said propionic anhydride/acetonitrile solution is 10-50% v/v propionic anhydride in acetonitrile.

5. Method according to claim 1, wherein the pH of said phosphate buffer is in a range of 8.0 to 8.5.

6. Method according to claim 1, wherein an internal standard is added to the sample prior to performing step (i).

7. Method according to claim 1, wherein step (i) comprises mixing 1 volume of aqueous biological sample, 1 volume of internal standard, and 5 volumes of phosphate buffer, and contacting the mixture with 1 volume of propionic anhydride in acetonitrile.

8. Method according to claim 1, wherein step (ii) comprises adding 2 volumes of the carbodiimide compound and 2 volumes of the electrophilic amine-containing compound to 1 volume of the reaction mixture obtained in step (i).

9. Method according to claim 1, wherein step (ii) comprises adding 2,2,2-trifluroethylamine (TFEA) and N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) to the reaction mixture obtained in step (i).

10. Method according to claim 9, wherein TFEA is added prior to EDC.

11. Method according to claim 10, wherein vortexing is performed between adding TFEA and adding EDC.

12. Method according to claim 9, wherein 0.4 M TFEA and 0.4 M EDC are added.

13. Method according to claim 1, further comprising, following step (ii), a centrifugation step.

14. Method according to claim 1, wherein said biogenic amine is selected from the group consisting of L-DOPA, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, metanephrine, normetanephrine and 3-methoxytyramine.

15. Method according to claim 1, further comprising detecting at least one derivatized biogenic amine by subjecting the derivatized sample to online solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS).

16. Method according to claim 15, wherein said detecting is performed at least one week after derivatization.

Description

LEGEND TO THE FIGURES

(1) FIG. 1. Schematic derivatization reaction in step (i) of a biogenic amine (in this case 5-HIAA) with propionic anhydride (panel A), and subsequently in step (ii) the derivatization of carboxylic acid moietie(s) of the biogenic amine with a carbodiimide reagent (here: EDC) and an electrophilic amine-containing compound (here: TFEA) (panel B).

(2) FIG. 2. Schematic derivatization reaction in step (i) of a biogenic amine (in this case L-DOPA) with propionic anhydride (panel A), and subsequently in step (ii) the derivatization of carboxylic acid moietie(s) of the biogenic amine with a carbodiimide reagent (here: EDC) and an electrophilic amine-containing compound (here: TFEA) (panel B).

(3) FIG. 3. Representative chromatogram of a urine sample derivatized according to the double derivatization protocol of the invention and subjected to online SPE and LC-MS/MS analysis.

(4) FIG. 4. Typical chromatogram obtained from a urine sample derivatized according to the double derivatization protocol of the invention and subjected to online SPE and LC-MS/MS analysis. For details see Example 2.

(5) FIG. 5. Typical chromatogram obtained from in a CSF sample derivatized according to the double derivatization protocol of the invention and subjected to online SPE and LC-MS/MS analysis. For details see Example 3.

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

EXAMPLE 1

Double Derivatization Method in Urine and Analysis of Derivatives

(6) Material and Methods

(7) Reagents

(8) LC-MS grade acetonitrile, isopropanol, methanol, formic acid, and ammonium acetate were purchased from Biosolve BV (Valkenswaard, The Netherlands). Ascorbic acid, clipotassium hydrogen phosphate and hydrochloric acid (32%) were from Merck Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany). Ammonium hydroxide solution (28-30%), 2,2,2-Trilitioroethylamine hydrochloride (TFEA), N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-1V-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), propionic anhydride, K.sub.2EDTA dihydrate, L-DOPA, dopamine-HCl, norepinephrine, epinephrine, 3-methoxytyramine, DL-metanephrine-HCl, DL-normetanephrine-HCl, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and L-DOPA-d3, all of analytical purity, were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Missouri, USA). Stable deuterated isotopes for dopamine-d4-HCl, norepinephrine-d6-HCl, serotonin-d4 creatinine sulfate, 5-HIAA-d2 and epinephrine-d3 were from CDN Isotopes (Pointe-Claire, Canada), 3-methoxytyramine-d4-HCl and DL-metanephrine-d3-HCl from Cambridge Isotopes (Massachusetts, USA), and DL-normetanephrine-d3-HCl from Medical Isotopes (New Hampshire, USA). Ultrapure water was produced using an in-house purification system (Merck Millipore, Mass., USA).

