Speed proving method and apparatus

Abstract

The present invention relates to methods of improving the reliability and accuracy of level crossing warning systems. The invention is comprised of an axle counter based system that detects the presence and calculates the speed of a train approaching a level crossing and adjusts the activation time for any warning system using a pre-defined period.

Claims

1. A method of delaying activation of a warning system of a level crossing configured to assume a maximum speed of an approaching train and calculate an estimated arrival time for activating the level crossing therefrom, the method comprising: (a) detecting the presence of an approaching train having a plurality of axles, wherein a first axle speed for a primary axle of the train is detected by passing over a first axle counting wheel sensor positioned at a first distance from the level crossing; (b) detecting the presence of the approaching train wherein a second speed for the primary axle of the train is detected by a second axle counting wheel sensor positioned at a second distance from the level crossing; (c) measuring the time taken for the primary axle to travel between the first axle counting wheel sensor and the second axle counting wheel sensor to calculate an average primary axle speed for the primary axle of the train; (d) comparing the detected second axle speed to the average primary axle speed to assess whether the detected second axle speed is determined valid or determined fail and, where if the detected second axle speed of the primary axle is determined valid; (e) calculating an arrival time for the train at the level crossing based on the second detected axle speed of the primary axle; and (f) determining a maximum safe delay for activating the warning system of the level crossing based on the difference between the calculated arrival time of the train and the estimated arrival time.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein steps (a)-(d) are repeated for each subsequent axle of the train in a dynamic calculation until the warning system of the level crossing is activated.

3. The method of claim 2, further comprising the steps of: comparing the second detected speed of the primary axle to the second detected speed of the subsequent axle of the train, and where the second detected speed of the subsequent axle is greater than the second detected speed of the primary axle; recalculating the arrival time for the train using the second detected speed of the subsequent axle to reduce the maximum safe delay for activating the warning system of the level crossing.

4. The method of claim 2, further comprising the steps of: comparing the second detected speed of the primary axle to the second detected speed of the subsequent axle of the train, and where the second detected speed of the subsequent axle is less than the second detected speed of the primary axle.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of activating the warning system of the level crossing in response to a plurality of second axle speeds determined fail.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of determining a zero value for the maximum safe delay for activating the level crossing in response to a plurality of second axle speeds determined fail.

7. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: calculating an average axle speed for the train based on axle speed readings from the plurality of axles of the train, and comparing the average axle speed against the detected second axle speed; and recalculating the maximum safe delay based on the greater of the average axle speed and the detected second axle speed of the train.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising the additional step of locating a supplementary axle counting wheel sensor between the level crossing and the second axle counting wheel sensor; detecting a third axle speed of the primary axle of the train passing over the supplementary axle counting wheel sensor; measuring the time taken for the primary axle to travel between the second axle counting wheel sensor and the supplementary axle counting wheel sensor to calculate a second average primary axle speed for the primary axle of the train; comparing the third detected axle speed to the second average primary axle speed to assess whether the third detected axle speed is determined valid or determined fail, and where the third detected axle speed of the primary axle is determined valid; calculating a second arrival time for the train at the level crossing based on the third detected axle speed; and recalculating the maximum safe delay to activate the warning system of the level crossing based on the difference between the second calculated arrival time of the train and the estimated arrival time.

9. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: detecting the presence of the train when moving away from the level crossing wherein each axle of the train is detected by a third axle counting wheel sensor positioned at a third distance from the level crossing, the third axle counting wheel sensor located on an opposing side of the level crossing to the first and second axle counting wheel sensors; comparing the number of axles detected by the first axle counting wheel sensor to the number of axles detected by the third axle counting wheel sensor, and when the number of axles detected by the third axle counting wheel sensor equals the number of axles detected by the first axle counting wheel sensor; deactivating the warning system of the level crossing.

