AN AIRCRAFT

Abstract

An aircraft (1) comprising a fuselage (4), an anhedral rearwardly-swept leading wing (5) for generating lift connected to an upper portion of the fuselage, and a dihedral forwardly-swept trailing wing (7) for generating lift attached to a lower portion of the fuselage. The trailing wing (7) is arranged to be vertically lower than the leading wing (5) in flight. The leading wing (5) and trailing wing (7) are blended together at their wingtips, forming a common wingtip (20), such that the underside surface (16) of the leading wing (5) forms a generally continuous and smoothly transitioning surface with the upper surface (22) of the trailing wing (7) so as to form a vortex guide surface (23) such that vortex air flow from the leading wing (5) is guided by the vortex guide surface (23) onto, or into the path of, the trailing wing (7).

Claims

1. An aircraft comprising a fuselage, an anhedral rearwardly-swept leading wing for generating lift connected to an upper portion of the fuselage, and a dihedral forwardly-swept trailing wing for generating lift attached to a lower portion of the fuselage, the trailing wing being arranged to be vertically lower than the leading wing in flight, wherein the leading wing and trailing wing are blended together at their wingtips, forming a common wingtip, such that the underside surface of the leading wing forms a generally continuous and smoothly transitioning surface with the upper surface of the trailing wing so as to form a vortex guide surface such that vortex air flow from the leading wing is guided by the vortex guide surface onto, or into the path of, the trailing wing.

2. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein the vortex guide surface comprises a blended surface of the underside surface of the leading wing and the upper surface of the trailing wing.

3. The aircraft of claim 1 or 2, wherein the upper surface of the leading wing forms a generally continuous surface and smoothly transitioning with the underside surface of the trailing wing.

4. The aircraft of claim 3, wherein the upper surface of the leading wing is blended with the underside surface of the trailing wing so as to form a generally continuous and smoothly transitioning surface from the upper surface of the leading wing to the underside surface of the trailing wing.

5. The aircraft of any preceding claim, wherein the common wingtip extends substantially in a longitudinal direction of the fuselage.

6. The aircraft of any preceding claim, wherein the longitudinal axis of the common wingtip is inclined with respect to a longitudinal axis of the fuselage by less than 45 degrees, optionally less than 30 degrees.

7. The aircraft of any preceding claim, wherein the common wingtip has a length less than 10 (for example 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 or 2) times its width.

8. The aircraft of any preceding claim, wherein the common wingtip is a non-thin body.

9. The aircraft of any preceding claim, wherein the common wingtip is hollow.

10. The aircraft of claim 9, wherein the common wingtip comprises an internal chamber, for example for storage of electrical cells, for example configured to provide propulsive power to the aircraft.

11. The aircraft of any preceding claim, wherein the common wingtip comprises a swept cross-section which generally or substantially twists along the length of the common wingtip.

12. The aircraft of any preceding claim, wherein the common wingtip comprises a substantially triangular, or substantially rounded-triangular, lateral cross-section.

13. The aircraft of any preceding claim, wherein the common wingtip is configured such that spanwise airflow on the underside surface of the leading wing is guided by the vortex guide surface onto the upper surface of, or into the path of, the trailing wing by travelling substantially along the length of the common wingtip.

14. The aircraft of any preceding claim, wherein the upper surface of the leading wing and the underside surface of the trailing wing are generally arcuate so as to form a generally curvilinear profile when viewed from the front or rear of the aircraft.

15. The aircraft of any preceding claim, wherein the anhedral angle of the leading wing on each lateral side of the aircraft and the dihedral angle of the trailing wing on each lateral side of the aircraft continuously and smoothly increases along the span of each wing away from the fuselage so as to form a generally curvilinear, or hoop-shaped, profile when viewed from the front or rear of the aircraft.

16. The aircraft of any preceding claim, wherein the leading edge of the leading wing and the trailing edge of the trailing wing are generally straight so as to form a generally kite-shaped, or rhomboid, profile when viewed from above or below.

17. The aircraft of any preceding claim, wherein the upper surface is the low pressure surface, or extrados surface, of the wing, and the underside surface is the high pressure surface, or intrados surface, of the wing.

18. The aircraft of any preceding claim, wherein the vortex guide surface is configured to direct vortex air flow so as to impinge on the leading edge of the trailing wing.

