Method for light weight construction using pre-slotted standard and transition panels

Abstract

Modular building methods and systems using lightweight modular panels, and specially configured transition panels for transitioning from wall to floor, or from wall to roof. Identically configured standard panels are used for constructing the walls, floor, and roof, with transitions from one structure to the next (e.g., wall to floor, or wall to roof). Each of the variously configured panel types includes channels (e.g., 2 pair of channels) formed through the length of the foam body, where the channels are configured to receive splines (e.g., flanges of an I-beam) therein. In the standard panel, the channels may include pairs of top and bottom channels, with the channels offset towards the respective panel major faces. In the transition panels, the channels may be similarly configured, but positioned differently to make the appropriate transition. The splines are connected to a frame, which acts as a template and transfers loads to a foundation.

Claims

1. A method for constructing a building from a frame, a plurality of splines, a plurality of standard modular panels, one or more wall-to-floor transition panels, and one or more wall-to-roof transition panels, the method comprising: (i) providing the frame that defines an overall shape for the building; (ii) installing one of the plurality of splines so as to span between two frame members of the frame; (iii) installing a wall-to-floor transition panel between the two frame members, with the spline of (ii) at least partially engaged in a channel of the wall-to-floor transition panel; (iv) installing a standard modular panel adjacent the wall-to-floor transition panel of (iii), with at least a portion of the spline of (ii) engaged in a channel of the standard modular panel, so that the spline of (ii) joins the wall-to-floor transition panel with the adjacent standard modular panel, with the spline of (ii) engaged in opposed facing channels of the wall-to-floor transition panel and the standard modular panel; (v) installing another of the plurality of splines in another channel on an opposite end of the standard modular panel of (iv), followed by installation of any number of a series of additional standard modular panels and splines, until reaching another transition, from wall-to-floor, where another wall-to-floor transition panel is installed; (vi) installing a spline into a top channel of the wall-to-floor transition panel of (v); (vii) installing any number of a series of additional standard modular panels and splines to form a wall, until reaching another transition, from wall-to-roof, where a wall-to-roof transition panel is installed, the wall-to-roof transition panel dictating a roof pitch and shape and length of an eave associated with the roof of the building; and (viii) installing a spline in a roof leg of the wall-to-roof transition panel, and installing any number of a series of additional standard modular panels and splines to form a roof.

2. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the roof is pitched, step (viii) comprising installing any number of a series of additional standard modular panels and splines to form a portion of roof until reaching an apex of the roof, at which apex a roof cap transition panel is installed, joined to standard modular panels on either side thereof with splines therebetween.

3. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the building being constructed includes at least two stories, and wherein at least one of the wall-to-floor transition panels is T-shaped, including two wall legs and a floor leg, to provide a transition from a floor of an upper story to both a lower story wall and to an upper story wall.

4. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the wall-to-roof transition panel includes the roof leg and a vertical wall leg, the roof leg being at an angle relative to the vertical wall leg that corresponds to the roof pitch of the roof.

5. A method as recited in claim 4, wherein a height of the vertical wall leg can be selected to accommodate a desired wall height for the wall which it forms a top portion of.

6. A method as recited in claim 1, further comprising: (i) wherein the standard panels are attached to members of the frame by ear bracket portions of the splines, the splines extending horizontally through channels formed in each of the standard panels; or (ii) wherein the splines extend horizontally through channels formed in each of the standard panels, flanges of the splines being attached to members of the frame by ear bracket flange portions of the frame.

7. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the splines comprise I-beams which extend horizontally between adjacent panels.

8. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the steps (i) through (viii) are performed in numerical order.

9. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein each standard panel and the wall-to-roof transition panel each comprises a pair of channels extending horizontally through a length of each panel, configured to receive a portion of a flange of an I-beam spline that is positioned between said panel and a corresponding adjacent panel.

10. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the wall-to-roof transition panel further includes a furring slot for insertion of a stiffening member.

11. A method as recited in claim 10, wherein the slot for insertion of a stiffening member is a C-shaped, I-shaped, H-shaped, or L-shaped slot, running horizontally, parallel to a free eave end of the wall-to-roof transition panel.

12. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein a length of the roof leg can be selected to accommodate a desired roof length for the roof which it forms a portion of.

13. A method for constructing a building from a frame, a plurality of splines, a plurality of standard modular panels, one or more wall-to-floor transition panels, and one or more wall-to-roof transition panels, the method comprising: (i) providing the frame that defines an overall shape for the building; (ii) installing one of the plurality of splines so as to span between two frame members of the frame; (iii) installing a wall-to-floor transition panel between the two frame members, with a portion of the spline of (ii) engaged in a bottom channel of the wall-to-floor transition panel; (iv) installing a standard modular panel adjacent the wall-to-floor transition panel of (iii), with a portion of the spline of (ii) engaged in a channel of the standard modular panel, another portion of the spline of (ii) engaged in the bottom channel of the wall-to-floor transition panel, so that the spline of (ii) joins the wall-to-floor transition panel with the adjacent standard modular panel, with the spline of (ii) engaged in opposed facing channels of the wall-to-floor transition panel and the standard modular panel; (v) installing another of the plurality of splines in another channel on an opposite end of the standard modular panel of (iv), followed by installation of any number of a series of additional standard modular panels and splines, until reaching another transition, from wall-to-floor, where another wall-to-floor transition panel is installed, the series of additional standard modular panels and splines of (v) forming a floor of the building; (vi) installing a spline into a top channel of the wall-to-floor transition panel of (v); (vii) installing any number of a series of additional standard modular panels and splines to form a wall, until reaching another transition, from wall-to-roof, where a wall-to-roof transition panel is installed, the wall-to-roof transition panel dictating a roof pitch and shape and length of an eave associated with the roof of the building; and (viii) installing a spline in a roof leg of the wall-to-roof transition panel, and installing any number of a series of additional standard modular panels and splines to form a roof.

