Radio frequency front end for a full duplex or half duplex transceiver

Abstract

A radio frequency (RF) front end for wireless communications, in particular for use in a half duplex (HD) and/or full duplex (FD) transceiver. The RF front end is based on a quadrature balanced power amplifier (QBPA). The RF front end includes an antenna port for outputting a transmit signal to and receiving a receive signal from an antenna, and a receive port for outputting the receive signal to a signal processing section. Further, the QBPA is configured to receive a transmit input signal at a first port, receive a cancellation input signal at a fourth port, and receive the receive signal at a second port coupled to the antenna port.

Claims

1. A radio frequency (RF) front end comprising: an antenna port configured to: output a transmit signal to an antenna; and receive a receive signal from the antenna; a receive port coupled to the antenna port and configured to output the receive signal to a signal processing section; and a quadrature balanced power amplifier (QBPA) coupled to the antenna port and the receive port and comprising: a first port; a second port coupled to the antenna port; a third port coupled to the receive port; and a fourth port, wherein the QBPA is configured to: receive a transmit input signal at the first port; receive a cancellation input signal at the fourth port; receive the receive signal at the second port; generate the transmit signal from the transmit input signal; output the transmit signal at the second port; generate a cancellation signal from the cancellation input signal; and output the cancellation signal and the receive signal at the third port.

2. The RF front end of claim 1, wherein the cancellation signal cancels a reflection leakage signal caused at the third port by a reflection in part of the transmit signal.

3. The RF front end of claim 1, wherein the QBPA is further configured to: amplify a first part of the transmit input signal to form an amplified first part of the transmit input signal in a first signal path; amplify a first part of the cancellation input signal to form an amplified first part of the cancellation input signal in the first signal path; amplify a second part of the transmit input signal to form an amplified second part of the transmit input signal in a second signal path; amplify a second part of the cancellation input signal to form an amplified second part of the cancellation input signal in the second signal path; generate the transmit signal from the first part of the transmit input signal and the second part of the transmit input signal; and generate the cancellation signal from the first part of the cancellation input signal and the second part of the cancellation input signal.

4. The RF front end of claim 3, wherein the first signal path is equal to the second signal path, and wherein a first amplification of the first part of the transmit input signal and the first part of the cancellation input signal is equal to a second amplification of the second part of the transmit input signal and the second part of the cancellation input signal.

5. The RF front end of claim 3, wherein the first signal path is equal to the second signal path.

6. The RF front end of claim 3, wherein a first amplification of the first part of the transmit input signal and the first part of the cancellation input signal is equal to a second amplification of the second part of the transmit input signal and the second part of the cancellation input signal.

7. The RF front end of claim 3, wherein the QBPA further comprises: a first amplifier arranged in the first signal path and configured to amplify the first part of the transmit input signal and the first part of the cancellation input signal; and a second amplifier arranged in the second signal path and configured to amplify the second part of the transmit input signal and the second part of the cancellation input signal.

8. The RF front end of claim 7, wherein the first amplifier and the second amplifier are configured to have a high output reflection coefficient.

9. The RF front end of claim 3, wherein the QBPA further comprises a second coupler configured to combine the amplified first part of the transmit input signal and the amplified second part of the transmit input signal to constructively form the transmit signal at the second port and to destructively cancel each other at the third port.

10. The RF front end of claim 9, wherein the second coupler is further configured to combine the amplified first part of the cancellation input signal and the amplified second part of the cancellation input signal to constructively form the cancellation signal at the third port and to destructively cancel each other at the second port.

11. The RF front end of claim 9, wherein the second coupler is further configured to: divide the receive signal into a first part of the receive signal and a second part of the receive signal, wherein a third phase difference between the first part of the receive signal and the second part of the receive signal is 90°; and provide the first part of the receive signal to the first signal path and the second part of the receive signal to the second signal path.

12. The RF front end of claim 11, wherein the QBPA further comprises: a first amplifier configured to reflect the first part of the receive signal as a first reflected part of the receive signal; and a second amplifier configured to reflect the second part of the receive signal as a second reflected part of the receive signal.

