IINCREASED DRAINAGE AND DECREASED INTERNAL STRESS URETERAL STENT DESIGN

Abstract

A ureteral stent may comprise an elongate member with an internal-luminal space. The member may have at least one end coiled in a pigtail-shape, a substantially straight portion, and a plurality of side ports wherein the plurality of side ports are located only in the substantially straight portion and are disposed along a spiral or helix where each side port is located radially and longitudinally offset relative to each adjacent side port.

Claims

1. A stent comprising: an elongate member comprising: a first coil section defining a lumen and comprising a first coil; a first substantially straight section defining a lumen; a second substantially straight section defining a lumen and located between the first coil section and the first substantially straight section; and a plurality of side ports wherein the plurality of side ports is located only on the substantially straight sections.

2. The stent of claim 1, wherein the plurality of side ports on the second substantially straight section includes three to ten side ports.

3. The stent of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of side ports on the second substantially straight section is offset rotated 90° relative to each adjacent side port.

4. The stent of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of side ports on the second substantially straight section is longitudinally spaced 5 mm apart from each other.

5. The stent of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of side ports on the first substantially straight section are offset rotated 90° relative to each adjacent side port.

6. The stent of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of side ports on the first substantially straight section is spaced 3 cm longitudinally apart from adjacent side port(s).

7. The stent of claim 1, wherein the elongate member further comprises: a second coil section defining a lumen and comprising a second coil; and a third substantially straight section defining a lumen and located between the first substantially straight section and the second coil section.

8. The stent of claim 7, wherein each of the plurality of side ports on the third substantially straight section is spaced 5 mm longitudinally apart from adjacent side port(s).

9. The stent of claim 7, wherein each of the plurality of side ports on the third substantially straight section is offset rotated from 30° to 90° relative to each adjacent side port.

10. The stent of claim 7, wherein each of the plurality of side ports on the third substantially straight section is offset rotated 90° relative to each adjacent side port

11. The stent of claim 7, wherein at least some of the plurality of side ports are uniformly spaced away from each other.

12. The stent of claim 7, wherein the side ports are uniformly spaced away from each other.

13. The stent of claim 1, wherein at least some of the plurality of side ports are uniformly spaced away from each other.

14. The stent of claim 1, wherein the side ports are uniformly spaced away from each other.

15. A stent comprising: an elongate tubular member comprising: a first coil section defining a lumen and comprising a first coil; a second coil section comprising a second coil; a first substantially straight section through which the lumen continues; a second substantially straight section located between the first coil section and the first substantially straight section; a third substantially straight section located between the second coil section and the first substantially straight section; and a plurality of side ports wherein the plurality of side ports is located only along the substantially straight sections, where the lumen extends continuously through the first coil, the first, second, and third substantially straight sections, and the second coil, as well as also communicating with an exterior of the member through the side ports.

16. The stent of claim 15, wherein each of the plurality of side ports along the third substantially straight section is offset rotated from 30° to 90° relative to each adjacent side port.

17. The stent of claim 15, wherein at least some of the plurality of side ports are uniformly spaced away from each other.

18. The stent of claim 15, wherein the plurality of side ports along the second substantially straight section includes three to ten side ports.

19. The stent of claim 15, wherein at least some of the plurality of side ports are spaced away from each other by about 5 mm to about 3 cm.

20. The stent of claim 15, wherein at least some of the plurality of side ports are more closely spaced away from each other along the second and third substantially straight sections than along the first substantially straight section.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0008] The present disclosure can be better understood with reference to the following drawings and description. The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the present disclosure. Moreover, in the figures, like-referenced numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views.

[0009] FIG. 1 is an illustration showing a perspective view of one end portion of a stent in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure; FIG. 1A is an illustration showing a perspective view of a stent in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure (e.g., FIG. 1), and indicating also that the side on which end curls/coils lie can go the same direction or opposite directions in different embodiments.

[0010] FIG. 2 is an illustration showing relative positions of the device elements within a human body.

[0011] FIGS. 3A-B show a comparison of flow characteristics, with FIG. 3A showing flow characteristics of a pigtail stent having side ports in pigtail curl and FIG. 3B showing flow characteristics of a pigtail stent in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.

[0012] FIGS. 4A-4B show a comparison of ureteral stent stress levels after pigtail unwinding, with FIG. 4A showing stress level of a pigtail stent having side ports along the coil of the pigtail section and FIG. 4B showing stress level of a pigtail stent in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure like the embodiments of FIGS. 1-1A.