(9) Derivatization

(10) Before analysis of samples, aliquots of urine (50 μL), were mixed with 50 μL of internal standard working solution, 200 μL water, 250 μL of 0.5M dipotassium phosphate, 4 mM K.sub.2EDTA, pH 8.5 in a 2.0 mL 96-deepwell plate (Greiner Bio-One, Kremsmünster, Austria). Subsequently, 50 μL of 20% (v/v) propionic anhydride in acetonitrile was added and the plate was vortexed for thirty minutes. Thereafter, 100 μL of 0.4M TFEA, 100 μL of 0.4M EDC and water was added To all wells to fill up to a volume of 1.0 mL. The plate was vortexed for thirty minutes and centrifuged for fifteen minutes at 1,500×g. 50 μL of each calibrator and sample was injected into the online SPE LC-MS/MS system, as described below.

(11) LC-MS/MS

(12) Online solid phase extraction (SPE) was performed using the fully automated Spark Holland Symbiosis™ system in eXtraction Liquid Chromatography (XLC) mode as previously described (de Jong, W. H. A. et al. Plasma free metanephrine measurement using automated online solid-phase extraction HPLC tandem mass spectrometry. Clin. Chem. 53, 1684-93 (2007)).

(13) The following cartridges were used for the online spe: Oasis HLB 10×1 mm, 30 μm (Waters). Each cartridge was initially conditioned in the left clamp position with 500 μL acetonitrile, 500 μL of a mixture methanol/isopropanol/acetonitrile/water (1:1:1:1) containing 0.2% formic acid and then equilibrated with 500 μL water, at flow-rates of 5000 μL/min. Sample (100 μL) was aspirated and loaded onto the cartridge with 500 μL water at a flow-rate of 2000 μL/min. The three washing steps were performed with three different solvent compositions: 1) 500 μL 20% methanol, 4 mM ammonium acetate and 0.4% ammonium hydroxide, flow rate of 2500 μL/min, 2) 500 μL 20% methanol, 4 mM ammonium acetate and 0.4% formic acid, flow rate of 2500 μL/min and 3) 250 μL 20% acetonitrile, 4 mM ammonium acetate and 0.4% formic acid, flow rate of 2500 μL/min. After washing, the cartridge was transferred to the right clamp and cortisol and melatonin were eluted by using gradient elution: The cartridge was eluted with the mobile phase starting gradient for 3:00 min. After the elution was performed the right clamp was flushed with 500 μL 40% acetonitrile, 0.1% formic acid at flow rate of 5000 μL/min, 500 μL of a mixture methanol/isopropanol/acetonitrile/water (4:1:1:1) and 0.2% formic acid at flow rate of 5000 μL/min, 500 μL acetonitrile at flow rate of 5000 μL/min and finally 500 μL water at flow rate of 5000 μL/min. A new cartridge was placed in the left clamp allowing the next sample to undergo SPE whilst chromatography was simultaneously being performed on the previous sample. The autosampler was washed with 700 μL 10% acetonitrile, 750 μL 40% acetonitrile, 0.1% formic acid, followed by 750 μL mixture of methanol/isopropanol/acetonitrile/water, 4:2:2:2(v/v) and 0.2% formic acid and then 700 μL 10% acetonitrile again.)

(14) Liquid chromatography was performed on a Phenomenex® Luna Phenyl-Hexyl 2.0×150 mm 3 μm column, with a binary gradient system which consisted of 10 mM ammonium acetate with 0.1% formic acid (eluent A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (eluent B). Initial conditions were 80:20 (v/v), eluent A:eluent B, at a flow-rate of 0.3 mL/min followed by a linear increase of eluent B to 55% over 8.5 minutes and then rapid linear increase to 100% B, where it was kept constant for 1.0 minute. Thereafter, flow-rate and proportion of the pumps were returned to the starting conditions and kept constant for a further two minutes. Total run time was 12 minutes.

(15) All analytes were analyzed in positive ionization mode on a Waters® Quattro Premier. Mass spectrometer settings were optimized by tuning in the selective reaction monitoring mode (SRM). The following settings were applied throughout the study: capillary voltage 0.5 kV, desolvation temperature 450° C., desolvation gas flow 1000 L/h, cone gas flow 50 L/h and collision gas flow 0.20 mL/min.

