GRAPHENE-BASED ANTIVIRAL POLYMER

Abstract

An antiviral material is provided. The antiviral material includes a polymeric matrix and graphene particles dispersed in the polymeric matrix at a concentration of greater than or equal to about 0.05 wt. % to less than or equal to about 10 wt. % based on the total weight of the antiviral material, wherein the antiviral material exhibits antiviral activity. Methods of making the antiviral material and uses of the antiviral material are also provided.

Claims

1. An antiviral material comprising: a polymeric matrix; and graphene particles dispersed in the polymeric matrix at a concentration of greater than or equal to about 0.05 wt. % to less than or equal to about 10 wt. % based on the total weight of the antiviral material, wherein the antiviral material exhibits antiviral activity.

2. The antiviral material according to claim 1, wherein the graphene particles have greater than or equal to 1 to less than or equal to 10 layers, wherein each layer comprises carbon atoms arranged in a two-dimensional lattice.

3. The antiviral material according to claim 1, wherein the graphene particles have greater than or equal 6 to less than or equal to 10 layers, wherein each layer comprises carbon atoms arranged in a two-dimensional lattice.

4. The antiviral material according to claim 1, comprising: greater than or equal to about 90 wt. % to less than or equal to about 99 wt. % of the polymeric matrix; and greater than or equal to about 0.05 wt. % to less than or equal to about 10 wt. % of the graphene particles, wherein the wt. % is based on the total weight of the antiviral material.

5. The antiviral material according to claim 1, wherein the antiviral material is flexible and the polymeric matrix includes a polymer comprising polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), or a combination thereof.

6. The antiviral material according to claim 5, wherein the TPE comprises a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), a thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV), or combinations thereof.

7. The antiviral material according to claim 5, wherein the antiviral material comprises a layer comprising the polymeric matrix and a foam layer, wherein the layer comprises the polymeric matrix is disposed on the foam layer.

8. The antiviral material according to claim 1, wherein the antiviral material is rigid and the polymeric matrix includes a polymer comprising polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), PC/ABS, PC/PP, a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), or combinations thereof.

9. The antiviral material according to claim 1, further comprising: metal oxide particles dispersed in the polymer matrix, the metal oxide particles comprising at least one of cuprous oxide (Cu.sub.2O) particles or zinc oxide (ZnO) particles.

10. The antiviral material according to claim 9, comprising: greater than or equal to about 50 wt. % to less than or equal to about 98 wt. % of the polymer; greater than or equal to about 0.05 wt. % to less than or equal to about 10 wt. % of the graphene particles; greater than or equal to about 0 wt. % to less than or equal to about 20 wt. % of the Cu.sub.2O particles; and greater than or equal to about 0 wt. % to less than or equal to about 20 wt. % of the ZnO particles, with the proviso that at least one of the Cu.sub.2O particles or the ZnO particles is present in the antiviral material.

11. The antiviral composition according to claim 1, wherein the antiviral composition inactivates greater than or equal to about 99% of viral particles in contact with the antiviral composition in less than or equal to about 1 hour.

12. The antiviral material according to claim 1, further comprising a vehicular interior panel including the polymeric matrix and graphene particles, the panel further comprising a flexible fastener.

13. An automotive vehicle instrument panel having a surface comprising the antiviral material according to claim 1.

14. A seat having a surface comprising the antiviral material according to claim 1.

15. An electrical device comprising an exterior surface having the antiviral material according to claim 1.

16. An automotive vehicle interior panel comprising: a flexible exterior surface comprising an antiviral material; a rigid substrate; and a compressible foam disposed between the flexible exterior surface and the rigid substrate, wherein the antiviral material comprises a polymeric matrix, and graphene particles dispersed within the polymeric matrix at a concentration of greater than or equal to about 0.05 wt. % to less than or equal to about 10 wt. % based on the total weight of the antiviral material, and wherein the antiviral material exhibits antiviral activity.

17. The automotive vehicle interior panel according to claim 16, wherein the antiviral material further comprises at least one of cuprous oxide (Cu.sub.2O) particles or zinc oxide (ZnO) particles.

18. The automotive vehicle interior panel according to claim 17, wherein the at least one of Cu.sub.2O particles or zinc oxide ZnO particles are coupled to the graphene.

19. The automotive vehicle interior panel according to claim 16, wherein the interior panel is an A-pillar, a B-pillar, a C-pillar, an instrument panel, a steering wheel skin, an airbag cover, a door trim panel, a center console, a knee bolster, a seat mechanism cover, or a sun visor.

20. A vehicle class-A interior surface comprising antiviral material comprising: a polymeric matrix; and graphene particles dispersed in the polymeric matrix at a concentration of greater than or equal to about 0.05 wt. % to less than or equal to about 10 wt. % based on the total weight of the antiviral material, wherein the antiviral material exhibits antiviral activity.

21. The vehicle class-A interior surface according to claim 20, further comprising: metal oxide particles dispersed in the polymeric matrix.

22. The vehicle class-A interior surface according to claim 21, wherein the metal oxide particles comprise cuprous oxide (Cu.sub.2O) particles, zinc oxide (ZnO) particles, or a combination thereof.

23. The vehicle class-A interior surface according to claim 20, being a vehicle occupant-accessible surface covering an inner rigid substrate of an A-pillar, a B-pillar, a C-pillar, an instrument panel, a steering wheel, an airbag cover, a door trim panel, a door handle, a pillar handle, a roof handle, a center console, a knee bolster, a seat mechanism cover, or a sun visor.

24. An automotive vehicle instrument panel comprising: a flexible exterior surface comprising an antiviral material; a rigid substrate; and a compressible foam disposed between the flexible exterior surface and the rigid substrate, wherein the antiviral material comprises a polymeric matrix, and graphene particles dispersed within the polymeric matrix at a concentration of greater than or equal to about 0.05 wt. % to less than or equal to about 10 wt. % based on the total weight of the antiviral material, and wherein the antiviral material exhibits antimicrobial activity.

25. The instrument panel according to claim 24, wherein the antiviral material further comprises metal oxide particles dispersed in the polymeric matrix.

26. The instrument panel according to claim 25, wherein the metal oxide particles comprise cuprous oxide (Cu.sub.2O) particles, zinc oxide (ZnO) particles, or a combination thereof.

27. The instrument panel according to claim 25, wherein the graphene particles carry the metal oxide particles.

28. The instrument panel according to claim 25, wherein graphene particles and the metal oxide particles are independently dispersed within the polymeric matrix.

29. The instrument panel according to claim 24, wherein the polymeric matrix comprises polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), or a combination thereof.

30. The instrument panel according to claim 24, further comprising an airbag cover comprising a frangible seam on a backside surface of the flexible exterior surface.