[0013] FIGS. 5A-5B show a comparison of ureteral stent stress levels after pigtail unwinding and extraction force application, FIG. 5A showing stress level of a pigtail stent having side ports on pigtail section and FIG. 5B showing stress level of a pigtail stent in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0014] Various aspects are described below with reference to the drawings in which like elements generally are identified by like numerals. The relationship and functioning of the various elements of the aspects may better be understood by reference to the following detailed description. However, aspects are not limited to those illustrated in the drawings or explicitly described below. It also should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale, and in certain instances details may have been omitted that are not necessary for an understanding of aspects disclosed herein, such as conventional material, construction, and assembly. The terms “about,” “substantially,” “generally,” and other terms of degree, when used with reference to any volume, dimension, proportion, or other quantitative or qualitative value, are intended to communicate a definite and identifiable value within the standard parameters that would be understood by one of skill in the art (equivalent to a medical device engineer with experience in this field), and should be interpreted to include at least any legal equivalents, minor but functionally-insignificant variants, standard manufacturing tolerances, and including at least mathematically significant figures (although not required to be as broad as the largest range thereof). For example, the term “substantially straight” means at least more nearly straight than curved, but generally and preferably means as nearly straight as possible within realistic physical constraints of the materials used and manufacturing tolerances therefor.

[0015] Referring to FIGS. 1-1A, a pigtail stent 100 may include an elongate tubular member 110 with an internal-luminal space 105, the member 110 having at least one pigtail curl 10 (alternatively called a coil, as it forms a nearly helical loop) at an end, a substantially straight portion near the beginning of the pigtail curl 20, a substantially straight portion of the stent body 30, and a plurality of side ports 50. Substantially straight portions 20, 30 refer to portions of the stent 100 that establishes a substantially straight profile in a nominal direction, which need not be perfectly linear. Because stent 100 is generally made of a flexible material, the substantially straight portions 20, 30 may follow an arcuate lumen deployed therein. As should be understood with reference to FIG. 1A, the stent 100 may actually be generally symmetrical in gross construction (e.g., double pigtailed) and/or in fine detail (e.g., number and placement of side ports), where a double-pigtail embodiment may have the first and coils at opposite ends matching or mirroring each other along or across any axis of the device and including a second coiled portion 10 and third substantially straight portion 20, at the opposite end of the first substantially straight portion 30. FIG. 2 illustrates relative positions of the curl 10, the second substantially straight portion 20 near the beginning of the curl 10, and the substantially straight portion of the body 30 inside a human body. When disposed in a human body, the first pigtail curl 10 may be located inside kidney whereas the substantially straight portions 20, 30 may generally be located in/through a ureter, and a second pigtail curl 10 (if present) may be located in the bladder of the body where the device is installed. Typical stent dimensions may be between 5 Fr-9 Fr (about 1.66 to about 3 mm in diameter) and about 15 to about 35 cm in length including one or two coiled pigtails (meaning that the uncoiled length would be greater)

[0016] In one embodiment, the stent 100 may have a plurality of side ports 50 only on substantially straight portions 20, 30, with no side ports along/around the coil 10 of the pigtail. Specifically, side ports 50 on the substantially straight portion near the beginning of the pigtail curl 10 may be spaced 0.5 cm apart, with adjacent side ports 50 lying along an axis that is rotated/offset 90° from the other side ports 50 along the body of the substantially straight portion. The number of side ports 50 in the substantially straight portion 20 near the beginning of the pigtail curl 10 determines the drainage. For example, increasing the number of side ports 50 in the substantially straight portion 20 near the beginning of the pigtail curl 10 may result in greater drainage with the same flow rate through the lumen within which the stent is deployed, such as the ureter. Thus, the number of side ports 50 in the substantially straight portion near the beginning of the pigtail curl 10 may vary depending on the desired drainage characteristics. In one embodiment, the number of side ports 50 in the substantially straight portion 20 near the beginning of the pigtail curl 10 may be five, while in other embodiments it may be alternative numbers, such as 3-10 ports, inclusive of all numbers within this range. Additionally, side ports 50 in the substantially straight portion of the body 30 may be spaced apart at various longitudinal distances. For example, side ports 50 in the substantially straight portion of the body 30 may be longitudinally spaced at least up to 5 mm or 1 cm apart from each other, or further apart. The side ports 50 may be, but do not need to be, uniformly spaced longitudinally apart from each other. For example, the side ports 50 may be longitudinally spaced about 5 mm from each other along the substantially straight portion 20, and then spaced further apart along the middle substantially straight portion 30. For another example, side ports 50 in the substantially straight portion of the body 30 may be spaced 3 cm apart from each other. The side ports 50 in the substantially straight portion of the body 30 may be positioned upon the portion such that the side ports are positioned at/offset by 90° angles between adjacent, longitudinally separated side ports along the length of the substantially straight portion. In other embodiments, there may be different angles between adjacent side ports, such as 30, 45, 60, or 75 degrees. Stated differently, each of the plurality of side ports on the second substantially straight section is offset rotated (e.g., 90° or some other amount of about 30°-90°) relative to each adjacent side port, such that they are disposed along a spiral or helix where each side port is located radially and longitudinally offset relative to each longitudinally-adjacent side port.