(16) Cone voltage and collision energies were optimized for all analytes and respective transitions and are listed in Table 1. Quantitation was performed by using the peak-area response ratios of the quantifier transitions for the analyte and the corresponding internal standard. Calculations were performed with the Targetlynx™ software (Waters, Milford, USA).

(17) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Mass spectrometer settings for quantifier and qualifier of each compound are listed. Mass Mass Segment precursor- product- Coll. chromato- ion ion Cone Energy gram Compound (Da) (Da) (V) (eV) 1 Normetanephrine 278 166 20 19 (6-8.8 278 222 20 12 minutes) Normetanephrine-d3 281 169 20 19 281 225 20 12 Metanephrine 292 180 28 23 292 236 28 15 Metanephrine-d3 295 183 28 23 295 239 28 15 Noradrenaline 320 152 26 29 320 208 26 19 Noradrenaline-d6 326 158 26 29 326 214 26 19 2 3-Methoxytyramine 280 151 22 24 (8.8-10.4 280 224 22 13 minutes) 3-Methoxytyramine-d4 284 155 22 24 284 228 22 13 Serotonin 289 160 22 27 289 216 22 16 Serotonin-d4 293 164 22 27 293 220 22 16 Adrenaline 334 166 30 32 334 222 30 22 Adrenaline-d3 337 169 30 32 337 225 30 22 3 Dopamine 322 137 20 30 (10.4-11.7 322 266 20 12 minutes) Dopamine-d4 326 141 20 30 326 270 20 12 5-HIAA 330 146 28 28 330 202 28 14 5-HIAA-d2 332 148 28 28 332 204 28 14 4 L-DOPA 447 208 22 31 (11.7-15 447 264 22 21 minutes) L-DOPA-d3 450 211 22 31 450 267 22 21

EXAMPLE 2

Double Derivatization Method in Urine and Analysis of Derivatives

(18) Material and Methods

(19) Reagents

(20) LC-MS grade acetonitrile, isopropanol, methanol, formic acid, and ammonium acetate were purchased from Biosolve BV (Valkenswaard, The Netherlands). Ascorbic acid, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate and hydrochloric acid (32%) were from Merck Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany). Ammonium hydroxide solution (28-30%), 2,2,2-Trifluoroethylamine hydrochloride (TFEA), N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbothimide hydrochloride (EDC), propionic anhydride, K2EDTA dihydrate, p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (pOHPAA), homovanillic acid (HVA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylethanol (MOPET), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-methoxyphenylglycol (MOPEG), vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), vanillyllactic acid (VLA), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), all of analytical purity, were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Missouri, USA). Stable labeled isotopes for VMA, DOPAC, pOHPAA,MOPET, and VLA were purchased or synthesized in-house. Ultrapure water was produced using an in-house purification system (Merck Millipore, Mass., USA).

(21) Derivatization

(22) Before analysis of samples, aliquots of urine (50 μL), were mixed with 50 μL of internal standard working solution, 400 μL water, 250 μL of 0.5 M dipotassium phosphate, 4 mM K.sub.2EDTA, pH 8.5 in a 2.0 mL 96-deepwell plate (Greiner Bio-One, Kremsmunster, Austria). Subsequently, 50 μL of 20% (v/v) propionic anhydride in acetonitrile was added and the plate was vortexed for thirty minutes. Thereafter, 100 μL of 0.4 M TFEA, 100 μL of 0.4 M EDC and water was added to all wells to fill up to a volume of 1.0mL. The plate was vortexed for thirty. 50 μL of each calibrator and sample was injected into the online SPE LC-MS/MS system, as described below.

(23) LC-MS/MS

(24) Online solid phase extraction (SPE) was performed using the fully automated Spark Holland Symbiosis™ system in eXtraction Liquid Chromatography (XLC) mode as previously described (de Jong, W. H. A. et al. Plasma free metanephrine measurement using automated online solid-phase extraction HPLC tandem mass spectrometry. Clin. Chem. 53, 1684-93 (2007)).