14. A method as recited in claim 13, wherein the roof is pitched, step (viii) comprising installing any number of a series of additional standard modular panels and splines to form a portion of roof until reaching an apex of the roof, at which apex a roof cap transition panel is installed, joined to standard modular panels on either side thereof, with splines therebetween.

15. A method as recited in claim 13, wherein the wall-to-roof transition panel includes the roof leg and a vertical wall leg, the roof leg being at an angle relative to the vertical wall leg that corresponds to the roof pitch of the roof.

16. A method as recited in claim 15, wherein a height of the vertical wall leg can be selected to accommodate a desired wall height for the wall which it forms a top portion of.

17. A method as recited in claim 13, further comprising: (i) attaching a plurality of ear brackets between the splines and the frame, where the splines extend horizontally through channels formed in each of the panels, the ear brackets connecting the splines to the frame; or (ii) attaching the splines to the frame via ear bracket flange portions of the frame, where the splines extend horizontally through channels formed in each of the panels, the ear bracket flange portions of the frame connecting the frame to the splines.

18. A method as recited in claim 13, wherein the splines comprise I-beams.

19. A method as recited in claim 13, wherein each standard panel and each transition panel comprises a pair of channels extending horizontally through a length of such panel, configured to receive a portion of a flange of the spline, the splines being in the form of an I-beam that is positioned between adjacent panels.

20. A method as recited in claim 13, wherein the wall-to-roof transition panel further includes a furring slot for insertion of a stiffening member.

21. A method as recited in claim 13, wherein a length of the roof leg is selected to accommodate a desired roof length for the roof which it forms a portion of.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) To further clarify the above and other advantages and features of the present invention, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is appreciated that these drawings depict only illustrated embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope. The drawings illustrate several embodiments of the invention, wherein identical reference numerals refer to identical or similar elements or features in different views or embodiments shown in the drawings.

(2) FIG. 1 is a top perspective view of an exemplary modular panel as described herein.

(3) FIG. 2 is an end view of the modular panel of FIG. 1.

(4) FIG. 3 is a bottom perspective view of the modular panel of FIG. 1.

(5) FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing a vertical post against which the modular panel can be positioned and attached to, as well as a bottom plate and bottom flange splines, for reception into a first layer of placed modular panels.

(6) FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing the vertical post, bottom plate and bottom flange splines of FIG. 4, with a modular panel positioned over the bottom plate, with the splines inserted into the bottom channels of the modular panel.

(7) FIG. 6 is a progression from FIG. 5, showing placement of another panel on the opposite side of the post, showing how the various splines may span across both modular panels, sandwiching the post between the splines, and also showing splines positioned to form an I-beam formed from components placed into the top channels, and over the top of the modular panel. In another embodiment where the spline extends beyond the end of the panel, this may be accomplished with an ear bracket, spanning between the portion of the flange in the panel, and the post.

(8) FIG. 7 is a progression from FIG. 6, showing placement of an additional stack of panels over the first layer of panels, with an in-situ formed I-beam constructed on site, therebetween.

(9) FIG. 8 is a progression from FIG. 7, showing a foam filler member installed over the vertical post, creating a flush surface across the panels on either side of the post.

(10) FIG. 9 shows a wall constructed similar to that of FIG. 8, further showing how the same panels may be use for a roof, positioned between truss members.

(11) FIG. 10 shows how an opening, e.g., for a door or window, may be provided for in the post and beam construction systems including the modular panels of the present invention.

(12) FIG. 11 shows how transition panels may be provided for connecting the panels used in a wall structure (e.g., such as that of FIG. 8) to the same standard panels used to form a roof structure.

(13) FIG. 12A shows a close up of the wall-to-roof transition panel of FIG. 11, between the top most panel of the wall structure and the adjacent roof panel.

(14) FIG. 12B shows a close up of the floor panel of FIG. 11.

(15) FIGS. 13-28 illustrate another progressive construction according to an exemplary building system according to the present invention.

(16) FIG. 13 shows several transition panels, including a roof cap transition panel for transitioning from one side of a pitched roof apex to the other side; a wall-to-roof transition panel for transitioning from a wall to a roof; and a wall-to-floor transition panel for transitioning from a wall to a floor. A spline configured as an I-beam is also shown, e.g., for positioning between each given pair of panels (whether standard panel to standard panel, or standard panel to transition panel).