Description

DRAWINGS

[0009] The drawings described herein are for illustrative purposes only of selected embodiments and not all possible implementations, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

[0010] FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an interior trim panel having antimicrobial surfaces in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0011] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view, taken along line 2-2 of FIG. 1, showing the interior trim panel.

[0012] FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing an A-pillar, a handle, and a door skin having surfaces including antimicrobial materials in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0013] FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view, taken along line 4-4 of FIG. 3, showing the A-pillar and the handle.

[0014] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view, taken along line 5-5 of FIG. 3, showing the door skin.

[0015] FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing a chair having surfaces including an antimicrobial material in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0016] FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view, taken along line 7-7 of FIG. 6, showing a backrest portion of the chair.

[0017] FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view, taken along line 8-8 of FIG. 6, showing a sitting surface of the chair.

[0018] FIG. 9 is a perspective view showing an exercise bench having a surface including an antimicrobial material in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0019] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view, taken along line 10-10 of FIG. 9, showing an outer surface of the exercise bench.

[0020] FIG. 11 is a perspective view showing a public transit seat having a surface including an antimicrobial material in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0021] FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view, taken along line 12-12 of FIG. 11, showing the seat.

[0022] FIG. 13 is a perspective view showing a bicycle handle having a surface including an antimicrobial material in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0023] FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view, taken along line 14-14 of FIG. 13, showing the handle.

[0024] FIG. 15 is a perspective view showing a vital signs monitor having exposed components including an antimicrobial material in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0025] FIG. 16 is a perspective view showing a door having surfaces and a handle including antimicrobial materials in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0026] FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view, taken along line 17-17 of FIG. 16, showing a hand plate on the door.

[0027] FIG. 18 is a perspective view showing an airplane cabin having surfaces including an antimicrobial material in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0028] FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view, taken along line 19-19 of FIG. 18, showing a sitting portion of a seat located within the airplane cabin.

[0029] FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view, taken along line 20-20 of FIG. 18, showing an armrest of a seat located within the airplane cabin.

[0030] FIG. 21 is a perspective view showing a countertop having a surface including an antimicrobial material in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0031] FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view, taken along line 22-22 of FIG. 21, showing the countertop.

[0032] FIG. 23 is a perspective view showing flooring having a surface including an antimicrobial material in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0033] FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view, taken along line 24-24 of FIG. 23, showing the countertop.

[0034] FIG. 25 is a perspective view showing a matt composed of an antimicrobial material in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0035] FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional view, taken along line 26-26 of FIG. 25, showing the matt.

[0036] FIG. 27 is a perspective view showing a computer having surfaces including an antimicrobial material in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0037] FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional view, taken along line 28-28 of FIG. 27, showing a key of the computer.

[0038] FIG. 29 is a perspective view showing a credit card machine having surfaces including an antimicrobial material in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0039] FIG. 30 is a cross-sectional view, taken along line 30-30 of FIG. 29, showing the credit card machine.

[0040] FIG. 31 is a perspective view showing a ski lift having surfaces including an antimicrobial material in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0041] FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional view, taken along line 32-32 of FIG. 31, showing a seating surface of the ski lift.

[0042] FIG. 33A is a cross-sectional view, taken along line 33-33 of FIG. 31, showing the seating surface.

[0043] FIG. 33B is a perspective view showing a sports locker having surfaces including an antimicrobial material in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0044] FIG. 34 is a cross-sectional view, taken along line 34-34 of FIG. 33, showing a wall of the sports locker.

[0045] FIG. 35 is a cross-sectional view, taken along line 35-35 of FIG. 33, showing drawers of the sports locker.

[0046] FIG. 36 is a perspective view showing a rigid pipe having a surface including an antimicrobial material in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0047] FIG. 37 is a perspective view showing a flexible pipe having a surface including an antimicrobial material in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0048] FIG. 38 is a perspective view showing a first antimicrobial material in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0049] FIG. 39 is a perspective view showing a second antimicrobial material in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0050] FIG. 40 is a perspective view showing a third antimicrobial material in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0051] FIG. 41 is a perspective view showing an antimicrobial material disposed on at least one sublayer in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0052] FIG. 42 is a diagrammatic flow chart showing a method for making an antimicrobial material in accordance with various aspects of the current technology.

[0053] Corresponding reference numerals indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0054] Example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0055] The current technology provides antimicrobial polymers used for producing automotive interior products, synthetic leather, gym equipment, flooring, wallets, medical instruments or medical plastics, electronics (e.g., housings, keyboards, laptops, and the like), public transit surfaces (e.g., automotive vehicle interior surfaces, waiting benches, handrails, and the like), cruise ship interior surfaces, sports equipment, and plastic door handles/pads. Automotive interior products include soft skins, seating materials, class-A hard trim components, such as map-pocket, A-pillars, B-pillars, C-pillars, consoles, doors, and instrument panels. All of the above applications are exemplary and non-limiting as it is understood that the current technology is applicable to all plastic surfaces that are configured to be touched by human subjects.

[0056] The current technology also provides graphene-based antiviral polymers for automotive vehicle and aircraft interior parts and other high touch surfaces. As non-limiting examples, the interior part can be an interior trim panel, an automotive vehicle instrument panel, an airbag cover, a door trim panel, a center console, a knee bolster, a seat mechanism cover, a sun visor, a pillar cover, or the like. Other high touch surfaces include synthetic leather, flooring, gym equipment, wallets, medical instruments or medical plastics, hospitals, electronics (e.g., keyboards, laptops credit card machines, and the like), public transit applications, including public transport vehicle interiors and subway or train station benches, handrails, and the like, cruise ship interiors, sports equipment, gas pumps (including housing, key pads, and pump handles), and polymeric door handles and pads.

[0057] In certain aspects, the current technology provides graphene- or graphene-metal oxide complex-infused rigid and/or flexible PVC, TPU, TPO and injection grade PP, TPE, TPO, ABS, PC/ABS, and PC/PVC. Similar polymers, such as PE, nylon, and the like, are also contemplated. As used herein, the term “rigid” means that the “rigid” materials is substantially inflexible. In other words, the rigid materials may be bendable to a slight extent, but are at risk of cracking or breaking after a bending threshold is reached, such as may be exhibited by an automotive vehicle interior panel. On the other hand, “flexible” materials can be heavily bent or folded without cracking or breaking, such as may be exhibited by a synthetic leather.

Articles with Antimicrobial Surfaces

[0058] An interior trim panel for a wheeled automotive land vehicle is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The interior trim panel is preferably an instrument panel 10 but may alternately include a center console 12, a separate airbag cover, a door trim panel, center console, a knee bolster, a seat mechanism cover, a sun visor, a pillar cover, or the like. Instrument panel 10 includes an outer skin 14, a middle pliable foam layer 16 and an inner rigid substrate 18. Also, a steering wheel 29 extends from the instrument panel 10.