(25) The following cartridges were used for the online SPE: Oasis HLB 10×1 mm, 30 μm (Waters). Each cartridge was initially conditioned in the left clamp position with 500 μL acetonitrile, 500 μL of a mixture methanol/isopropanol/acetonitrile/water (1:1:1:1) containing 0.2% formic acid and then equilibrated with 1000 μL 0.1% formic acid (FA) in water, at flow-rates of 4000 μL/min. Sample (50 μL) was aspirated and loaded onto the cartridge with 600 μL 0.1% FA in water at a flow-rate of 2000 μL/min. The three washing steps were performed with three different solvent compositions: 1) 500 μL 20% methanol, 4 mM ammonium acetate and 0.4% ammonium hydroxide, flow rate of 2500 μL/min, 2) 500 μL 20% methanol, 4 mM ammonium acetate and 0.4% formic acid, flow rate of 2500 μL/min and 3) 250 μL 20% acetonitrile, 4 mM ammonium acetate and 0.4% formic acid, flow rate of 2500 μL/min. After washing, the cartridge was transferred to the right clamp and the derivatives were eluted by using gradient elution: the cartridge was eluted with the mobile phase starting gradient for 3:00 min. After the elution was performed the right clamp was flushed with 750 μL 40% acetonitrile, 0.1% formic acid at flow rate of 5000 μL/min, 750 μL of a mixture methanol/isopropanol/acetonitrile/water (1:1:1:1) and 0.2% formic acid at flow rate of 5000 μL/min,7 50 μL acetonitrile at flow rate of 5000 μL/min and finally 750 μL water at flow rate of 5000 μL/min. A new cartridge was placed in the left clamp allowing the next sample to undergo SPE whilst chromatography was simultaneously being performed on the previous sample. The autosampler was washed with 700 μL 10% acetonitrile, 750 μL 40% acetonitrile, 0.1% formic acid, followed by 750 μL mixture of methanol/isopropanol/acetonitrile/water, 4:2:2:2(v/v) and 0.2% formic acid and then 700 μL 10% acetonitrile again.)

(26) Liquid chromatography was performed on a Phenomenex® Luna Phenyl-Hexyl 2.0×150 mm 3 μm column, with a binary gradient system which consisted of 10 mM ammonium acetate with 0.1% formic acid (eluent A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (eluent B). Initial conditions were 75:25 (v/v), eluent A:eluent B, at a flow-rate of 0.3 mL/min followed by a linear increase of eluent B to 45% over 2 minutes, followed by linear increase to 65% B over 4 minutes, and then rapid linear increase to 90% B, where it was kept constant for 1.0 minute. Thereafter, flow-rate and proportion of the pumps were returned to the starting conditions and kept constant for a further two minutes. Total run time was 9.5 minutes.

(27) All analytes were analyzed in positive ionization mode on a Waters® Quattro Premier. Mass spectrometer settings were optimized by tuning in the selective reaction monitoring mode (SRM). The following settings were applied throughout the study: capillary voltage 1.0 kV, desolvation temperature 450° C., desolvation gas flow 1100 L/h, cone gas flow 100 L/h and collision gas flow 0.15 mL/min.

(28) Cone voltage and collision energies were optimized for all analytes and respective transitions and are listed in Table 2. Quantitation was performed by using the peak-area response ratios of the quantifier transitions for the analyte and the corresponding internal standard. Calculations were performed with the Targetlynx™ software (Waters, Milford, USA).