13. The RF front end of claim 12, wherein the second coupler is further configured to combine the first reflected part of the receive signal and the second reflected part of the receive signal to constructively form the receive signal at the third port and to destructively cancel each other at the second port.

14. The RF front end of claim 3, wherein the QBPA further comprises a first coupler configured to: divide the transmit input signal into the first part of the transmit input signal and the second part of the transmit input signal; and divide the cancellation input signal into the first part of the cancellation input signal and the second part of the cancellation input signal, wherein a first phase difference between the first part of the transmit input signal and the second part of the transmit input signal is 90°, and wherein a second phase difference between the first part of the cancellation input signal and the second part of the cancellation input signal is 90°.

15. The RF front end of claim 14, wherein the first coupler is a hybrid coupler and is integrated on a substrate.

16. The RF front end of claim 14, wherein the first coupler is a hybrid coupler and is integrated on a semiconductor chip.

17. The RF front end of claim 14, wherein the first coupler is a hybrid coupler.

18. The RF front end of claim 14, wherein the first coupler is integrated on a substrate or a semiconductor chip.

19. A transceiver comprising: a transmit and receive antenna; and a radio frequency (RF) front end in communication with the transmit and receive antenna and comprising: an antenna port configured to: output a transmit signal to the transmit and receive antenna; and receive a receive signal from the transmit and receive antenna; a receive port coupled to the antenna port and configured to output the receive signal to a signal processing section; and a quadrature balanced power amplifier (QBPA) coupled to the antenna port and the receive port and comprising: a first port; a second port coupled to the antenna port; a third port coupled to the receive port; and a fourth port, wherein the QBPA is configured to: receive a transmit input signal at the first port; receive a cancellation input signal at the fourth port; receive the receive signal at the second port; generate the transmit signal from the transmit input signal; output the transmit signal at the second port; generate a cancellation signal from the cancellation input signal; and output the cancellation signal and the receive signal at the third port.

20. A method for performing wireless communication using a radio frequency (RF) front end, the method comprising: providing, using an antenna port of the RF front end, a transmit signal to an antenna; receiving, from the antenna using the antenna port, a receive signal; receiving, using a quadrature balanced power amplifier (QBPA), a transmit input signal at a first port of the QBPA; receiving, using the QBPA, a cancellation input signal at a fourth port of the QBPA; receiving, using the QBPA, the receive signal at a second port of the QBPA coupled to the antenna port; generating, using the QBPA, the transmit signal from the transmit input signal; outputting, using the QBPA, the transmit signal at the second port; generating, using the QBPA, a cancellation signal from the cancellation input signal; outputting, using the QBPA, the cancellation signal and the receive signal at a third port of the QBPA; and outputting, using the QBPA, the receive signal to a signal processing section using a receive port coupled to the third port.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) The above described aspects and implementation forms of the present disclosure will be explained in the following description of specific embodiments in relation to the enclosed drawings, in which

(2) FIG. 1 shows a dual mode RF front end according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

(3) FIG. 2 shows a dual mode RF front end according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

(4) FIG. 3 shows an S-parameter signal flow diagram of a QBPA of an RF front end according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

(5) FIG. 4 shows a method according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

(6) FIG. 5 shows a transceiver (FD or HD) according to an embodiment of the disclosure.

(7) FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B show conceptually transceiver RF front ends with their respective transmit signal leakage into the receiver, in particular for: FIG. 6A is an HD employing a T/R switch, FIG. 6B is an FD employing a circulator for initial T/R isolation and a SIC filter branch that further cancels circulator leakages and antenna reflections.

(8) FIG. 7 shows a known circulator-free dual mode RF front end.

(9) FIG. 8 shows another known circulator-free dual mode RF front end.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

(10) FIG. 1 shows a RF front 100 end according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The RF front end 100 is in particular a dual mode RF front end, which is suitable for FD and HD wireless communications, for instance, in an FD or HD transceiver.