[0059] A section of skin 14 acts as an integral airbag door 20 behind which is an airbag assembly 22 including a chute 24. Airbag door 20 hinges or pivots about upper and lower flexure lines adjacent generally horizontally elongated substrate edges 26 when an expanding airbag bursts tear seams 28 in skin 14. A “seamless” or hidden style of skin 14 is preferred whereby tear seams 28 are on the backside surface thereof and are not visible to the vehicle occupant or user. Tear seams 28 preferably have an H-shape, although other configurations such as U-shapes, and X-shapes can be employed. Each of the above components of the instrument panel 10 can comprise an antimicrobial material of the current technology. For example, each of the instrument panel 10, center console 12, airbag cover, door trim panel, center console, knee bolster, seat mechanism cover, pillar cover, a steering wheel, and air bag door 20 can include an outer skin including a flexible antimicrobial material of the current technology or be composed of a rigid antimicrobial material of the current technology.

[0060] An A-pillar trim panel 30 including a handle 32 and an interior door trim panel 34 are shown in FIGS. 3-4. The A-pillar trim panel 30 and the handle 32 include an outer surface including an antimicrobial material of the current technology. At last one flexible fastener is provided on a back side of the A-pillar trim panel 30 to removably retain the A-pillar trim panel 30 to an underlying sheet metal A-pillar structure. Although not shown in FIGS. 3-4, it is understood that B-pillar trim panels and C-pillar trim panels can have the same configuration as the A-pillar trim panel 30.

[0061] The door trim panel 34 includes a flexible outer skin 36, an intermediate compressible foam layer 38 and an inner rigid substrate 40. The inner rigid substrate 40 is removably secured to a sheet metal door structural panel 42 by fasteners. Furthermore, the flexible outer skin 36 includes an antimicrobial material of the current technology and the inner rigid substrate 40 is molded from a polymer or from fiber-based composites.

[0062] As can be observed in FIGS. 6-8, a chair 50 has surfaces including the antimicrobial material of the current technology. The chair 50 includes a sitting surface 52 and a backrest 54. The sitting surface 52 includes an outer antimicrobial surface 56 including an antimicrobial material of the current technology. The outer antimicrobial surface 56 is disposed on a compressible foam layer 58 and the compressible foam layer 58 is disposed on an inner rigid substrate 60. The backrest 54 may only include the antimicrobial material, but can alternatively include the same components of the sitting surface 52.

[0063] With reference to FIGS. 9-10, an exercise or workout bench 70 includes a surface 72 configured to be sat on or laid on. The surface 72 includes an outer antimicrobial surface 74 including an antimicrobial material of the current technology. The outer antimicrobial surface 74 is disposed on a compressible foam layer 76, which is disposed on an inner rigid substrate 78.

[0064] FIGS. 11-12 show a public transit seat 80 having a first exposed surface 82 and a second exposed surface 84 disposed on the first exposed surface 82. Whereas the first exposed surface 82 is rigid, the second exposed surface can be rigid or soft and flexible. At least one of the exposed surfaces 82, 84 includes an antimicrobial material of the current technology. FIG. 11 also shows a handrail 86 located adjacent to the seat 80. An exterior surface of the handrail 86 can also include an antimicrobial material of the current technology.

[0065] Referring to FIGS. 13-14, a bicycle handle 90 has an outer surface 92 including an antimicrobial material of the current technology. The outer surface 92 is disposed on and about a rigid polymeric, metal, or steel substrate 94. A motorcycle handle can have the same or substantially similar configuration.

[0066] Electronic devices including an outer, protective housing, internal electrical circuits, a power supply, and human-contactable surfaces, such as buttons, knobs, and display screens, employ an antimicrobial material according to the current technology on an outside surface thereof. One example of such an electronic device is a vital signs monitor 100 as provided in FIG. 15. The vital signs monitor 100 includes a housing 102, buttons 104, a knob 106, and a screen 108. At least one of the housing 102, buttons 104, knob 106, or screen 108 includes an antimicrobial material of the current technology.

[0067] With reference to FIGS. 16-17, a door 110 includes a handle 112, a hand plate 114, and a kick plate 116. The door 110 is a residential, commercial, office, or manufacturing plant door coupled to a stationary doorjamb. Although the door 110 is shown with the handle 112, the handle 112 can alternatively be a knob. At least one of the handle 112, hand plate 114, and kick plate 116 includes an antimicrobial material of the current technology. Adjacent to the door is a button 120 for opening the door 110. The button is part of an electronic device internally including an electrical switch and circuits. An exterior surface of the button 120 includes the antimicrobial material.

[0068] FIGS. 18-20 show aspects of an airplane cabin 130. The airplane cabin includes a storage bin 132, a wall 134, and a seat 136. The storage bin 132 and the wall 134 including an antimicrobial material of the current technology. The seat 136 includes a sitting portion 138, a backrest 140, and armrests 142. The sitting portion 138 includes an outer skin 144 including an antimicrobial material of the current technology, which is disposed on a compressible foam substrate 146. The backrest 140 can have the same or substantially similar configuration. The armrests 142 comprise a second outer skin 148 disposed on a rigid metal or steel substrate 150. Although not shown, an airplane tray table can also have a surface including an antimicrobial material of the current technology.

[0069] As shown in FIGS. 21-22, a countertop 160 has an outer surface 162 including an antimicrobial material of the current technology. The outer surface 162 is disposed on a rigid substrate 164 including a rigid polymer, a metal, steel, or wood. Shelves, drawers, or the like may optionally be located in a counter supporting the rigid substrate 164 of the countertop 160.

[0070] FIGS. 23-24 depict a flooring 170 having an outer wear layer 172 including an antimicrobial material of the current technology. Although various architectures as possible, in the flooring 170, the wear layer is disposed on a paper or print layer 174, which is disposed on a first rigid under layer 176, such as a high density fiberboard, which is disposed on a second under layer 178, such a foam under layer.

[0071] FIGS. 25-26 provide an illustration of a matt 180. The matt 180 can be, for example, an exercise matt or a yoga matt that is flexible and portable (for hand carrying by a user). The matt 180 includes an antimicrobial material of the current technology.

[0072] Another exemplary electrical device is shown in FIGS. 27-28, as a computer 190, such as a notebook or laptop. The computer 190 includes a housing 192 including an antimicrobial material of the current technology. The computer 190 also includes a plurality of keys 194, wherein each key 194 of the plurality includes an outer surface layer 196 including an antimicrobial material of the current technology. The outer surface layer 196 is disposed on a rigid substrate 198.

[0073] A further exemplary electrical device is shown with reference to FIGS. 29-30, as a credit card machine 200, which may be a credit card reader. The credit card machine 200 includes a housing 202 and a plurality of buttons 204. The housing and the buttons 204 comprise an antimicrobial material of the current technology.