[0017] The drainage along the substantially straight portions 20, 30 of the stent can be characterized by calculations of the flow resistance, which is a ratio of pressure gradient and flow rate at inlet. The pressure gradient is defined as the pressure difference between inlet and outlet. Not every one of the side ports is uniformly active when deployed in the ureter. However, proper drainage characteristics are important because stasis regions, which may be formed inside inactive side ports, may lead to encrustation formations. Referring to FIGS. 3A-3B, a device constructed in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1 and the upper portion of FIG. 3A) exhibited a reduced flow resistance of the device by 10% for a flow rate of 1 mL/min compared a device having side ports along the coiled pigtail portion (as shown in the upper portion of FIG. 3B). Specifically, FIG. 3A shows a colorimetric diagram with flow characteristics of a device having side ports along the coiled pigtail portion. The device having side ports along the pigtail portion exhibit a substantial decrease in drainage inside kidney through the most of the side ports in the pigtail region. One side port around the junction of kidney and bladder region, which is equivalent to the substantially straight portion near the beginning of pigtail curl, is hyperactive. Therefore, FIG. 3A flow diagram shows two active side ports as in a prior art catheter. On the other hand, FIG. 3B shows a colorimetric diagram with flow characteristics of the device in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure having more side ports around the junction of kidney and bladder region but having no side ports along the coiled pigtail portion. A device constructed in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure exhibits gradual increase in drainage in the kidney-ureter junction region, and thus has more side ports that are relatively active as compared to prior art stents that have side ports along the coiled pigtail. FIG. 3B shows three active side ports. Eliminating the side ports on the pigtail curl and increasing the number of side ports on the substantially straight portion near the beginning of pigtail curl in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure reduces the number of stasis locations inside the inactive side ports, thereby reducing the risk for encrustation.

[0018] Referring to FIGS. 4A-4B, the device in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure exhibited a decreased stress level during the straightening of the pigtail curl 10, which is identified as one of the highest stress scenarios experienced by a stent during use. FIG. 4A shows a colorimetric representation of stress levels of the straightened pigtail portion of a device having side ports linearly along the pigtail curl whereas FIG. 4B shows stress levels of the straightened pigtail portion of the device having no side ports along the pigtail portion in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. Stress levels along the straightened portion of the device constructed in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure were generally lower than that of the device having side ports along the pigtail portion (e.g., as shown in the upper portion of FIG. 3A). Particularly, the decrease in stress level was of 28% compared to that of the pigtail stent having side ports on the coiled pigtail portion. This presents advantages for the device that will readily be appreciated by those of skill in the art, including with regard to maintaining device integrity and/or to minimizing stresses applied to patient tissues during installation and removal of a stent constructed in keeping with this disclosure.

[0019] Referring to FIGS. 5A-5B, the device in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure exhibited a decreased peak stress during exaggerated tensile extension of the stent, which reflects the worst-case expected loading scenario during stent retrieval, when the coiled pigtail portion may be forced out of its coil to be substantially or absolutely straight. Specifically, FIG. 5A shows a colorimetric diagram of the stress level of a device having side ports linearly along the pigtail portion (e.g., as shown in the upper portion of FIG. 3A), whereas FIG. 5B shows a colorimetric diagram of the stress level of the device having no side ports along the pigtail portion in accordance with the present disclosure (e.g., as shown in FIG. 1). Stress levels of the straightened portion of the device in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure were markedly lower than that of the device having side ports along the coiled pigtail portion. Specifically, the decrease was 57% compared to that of the pigtail stent having side ports on the pigtail portion.

[0020] In addition to improved performance characteristics, devices without side ports in the curled pigtail region in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure offer generally reduced manufacturing complexity and cost. Those factors—along with the above-described changes in stresses during device life and usage, and in improved flow with corresponding reduced risk of encrustation that would diminish device efficacy—demonstrate the criticality of the present inventive features.

[0021] While the preferred embodiments of the disclosure have been described, it should be understood that the disclosure is not so limited and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims, and all devices that come within the meaning of the claims, either literally or by equivalence, are intended to be embraced therein.