(17) FIG. 13A shows another embodiment of a wall-to-floor transition panel, configured for use in transitioning to an upper story, from a lower story.

(18) FIG. 14 illustrates a frame of the building system supported on pier footings.

(19) FIG. 15 shows attachment of a spline between horizontal frame members (using ear brackets of the spline, or ear brackets attached to the spline), and positioning of the wall-to-floor transition panel for attachment to such spline.

(20) FIG. 16 is similar to FIG. 15, after the flanges of the I-beam spline have been received into the corresponding slots of the wall-to-floor transition panel.

(21) FIG. 17 shows positioning of a standard panel, as the first floor panel, positioned adjacent to the wall-to-floor transition panel, with the I-beam spline between the two panels (with flanges on either side of the I-beam received into slots of each of the corresponding panels).

(22) FIG. 18 illustrates construction of the remainder of the floor, with standard panels, coupled together by splines between each adjacent pair of panels, with the splines attached by ear brackets to the horizontal frame members.

(23) FIG. 19 shows another wall-to-floor transition panel being positioned at the opposite end of the floor, for transitioning to a wall.

(24) FIG. 20 shows the same configuration as FIG. 19, with the wall-to-floor transition panel now in place.

(25) FIG. 21 shows an I-beam spline positioned into the top channels of the wall-to-floor transition panel, in preparation for placement of a standard panel thereover, for construction of the wall.

(26) FIG. 22 shows a top standard panel of the wall in place, at the top portion of the wall, with a wall-to-roof transition panel being positioned for placement thereover, for providing a transition from the wall to the roof. In FIG. 22, a spline is being inserted into a furring channel in the free eave end of the eave portion of the wall-to-roof transition panel.

(27) FIG. 23 is similar to FIG. 22, with the spline now inserted into the furring slot of the eave portion of the transition panel, showing the transition panel ready for positioning over the top standard panel (and its accompanying spline) of the wall, for providing a transition from the wall to the roof.

(28) FIG. 24 is similar to FIG. 23, but shows the wall-to-roof transition panel now in place, with its wall leg (e.g., vertical wall leg) coupled by the spline, to the top-most standard panel of the wall.

(29) FIG. 25 shows both sides of the pitched roof having been constructed with standard panels, joined together by I-beam splines (with the splines attached to the truss members of the frame, by ear brackets), ready for capping of the apex by the roof cap transition panel.

(30) FIG. 26 shows one side of the roof cap transition panel positioned for mating with one side of the pitched roof structure, with the opposite side ready for rotation downward, for mating with the other side of the pitched roof structure.

(31) FIG. 27 shows the apex of the roof, after the roof cap transition panel is in place, forming the roof apex, joining together the standard panels that form either side of the pitched roof.

(32) FIG. 28 shows the completed building construction.

(33) FIG. 29 shows an alternative connection between the spline and frame member, according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

I. Definitions

(34) Some ranges may be disclosed herein. Additional ranges may be defined between any values disclosed herein as being exemplary of a particular parameter. All such ranges are contemplated and within the scope of the present disclosure.

(35) Numbers, percentages, ratios, or other values stated herein may include that value, and also other values that are about or approximately the stated value, as would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. A stated value should therefore be interpreted broadly enough to encompass values that are at least close enough to the stated value to perform a desired function or achieve a desired result, and/or values that round to the stated value. The stated values for example thus include values that are within 10%, within 5%, within 1%, etc. of a stated value.

(36) All numbers used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about”, unless otherwise indicated. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the subject matter presented herein are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.

(37) It must be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

(38) Any directions or reference frames in the description are merely relative directions (or movements). For example, any references to “top”, “bottom”, “up” “down”, “above”, “below” or the like are merely descriptive of the relative position or movement of the related elements as shown, and it will be understood that these may change as the structure is rotated, moved, the perspective changes, etc.

(39) All publications, patents and patent applications cited herein, whether supra or infra, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

II. Introduction

(40) In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to modular building methods and systems where the building is constructed using lightweight foam modular panels in which the panels include one or more horizontal channels formed through the length of the lightweight foam body of the panel, and in which the panel is of a geometry where the cross-section is consistent, across its entire length (i.e., a geometry that could be extruded). The channels are configured to receive elongate splines, which may simply be flexible strips of OSB, plywood, aluminum, or the like. It will be appreciated that such splines do not necessary need to be formed of wood, such that metal splines, or even other materials (e.g., plastic, or otherwise) could be used. The splines and associated channels into which they are received are configured so that the splines are not exposed on an outside face of the lightweight body (at least once the construction is finished, if not before), but so that the spline is restrained in the wall (e.g., it can only slide in and out of the channel once placed—with 1 degree of freedom).