[0074] FIGS. 31-32 show a ski lift 210 including handrails 212. The handrails including an outer surface layer 214 disposed on and about a rigid metal or steel substrate 216. The outer surface layer 214 includes an antimicrobial material of the current technology. The ski lift 210 also includes a seat 218 including a sitting portion 220 and a backrest 222. The sitting portion 220 and the backrest comprise an antimicrobial material of the current technology.

[0075] As can be seen in FIGS. 33-35, a sports locker 230 includes walls 232, drawers 234, and a shelf 236. The walls 232 have an outer layer 238 including an antimicrobial material of the current technology, which is disposed on a rigid substrate 240. The shelf 236 also has an outer surface including an antimicrobial material of the current technology. The drawers 234 have an outer drawer layer 242 including an antimicrobial material of the current technology, wherein the outer drawer layer 242 is disposed on a rigid drawer substrate 244.

[0076] FIG. 36 shows a rigid pipe 250 including a rigid body or outer surface 252 including an antimicrobial material of the current technology, wherein the rigid body or outer surface 252 defines a hollow interior core 254. As a non-limiting example, the rigid body or outer surface 252 can include rigid PVC. FIG. 37 shows a flexible pipe 260 including a flexible body or outer surface 262 including an antimicrobial material of the current technology, wherein the flexible body or outer surface 262 defines a hollow interior core 264. As a non-limiting example, the flexible body or outer surface 262 can include flexible PVC. The pipes 250, 260 exhibit antimicrobial activity, including antiviral activity, and are useful at least in plumbing applications as fresh water pipes and sewage pipes. For example, the rigid body or outer surface 252. Exemplary materials and methods serving as a basis for making the pipes 250, 260 can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 8,178,640, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. For example, the PVC materials in U.S. Pat. No. 8,178,640 can be modified in accordance with the current technology in order to exhibit antimicrobial activity.

[0077] Antimicrobial Materials

[0078] With reference to FIG. 38, the current technology provides an antimicrobial material 300. As used herein, the term “antimicrobial” provides that the antimicrobial material 300 has antiviral properties, i.e., the antimicrobial material 300 is an antiviral material, and in some aspects, also has antibacterial properties, i.e., the antimicrobial material 300 can be an antiviral and antibacterial material, and/or antifungal properties, i.e., the antimicrobial material 300 can be an antiviral and antibacterial and/or antifungal material. As such, when a virus contacts the antimicrobial material 300, the virus is disabled, inactivated, destroyed, or “killed” such that the virus is no longer capable of infecting a subject. Similarly, when the antimicrobial material has antibacterial properties, when a bacterium contacts the antimicrobial material 300, the bacterium is killed. The term “antiviral” provides that the antiviral material disables, inactivates, destroys, or “kills” at least SARS-CoV-2, and in some aspects, also kills other viruses, including other coronaviruses. The antimicrobial material 300 has antiviral activity due to its ability, for example, to disrupt virus host cell recognition by denaturing protein structures on viral surfaces, leading to the inactivation of viruses regardless of the presence of a viral envelope. The antimicrobial material 300 disables, inactivates, destroys, or “kills” greater than or equal to about 90%, greater than or equal to about 95%, greater than or equal to about 98%, greater than or equal to about 99%, such as about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 99.9%, of SARS-CoV-2 viral particles or plaque forming units (PFUs) in less than or equal to about 4 hours, less than or equal to about 3 hours, less than or equal to about 2 hours, less than or equal to about 1 hours, less than or equal to about 45 minutes, less than or equal to about 30 minutes, or less than or equal to about 15 minutes.

[0079] The antimicrobial material 300 includes a polymeric matrix 312 and graphene particles 314 disposed and/or embedded in the polymeric matrix 312, including at an exposed surface 315. As used herein, a “polymeric matrix” is a bulk polymer-based composition or material. Accordingly, the polymeric matrix 312 comprises at least one solidified or cured polymer that embeds antimicrobial particles, such as the graphene particles 314. Depending on a predetermined application, the antimicrobial material 300 can be flexible and soft or relatively rigid. The hardness, rigidness, and flexibility of the antimicrobial material 300 is provided by the polymer matrix 312, which includes a polymer. For example, for applications requiring soft and flexible materials, such as for a synthetic leather or skin, as non-limiting examples, the polymer of the polymer matrix 312 includes polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), or a combination thereof. The TPE includes a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), a thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV), or combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of TPUs include reaction products of aromatic or aliphatic isocyanates with a polyether or polyester polyol, such as TEXIN® 3042 TPU (Covestro). Non-limiting examples of TPOs include olefin block copolymers (OBCs), INFUSE™ olefin block copolymer resins (Dow), ENGAGE™ polyolefin elastomer resins (Dow), styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) polymer, such as KRATON™ SEBS polymer (Kraton), and the like. For applications requiring rigid materials, such as for a pillars, and panels, as non-limiting examples, the polymer of the polymer matrix 312 includes polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), PC/ABS, PC/PP, a TPE, or combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of TPUs include aliphatic and aromatic TPUs, such as TEXIN® TPUs (Covestro). Non-limiting examples of hard TPEs include OBCs, INFUSE™ olefin block copolymer resins (Dow), ENGAGE™ polyolefin elastomer resins (Dow), styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) polymer, such as KRATON™ SEBS polymer (Kraton), and the like. Additional applications for soft and hard antimicrobial materials are provided below.

[0080] Polymers include poly vinyl chloride (PVC), styrene acrylo nitrile (SAN), poly styrene (PS), poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA), ABS, styrene maleic anhydride (SMA), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), ply carbonate (PC), poly phthalate carbonate (PPC) poly tetrafluoro ethylene (PTFE), polyacrylate (PAR) ply ether sulfone (PES), poly ether imide (PEI), poly phenyl sulfone (PPSU), thermoplastic polyimide (TPI), poly amide imide (PAI), high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density poly ethylene (LDPE), poly propylene (PP), ultra high molecular weight poly ethylene (UHMWPE), poly oxy methylene (POM), poly amide (PA), poly butylene terephthalate (PBT), poly ethylene terephthalate (PET), poly amide-4,6 (PA-4,6), poly phthal amide (PPA), poly phenylene sulfide (PPS), liquid crystal polymers (OCP), poly vinyl diene fluoride (PVDF), fluoro polymers (FP), poly ether ether ketone (PEEK), and combinations thereof, as non-limiting examples.

[0081] Soft Skins for automotive interiors are conventionally used on consoles, armrests, door-uppers, and instrument panels applications. Automotive vehicle soft skins are made from a variety of polymeric materials including flexible PVC, TPU, TPO, and TPEs. These skins can be produced by methods such as slush rotational molding, injection molding, thermoforming, and from cut and sew applications. Accordingly, the polymer of the polymer matrix 312 can include PVC, TPU, TPO, and TPEs can be used as a polymer of the polymer matrix 312.