19. The aircraft of claim 18, wherein the vortex guide surface is configured to direct vortex air flow so as to be generally in line with the chord or a stagnation point of the trailing wing.

20. The aircraft of any preceding claim, wherein the fuselage passes within an annular space formed between the leading wing and the trailing wing.

21. The aircraft of any preceding claim, wherein the leading wing is attached to an upper portion of the fuselage which is above a pitch axis, or roll axis, of the aircraft and wherein the leading wing is attached to a lower portion of the fuselage which is below a pitch axis, or roll axis, of the aircraft.

22. The aircraft of any preceding claim, wherein at least one of the leading and/or trailing wings comprises one or more flow ducts extending therethrough, optionally each wing comprises six flow ducts: three flow ducts on each side of the fuselage on each wing.

23. The aircraft of claim 22, wherein the flow ducts extend from a high pressure surface of the wing to a low pressure surface of the wing.

24. The aircraft of claim 22, wherein the flow ducts extend from a stagnation area of the wing to a surface of the wing having a lower pressure than at the stagnation area.

25. The aircraft of claim 22, wherein the flow ducts extend from a low pressure surface of the wing to a high pressure surface of the wing.

26. The aircraft of claim 22, wherein the flow ducts extend from the upper surface, or extrados surface, of the wing to the lower surface, or intrados surface, of the wing.

27. The aircraft of any one of claims 22 to 26, wherein the vortex guide surface is configured to direct air flow into the flow ducts.

28. The aircraft of any one of claims 22 to 27, wherein the ducts comprise at least one motor, for example turbine, provided therein configured to provide propulsive power to the aircraft.

29. The aircraft of any one of claims 22 to 28, wherein the ducts are provided on at least one pivotable section of the wingspan of at least one of the leading and the trailing wings so as to provide thrust vectoring.

30. The aircraft of claim 29, wherein the leading wing and the trailing wing each comprise at least two pivotable sections: one on each side of the fuselage on each wing.

31. The aircraft of claim 29 or 30, wherein at least one pivotable section of the wingspan is independently pivotable with respect to at least one other pivotable section, optionally wherein each pivotable section of the wingspan is independently pivotable with respect to each other.

32. The aircraft of claim 29 or 30, wherein the pivotable sections are configured to be pivotable from a cruise configuration to a vertical take-off and landing configuration.

33. The aircraft of claim 32, wherein, in the vertical take-off and landing configuration, the pivotable sections are configured to pivot sufficiently such that the combined thrust vector provided by the engines provided within the pivotable sections is sufficient to generally or substantially equal the weight vector of the aircraft.

34. The aircraft of claim 33, wherein the aircraft is an airplane or a UAV.

35. The aircraft of any preceding claim, wherein at least one of the leading wing or the trailing wing or the fuselage is made from a hemp and epoxy composite.

36. The aircraft of any preceding claim, wherein at least one of the leading wing or the trailing wing comprises solar panels provided on the upper surface thereof.

37. The aircraft of any preceding claim, wherein both the leading and trailing wings are blended into the fuselage so as to form a blended wing body.

38. The aircraft of any preceding claim, wherein an upper surface of the fuselage forms a blended common upper surface with the upper surface of the leading wing, and wherein a lower surface of the fuselage forms a blended common lower surface with the lower surface of the trailing wing.

39. The aircraft of any preceding claim, wherein the leading wing is attached to a forward second of the fuselage and the trailing wing is attached to an aft section of the fuselage.

40. The aircraft of claim 39, wherein the leading wing is attached to the fuselage ahead of a pitch axis of the aircraft and wherein the trailing wing is attached to the fuselage behind a pitch axis of the aircraft.

41. The aircraft of any preceding claim wherein the vortex guide surface is generally or substantially twisted along its length.

42. A aircraft as substantially described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Description

[0047] The present invention may be carried out in various ways and a preferred embodiment of an aircraft in accordance with the invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0048] FIG. 1 is a perspective, partially transparent view of a preferred embodiment of an aircraft 1 according to the present invention, viewed looking down on the aircraft in the cruise configuration, with the nose of the aircraft in the foreground and the aft in the background of the image. As can be seen, the aircraft body is substantially blended, that is many of the surfaces are substantially continuously and smoothly transitioning into one another and a mesh is shown in order to illustrate the curvature of the blended surfaces.

[0049] FIG. 2 is a perspective, partially transparent view of the embodiment of FIG. 1, showing the underside of the aircraft in a cruise configuration.