10. The method of claim 1, comprising the additional step of: determining the type of train approaching the level crossing and comparing a known maximum length of said train type against the second detected axle speed of the primary axle; and adjusting the maximum safe delay for activating the warning system of the level crossing based upon each of the second detected axle speed of the primary axle and the known maximum length of the train type.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of calculating the average primary axle speed for the primary axle of the train comprises filtering each detected axle speed of the plurality of axles to adjust for accuracy in determining the maximum safe delay for activating the warning system of the level crossing.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the filtering uses any one or more of: a maximum, an average, and a median filter.

13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the step of filtering each detected axle speed for each of the plurality of axles of the train comprises calculating at least one of: a maximum axle speed, an average axle speed, a median axle speed, and a minimum axle speed, among speed results for each axle of the train.

14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of calculating the average axle speed comprises measuring and validating axle speeds for each axle of the train in a repeated calculation.

15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the step of validating axle speeds for each axle of the train comprises confirming whether one or more of the axle speeds fall within a predetermined range of one another.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

(1) FIG. 1 shows a simplified diagram of a preferred embodiment of the current invention utilising axle counting wheel sensors.

(2) FIG. 2 shows a schematic illustration of a speed proving method;

(3) FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration of an example approach calculation for the current invention;

(4) FIG. 4 shows a schematic illustration of an example speed calculation for the current invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(5) It is possible for a train to accelerate at any time, invalidating the physics determined by the axle counter system that was founded on an assumption of constant velocity. The consequence of this freedom to accelerate and subsequent change in velocity is that the train can reach the level crossing in a reduced period of time compared to the initial calculation. Accordingly, in another preferred embodiment of this invention, the activation of the level crossing warning system may incorporate the additional feature of accommodating for the known acceleration characteristics of a train travelling on the track on which a level crossing is positioned. The acceleration characteristics of the train may be known in advance from the characteristics of the particular train type or may be determined from the characteristics of the fastest train type to travel on that train line such that the activation time for the warning system is a worst-case scenario.

(6) Axle counters, along with additional information and algorithms, are used to detect the presence or absence of trains, the direction of their travel, the time that events occur, and the speed the train. However, it would be possible for someone familiar with the state of the art, to substitute other technology for some or all the methods contained here within.

(7) In a further embodiment of the current invention, the level crossing warning system may be configured to contain multiple level crossing approaches that can detect a train travelling toward the crossing. Each one of these approaches may be configured with various parameters including: The minimum speed the system may assume a train is travelling at for use in prediction algorithms; The maximum speed allowed by the railway operational rules. This maximum speed may be used by the prediction algorithms for tasks such as limiting the predicted or measured speed. In some circumstances, it may be desirable to use a speed measurement that is larger than the maximum speed allowed by the railway operational rules, for example, to start the crossing warning devices earlier if an overspeed train is detected or suspected; The maximum distance, based on measurement and/or prediction algorithms, that the train may be to the crossing before the crossing protection system is activated; The distance from the crossing that the approach starts from, noting that this distance may be variable depending on the portion of the approach the train is detected on. For example, where an approach has multiple axle counter detection points, the relevant detection point that the train is detected on may have its own configurable distance from the crossing. Alternatively, another approach with a complete set of its own parameters may be used in this scenario. Allowing for the calculation of different approach distances the system can dynamically adapt based on the detection point of the train without the need for putting in additional train detection zone. The calculation of different approach distances may provide the benefit of reducing the amount of equipment required at the location. Such benefit is especially useful where there are switches (also known as points) or gauge splitters in the level crossing approach that allow the train to approach from different railway tracks and/or directions.

(8) An example of a typical approach calculation is exemplified in FIG. 4.

(9) For some approach calculations, it may be appropriate to ensure this is the absolute minimum warning time, for example by assuming the worst case (i.e. ensuring all calculations are worst-case, for example assuming the train is travelling and accelerating as fast as possible and that any system reaction times are assumed to be worst case). Other approaches may use a less conservative approach, for example, if additional time is built into the minimum warning time or if there is another approach calculation that assumes worst case (such that the worst-case calculation approach provides a fall back from the other approach calculation(s)).