[0082] Automotive vehicle interior Class-A hard trim materials are conventionally made from a variety of polymeric materials including PP, TPO, TPE, and glass/talc/mineral-filled PP/TPO/TPE, which can comprise the polymer of the polymer matrix 312. These Class A hard trim materials can be made by methods such as injection molding and compression molding using polymers including PP, TPO, TPE, and glass/talc/mineral-filled PP/TPO/TPE for the polymer matrix 312.

[0083] Synthetic leather is made up of flexible PVC, TPU, TPV, and TPO and is conventionally produced in a calendaring process via melt extrusion and used as an alternative to animal leather for decorating/A-surface material on automotive interiors and in furnishings. Accordingly, the flexible PVC, TPU, TPV, and TPO can be used as a polymer of the polymer matrix 312.

[0084] Interior automotive polymers, components, panels, trim, and skins are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,358,159; 10,328,881; 10,232,755; 10,093,268; 9,713,972; 9,539,745; 9,440,385; 5,824,738; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2020/0139814; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2019/0344689; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2018/0044536; U.S. Patent Publication No. 2017/0100992; and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2015/0360597; all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0085] Other high touch surfaces that can benefit from the current technology include synthetic leather, gym equipment, flooring, wallets, medical instruments or medical plastics, electronics (e.g., housings, keyboards, laptops, credit card machines, and the like), public transit surfaces (e.g., automotive vehicle interior surfaces, waiting benches, handrails, and the like), cruise ship interior surfaces, sports equipment, and plastic door handles/pads. The polymer matrix 312 of these high touch surfaces can comprise PP, TPE, TPO, TPV, ABS, PC/ABS, PC/PVC, and combinations thereof, as non-limiting examples. These products are produced using rotational molding, injection molding, calendaring, extruding, thermoforming, cut and sew applications, and combinations thereof.

[0086] The graphene particles 314 are antimicrobial particles or flakes including graphene or a graphene derivative, such as graphene oxide as a non-limiting example, that provide at least the antiviral activity. The graphene particles 314 have greater than or equal to 1 to less than or equal to 10 layers or greater than or equal to 6 to less than or equal to 10 layers, wherein each layer includes carbon atoms arranged in a two-dimensional honeycomb-shaped lattice. In various aspects, the graphene particles 314 have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 of the layers. The graphene particles 314 have a diameter of greater than or equal to about 750 nm to less than or equal to about 250 μm, greater than or equal to about 1 μm to less than or equal to about 100 μm, or greater than or equal to about 1 μm to less than or equal to about 50 μm.

[0087] Without being bound by theory, the antimicrobial properties of graphene, and graphene-derivatives (e.g., graphene oxide), are attributed to their electron movement towards microbes. This migration causes cytoplasmic efflux, decreases metabolism, affects lipid membrane, induces oxidative stress, produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), loss of glutathione, and finally causes microbial death. As non-limiting examples, graphene can be used to kill different coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV strains.

[0088] In some aspects, the antimicrobial material 300 includes an additional antimicrobial agent. FIGS. 39 and 40 shows antimicrobial materials 300a, 300b including the polymeric matrix 312 and the graphene particles 314. However, the antimicrobial materials 300a, 300b further includes metal oxide particles 316, wherein the metal oxide particles 316 also provide at least antiviral activity against as defined above in regard to the graphene particles 314. The metal oxide particles 316 includes cuprous oxide (Cu.sub.2O) particles, zinc oxide (ZnO) particles, silver oxide (Ag.sub.2O), or combinations thereof. These metal oxide particles release antimicrobial ions, such as Cu.sup.1+, Ag.sup.1+ and/or Zn.sup.2+, and are used to prepare antimicrobial surfaces. Graphene and/or graphene oxide can promote antimicrobial activities of these ions further and improve the effectiveness. The metal oxide particles have a diameter of greater than or equal to about 100 nm to less than or equal to about 100 μm, greater than or equal to about 200 nm to less than or equal to about 10 μm, greater than or equal to about 250 nm to less than or equal to about 5 μm, or greater than or equal to about 250 nm to less than or equal to about 1.8 μm.

[0089] As shown in FIG. 39, the graphene particles 314 and the metal oxide particles 316 are individually uniformly dispersed throughout the polymeric matrix 312 in the antimicrobial material 300a. By “individually uniformly dispersed,” it is meant that the graphene particles 314 and the metal oxide particles 316 are blended within the polymer matrix 312 without respect to each other. Inasmuch as some graphene particles 314 and metal oxide particles 316 may be in contact with each other, the contact is random and an artifact of a mixing step of a fabrication method for the antimicrobial material 300a as discussed below. Therefore, contact between a portion of the graphene particles 314 and a portion of the metal oxide particles 316 is not intended, but may be present.

[0090] As shown in FIG. 40, the graphene particles 314 and the metal oxide particles 316 are present as graphene-metal oxide particle complexes 314,316 that are uniformly dispersed throughout the polymeric matrix 312 in the antimicrobial material 10b. As such, the graphene particles 314 carry the metal oxide particles 316 in the graphene-metal oxide particle complexes 314,316. Nonetheless, it is understood that there may be some, i.e., a minority portion, graphene particles 314 and/or metal oxide particles 316 that are present in the polymeric matrix 312 individually, and not in a graphene-metal oxide particle complex 314,316. As discussed below, the graphene-metal oxide particle complexes 314,316 are formed prior to blending with the polymer that defines the polymeric matrix 312 during a fabrication process.

[0091] In all of the descriptions of the current technology provided herein, the antiviral material 300 can alternatively be either the antiviral material 300a of FIG. 39 or the antiviral material 300b of FIG. 40, unless otherwise stated. Moreover, the antimicrobial material 300 can also include adjunct agents, such as plasticizers, compatibilizers, impact modifiers, light an UV stabilizers, heat stabilizers, color pigments, fillers (e.g., glass fibers), talc, minerals, glass, physical or chemical foaming agents, and combinations thereof.