[0050] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG. 1 taken approximately half way along the common wing tip along a lateral plane, viewing the trailing wing of the aircraft and an internal cargo area.

[0051] FIG. 4 is longitudinal cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG. 1 taken approximately half way across the fuselage, again showing the internal cargo area.

[0052] FIG. 5 is a partial cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG. 1 showing the aircraft from the front. The internal cargo area is shown in broken lines.

[0053] FIG. 6 is a plan view of the aircraft of FIG. 1 taken from above. The internal cargo area is shown in broken lines.

[0054] FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional schematic view of a flow duct of the trailing wing of the embodiment of FIG. 1, with the turbine shown within the flow duct.

[0055] FIG. 8 is a perspective, partially transparent view, similar to that of FIG. 1, of the aircraft of FIG. 1 shown in the VTOL configuration.

[0056] FIG. 9 is a perspective, partially transparent view, similar to that of FIG. 2, of the aircraft of FIG. 1 shown in the VTOL configuration.

[0057] The aircraft 1 comprises a fuselage 4, the fuselage 4 itself comprising a nose 2 at the end of the forward portion 6 thereof. An anhedral rearwardly-swept leading wing 5 extends from each lateral side 13 of the aircraft 1 from a forward portion 6 of the fuselage 4. The leading wings 5 are configured to generate lift for the aircraft 1 and comprise an aerofoil cross-section, although examples wherein lift is generated solely by thrust vectoring are also envisaged. The leading wings 5 are said to be leading wings as they are positioned on the fuselage 3 such that they lead, i.e. are ahead of, the trailing wings 7 in normal flight. Each leading wing 5 is arranged on the fuselage 4 such that it is attached to an upper portion 8 of the fuselage 4. In the preferred example shown, each leading wing 5 is blended with the fuselage 4 such that the upper surface 9 of the leading wings 5 blends smoothly and continuously with a substantially flat and horizontal (i.e. extends substantially in the lateral and longitudinal directions of the fuselage or aircraft) upper surface 10 of the fuselage 4 which is towards the front of the aircraft 1 and forms a blended common upper surface 11 which is said to be common as it is common with both the upper surface 10 of the fuselage 4 and the upper surface 9 of each leading wing 5. This blended common upper surface 11 optionally blends smoothly and continuously with the nose 2 of the aircraft by curving smoothly downwards towards the front of the aircraft 1. The leading edge 12 of the leading wings 5 may also optionally blend smoothly with the nose 3 of the aircraft. The leading wings 5 may also be arranged above the roll and/or pitch axis of the aircraft 1, as in FIG. 1, although this may be an optional feature.

[0058] The trailing wings 7 are each a dihedral rearwardly-swept trailing wing. A trailing wing 7 extends from each lateral side 13 of the aircraft 1 from a rearward, or aft, portion 14 of the fuselage 4. Each trailing wing 7 is configured to generate lift for the aircraft and comprises an aerofoil cross-section, although examples wherein lift is generated solely by thrust vectoring are also envisaged. Each trailing wing 7 is said to be a trailing wing as it is positioned on the fuselage 4 such that it trails, i.e. is behind, the leading wing 5 in normal flight. The trailing wings 7 are arranged on the fuselage 4 such that they are attached to a lower portion 15 of the fuselage 4. In the preferred example shown, each trailing wing 7 is blended with the fuselage 4 such that the underside surface 35 of each of the trailing wings 7 blends smoothly and continuously with a substantially flat and horizontal (i.e. extends substantially in the lateral and longitudinal directions of the fuselage or aircraft) underside surface 17 of the fuselage 4 which is towards the rear 19 of the aircraft 1 and forms a blended common underside surface 18 which is said to be common as it is common with both the underside surface 17 of the fuselage 4 and the underside surface of each trailing wing 7. This blended common underside surface 18 optionally blends smoothly and continuously with the rear 19 of the aircraft 1 by curving smoothly upwards towards the rear 19 of the aircraft 1. The trailing edge of the trailing wings 7 may also blend smoothly with the rear 19 of the aircraft 1. The trailing wings 7 may also be said to be arranged above the roll and/or pitch axis of the aircraft, although this may be an optional feature. The terms “lower” and “underside” when used in reference to a surface may be used interchangeably herein.