(41) The channels may be configured to provide an interior horizontally positioned I-beam or other geometry beam in a wall (or floor or roof) constructed with such panels, where each horizontal I-beam is positioned between adjacent panels (e.g., vertically stacked panels in the case of a wall). The flanges and web of each I-beam may be formed from individual flexible elongate splines, such that the I-beam is not prefabricated, but is actually assembled in-situ, at the construction site, as the panels are positioned to build the wall structure. Of course, in another embodiment, the I-beam spline may be prefabricated, e.g., as shown in FIGS. 13-28. The horizontal I-beams may form part of a post and beam wall system, which the building system is particularly suited for. For example, the modular panels may be positioned between appropriately spaced apart vertical post members, while the horizontal I-beams run horizontally, between vertically stacked modular panels (i.e., along the wall's length). Where the panels are used for a floor, they may similarly be positioned adjacent one another (with the I-beam or other spline therebetween), with the panels positioned between appropriately spaced frame members. The frame may provide the overall shape of the building, and may actually bear substantially the full load, such that the panels of the walls are not necessarily load bearing. The roof may be similarly constructed from adjacent placed panels, with splines between each pair of panels.

(42) The panels may include channels for additional horizontal splines, beyond those that accommodate the I-beams. For example, the panels may include top and bottom channels which receive splines, which may become or be the flanges of the I-beam. The panels may also include one or more interior channels (i.e., furring slots), e.g., positioned off-center relative to a thickness of the foam panel, towards the first and opposite second faces of the panel (which faces correspond to the inside and outside of a constructed wall structure). Such interior splines may serve as furring strips, for attachment points for nails, screws or the like, e.g., for sheathing or other material positioned over the wall, floor, or ceiling, away from the panel's top and bottom edges. In an embodiment, the standard panels used in constructing the walls, floor, and roof may not include any such furring slots, but such furring slots may be provided in one or more of the various types of transition panels (e.g., wall-to-floor transition panel, wall-to-roof transition panel or roof cap transition panel).

(43) The modular panels may have a thickness (e.g., foam thickness) that is typically greater than 4 inches, e.g., 5.5 inches, (the same width as a 2×6) or 7.25 inches (the same width as a 2×8). Because the panels include a cross-sectional geometry that is consistent across the length of the panel, they provide excellent flexibility in constructing any desired wall structure or building. For example, the foam panels may easily be cut off at whatever appropriate length, where the wall ends, or where a door, window or other opening is needed, in the horizontal direction of the wall. The vertical direction of the wall is easily formed by simply stacking a desired number of the panels on top of one another, forming the in-situ formed I-beams between each pair of stacked panels. Where desired, the top of a top-most panel could also be cut off, to accommodate an overall desired wall height, or the top-most standard wall panel may be topped with a transition panel (e.g., an upper story wall-to-floor transition panel or a wall-to-roof transition panel) as described herein that is configured to connect the wall panels to roof panels (in the case of a wall-to-roof transition panel) or to connect the wall panel to floor panels and wall panels of an upper story (in the case of a upper story wall-to-floor transition panel). Such a transition panel may include one or more wall portions (e.g., wall leg(s)) that engages with the top-most wall panel, making up any desired additional wall height, allowing a user to accommodate any desired wall height. The wall-to-roof transition panel also includes a roof portion (e.g., roof leg) that similarly engages with the adjacent standard roof panel. The roof leg can be configured to have a desired length, to accommodate any desired roof length (e.g., where the length of the roof is not divisible into a whole number of standard panels (e.g., each 2 feet). An upper story wall-to-floor transition panel can be T-shaped, including two wall legs (one for the lower story wall, one for the upper story wall, and a floor leg), therebetween.

(44) The modular panels can be formed on a CNC hot wire cutting device, where all necessary deep cuts are formed (as it can be difficult to accurately cut foam material thicker than about 2 inches without such a device). Because the panels are formed under such conditions, during manufacture, high precision and accuracy are possible (which may not be practical to achieve on a job site). Furthermore, by cutting the panels on such a CNC device, the rectangular panels themselves can be formed to very high precision and accuracy dimensions. For example, a 2 foot by 4 foot, or 2 foot by 8 foot panel, 5.5 or 7.25 inches thick will be perfectly “square” and plumb, allowing the panel itself to be used as a square, level, or jig. This characteristic greatly reduces the need for skilled labor, as the panel itself serves as a template (i.e., no tape measure or square is needed). This helps to ensure a robust composite structure having the proper geometry (e.g., right angled walls where such is desired, level floors, level ceilings, and the like).

(45) The present methods and systems of assembly allow for relatively open source construction, with a relatively high degree of customizability to the building being constructed, all achievable at lower cost and/or time as compared to existing methods of construction. Furthermore, even with such relative flexibility, little if any skilled labor is required. For example, a model or blueprint image of the building to be constructed could simply be provided, with the crew only being required to connect the modules as shown in the model or blueprint (e.g., akin to LEGO instructions).

(46) It is also advantageous that the foam material (e.g., expanded polystyrene, or other foamed insulative materials) from which the modular panels are constructed may be readily available nearly anywhere, such that the foam panels may be manufactured at a foam production facility near the construction site (minimizing shipping distance and expense). This provides savings and convenience in that the foam panels can be manufactured locally, avoiding the significant expense of shipping foam (which occupies a large volume, even though it weights little).