(11) The RF front end 100 has an antenna port 101, to which an antenna 200 (see FIG. 2) can be connected. The antenna port 101 is used to output a transmit signal 102 to the antenna 200 (in a transmit mode), and is used to receive a receive signal 103 from the antenna 200 (in a receive mode), either simultaneously (FD) or not simultaneously (HD).

(12) The RF front end 100 also has a receive port 104, to which a receive path including a signal processing section can be connected. The receive port 104 is used to output the receive signal 103, as received from the antenna 200 via the antenna port 101, to the signal processing section.

(13) The RF front end 100 further has a QBPA 105 with equal signal paths. The QBPA 105 acts as a T/R isolation stage and allows STR. The QBPA 105 includes four ports, namely a first port 107, a second port 110, a third port 112, and a fourth port 109. The second port 110 is connected to the antenna port 101, i.e. it is used to provide the transmit signal 102 to the antenna 200 and to receive the receive signal 103 from the antenna 200. The third port 112 is connected to the receive port 104, i.e. it is used to provide the receive signal 103 to the signal processing section.

(14) The QBPA 105 is in particular configured to receive a transmit input signal at the first port 107, and to receive a cancellation input signal at the fourth port 109. Further, it is configured to receive the receive signal 103 at the second port 110. The QBPA 105 is further configured to generate the transmit signal 102 from the transmit input signal 106 and output it at the second port, to generate a cancellation signal 111 from the cancellation input signal 108 and output it at the third port 112, and to output the receive signal 103 received at the second port 110 at the third port 112.

(15) Accordingly, in a transmit mode, the transmit signal 102 is generated (indicated by the dashed line 106.fwdarw.102) and provided to the antenna 200. Further, the cancellation signal 111 is generated (indicated by the dashed line 108.fwdarw.111) and provided to the signal processing section. The cancellation signal 111 may cancel any leakage caused by the transmit signal 102 output to the antenna 200, e.g. reflections of the transmit signal 102 at the antenna 200, which are reflected back to the antenna port 101/second port 110 or cancel any other imperfections leading to other TX signal “leakage” phenomena between the second port 110 to the third port 112. In a receive mode, the receive signal 103 is conveyed from the second port 110 to the third port 112 (indicated by the dotted line) and provided to the signal processing section. As mentioned above, the transmit mode and receive mode may be set simultaneously.

(16) FIG. 2 shows a dual mode RF front end 100 according to an embodiment of the disclosure, which builds on the RF front end 100 shown in FIG. 1. Accordingly, same elements are provided with the same reference signs. FIG. 2 shows in particular how the transmit signal 102 is generated from the transmit input signal 106, how the cancellation signal 111 is generated from the cancellation input signal 108, and how the receive signal 103 is provided from the second port 110 to the third port 112. To this end, the QPBA 105 includes a first coupler 203, a first amplifier 204a, a second amplifier 204b, and a second coupler 205. The first coupler 203, first amplifier 204a and second coupler 205 form at least part of a first signal path, and the first coupler 203, second amplifier 204b, and second coupler 205 form at least part of a second signal path. Accordingly, the first amplifier 204a is arranged in the first signal path, and the second amplifier 204b in the second signal path.

(17) The first coupler 203 is configured to divide the transmit input signal 106 and the cancellation input signal 108, respectively, into first parts and second parts (i.e. two parts for each signal 106 and 108). For each signal 106 and 108, a phase difference of 90° is thereby generated between the first parts and the second parts. The first amplifier 204a is configured to amplify the first parts, and the second amplifier 204b is configured to amplify the second parts. The second coupler 205 is further configured to combine the amplified first and second transmit input signal parts and, respectively, the amplified first and second cancellation input signal parts. Thereby, the amplified first and second transmit input signal parts are combined such that they constructively form the transmit signal 102 at the second port 110 and destructively cancel each other at the third port 112. To the contrary, the amplified first and second cancellation input signal parts are combined such that they constructively form the cancellation signal 111 at the third port 112 and destructively cancel each other at the second port 110. In this way, the transmit signal 102 is generated from the transmit input signal 106 and is output only at the second port 110 to the antenna 200. Further, also in this way, the cancellation signal 111 is generated from the cancellation input signal 108 and is output only at the third port 112 to the signal processing section (here including an LNA 201).

