Method for measuring an electric property of a test sample

Abstract

The method may be used for measuring an electric property of a magnetic tunnel junction used in an embedded MRAM memory for example. The method uses a multi point probe with a plurality of probe tips for contacting a designated area of the test sample, which is electrically insulated from the part of the test sample which is to be tested. Electrically connections are placed underneath the magnetic tunnel junction and goes to the designated area.

Claims

1. A method for measuring an electrical property of a multilayer test sample such as a magnetic tunnel junction, said method comprising: providing said multilayer test sample having a stack including at least a first layer and a second layer, said stack being above an electrically insulating layer, providing a first test sample terminal above said electrically insulating layer for a first connection with a measurement circuit, providing a second test sample terminal above said electrically insulating layer for a second connection with said measurement circuit, said first test sample terminal, said second test sample terminal, and said stack being electrically insulated from each other, providing a first electrically conductive path embedded in said electrically insulating layer, said first electrically conductive path electrically interconnecting said first test sample terminal and said stack, and providing a second electrically conductive path embedded in the electrically insulated layer, said second electrically conductive path electrically interconnecting said second test sample terminal and said stack, said method further comprising: providing said measuring circuit including a first measuring terminal and a second measuring terminal, contacting said first measuring terminal with said first test sample terminal, contacting said second measuring terminal with said second test sample terminal, and measuring said electric property of said stack by means of said measuring circuit.

2. The method according to claim 1, said multilayer test sample being a semiconductor wafer for magnetoresistive random-access memory.

3. The method according to claim 1, said stack constituting a magnetic tunnel junction.

4. The method according to claim 1, said first layer being a ferromagnetic sheet.

5. The method according to claim 1, said second layer being a ferromagnetic sheet.

6. The method according to claim 1, said stack including a middle layer sandwiched between said first layer and said second layer.

7. The method according to claim 6, said middle layer being an electric insulator for tunnelling electrons between said first layer and said second layer.

8. The method according to claim 1, a first island of said test sample having at least three layers.

9. The method according to claim 8, a second island of said test sample having at least three layers.

10. The method according to claim 1, said first electrically conductive path extending planarly in said electrically insulating layer.

11. The method according to claim 1, comprising providing a first via between said first test sample and said first electrically conductive path.

12. The method according to claim 11, comprising providing a second via between said stack and said first electrically conductive path.

13. The method according to claim 1, comprising providing a test probe including a first probe tip of said first measuring terminal and a second probe tip of said second measuring terminal, contacting said first probe tip with said first test sample terminal, and contacting said second probe tip with said second test sample terminal.

14. A multilayer test sample for embedded measuring of an electrical property of said multilayer test sample, said multilayer test sample comprising: a stack including at least a first layer and a second layer, said stack being above an electrically insulating layer, a first test sample terminal above said electrically insulating layer for a first connection with a measurement circuit, a second test sample terminal above said electrically insulating layer for a second connection with said measurement circuit, said first test sample terminal, said second test sample terminal, and said stack being electrically insulated from each other, said multilayer test sample further comprising: a first electrically conductive path embedded in the electrically insulated layer, said first electrically conductive path electrically interconnecting said first test sample terminal and said stack, and a second electrically conductive path embedded in the electrically insulated layer, said second electrically conductive path interconnecting said second test sample terminal and said stack such that said first electrically conductive path and said second electrically conductive path together with said stack form a circuit between said first test sample terminal and said second test sample terminal for measuring said electrically property.

Description

(1) The invention will now be explained in more detail below by means of examples with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which

(2) FIG. 1 shows an exploded view of a test sample.

(3) FIG. 2 shows a test sample.

(4) FIG. 3a shows a test sample.

(5) FIG. 3b shows an enlarged view of part of FIG. 3a.

(6) FIG. 4a shows a test sample.

(7) FIG. 4b shows an enlarged view of part of FIG. 4a.

(8) The invention may, however, be embodied in different forms than depicted below, and should not be construed as limited to any examples set forth herein. Rather, any examples are provided so that the disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.

(9) Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. Like elements will thus not be described in detail with respect to the description of each figure.