(47) For example, such foam may typically have a density from about 1 lb/ft.sup.3 to 2 lb/ft.sup.3, and provide an insulative value of about R4 per inch of foam thickness. A wall constructed using a 5.5 inch or 7.25 inch thick foam panel as described herein may provide an R value of about R25 or R30, respectively.

III. Exemplary Construction Methods and Systems

(48) FIGS. 1-3 show a modular panel 100 according to the present invention. Such panels can be used in building construction, and advantageously are typically fully compatible with existing building codes and standard construction practices, such that adoption of such a building system would not present the many regulatory and other hurdles associated with various other construction systems that have been proposed, some by the present Applicant.

(49) Modular panel 100 includes a lightweight body 102. Body 102 may comprise or otherwise be formed from a foam material, such as expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam. Such material may be rigid. Such panels may be precision cut from blocks of rigid, already cured EPS foam. For example, EPS foam is often available as 3×4×8 foot blocks. Such a block may be sufficient to produce several modular panels as shown in FIG. 1, which may each measure 2×4 feet (or 2×8 feet), with a thickness of 7.25 inches (width of 2×8 dimensional lumber). While EPS foam may be particularly appropriate, other lightweight materials that can be molded (as the 3×4×8 foot EPS blocks are molded), easily cut using CNC hot wire cutting device, formed by extrusion etc. may also be used.

(50) Each panel 100 includes one or more (e.g., a plurality of) channels 104 extending horizontally through the length of panel 100. In the illustrated configuration, panel 100 includes first and second interior channels 104a, 104b, each of which is positioned off-center relative to the thickness of foam body 102, with channel 104a positioned towards (i.e., closer to) panel face 106a and channel 104b positioned towards panel face 106b (i.e., closer to panel face 106b than the center of the thickness of foam body 102). Panel 100 also includes top and bottom channels, which will be discussed in further detail hereafter. In an embodiment, such a panel may actually not include the interior channels 104a, 104b, but only the top and bottom channels (i.e., the interior channels are optional). Each of channels 104a, 104b is sized and shaped to receive therein a flexible elongate spline, where the channels 104a, 104b are not open at faces 106a and 106b of panel 100, but are only open at left and right ends 108a, 108b of panel 100. In an embodiment, splines 116 are advantageously not dimensional lumber, which although readily available, is notorious for being warped, making it difficult to slide such a spline through any of such channels. Rather, splines may be formed from oriented strand board (“OSB”), plywood, aluminum or another material that is easily inserted into such a channel. The spline may exhibit significant flexibility in the direction of the thickness of such sheet material. Such flexibility is readily apparent when holding such a strip of such sheet material at one end, as the other end will flex significantly downward under the weight of the sheet or strip alone. Such does not occur to the same degree with dimensional lumber, even in the same dimensions, as such dimensional lumber is significantly more rigid. Such OSB or similar spline materials are easily obtained, e.g., by ripping sheets of OSB or the like, which are as readily available as dimensional lumber, but with better flexibility in such direction, while exhibiting minimal if any warping. Although such OSB strips are a particularly suitable material, it will be apparent that a variety of other wood, plastic, or even metal materials (e.g., aluminum) could alternatively be used for splines.

(51) Channels 104a, 104b within panel 100 have dimensions just slightly larger than those of the elongate spline so as to not bind within the channel, but so as to be freely slidable therein (e.g., a clearance of 1/16 inch or so, as will be apparent to those of skill in the art, may be provided). FIG. 1 also illustrates the presence of reduced-size (e.g., half-size) top channels 104a′ and 104b′ at top end 110a of panel 100, and reduced-size (e.g., half-size) bottom channels 104a″ and 104a″ at bottom end 110b of panel 100. Such reduced-size (e.g., half-size) channels may be similar to interior channels 104, but are exposed at the top or bottom of the panel (although not exposed at the panel faces 106a, 106b), and may be intended to accommodate splines that run through the reduced-size channel (e.g., half height), and another reduced-size (e.g., half-size) channel of an adjacent panel 100 stacked above or below the illustrated panel, when constructing a wall. Such splines in top and bottom channels 104a′, 104b′, 104a″ and 104b″ may form the flanges of an I-beam which is horizontally positioned, between adjacent stacked panels. It will be apparent that geometries other than an I-beam could also be used, although the term “I-beam” is used for simplicity, and can be construed broadly, to include other such possible geometries. As shown in FIGS. 13-28, rather than using initially separate splines, pre-fabricated I-beams may be employed. Splines within interior channels 104 may not form part of an I-beam, but may serve as furring strips providing excellent attachment points within the panel, e.g., when securing drywall or other sheathing material over one or both panel faces 106a, 106b. Such splines in interior channels 104 may thus be optional, and may also increase the strength characteristics (e.g., shear) of the resulting wall, where included.