(18) The second coupler 205 is further configured to divide the receive signal 103 into a first part and a second part, with a phase difference of 90° between the first part and the second part, and to provide the first receive signal part to the first signal path, particularly to the first amplifier 204a, and the second receive signal part to the second signal path, particularly to the second amplifier 204b. Both amplifiers 204a and 204b are preferably highly reflective at their outputs, i.e. have a high output reflection coefficient. Accordingly, the first amplifier 204a is configured to reflect the first receive signal part and the second amplifier 204b is configured to reflect the second receive signal part. In particular, said parts are reflected back to the second coupler 205. The second coupler 205 is then configured to combine the reflected first and second receive signal parts such that they constructively form the receive signal 103 at the third port 112 and destructively cancel each other at the second port 110. In this way, the receive signal 103 is provided from the second port 110 to the third port 112.

(19) In case the transmit signal 102 is partly reflected from the antenna 200, this reflection 202 is received again at the antenna port 101 and accordingly at the second port 110. In the same way as described above for the receive signal 103, the reflected transmit signal 202 is provided to the third port 112, i.e. it causes transmit signal leakage. However, the cancellation input signal 108 can be selected such that it cancels the leaked reflected transmit signal 202 at the third port 112. The same is true for any other transmit signal leakage that occurs in the RF front end 100, i.e. the cancellation input signal 108 can be selected such that it cancels any signal leakage caused at the third port 112. Thus, the QBPA by generating the cancellation signal 111 provides a TX SIC mechanism to cancel any TX interference.

(20) FIG. 3 illustrates the RF front end 100 of FIG. 2 by a linear S-parameter model and analysis of its QBPA 105. Since many transceivers are linearly operated, it is useful to look at this S-parameter model of the proposed RF front end 100 according to an embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 3 suggests a simplified S-parameter signal flow diagram.

(21) According to ‘D. Regev et al. “Modified re-configurable quadrature balanced power amplifiers for half and full duplex RE front ends” 2018 Texas Symposium on Wireless and Microwave Circuits and Systems (WMCS), Waco, T X, 2018, pp. 1-4.’, it can be shown that the transmit gain from the first port 107 to the second port 110, denoted S.sub.21 RFFE, equals:

(22) $\begin{array}{cc}{S}_{21\mathrm{RFFE}}=\frac{b_2}{a_1}=-\frac{j}{2}\left(S_{21A}+S_{21B}\right),& \left(1\right)\end{array}$
and that the receive gain from the second port 110 to the third port 112, denoted S.sub.32 RFFE, equals:

(23) $\begin{array}{cc}{S}_{32\mathrm{RFFE}}=\frac{b_3}{a_2}=-\frac{j}{2}\left(S_{22A}+S_{22B}\right).& \left(2\right)\end{array}$

(24) Similarly, by symmetry, the gain for the cancellation signal from the fourth port 109 into the third port 112, denoted S.sub.34 RFFE, can be written as:

(25) $\begin{array}{cc}{S}_{34\mathrm{RFFE}}=\frac{b_3}{a_4}=-\frac{j}{2}\left(S_{21A}+S_{21B}\right).& \left(3\right)\end{array}$

(26) For the reflection coefficient of the antenna 200, denoted σ.sub.T≠0, the gain from the first port 108 to the third port 112, denoted as S.sub.31 RFFE, i.e. the transmit signal leakage, for identical (balanced) and highly reflective internal amplifiers 204a and 204b, may be approximated by:
S.sub.31 RFFE≈Γ.sub.T.Math.|S.sub.21 RFFE|  (4)

(27) The result in (4) indicates that transmit receive isolation for a balanced QBPA RF front end (as e.g. shown in FIG. 7) will be dominated by the antenna reflection. This is very similar to the performance of the circuit with the circulator shown in FIG. 6B, which will also be mostly dominated by the antenna reflection in practical setups.