[0092] The antimicrobial material 300 of FIG. 38 includes the polymer matrix 312, i.e., the polymer, at a concentration of greater than or equal to about 50 wt. % to less than or equal to about 99 wt. %. The graphene particles 314 have a concentration in the antimicrobial material 300 of greater than or equal to about 0.05 wt. % to less than or equal to about 10 wt. %, greater than or equal to about 0.1 wt. % to less than or equal to about 5 wt. %, or greater than or equal to about 0.25 wt. % to less than or equal to about 1 wt. %, including at concentrations of about 0.05 wt. %, about 0.1 wt. %, about 0.15 wt. %, about 0.2 wt. %, about 0.25 wt. %, about 0.3 wt. %, about 0.35 wt. %, about 0.4 wt. %, about 0.45 wt. %, about 0.5 wt. %, about 0.55 wt. %, about 0.6 wt. %, about 0.65 wt. %, about 0.7 wt. %, about 0.75 wt. %, about 0.8 wt. %, about 0.85 wt. %, about 0.9 wt. %, about 0.95 wt. %, about 1 wt. %, about 1.5 wt. %, about 2 wt. %, about 2.5 wt. %, about 3 wt. %, about 3.5 wt. %, about 4 wt. %, about 4.5 wt. %, about 5 wt. %, about 5.5 wt. %, about 6 wt. %, about 6.5 wt. %, about 7 wt. %, about 7.5 wt. %, about 8 wt. %, about 8.5 wt. %, about 9 wt. %, about 9.5 wt. %, or about 10 wt. %. The adjunct agent (or plurality of adjunct agents) is present in the antimicrobial material 300 at a concentration of greater than or equal to about 0 wt. % to less than or equal to about 50 wt. %, such as greater than or equal to about 0 wt. % to less than or equal to about 20 wt. % talc, greater than or equal to about 0 wt. % to less than or equal to about 20 wt. % glass fiber, greater than or equal to about 0 wt. % to less than or equal to about 5 wt. % compatibilizer, and greater than or equal to about 0 wt. % to less than or equal to about 5 wt. % impact modifier, The wt. % are based on the total weight of the antimicrobial material 300.

[0093] The antimicrobial materials 300a, 300b of FIGS. 39 and 40 have the same composition as the antimicrobial material 300, but further comprise greater than or equal to 0 wt. % to less than or equal to about 20 wt. % of the metal oxide particles 316, individually, with the proviso that at least one of the Cu.sub.2O particles or the ZnO particles is present in the antiviral material 300a, 300b. Therefore, the antiviral materials 300a, 300b include greater than 0 wt. % to less than or equal to about 20 wt. % of at least one of the Cu.sub.2O particles or the ZnO particles. The wt. % is based on the total weight of the antiviral material 300a, 300b.

[0094] With reference to FIG. 41, in some aspects the antimicrobial material 300 is disposed over, about, and directly on a first sublayer or substrate 318. The first sublayer or substrate 318 can be a compressible foam, especially when the antimicrobial material 300 is soft and flexible, or a rigid substrate, especially when the antimicrobial material 300 is rigid. Moreover, the first sublayer or substrate 18 can be disposed on a second sublayer or substrate 320. For example, in various aspects, the antiviral material 300 is a soft flexible material, such as a synthetic leather, that is disposed over a compressible foam first sublayer or substrate 318, which itself is disposed on a rigid second sublayer or substrate 320.

[0095] The antimicrobial materials 300, 300a, 300b described herein may include at least the components described herein. However, it is understood that the antimicrobial materials 300, 300a, 300b may alternatively be limited to the components described herein or to a portion of the components described herein. For example, the antimicrobial material 300 can include an antimicrobial agent comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of graphene. By “consisting essentially of” it is meant that the antimicrobial material 300 only intentionally includes graphene as the antimicrobial agent and is substantially free of any other antimicrobial agents. By “substantially free” it is meant that additional antimicrobial agents may be included in trace amounts, i.e., less than or equal to about 5 wt. %, or less than or equal to about 1 wt. %, as impurities, wherein the trace amounts do not affect the antimicrobial activity provided by the graphene. Similarly, the antimicrobial materials 300a, 300b can include antimicrobial agents comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of graphene and at least one of Cu.sub.2O, ZnO, or AgO.

Methods of Fabricating Antimicrobial Materials and Articles

[0096] With reference to FIG. 42, the current technology also provides a method 350 of making an antimicrobial material, the antimicrobial material being the antimicrobial materials 300, 300a, 300b discussed above with reference to FIGS. 38-41. At block 352, the method 350 includes combining polymer particles including a polymer with antimicrobial particles. The antimicrobial particles include graphene particles when making the antimicrobial composition 30 of FIG. 38. When making the antimicrobial composition 300a of FIG. 39, the method 350 includes separately adding the graphene particles and the metal oxide particles to the polymer particles. When making the composition 300b of FIG. 40, the method 350 includes combining the graphene particles with metal oxide particles and forming graphene particle-metal particle complexes, wherein the graphene particles carry the metal oxide particles covalently or non-covalently. The graphene particle-metal particle complexes are then added to the polymer particles during the combining.

[0097] In block 354, the method 350 includes dry blending the antimicrobial particles to form an antimicrobial powder or resin. The dry blending is performed by mechanically mixing the polymer, additives, and the antimicrobial particles at high speeds. The high speed mixing creates a high shear environment that increases temperature and promotes absorption. As can be seen in block 356, the method 350 can then include creating a molded product from the antimicrobial powder by slush molding.

[0098] In block 358, the method 350 includes melt compounding the polymer particles with the graphene particles to form a melt and extruding the melt to form an extruded material including the graphene particles, and optionally the metal oxide particles, dispersed in the polymer. The melt compounding and extruding is performed, for example, with a twin-screw extruder. The extruded material can be a solid, unitary thread or it can have a hollow interior, such as a cylinder or pipe.

[0099] In block 360, the method 350 includes processing the extruded material by calendaring or casting to form rolled goods or cast films as the antimicrobial material. In block 362, the method includes creating a molded product from the antimicrobial material by cutting and sewing, and thermoforming, wherein the thermoforming can be vacuum forming, pressure forming, or twin sheet forming.

[0100] In block 364, the method 350 includes pelletizing the extruded material to form antimicrobial pellets including the graphene particles, and optionally the metal oxide particles, dispersed in a polymeric pellet. The pelletizing is performed by cutting or grinding the extruded material into the antimicrobial pellets. The antimicrobial pellets can then be subjected to various processing methods. For example, a first processing method beginning in block 366 and includes creating a molded product by injection molding with the antimicrobial pellets. Methods of injection molding are known in the art. A second processing method begins in block 368 and includes grinding the antimicrobial pellets to form a slush powder. In block 370 the method 350 then includes creating a molded product by subjecting the slush powder to slush molding. A third processing method begins in block 372 and includes processing the antimicrobial pellets by extruding, calendaring, or casting to create rolled goods or cast films as the antimicrobial material. The rolled goods or cast films can be processed by cutting and sewing and/or by thermoforming as discussed above.

[0101] When the antimicrobial material is a flexible and soft, such as when the antimicrobial material is a synthetic leather, as a non-limiting example, the method may also include disposing the antimicrobial film about a compressible foam substrate.

[0102] Methods for creating molding products depend on polymer type and an intended application. Slush molding requires desired particle sizes, whereas injection molding requires desired melt flow (as determined by a melt flow index (MFI)). Plasticized PVC with antimicrobial properties of the current technology are prepared using a dry blending/alloying technique, whereas antimicrobial TPU/TPO soft skin materials are prepared using twin-screw extrusion with defined screw profile followed by hydrogrinding to achieve desired particle size and bulk density. The end-product from these materials (e.g., PVC, TPU, and TPO) can be made using slush molding or thermoforming techniques.