(52) The channels (particularly top and bottom channels 104a′, 104b′, 104a″ and 104b″) which are associated with the internal horizontally extending I-beams that are formed in-situ, as the wall is assembled (or provided installed prefabricated) may be spaced apart from one another to accommodate any particular desired spacing of such I-beams, as dictated by the height of each modular panel. For example, in the illustrated configuration where the panel 100 is 2 feet high, such I-beams will be provided horizontally, 2 feet apart, between adjacent panels. Taller or shorter panels could be provided where it is desired to adjust such spacing. Similarly, the panel length (e.g., 4 or 8 feet) may dictate the spacing of adjacent vertical posts of the frame in the wall, which may be provided between adjacent panels placed side by side (while I-beams are provided between adjacent panels stacked one on top of another). Spacings other than 4 feet (e.g., 8 feet, 12 feet, etc.) for such posts or other frame members, and for the panel length may be possible. Such spacing characteristics are well accepted within the building industry, and compatible with existing building codes, which allows the present panels and systems to be readily accepted and implemented, once made known by Applicant. Importantly, when a spline is received into any of the channels (104a, 104b, 104a′, 104b′, 104a″ or 104b″), the spline is not exposed on either exterior face 106a or 106b of panel 100. Applicant has found that other systems that provide for structural members or other features that are exposed on the exterior of a panel exhibit a “ghosting” problem, in that even once such structures are finished over, because of the different material characteristics underlying drywall or other sheathing associated with such surface exposure at the face during framing, there is a noticeable “ghost” that shows up through paint or other interior or exterior wall finishes that plague such systems. It is thus important that no such spline surface exposure is provided with the present panels. For example, particularly in the standard panels, the full interior and exterior faces 106a, 106b are provided entirely by the material from which the lightweight foam body is formed (e.g., EPS). Even in the wall-to-floor transition panel described in further detail below, even though the I-beam spline is provided exposed on the major planar face of the panel, this portion of the major planar face is covered, adjoining the adjacent standard floor panel in the finished construction, preventing any ghosting problem that might otherwise be associated therewith.

(53) In addition to “ghosting” issues, exposure of splines on the exterior surface also can result in thermal bridging problems, e.g., particularly where metal sheathing is present (e.g., on a roof or otherwise). By ensuring that the splines are positioned internally, rather than externally exposed, there is less of a problem of thermal bridging through the wall, which increases overall insulative efficiency of the wall, roof, floor, or other building structure constructed therefrom. Where thermal bridging occurs, undesired condensation can often occur in such spots due to a thermal gradient associated with such thermal bridging. The present systems ensure there is a thermal break between such structural spline members and any metal or other sheathing that may eventually be placed over roofs, walls, or the like.

(54) Furthermore, because the splines are positioned within the panel thickness, with approximately 1 to 2 inches of foam thickness between the spline and the nearest face, building codes do not require that electrical wiring (e.g., 120V) be run within conduit, as there is at least 1.5 inches between the exterior of any sheathing (e.g., ½ inch or ⅝ inch drywall or the like) applied over the panel and such electrical wiring. In addition, as shown in FIG. 1, the panel may actually include an internal raceway 136 for receipt of electrical wiring, etc.

(55) In FIG. 1, channels 104a, 104a′ and 104a″ are all vertically aligned with one another, spaced an equal distance from the face 106a of panel 100. Similarly, channels 104b, 104b′ and 104b″ are all also vertically aligned with one another, spaced an equal distance from face 106b. Because the channels are not centered in the panel's thickness, but are offset towards the respective faces, two such channels are provided at a given height, horizontally aligned with one another (e.g., channels 104a and 104b are at the same height, channels 104a″ and 104b″ are at the same height, and channels 104a′ and 104b′ are at the same height). While it may be possible to flip the panel 90°, such that the I-beams would run vertically, the illustrated horizontal orientation of the panel (horizontal length greater than vertical height) is particularly advantageous in wall construction, as most variation in wall constructions occurs horizontally, rather than vertically (e.g., most walls are of a given height, with little variation beyond such standard heights). That said, in some constructions, at least some of the panels may be flipped, to be oriented with the length dimension running vertically.

(56) The channels are offset towards one of the two faces 106a, 106b of the foam body 102, with two channels at each given height (e.g., interior channels 104a, 104b are at a central portion (e.g., the middle) of the height, channels 104a″ and 104b″ are at the bottom of the panel, and channels 104a′ and 104b′ are at the top of the panel. Because 2 channels are present at any given height, equally spaced from their respective faces, the same length fasteners can be used to attach sheathing on one face of the panel versus the other face.

(57) In any case, when attaching such drywall or other sheathing, the present system avoids point loading onto screws, nails, or other fasteners employed, because of the foam thickness (e.g., 1 to 2 inches) between the sheathing and the spline encased within the foam panel. Such avoidance of point loading can be beneficial in an earthquake or the like, which may otherwise cause such fasteners to shear off.