(29) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Mass spectrometer settings for quantifier and qualifier of each compound are listed. Precursor Cone Collision Compound name (m/z) Product (V) (V) 1 pOHPAA-Quan 291.00 233.95 30.00 14.00 2 pOHPAA-Qual 291.00 106.95 30.00 26.00 3 pOHPAA-d4-Quan 295.00 237.95 30.00 14.00 4 pOHPAA-d4-Qual 295.00 110.95 30.00 26.00 5 Mopet-Quan 298.00 150.95 16.00 18.00 6 Mopet-Qual 298.00 90.95 16.00 45.00 7 Mopet-d3-Quan 301.00 153.95 16.00 18.00 8 Mopet-d3-Qual 301.00 93.95 16.00 45.00 9 HVA-Quan 337.00 136.95 16.00 28.00 10 HVA-Qual 337.00 264.00 16.00 15.00 11 HVA-.sup.13C.sub.6-Quan 345.00 144.95 16.00 28.00 12 HVA-.sup.13C.sub.6-Qual 345.00 272.00 16.00 15.00 13 Mopeg-Quan 258.00 166.95 14.00 13.00 14 Mopeg-Qual 258.00 106.95 14.00 27.00 15 Mopeg-.sup.13C.sub.6-Quan 264.00 172.95 14.00 13.00 16 Mopeg-.sup.13C.sub.6-Qual 264.00 112.95 14.00 27.00 17 VMA-Quan 353.00 229.95 16.00 32.00 18 VMA-Qual 353.00 109.95 16.00 45.00 19 VMA-d3-Quan 356.00 229.95 16.00 32.00 20 VMA-d3-Qual 356.00 109.95 16.00 45.00 21 Dopac-Quan 306.00 122.95 35.00 22.00 22 Dopac-Qual 306.00 178.95 35.00 11.00 23 Dopac-d3-Quan 309.00 125.95 35.00 22.00 24 Dopac-d3-Qual 309.00 181.95 35.00 11.00 25 VLA-Quan 350.00 176.95 25.00 18.00 26 VLA-Qual 350.00 148.95 25.00 30.00 27 VLA-d3-Quan 353.00 178.95 25.00 18.00 28 VLA-d3-Qual 353.00 150.95 25.00 30.00

EXAMPLE 3

Double Derivatization Method in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Analysis of Derivatives.

(30) Reagents

(31) LC-MS grade acetonitrile, isopropanol, methanol, formic acid, and ammonium acetate were purchased from Biosolve BV (Valkenswaard, The Netherlands). Ascorbic acid, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate and hydrochloric acid (32%) were from Merck Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany). Ammonium hydroxide solution (28-30%), 2,2,2-Trifluoroethylamine hydrochloride (TFEA), N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), propionic anhydride, K2EDTA dihydrate, homovanillic acid (HVA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy- methoxyphenylglycol (MOPEG), dopamine, 5-HIAA, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), all of analytical purity, were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Missouri, USA). Stable labeled isotopes were purchased or synthesized in-house. Ultrapure water was produced using an in-house purification system (Merck Millipore, Massachusetts, USA).

(32) Derivatization

(33) Same as Examples 1 and 2, with the exception that a 100 μL CSF sample, and 350 μL water was used.

(34) LC-MS/MS

(35) Same as in Example 2, but with the MS settings mentioned in table 3.

(36) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Mass spectrometer settings for quantifier and qualifier of each compound are listed. Precur- Colli- sor Product Dwell Cone sion Compound name (m/z) (m/z) (s) (V) (V) 1 MOPEG-Quan 258.00 167.00 0.100 14.00 13.00 2 MOPEG-Qual 258.00 107.00 0.100 14.00 27.00 3 MOPEG-13C6-Quan 264.00 173.00 0.100 14.00 13.00 4 MOPEG-13C6-Qual 264.00 113.00 0.100 14.00 27.00 5 Dopamine-Quan 322.00 137.00 0.060 20.00 30.00 6 Dopamine-Qual 322.00 266.00 0.020 20.00 12.00 7 Dopamine-d4-Quan 326.00 141.00 0.060 20.00 30.00 8 Dopamine-d4-Qual 326.00 270.00 0.020 20.00 12.00 9 5-HIAA-Quan 329.00 146.00 0.060 28.00 28.00 10 5-HIAA-Qual 329.00 202.00 0.020 28.00 14.00 11 5-HIAA-d2-Quan 331.00 148.00 0.060 28.00 28.00 12 5-HIAA-d2-Qual 331.00 204.00 0.020 28.00 14.00 13 HVA-Quan 337.00 137.00 0.060 16.00 28.00 14 HVA-Qual 337.00 264.00 0.020 16.00 15.00 15 HVA-18O13C6-Quan 345.00 145.00 0.060 16.00 28.00 16 HVA-18O13C6-Qual 345.00 272.00 0.020 16.00 15.00 17 DOPAC-Quan 306.00 123.00 0.100 35.00 22.00 18 DOPAC-Qual 306.00 179.00 0.100 35.00 11.00 19 DOPAC-d3-Quan 309.00 126.00 0.100 35.00 22.00 20 DOPAC-d3-Qual 309.00 182.00 0.100 35.00 11.00

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