[0059] The configuration of an aircraft 1 according to the present invention as described herein is particularly advantageous as it provides a large surface area for solar panels (which may be provided on certain surfaces of the aircraft for example on the upper surfaces of the leading and trailing wings), while providing a large internal volume, for example for increased storage of cargo. Furthermore the bi-plane configuration results in greater lift in return for less thrust. The blended wing design ducts flow from high to low delta, increasing lift component on the rear wing whilst eliminating energy losses of wing tip vortices. This configuration results in a low wake turbulence signature.

[0060] FIG. 2 shows the embodiment of FIG. 1 but from an underside perspective view and also includes a mesh wire-frame so as to illustrate the curvature of the surfaces. As can be seen with reference to both FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, each pair of the trailing 7 and leading 5 wings are blended together to form a common wingtip 20 laterally distal from the fuselage 4. By following the respective surfaces, it can be seen that the underside surface 16 of the leading wing 5 forms a generally continuous and smoothly transitioning surface (i.e blended surface) with the upper surface 22 of the trailing wing 7. In this way, each common wingtip 20 on each side of the aircraft 1 comprises a vortex guide surface 23 such that vortex air flow from the leading wing 5 is guided by the vortex guide surface 23 onto, or into the path of, the trailing wing 7 so as to impinge on the leading edge 24 of the trailing wing 7, for example at a stagnation point 25 thereof. Advantageously, the configuration of the vortex guide surface 23 may be such that it accelerates the vortex flow to thereby provide increased lift on the upper surface of the trailing wing 7. Highly advantageously, such a vortex guide surface 23 is able to recover some of the energy of the air flow of vortices which may shred from the leading wing 5 by redirecting, or at least confining, the vortex air flow such that the trailing wing 7 is exposed to the vortex flow, thereby enabling some of the vortex air flow energy to be recovered as lift. Similarly, although optionally, the upper surface 9 of the leading wing 5 forms a generally continuous and smoothly transitioning surface (i.e. blended surface) with the underside surface 35 of the trailing wing 7.

[0061] The common wingtip extends in a substantially longitudinal direction of the aircraft, from the leading wing, at the front of the aircraft, to the trailing wing, at the rear of the aircraft. Thus the common wingtip spans unsupportedly across the leading wing and the trailing wing, adjoining to two. The common wingtip is generally inclined longitudinally, i.e. the general longitudinal axis (or the longitudinal axis of the common wingtip taken at a point approximately half way along its length) of the common wingtip is inclined with respect to the longitudinal axis of the aircraft or the fuselage. This angle of inclination may be less than 60 degrees, less than 55 degrees, less than 45 degrees, or less than 40, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10 or 5 degrees or any integer number or range in between these values. The common wingtip is substantially elongate and has a length (i.e. from the leading wing to the trailing wing) of about 10 times its width (or thickness), for example 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 or 2 times its width (or thickness).

[0062] The common wingtip 20 also has a generally or substantially triangular or rounded-triangular shape 26 in cross-section, as can be seen in the front-on cross-sectional view of FIG. 3 which is taken approximately half way along the length of the common wingtip 20 so as to view the trailing wing 7. The cross-sectional shape 26 of the common wingtip 20 comprises three surfaces 27, 28, 23 with rounded, or blended, corners 29 where they meet. The inner-most surface 23 (i.e. that which is closes to the fuselage 4) in this view is the vortex guide surface 23 whereby vortex air flow is guided by the vortex guide surface 23 onto the upper surface 22 of, or into the path of, the trailing wing 7 by travelling substantially along the length of (i.e. in a longitudinal direction of) the common wingtip 20.

[0063] As can be seen from a comparison of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, the cross-section 26 of the common-wingtip 20 is swept along its length such that the surfaces 27, 28, 23 rotate, or twist, along the length of the common wing-tip 20. In FIG. 3 for example, the vortex guide surface 23 of the common wingtip 20 of the right-hand side of the image rotates in a clock-wise direction and the vortex guide surface 23 of the common wingtip 20 of the left-hand side of the image rotates in a counter-clock-wise direction as a result of the blending of the underside surface 16 of the leading wing 5 with the uppermost surface 22 of the trailing wing 7.