(58) In addition to the various internal, top and bottom channels described, the illustrated panel 100 further includes a pre-cut slot 112 in face 106a of panel 100, centered relative to channel 104a. Pre-cut slot 112 extends from first face 106a into channel 104a. For example, such a pre-cut slot allows internal formation of channel 104a in body 102 with a CNC controlled hot wire cutter. The width of slot 112 is advantageously very narrow, e.g., rather than providing a wide opening from channel 104a to the area adjacent face 106a. For example, where the height of channel 104a may be just over 3 inches (e.g., to accommodate a 3 inch spline), the width of slot 112 (the width of which is parallel thereto) may be no more than 0.25 inch, or no more than 0.125 inch. Stated another way, the width of slot 112 may be no more than 20% of, 15% of, 10% of, or no more than 5% of the transverse cross-sectional height of channel 104a. On the face 106b, opposite face 106a, there is shown another pre-cut slot 112, identically configured, but with respect to channel 104b and face 106b. The alignment of slots 112 with interior channels 104 is further beneficial once a wall structure has been built, where the panels are stacked one over another, as the channels and splines may no longer be visible. The slots 112 are visible in such circumstances, allowing a user to quickly and easily see where the splines are located within a given wall structure. Such slots 112 make attachment of drywall or other sheathing over the foam panels very easy, as the slots 112 mark the location of the center of the splines, which are easily nailed or screwed into, through the thickness of the foam between channels 104 and each respective face 106a, 106b. As internal channels 104a, 104b are optional, if they are not included, the pre-cut slots may also be omitted. In such instances, the positioning of the I-beam flanges (which also serve as attachment points for drywall or other sheathing) at the edge, or interface between adjacent panels similarly allows a user to quickly and easily see where the splines are located, for easy attachment of drywall, etc.

(59) FIGS. 4-8 show progression of construction of a wall structure using a plurality of exemplary panels 100, in a post and beam type construction. The horizontal beams are provided by in-situ formed I-beams, that can be initially provided to the construction site prior to installation as lengths of separate OSB or similar elongate spline material, which splines are positioned in channels or on top and/or bottom of such panels to form the I-beams in place, as the wall is constructed. Prefabricated I-beams could also be used. The vertical posts of the system are placed between adjacent panels oriented side by side, for the wall. In FIG. 4, there is shown a vertical post 138 (e.g., two 2×4s), positioned on a bottom plate 137 (e.g., a 2×4, other dimensional lumber, or the like) sandwiched between two splines 116 (which splines 116 will be inserted into bottom channels 104a″ and 104b″) of panel 100. FIG. 5 shows one panel 100 in place relative to vertical post 138, bottom plate 137 and bottom splines 116.

(60) FIG. 6 shows two panels 100, positioned side by side, with vertical post 138 there between, separating the panels 100. FIG. 6 also shows the 3 components for the in-situ formed I-beam positioned on the top of panels 100. The vertical flanges of the horizontally extending I-beam are provided by splines 116 positioned in top channels 104a′ and 104b′, while the web 116′ of the I-beam 117 is provided by another spline (e.g., also an elongate strip of OSB or other suitable material), laid on the top planar edge 110a′ at the top of panel 100. The web spline 116′ has a width equal to the spacing between top channels 104a′ and 104b′, so as to span the distance between splines 116 placed therein, so that the two splines 116 (flanges of I-beam 117) and web 116′ together form the I-beam. The 3 pieces of the I-beam 117 may be inserted one at a time, and glued together where such members 116, 116′ contact one another (i.e., the sides of web 116′). Adhesive may also be applied in channels 104a′ and 104b′ and on planar surface 110a′, to secure the I-beam 117 within panel 100. A panel could be provided with web spline 116′ already glued or otherwise secured to the top planar face 110a′ of panel 100, if desired. A pre-assembled I-beam 117 could also be used, e.g., as shown in FIGS. 13-28.

(61) While web spline 116′ may only have a length that is equal to that of the panel 100 (e.g., 4 or 8 feet), the splines that form the flanges of the I-beam 117 may have a length greater than the panel, so as to extend across the vertical post 138, as shown in FIG. 6. Such extension beyond the panel 100 of the flange 117 can also be achieved with ear brackets, as shown in FIGS. 13-28. Splines 116 of I-beam 117 could be nailed, screwed, glued, or otherwise secured to vertical post 138 at this junction, between adjacent side-by-side panels 100. Use of “ear brackets” for attachment of the I-beam to the frame members is described and shown in further detail below, in conjunction with FIGS. 13-28. In an embodiment, shorter splines could also be used, e.g., but still span from one panel 100, across vertical post 138, to the adjacent panel 100 (e.g., length of 4 feet, or even less). It is not necessary that the flanges of the I-beam be formed from single continuous pieces of OSB or other suitable material. For example, short lengths of OSB or metal waste material, which could be short pieces (e.g., 1 foot, 2 feet, 3 feet, 4 feet, etc.) could be fed into channels 104a′, 104b′ to form each flange of the I-beam 117. Because such short lengths would be constrained within stacked top and bottom channels (e.g., 104a′ and 104a″), and may be glued in place, they will provide a sufficiently strong I-beam for the post and beam wall construction systems described herein.

(62) FIG. 7 shows a further progression of the wall construction, now with 4 panels 100, two side-by-side, and two stacked one on top of another. There is no need to stagger seams between panels, although they could be staggered, if desired. While FIGS. 5-7 do not show splines 116 inserted into interior channels 104 of the panels 100 in order to better show other features, it will be appreciated that splines 116 can be inserted into any or all of such interior channels 104, as desired.