(10) FIG. 1 shows an exploded view of a test sample,

(11) The test sample 10 has five layers wherein the top three layers constitute a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), i.e. a MTJ stack.

(12) The test sample may constitute a semiconductor wafer comprising at least two electrically conductive layers and a tunnelling electrically insulating layer sandwiched in the middle, for example an MTJ.

(13) The top layer 12 of the MTJ stack may or may not contain a ferromagnetic material, but it is electrically conductive.

(14) The direction of the magnetization of the top layer may be changed.

(15) A middle layer 14 is sandwiched between the top layer and a bottom layer 16 of the MTJ stack.

(16) The middle layer is a thin electrically insulator—the thickness of which is not so large that electrons may not tunnel through it, i.e. the middle layer is a tunnelling barrier layer.

(17) The bottom layer 16 may also or may not contain ferromagnetic materials, but it is electrically conductive.

(18) Alternatively, the top layer may have a permanent magnetization, and the bottom layer may have a variable direction of the magnetic moments. Both layers may also have a variable direction of the magnetic moments.

(19) The resistance of the stack when a voltage potential is applied across the stack could depend on if the magnetization of the top and bottom layer are parallel or antiparallel, i.e. if they are parallel, the tunnelling barrier is lower than if the magnetizations are antiparallel.

(20) The top layer is illustrated with a planar top surface, and the layers are in general illustrated as being parallel to each other.

(21) The stack may also have more than two conductive layers and one barrier with several electrical properties, which are to be measured.

(22) Alternatively, the layers of the test sample may have another function than as for a MRAM cell. For example, a stack having only two layers, the purpose of which being a sensor.

(23) The three layers of the stack are shown as seven islands in FIG. 1, i.e. six smaller islands next to each other on a row and one larger island by itself (such as a test island constituting an MTJ stack 28 for MRAM or a sensor purpose). This is a result of etchings in the stack layers such that these islands become electrically insulated from each other, i.e. the islands are not electrically connected with each other.

(24) The removed parts of the layers could also be constituted by oxide material or another material constituting an electrical insulator, i.e. such that the space between the islands themselves, and the space between an island and the MTJ stack is filled with an electrical insulator material.

(25) The six smaller islands constitute six test sample terminals, which may have the purpose of landing pads such as a first landing pad 26 having a first landing area on top of the landing pad, i.e. the exposed surface 30 which is not covered by another layer on top of it—except for possibly a thin oxide layer.

(26) A test sample terminal may have any in-plane shape. FIG. 1 shows rectangular shapes/areas but the shape may be round, oval, elliptic, polygonal or a random shape.

(27) Each landing area of each landing pad is for landing a probe tip, i.e. contacting a probe tip with the landing area such that an electric signal may be injected into the landing pad during a measurement routine, or alternatively, an electric measurement signal may be picked up. In this way, terminals are provided on the test sample for a probe, and for doing a probe measurement.

(28) Instead of using a probe, the test sample may be inserted into a measuring device wherein the measuring terminals have fixed positions aligned with the position of the test sample terminals when the test sample is placed correctly in the measuring device.

(29) The larger island 28 may the identical as of the in the MRAM cell needed to be tested, specifically one or more electrical properties of the MTJ stack.

(30) Below the MTJ stack is a fourth layer constituting a first electrically insulating layer 18, i.e. no current is intended to flow freely in that layer without control of the current path.

(31) Below the fourth electrically insulating layer is the fifth layer constituting a second electrically insulating layer 20.

(32) The first electrically insulating layer, and the second electrically insulating layer may be made as one electrically insulating layer.

(33) The first electrically insulating layer has vias such as a first via 22 extending vertically throughout the thickness of the layer.

(34) One via is illustrated below each of the six islands constituting a row of islands.

(35) Six vias, such as a second via 34, are also shown under the larger island, which all go into contact with the bottom surface of the bottom layer of the MTJ stack.

(36) In the second electrically insulating layer are six cobber lanes, i.e. cobber deposited during one of the fabrication steps (another electrically conductive material than cobber may be used).

(37) The cobber lanes constitute electrically conductive paths such as a first electrically conductive path 24.