(28) As shown previously, one can solve S.sub.31RFFE=0 for T.sub.T #0 and find a solution to increase T/R isolation. However, a more useful simplification and design target is to keep S.sub.22A=S.sub.22B=S.sub.22 and solve instead:

(29) $\begin{array}{cc}\frac{S_{21A}-S_{21B}}{S_{21A}+S_{21B}}=-{\Gamma }_T{S}_{22}.& \left(5\right)\end{array}$

(30) Examining the above equation (5) can reveal a “general solution”:
S.sub.21 A=(1−Γ.sub.TS.sub.22)S.sub.21, and
S.sub.21 B=(1+Γ.sub.TS.sub.22)S.sub.21.  (6)

(31) Hence, S.sub.31RFFE can be minimized or completely canceled by finding the factor Γ.sub.TS.sub.22 and setting the A and B gains as found in Eq. (6).

(32) Alternatively, as proposed by the present disclosure, the two gains can be kept equal at:
S.sub.21 A=S.sub.21 B=S.sub.21.

(33) That means, that the first signal path is equal to the second signal path and/or means that the amplification of the first parts by the amplifier 204a is equal to the amplification of the second parts by the amplifier 204b in the RF front end 100 of FIG. 2.

(34) Additionally, the cancellation input signal 108 is injected into the fourth port 109, particularly the cancellation input signal Γ.sub.TS.sub.22/S.sub.21 is injected at the fourth port 109. This will generate signals identical to those generated by the above equation (6). The main advantage of the concept of the present disclosure is that it is (theoretically) not limited in BW, as it e.g. reproduces and cancels the reflected transmit signal 202 in its full BW.

(35) FIG. 4 shows a method 400 according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The method 400 is for performing a wireless communication using a RF front end 100, in particular the RF front end 100 shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2. The method 400 comprises a step 401 of providing a transmit signal 102 to and receiving a receive signal 103 from an antenna 200 via an antenna port 101 of the RF front end 100. Further, the method 400 comprises a step 402 of using a QBPA 105 to perform a step 403 of receiving a transmit input signal 106 at a first port 107, perform a step 404 of receiving a cancellation input signal 108 at a fourth port 109, perform a step 405 of receiving the receive signal 103 at a second port 110 connected to the antenna port 101, perform a step 406 of generating the transmit signal 102 from the transmit input signal 106 and output 406 the transmit signal 102 at the second port 110, perform a step 407 of generating a cancellation signal 111 from the cancellation input signal 108 and output the cancellation signal 111 and the receive signal 103 at a third port 112. Finally, the method 400 comprises a step 408 of outputting the receive signal 103 to a signal processing section 201 via a receive port 104 connected to the third port 112.

(36) FIG. 5 shows a transceiver 500 (FD or HD) according to an embodiment of the disclosure, which transceiver 500 comprises a RF front end 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, in particular the RF front end 100 of FIG. 1 or FIG. 2. The transceiver 500 further comprises a transmit and receive antenna 200 connected to the antenna port 101 of the RF front end 100. The transceiver 500 may be able to operate in HD and/or FD mode, since the RF front end 100 is a dual mode RF front end, and can further transmit and receive signals via the antenna 200 simultaneously. Due to the use of the RF front end 100, a transmit signal leakage is thereby greatly reduced in the transceiver 500.

(37) The present disclosure has been described in conjunction with various embodiments as examples as well as implementations. However, other variations can be understood and effected by those persons skilled in the art and practicing the claimed disclosure, from the studies of the drawings, this disclosure and the independent claims. In the claims as well as in the description the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. A single element or other unit may fulfill the functions of several entities or items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in the mutual different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used in an advantageous implementation.