(10) Acceleration data may be adjusted based on the speed and/or length, or other detected parameters of the train. Similarly, it may also be adjusted based on the detection point of the train and on the gradient of track on detected approach. This allows the system to predict the current or future maximum speed of the train even after it has passed a speed measurement device or area.

(11) If redundant approaches are used for a particularly directional approach to the level crossing, it is possible to configure the system to have graceful modes of failure. In many configurations, it can be possible to disable certain elements of the system, such as speed measurement and prediction elements. The crossing can operate in a degraded mode allowing it to recover and safely operate on a reduced component set. Such recovery will allow for train presence determination and open the road when no trains are around, rather than forcing crossing closed until the fault is manually rectified.

(12) Graceful modes of failure are not just limited to redundant approaches, but may also be implemented within each approach's algorithm to provide further graceful modes of failure. For instance, in the case that the speed measurement is not deemed reliable or accurate due to monitored health elements of the system or other conditions, it may be possible to assume the worst case operational speed or to activate the crossing whenever a train is detected.

(13) One limitation of axle counter crossings is often that the hi-rail vehicles can cause disturbances to the level crossing system. To help avoid these disturbances the following controls may be implemented in the algorithms discussed, both with or without speed proving: A push button, or similar type device such as a switch or remote activation device, may be provided to the hi-rail operator to use before entering the start of the approach to inhibit the detection of the axle counting system. This inhibition may be setup to inhibit the system only for a certain number of wheels, such up to two or three wheels such as that with locomotives; The wheel diameter of the vehicles may be detected and used to inhibit the system or reset the axle counting system; Supervisor sections may be configured such that when a hi-rail getting on at the crossing:

(14) The track section between the two edges of the crossing (island track axle counting system), is automatically reset by other track sections between wheel sensors that are not on the edge of the crossing. For instance, when the hi-rail travels over the corresponding wheel sensors and causes a negative count the track section is reset; the hi-rail entered the axle counter system in the middle rather than at the edge of the axle counting section, and a negative count occurs, triggering the reset. This track section is commonly known as a supervisor section.

(15) The next axle counting sections after the island track may then be configured not to automatically reset as the axle counting will contain the correct number of sections. However, the supervisor sections that are above these sections may be automatically reset by these sections, such that if the train leaves the approach sections boundaries then when the supervisors enter a negative count status they are automatically reset by the approach tracks, thus allowing automatic restoration of the axle counting sections without any user intervention.

(16) Logic may also be implemented in the axle counting or control system logic to reset the axle counter when a hi-rail exits the crossing after entering from a boundary. For example, the axle counter system may be manually or automatically reset when the following conditions occur.

(17) In another embodiment of the invention there may also be included a timer and may also count the number of axles in the section. For example, it may check that the number of axles in the section is two, which is the expected axle count of a hi-rail vehicle. Other parameters, such as the speed, number of axles, wheel diameter, weight or similar parameters may also be used in this calculation.

(18) A switch may be provided to the hi-rail operator to indicate to the system they have left the crossing. The system may then choose to perform any necessary safety checks, such as also checking the status of the approach track sections, island track(s), speed, the number of axles, wheel diameter, weight, etc.

(19) The system may also be configured to monitor and calculate the maximum acceleration, maximum speed, and other parameters of the crossing. The system may then choose to retain these values such that they can be used for future calculations as the maximum values if they are larger than the maximum values that have been configured in the system. These parameters may be stored in non-volatile memory such that they are remembered in the event of a power loss or may be stored in such other memory system as may be applicable to the art. The calculation of current operating parameters based on gathered and retained data is useful. This retained data could be used to flag alarms: should the system be incorrectly configured; updated settings conflict with retained observed data; new observations differ significantly from the past (new rail vehicles with increased velocity and acceleration are introduced after crossing commissioning).