[0103] A calendaring and/or cast film process is used to produce rolled goods/cast films/calendared rolls and these products are used for wrap up applications in automotive and aircraft interiors, furnishings, electronic housings, office furniture, and the like. The process of producing calendared goods begins with obtaining pellets from a primary process of extrusion compounding, i.e., plasticized PVC, TPU, TPO, PE, PP (or other polymers) are mixed with antimicrobial additives (e.g., graphene, graphene derivatives, metal oxides) in twin-screw extrusion to obtain pellets or calendared directly to form rolls/cast films. If pellets are obtained in extrusion process, they are fed into calendaring/cast film extruder to obtain rolled goods. The calendared goods/sheets are used, for example, in thermoforming or vacforming (thermoforming with vacuum) to produce a desired shape and application.

[0104] Cu.sub.2O is the source of Cul+ions, ZnO is the source of Zn.sup.2+, and AgO is the source of Agl+, which act as antimicrobials agent against H1N1, human corona viruses (including SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2), and different species of bacteria and fungi. In regard to Cu.sub.2O, the copper is not fully oxidized and remains active and very unstable. This instability allows the copper to remain highly reactive, which can lead to the formation of free radicles that can denature RNA and/or DNA cells within viruses with or without viral envelopes. The inactivation method is mediated by direct contact of copper on surfaces antimicrobial materials of the current technology. Graphene is used as an antimicrobial agent and for immobilizing the antimicrobial ions derived from the metal oxides, and increases the effectiveness of the antimicrobial materials against target viruses. The graphene can have 6-10 layers, which are exfoliated into single, double, and/or triple layers during twin extrusion with specially designed screws for improving dispersive and distributive mixing.

[0105] In one example, the antimicrobial material is a TPU skin material having 80-95 wt. % TPU resin, and 1-20 wt. % Cu.sub.2O immobilized in 0.05-10 wt. % graphene. Raw graphene powder used to make the TPU skin material can have a maximum of 10 layers. In another example, dry blended antimicrobial PVC includes 80-95 wt. % of plasticized PVC resin, and 1-20 wt. % of Cu.sub.2O, immobilized in 0.05-10 wt. % graphene. Raw graphene powder used to make the dry blended antimicrobial PVC can have a maximum of 10 layers. In yet another example, an antimicrobial TPO skin material has 80-95 wt. % of TPO resin, and 1-20 wt. % of Cu.sub.2O immobilized in 0.05-10 wt. % graphene. An exemplary antimicrobial class-A materials (including, e.g., PP, TPO, and/or TPE) includes 70-95 wt. % of TPO resin, 5-20 wt. % talc, and 1-10 wt. percent of Cu.sub.2O, immobilized in 0.05-10 wt. % graphene.

[0106] As discussed above, ZnO also has antimicrobial activity. There are a number of mechanisms by which Zn interferes with viral replication cycles. These mechanisms include free virus inactivation, inhibition of viral uncoating, viral genome transcription, and viral protein translation and polyprotein processing.

[0107] An example of an antiviral class-A material (including, e.g., PP, TPO, and/or TPE) includes 70-95 wt. % TPO resin, 5-20 wt. % talc, and 1-10 wt. % of ZnO. In another example, an antimicrobial TPU skin material has 80-95 wt. % of TPU resin, and 1-20 wt. % of zinc oxide immobilized in 0.05-10 wt. % graphene. Raw graphene powder used to make the antimicrobial TPU skin material can have a maximum of 10 layers. In yet another example, dry blended antimicrobial PVC includes 80-95 wt. % of plasticized PVC resin, and 1-20 wt. % of ZnO, immobilized in 0.05-10 wt. % graphene. Raw graphene powder used to make the dry blended antimicrobial PVC can have a maximum of 10 layers. An exemplary antimicrobial TPO skin material has 80-95 wt. % of TPO resin, and 1-20 wt. % of ZnO immobilized in 0.05-10 wt. % graphene

[0108] The antiviral activity of the antimicrobial materials can be determined by exposure to SARS-Covid-2 for, e.g., about 15 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 45 minutes, about 1 hour, about 6 hours, about 12 hours, and about 24 hours, similar to what is provided by ISO 21702.

[0109] Embodiments of the present technology are further illustrated through the following non-limited example.

EXAMPLE

[0110] Table 1 provides exemplary antimicrobial soft skin materials in accordance with various aspects of the current technology. The antimicrobial soft skin materials are prepared by adding all solid components into a Henschel mixer and mixing on low speed for 3 minutes for pre-heating purposes. After 3 minutes, 70% of polyol ester plasticizer is added into the mixer with stirring at low speed. The speed of the mixer is increased and material is mixed until a temperature of about 190° F. is reached. At 190° F., a remaining 30% of polyol ester plasticizer is added along with heat and light stabilizers with low speed mixing. A second plasticizer can also be added at this time. The mixer is then turned to high speed and mixed until it reaches a minimum temperature of 235° F. The material is then cooled to 120° F. where the drying agent is then added and an additional cooling period to about 105° F. allows for the addition of filler.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Exemplary PVC-based antimicrobial soft skin materials. Dry Blends Parts by mass (PVC Formulations) 1 2 PVC suspension resin 100 100 Polyol Ester Plasticizer  40-100  75-100 Adipate Ester Plasticizer  0  10 to 40 Heat Stabilizer .sup. 0.4 to 4 .sup. 0.4 to 4 Light Stabilizer .sup. 0.4 to 1 .sup. 0.4 to 1 Epoxidized soy bean oil  1 to 10  5 to 15 PVC dispersion resin  1 to 10  1 to 10 Filler (CaCo3, Talc, etc.)  1 to 10  1 to 10 Graphene  0 to 10  0 to 10 Cuprous Oxide  0 to 15  0 to 15 Zinc Oxide  0 to 10  0 to 10 Graphene-Cuprous Oxide complex  0 to 10  0 to 10

[0111] Table 2 provides exemplary antimicrobial soft skin materials in accordance with various aspects of the current technology. The antimicrobial soft skin materials are prepared by feeding graphene, TPU or TPO, and/or metal oxides into twin-screw extruder for melt blending followed by grinding to obtain a slush grade powder. Optional additives, such as light and UV stabilizers, compatibilizers, color pigments, and the like, may also be added. This formulation creates a high performance TPU or TPO with antiviral properties.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Exemplary TPU- or TPO-based antimicrobial soft skin materials. Melt Blended Formulations Weight Percent (TPU & TPO) 3 4 Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) 80 to 95  0 Thermoplastic Polyolefin (TPO)/Olefin-Block Copolymer (OBC)  0 65 to 75 Heat Stabilizer  1 to 5  1 to 5 Light Stabilizer  1 to 5  1 to 5 Compatibilizer  0 to 5  0 to 5 Graphene  0 to 10  0 to 10 Cuprous Oxide  0 to 15  0 to 15 Zinc Oxide  0 to 10  0 to 10 Graphene-Cuprous Oxide Complex  0 to 10  0 to 10