[0064] In the example shown, the common wingtip 20 is substantially solid throughout its thickness and therefore does not comprise an internal compartment, chamber or space of any kind. Examples are however envisaged wherein the common wingtip is hollow. In such examples the walls of the common wingtip 20 may be thin-walls or shells but in other examples the walls may be non-thin and/or may be structurally load-bearing walls. In still other examples, the common wingtip 20 comprises an internal compartment which may be configured for storage, for example of cargo or for electrical cells or batteries configured to supply propulsive power to the aircraft by supplying propulsion means 36 of the aircraft (for example a motor, propeller, turbine 39 etc). In some examples, the internal compartment may comprise a structural frame which is configured to both provide structural strength to the common wingtip 20 surfaces as well as providing a mounting frame for the batteries.

[0065] The fuselage 4 may comprise a cargo area 30 in its interior for transportation of goods and this cargo area 30 can be seen in FIG. 4, which shows a cross section of the aircraft 1 taken along lateral side 13 of the aircraft 1, along the longitudinal axis of the aircraft 1. The cargo area 30 may also be seen in the longitudinal cross-sectional view of FIG. 3.

[0066] Turning now to FIG. 5, a front-on view of the aircraft 1 can be seen. The leading wings 5 are anhedral wings and the trailing wings 7 are dihedral wings. This configuration, in combination with the leading wing 5 being located at, or attached to, an upper portion 8 of the fuselage 4 (or above a pitch or roll axis of the aircraft 1) and the trailing wing 7 being located at, or attached to, a lower portion 15 of the fuselage 4 (or below a pitch or roll axis of the aircraft 1) has been found to be particularly advantageous as it provides for greater stability and efficiencies in flight. For example, the trailing wing 7 is suitably positioned such that the vortex guide surface 23 guides vortex flow from the leading wing 5 onto the trailing wing 7 in the most advantageous way, although other positions of the leading 5 and trailing wings 7 relative to each other may also be used. The anhedral angle of the upper surface 9 of the leading wing 5 (the angle from horizontal, or from a lateral axis of the aircraft) increases smoothly and/or continuously along the span of each leading wing 5, in the direction away from the fuselage 4 towards the common wingtip 20. Similarly, the dihedral angle of the underside surface 35 of the trailing wing 7 (the angle from horizontal, or from a lateral axis of the aircraft 1) increases smoothly and/or continuously along the span of each trailing wing 7, away from the fuselage 4 towards the common wingtip 20. In this way a generally curvilinear, or hoop-shaped profile 31 is formed by the trailing 7 and leading 5 wings, joined by the common wingtips 20, when viewed from the front or rear of the aircraft 1, with the fuselage 4 passing within an annular space 32 formed between the laterally and vertically spaced apart leading wing 5 and the trailing wing 7. Such a configuration has been found to be particularly stable in flight and compresses air flowing between the leading 5 and trailing 7 wings, within the annular space 31.

[0067] FIG. 6 shows a plan view of the aircraft 1. The shape of the leading edge 12 of each of the leading wings 5 is such that the leading edges 12 form a substantially or generally straight line on each side of the aircraft 1 with the nose 3 of the aircraft 1 (which in this view is at the bottom of the figure) when viewed in plan, the nose 3 being shaped so as to form a rounded point at its centre where the two straight lines formed by the leading edges and the nose meet. Thus, the leading edge 12 of the leading wing 5 is substantially or generally straight, although examples wherein the leading edge 12 is curved, for example being increasingly swept back along its length, are also envisaged. Similar to the leading wings 5, each trailing wing 7 is shaped such that their trailing edges form a generally straight line with the tail 19 of the aircraft 1, the tail 19 being shaped so as to form a rounded point at its center where the two straight lines formed by the trailing edges and the tail meet. Thus, the outer perimeter of the aircraft 1 defines a substantially or generally kite-shaped, or rhomboid, profile when viewed from above or below, as can be seen in FIG. 6, the shape being formed at least mainly by the leading edge 12 of the leading wings and the trailing edge of the trailing wings 7, as well as the outer perimeter of the common wingtips 20.

[0068] As can also be seen in FIG. 6, the leading 5 and trailing 7 wings are shaped and laterally spaced apart such that, in plan view, the trailing edge of the leading wing 5, the common wingtip 20, the leading edge 24 of the trailing wing 7 and the fuselage 4 together define a generally circular, or rounded void 33 therebetween.