(20) In this way, an additional level of safety can be provided to the crossing control system. These figures may be used on all or some of the approach calculations. Alarms and event logs may also be generated when adjustments such of these are made.

(21) The use of multiple approach calculations and parameters to increase reliability and safety may also be used pursuant to the current invention. Whilst the current invention does not necessarily require the use of multiple calculations to operate, they may be utilized where required or desirable such as where a second set of axle counters are utilized so as to confirm the readings of the first.

(22) In another embodiment of the current invention, the reliability of the level crossing warning system can be improved, by separately determining if the various redundant approaches are clear of trains. Such an approach allows for the failure of one or more axle counters, or other train detection devices, to occur without the level crossing protection system being activated without a train present.

(23) An approach calculation may be used to determine any or all the following in order to timely and/or safely activate the crossing: Determine the acceleration of the rail vehicle based on the configuration variables and/or measured parameters of the train. The configuration variables may include configuration based on the type of rail vehicle, the gradient of the approach, the maximum acceleration of the rail vehicle given its current speed and/or other parameters. The measured parameters may include the rail vehicle's speed, direction of travel, wheel diameter, number of wheels/axles, distance between wheels/axles, length, weight or otherwise similar parameters; The prediction of current speed after obtaining speed measurement, which may be calculated based on the current measured speed, calculated maximum or current acceleration, and calculations that predict the future speed, or maximum speed, of the rail vehicle; Prediction of current and future position of the train based on the current and/or future predicted velocities of the train. The current and future positions of the train in conjunction with their times and the configured minimum warning times of the approach, along with any other configured variable including the minimum warning distance of the crossing, may be used to activate the crossing such that the minimum warning time or minimum distance may be obtained. The minimum warning time may also refer to the desired warning time for approaches that are not configured to match the absolute minimum warning time of the rail operator. For example, some rail operators may have a minimum warning time that must be achieved, which may be programmed into one approach calculation to ensure this time is met, but then also have a desirable warning time that is greater than this minimum warning time that is desirable to meet. This need could be due to wanting to ideally provide the road users with the desirable time (e.g. 30 seconds), but allowing for cases where this approach calculation may not always guarantee this desirable warning time and therefore the other lower minimum warning time may be programmed into another approach as an additional safety guard;

(24) In some preferred embodiments of the current invention, the approach calculation may also make corrections based on the filtering of speed measurements. For example, it may choose to use the maximum, average, median or another type of filter to filter the speed measurements. It may also require several speed measurements before allowing a speed measurement to be determined valid and it may also require these speed measurements to be within a certain range to be determined fail. It may also monitor the health of the speed measurement devices or other devices that may indicate a failure in the speed measurements. In the case of a failure, it may choose to select a different speed, such as the configured maximum speed, or the maximum measured speed previous, or the maximum calculated speed based on a previous speed measurement, or any other speed measurement that the approach calculation algorithm may deem as appropriate. In the case of a failure, it may also deem it appropriate to start the level crossing warning system.

(25) In another preferred embodiment, the system may also make corrections based on the cycle time measurement or maximum configured cycle time of any of the devices, including the speed measurement system, axle counting system, or the control system, and/or any other devices. In this way, the cycle time may be used to adjust the current or future predicted speed, acceleration, distance or time from the crossing and to activate the crossing warning systems earlier to later as required.

(26) In a further embodiment of the invention, the system may also make corrections based on the system latency time measurement or maximum configured latency time of any of the devices, including the speed measurement system, axle counting system, or the control system, and/or any other devices. In this way, the latency time may be used to adjust the current or future predicted speed, acceleration, distance or time from the crossing and to activate the crossing warning systems earlier or later as required.

(27) In another embodiment of the current invention, the system may implement methods to determine a second train approaching. The approach calculation may then either use this information to ensure the crossing activates correctly for the second train and also to ensure the information of the second train, does not cause any incorrect operation of the crossing for the first train. The system may choose to do this by adjusting for the second train, or by implementing fail-safes such as to ensure that the maximum speed of either train is used and that the crossing does not recover after the first train has left the crossing.