[0112] Table 3 provides exemplary hard antimicrobial materials in accordance with various aspects of the current technology. The hard antimicrobial materials are prepared by feeding graphene, TPU and/or metal oxides into a twin-screw extruder for melt blending followed by grinding to obtain slush grade powder. Optional additives such as light and UV stabilizers, compatibilizers, color pigments, and the like may also be added. This formulation creates a high performance PP, TPO, ABS, PC, and PVC with antiviral properties.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Exemplary PP-, TPO-, ABS-, PC-, and PVC-based hard antimicrobial materials. Weight Percent 5 6 7 8 9 Polypropylene (PP) 65 to 95  0  0  0  0 Thermoplastic Polyolefin (TPO)/Olefin  0 65 to 95  0  0  0 Block Copolymer/Styrene-ethylene-butylene- styrene Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)  0  0 65 to 95  0 to 20  0 Polycarbonate (PC)  0  0  0 65 to 95  0 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)  0  0  0  0 to 20 65 to 95 Compatibilizer  0 to 5  0 to 5  0 to 5  0 to 5  0 to 5 Talc  0 to 20  0 to 20  0 to 20  0 to 20  0 to 20 Glass/Carbon Fiber  0 to 20  0 to 20  0 to 20  0 to 20  0 to 20 Graphene  0 to 10  0 to 10  0 to 10  0 to 10  0 to 30 Cuprous Oxide  0 to 15  0 to 15  0 to 15  0 to 15  0 to 15 Zinc Oxide  0 to 10  0 to 10  0 to 10  0 to 10  0 to 10 Graphene-Cuprous Oxide Complex  0 to 10  0 to 10  0 to 10  0 to 10  0 to 10

[0113] Process for producing graphene-metal oxide complexes. Graphene-metal oxide complexes were prepared using a mechanical blending method. Cu.sub.2O and ZnO have respective particle sizes of about 100 μm and about 50 μm. Graphene black was separately uniformly mixed with Cu.sub.2O and ZnO in alcohol at weight ratios of about 1:10. Graphene/Cu.sub.2O and graphene/ZnO complexes were obtained following stirring for 6 h and drying in an oven at below 60° C. for 3 h.

[0114] Test material preparation. The CpK antiviral materials were provided as two material types. Type 1 was a soft pliable plastic material while Type 2 was a hard-plastic disk. In preparation for testing, the top and bottom of the CpK antiviral materials within sterile biosafety cabinet (BSC) were disinfected with 70% EtOH with a 5 min contact time. After sterilization, the materials were stored in sterile 100 mm polystyrene dishes. All of the materials were cut into −0.5×0.5 cm squares and placed into sterile 1.5 ml tubes.

[0115] SARS-CoV-2 preparation and CpK Treatment. The SARS-CoV-2 virus stock at a titer of 105.8 infectious units (IU)/ml was diluted to 102.9 (IU)/ml. A volume of 850 μl of the diluted viral stock was added to a 1.5 ml tube containing the square of CpK antiviral material. The tube containing the virus and CpK antiviral material was placed on a tube rotator for 24 hrs at 220° C. with 100 μl samples collected at 1 hr, 3 hr, 6 hr, 12 hr, and 24 hrs. Viral supernatants from these time points were cultured in a standard TCID50 experiment to measure reduction in viral titer. As a positive control, virus was added at the same concentration to the 1.5 ml tubes for 1 to 24 hrs. As a negative control and to determine material toxicity, media containing no virus was added to each of the materials for 1 to 24 hrs. Collected supernatants were diluted 100-fold to dilute any chemicals/materials that may have been released from the CpK antiviral material during incubation. The collected supernatants were further 100-fold diluted serially from 1:100 to 1:100000 and then added to 20,000 Vero E6 cells in 96 well flat bottom plates. The 1:100 dilution of the virus stock infecting 20,000 cells represents an MOI of 0.5. Infection of the Vero E6 cells was monitored by viral cytotoxicity. Cell toxicity of the supernatants derived material in the absence of virus (diluted 1:100) was measured visually. Results are shown in Table 4.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Results of antiviral testing. Reduction Factor Time Viral (Log10) % Viral Material Name (hr) Titer v. Control Reduction  1 0 >6 99.9%  3 0 >6 99.9% TPU-Graphene-Cu2O  6 0 >6 99.9% (Soft Plastic) 12 0 >6 99.9% 24 0 >6 99.9%  1 10{circumflex over ( )}2.8   0  0  3 0 >6 99.9% TPU-Graphene  6 0 >6 99.9% (Soft Plastic) 12 0 >6 99.9% 24 0 >6 99.9% CLB5  1 10{circumflex over ( )}2.8   0  0  3 0 >6 99.9% PVC-Cu2O  6 0 >6 99.9% (Soft Plastic) 12 0 >6 99.9% 24 0 >6 99.9%  1 10{circumflex over ( )}2.8   0  0  3 0 >6 99.9% PVC-ZnO  6 0 >6 99.9% (Soft Plastic) 12 0 >6 99.9% 24 0 >6 99.9%  1 10{circumflex over ( )}2.8   0  0  3 10{circumflex over ( )}2.8   0  0 PVC-Graphene-  6 0 >6 99.9% Cu2OComplex (Soft Plastic) 12 0 >6 99.9% 24 0 >6 99.9%  1 10{circumflex over ( )}2.8   0  0  3 10{circumflex over ( )}2.8   0  0 PVC-CU2010  6 0 >6 99.9% (Soft Plastic) 12 0 >6 99.9% 24 0 >6 99.9%  1 10{circumflex over ( )}2.8   0  0  3 10{circumflex over ( )}2.8   0  0 TPO-Cu2O  6 0 >6 99.9% (Hard Plastic) 12 0 >6 99.9% 24 0 >6 99.9%  1 1012 2.8   0  0  3 10{circumflex over ( )}2.8   0  0 TPO-Cu2O  6 10{circumflex over ( )}2.8   0  0 (Soft Plastic) 12 0 >6 99.9% 24 0 >6 99.9%  1 10{circumflex over ( )}2.8   0  0  3 10{circumflex over ( )}2.8   0  0 TPU-Graphene-Cu2O  6 10{circumflex over ( )}2.8   0  0 (Soft Plastic) 12 0 >6 99.9% 24 0 >6 99.9%

[0116] The foregoing description of the embodiments has been provided for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure. Individual elements or features of a particular embodiment are generally not limited to that particular embodiment, but, where applicable, are interchangeable and can be used in a selected embodiment, even if not specifically shown or described. The same may also be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the disclosure, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the disclosure.