(38) For the electric connection between a terminal and the particular part of the test sample, which needs to be tested, it is contemplated that the vias may be omitted. For example if a test sample terminal and test island are next to each other so that the electric connection only needs to be established underneath the isolated/etched part of the test sample.

(39) The electrically conductive paths extend parallel with the layers and each electrically conductive path interconnects a via for one landing pad with one of the vias contacting the MTJ stack.

(40) One of the electrically insulating layers may also be used for electrically connections leading to for example control electronics such as a switch. The switch itself may be placed in a sixth layer, which may be lower than the electrically insulating layer.

(41) A landing pad may not necessarily be constituted by three MTJ layers. Alternatively, the landing pad may be a semiconductor material deposited or otherwise created on the first electrically insulating layer as an island which may conduct an electric signal from a probe tip to the via, which contacts the respective landing pad from below.

(42) FIG. 2 shows a test sample.

(43) The test sample in FIG. 2 corresponds to the test sample mentioned in connection with FIG. 1, but where a probe has been placed above the test sample.

(44) The test sample is shown in a non-exploded view. The vias and electrically conductive paths are illustrated as dotted lines below the top three layers.

(45) The probe has six cantilever arms extending parallel to each other. Each cantilever arm ending in a probe tip such as a first probe tip 32.

(46) Each respective probe tip has been brought into contact with the landing areas of each respective landing pad, i.e. the first probe tip 32 contacts the first landing pad 26 with the first via 22 contacting the first landing pad from below.

(47) For the measurement of the electric property, the contact is such that there is an electric contact between the probe tip and the landing pad, i.e. the probe tip may penetrate a possible oxide layer on top of the landing pad such that the electric contact may be established.

(48) A probe tip may penetrate the landing pad a small distance so that it not only rests on the surface constituting the landing area.

(49) The first electrically conductive path extends from the first via to the MTJ stack 28, i.e. to a point below the MTJ stack.

(50) The vias and electrically conductive paths enable a circuit path to be completed from one probe tip to another such that a current may be injected into the circuit path and go into the MTJ stack and further to a second probe tip.

(51) Four of the cantilever arms may be for a four point measurement (four terminal sensing). Two of these are for injecting a current, and the other two are for voltage measurement.

(52) The fifth cantilever arm may be for distance measuring so that the distance between a probe tip and landing pad may be controlled during the landing of a probe tip.

(53) FIG. 3a shows a test sample.

(54) The test sample in FIG. 3a corresponds to the test sample mentioned in connection with FIG. 1, but where a cross section has been made through the vias which connects to the MTJ stack to be tested.

(55) In FIG. 3b, an, enlarged view of one of the vias in FIG. 3a is shown, i.e. of a part of the test sample shown in FIG. 3a.

(56) The magnified view shows the top layer 12, the middle layer 14, and the bottom layer 16 of the MTJ stack. The second via 34 extends vertically from the first electrically conducting path 24 to the bottom layer 16 of the MTJ stack 28.

(57) FIG. 4a shows a test sample.

(58) The test sample in FIG. 4a corresponds to the test sample mentioned in connection with FIG. 1, but where a cross section has been made through one of the electrically conductive paths—the cross section is in a plane orthogonal to the cross section of FIG. 3b.

(59) In FIG. 4b, an enlarged view of one of the vias in FIG. 4a is shown, i.e. of a part of the test sample shown in FIG. 4a.

(60) The magnified view shows the top layer 12, the middle layer 14, and the bottom layer 16 of the MTJ stack.

(61) The second via 34 extends vertically from the first electrically conducting path 24 to the bottom layer 16 of the MTJ stack 28.

(62) The electrically conducting path 24 extends between the first via 22 and the second via 34.

(63) Below is a list of reference signs used in the detailed description of the invention and in the drawings referred to in the detailed description of the invention 10 Test sample 12 Top layer 14 Middle layer 16 Bottom layer 18 First electrically insulating layer 20 Second electrically insulating layer 22 First via 24 First electrically conductive path 26 First landing pad 28 MTJ stack 30 First landing area 32 Probe tip 34 Second via