(28) The invention may also use information from other approach calculations to ensure that the level crossing remains down for a second train, such that warning devices do not stop briefly between trains. In this embodiment, if a train is on another approach the warning time or approach distance of some or all other approaches may be adjusted. Such adjustment will ensure that the crossing either remains closed for the second train or that it has enough time to recover and let crossing users through (oftentimes referred to as the crossing minimum opening time). This function is particularly novel where boom barriers (sometimes known as boom gates) or other mechanical protection devices are installed at level crossings, and it is not desirable to start to raise or open the boom barriers if another train is going to activate the crossing soon as this may confuse the crossing users.

(29) It will be apparent to any person skilled in the art that in carrying out the present invention: Multiple measurement devices may be installed to update the speed of the train along the approach. These multiple devices will aid in decreasing the error margin. The safety and/or reliability of the approach speed measurement will improve; Speed measurements indicate that a train is travelling above the maximum speed allowable by the railway may be either: discarded; used to start the crossing warning system early used to trigger an alarm for an over speed train; indicate the system that the speed measurement device is unhealthy and may not be used.  This speed information may also be used to activate other crossings or signalling functions, such as a close by crossing, to ensure minimum warning time is met for the next train. Signalling functions, such as automatic train protection, to stop or reduce the speed of the train, may also be issued through the system, other subsystems or other connected systems; Speed measurements may be obtained from other subsystems or connected systems, such as the axle counter system, or computer based on information obtained or calculated from the system or other subsystems or connected systems. For example, a speed trap may be used to determine the time between two events and based on the two different events, such as determine how fast the train has travelled over a certain distance in a certain time and adjust for the configured parameters, such as timing, acceleration, latency, cycle times, etc. An example of one method of speed calculation for the current invention may be seen in FIG. 4.

(30) In various embodiments of the current invention, the system may make adjustments for the accuracy and/or precision of the speed measurement using filtering, applying a safety or adjustment margin, or through any means available to correct or adjust the speed measurement available to a person skilled in the art.

(31) A speed trap may be implemented by measuring the time it takes for a train to travel over a portion of track; This portion of track may be a large (long) portion (typically 10 seconds at maximum line speed) of track or a short portion of track (typically 2 to 30 m); The measurement of the speed may be adjusted or filtered to improve the accuracy, reliability or safety of the measurement.

(32) Prediction of speed may be adjusted or selected based on: Average speed; Maximum acceleration over the portion of track

(33) The system may implement methods for guarding against a failed speed trap section such as The use of additional speed measurement devices, such as the use of the speed value determined from the axle counter sensors or other speed measurement devices; Monitoring the time between measurements; Using track occupancy devices, including axle counters, to determine if a train has been; Monitoring the health and/or status of various devices, including the axle counter sensors and track occupancy devices. For example, the direction information on wheel sensors may be monitored to ensure that the system has been healthy and has not or has detected the presence of a train within a certain time period. Such mechanisms, for example, could be used to determine if a speed trap has failed to avoid the scenario where a train may appear slower than it is (in the case that the time between two sensors or devices is increased by a failure of a device or sensor or algorithm, etc.).

(34) In a further embodiment of the current invention, the type of train (e.g. shorter and faster suburban train or longer and slower freight trains) may be determined by detecting each axle using the one or more axle counters comprised in various embodiments of the current invention and wherein the maximum acceleration and/or deceleration, maximum speed and length may be incorporated into the calculation of any maximum possible acceleration of the particular type of train that has been detected. Such an approach will ensure that the warning system is not activated for longer than necessary for trains with lower speed and acceleration and ensures adequate warning for trains with increased speeds and acceleration.

(35) The various embodiments are given by way of example and the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited by the examples provided herein and may be taken to include the use or incorporation of other devices or systems as would be obvious to those of the ordinary skill in the art.