[0069] With reference again to FIG. 1, each of the leading 5 and trailing 7 wings comprise flow ducts 34 within which propulsion means 36 are provided for propelling the aircraft 1, the flow ducts 34 having a flow inlet 37 provided at a low pressure surface of each wing 5, 7 and a flow outlet 38 provided at a high pressure surface of each wing 5, 7. In the example shown, each wing 5, 7 comprises three such flow ducts, although any number could alternatively be used, for example 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 or any other integer number. Alternatively still, other locations for the propulsion means 36 could be used. The inlet 37 of the flow ducts 34 is provided towards the leading edges of the wings 5, 7 and the outlet 38 is provided towards the trailing edges of the wings 5, 7. The inlet 37 and outlet 38 are shaped so as to present a substantially circular opening to the flow, as viewed from the front or rear of the aircraft 1. In the example shown, as can be more clearly seen in FIG. 7, the flow ducts 34 are substantially straight along their length and have a turbine 39 provided therein, although propellers or other such propulsive devices could alternatively be used. The flow ducts 34 do not have to be straight and can instead take a circuitous path from the low pressure surface of the wing 5, 7 to the high pressure surface of the wing 5, 7. Examples are also envisaged wherein the inlets 37 of the flow ducts 34 are provided on a high pressure surface of the wing 5, 7 and the outlets 38 are provided on a low pressure surface of the wing 5, 7. In this way, the turbine may take advantage of the natural flow from the high pressure inlet 37 to the low pressure outlet 38 and may mean that smaller compressors for the turbine 39 can be used. In the embodiment shown, although an optional feature, the vortex guide surface 23 is configured to guide vortex air into the inlet 37 of the trailing wing 7 ducts 34. The flow ducts 34 may also comprise flow acceleration means, such as a choke or a convergent-divergent nozzle. The flow ducts 34 may be provided in some embodiments on only the leading wings (and not the trailing wings) or vice versa.

[0070] In the embodiment of the figures, and as can be seen in FIGS. 8 and 9 more particularly, the flow ducts 34 are provided in sections of the leading wing 5 and trailing wing 7 which are configured to pitch forward and rearward about a lateral axis of the aircraft 1, that is to say pivot generally forward and rearward (or about an axis which is generally parallel or aligned with the chord of the wing 5, 7, or generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the aircraft 1), so as to cause a thrust pitch moment about the aircraft 1 so as to cause the aircraft to pitch. Thus, thrust vectoring may be provided. In the embodiment shown, each leading 5 and trailing 7 wing has a plurality of pivotable sections 40 each comprising a flow duct 34. Each pivotable section of each wing is adjacent to the others, although examples wherein one or more are spaced apart along the chord of the wing 5, 7 are also envisaged. In the embodiment shown, each pivotable section 40 is independently pivotable with respect to at least one other pivotable section 40 of the same wing or of a different wing, thus providing for finer control of thrust vectoring and providing greater aircraft manoeuvrability. Embodiments are envisaged wherein the flow ducts are not provided in pivotable sections 40 of the trailing wing 7 and/or leading wing 5, but are instead provided on fixed portions of the wing 5, 7. Further, embodiments wherein pivotable sections 40 of wing are not provided are also envisaged. Embodiments are also envisaged wherein some of the flow ducts 34 are provided on pivotable sections 40 and others on fixed sections of the leading 5 and/or trailing 7 wings. In the embodiment shown, each of the trailing wings 7 and the leading wings 5 comprise three flow ducts 34. The pivotable sections 40 may be pivotable to such an extent so as to provide for vertical take off and landing (VTOL) of the aircraft 1 (such that the combined thrust vector provided by the propulsion means 36 provided within the pivotable sections is sufficient to generally or substantially equal or exceed the weight vector of the aircraft 1). Thus, in some embodiments, a VTOL aircraft 1 is provided. In the cruise configuration of VTOL embodiments, the pivotable sections 40 return to the position shown in FIG. 1, the so-called cruise configuration, so as to form a common wing surface on both the upper surface and lower surface of the leading and trailing wings. The propulsion means 36 (motors/fans/engines/propellers/turbines 39) within the flow ducts 34 may be individually controlled so as to provide yaw control of the aircraft 1.

[0071] The body 3 of the aircraft 1, particularly the wings 5, 7 or the fuselage 4, may be made form a hemp composite. A hemp composite is particularly advantageous due to its strength and ability to be cultivated sustainably in subtropical and African climates. Other composites and non-composites (such as polymers including high temperature 3D-printable polymers) may be used.

[0072] It is envisaged that the person skilled in the art may make various changes to the embodiments specifically described above without departing from the scope of the invention.