(63) FIG. 8 is similar to FIG. 7, but shows a filler piece 158 of foam positioned over the vertical post 138, to fill the gap between adjacent side by side positioned panels 100. For example, the illustrated wall may be 2 panels wide, and 2 panels high (e.g., about 8 feet long, 4 feet high). By stacking another 2 heights of panels, the wall may be 8 feet high. Any height may be achieved by simply stacking the needed number of panels, with an I-beam horizontally oriented between each set of stacked panels. Any length may be provided to such a wall, by simply placing additional vertical posts (e.g., at 4 foot intervals, or other interval), with one column of panels positioned between such posts. As is further evident from FIG. 8, where one panel 100 is stacked on top of another panel 100, there is an overlap profile between the adjoining panels at the seam 135, which prevents water from entering at what might otherwise be a simple horizontal seam between such stacked foam panels. In other words, the top and bottom outer edges of each panel include a stair stepped configuration at 133, as perhaps best shown in FIGS. 1-3, so that the horizontal seam 135 (FIG. 8) is followed by an inclined or stair-stepped surface, preventing water from seeping into channels 104a′, 104b′, 104a″ or 104b″.

(64) Any of the splines may be more securely retained within any of the channels with any suitable adhesive. Without use of such an adhesive, the building system may actually be reversible, allowing dis-assembly of the components in a way that allows them to easily and quickly be re-assembled, e.g., at a different time, or in a different location. Such characteristics may be particularly beneficial for temporary structures (e.g., emergency housing, sets for plays or other drama productions, and the like). Where an adhesive is used, such adhesive may be injected into the channel through pre-cut slot 112 (for channels 104), injected directly into the open top or bottom channels (for channels 104a′, 104b′ 104a″ or 104b″), or placed on the splines 116, prior to channel insertion. Once drywall or other sheathing is placed over the foam panel faces 106a or 106b, nails or screws may further be used to secure such sheathing to the splines 116 within any of such channels.

(65) As described above, the splines 116 may have a length that is greater than the length of a given modular panel 100. In one such embodiment, a single spline 116 can run through aligned channels (similarly numbered) of more than one modular panel, positioned side by side. FIG. 8 further shows how once the splines 116 are inserted into any of the various channels, splines disposed therein are not exposed on the outside faces 106a, 106b of the foam bodies of panels 100. The splines are constrained within their channels, having only 1 degree of freedom therein (i.e., the ability to slide axially, within the channel).

(66) Many of the following Figures described hereafter show various configurations and uses in which the panels, splines, and building systems may be employed, as well as methods of use therefore. FIG. 9 shows a wall formed from a plurality of panels 100, as well as how the panels may be used to form a roof structure, with panels positioned between adjacent truss members 130. In a similar manner as with the wall structures seen in FIGS. 5-8, I-beams 117 may be provided between adjacent stacked panels 100, while additional splines 116 may be provided, in interior central channels 104. The splines 116 in any such channels may extend beyond the length of each panel (e.g., due to use of ear brackets or the like), for attachment to truss members 130, as shown. The truss members may simply be spaced apart at a distance equal to the length of the panels (e.g., 4 feet). The wall may include a cap plate 128, as shown (e.g., to which truss members 130 may be attached).

(67) Any desired roof pitch may be accommodated by such construction. Exemplary pitches include any desired pitch ratio, such as from 12/1 to 12/18 (e.g., 12/1; 12/2, 12/3; 12/4; 12/5; 12/6; 12/7; 12/8; 12/9; 12/10; 12/11; 12/12; 12/13; 12/14; 12/15; 12/16; 12/17; or 12/18). Another roof configuration using a transition panel is shown and described hereafter, in FIG. 11, and FIGS. 13-28. A flat roof is of course also possible. As shown in FIG. 9, where roof panels 100 may not extend down the full height of trusses 130, any unfilled space below panels 100 can be used for electrical and/or plumbing runs.

(68) FIG. 10 illustrates how a door (or window) opening may be provided in any given wall, e.g., by placing vertical beams 138 at the ends of such an opening, which may be spanned by a conventional header 120. While the panels may be provided in lengths of 4 or 8 feet or any other desired length, they are easily cut, e.g., using a conventional circular saw (e.g., with a deep blade). They can easily be cut before insertion of any spline flanges and/or I-beams (in which case one is simply cutting through foam), or after such splines are inserted (in which case one is simply cutting through foam and typically OSB, or other spline material (e.g., aluminum)). Where desired, specialty header panels could be provided, e.g., including a header slot formed into panels 100, e.g., as disclosed in Applicant's U.S. Pat. No. 10,450,736, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Any of the concepts disclosed therein may be adapted for use with the present wall panels.

(69) While shown with straight planar walls, it will be appreciated that curved walls are also possible, e.g., by providing closely spaced (e.g., 6 inches or less, 4 inches or less, 3 inches or less, or 2 inches or less, such as 1 inch spacing) pre-cut slits into at least one face of the panel that is to be used in forming a curved wall. Such slits would allow the panel to be flexed, creating a curved continuous face along the opposite major planar face. Such slits could of course be filled in on the cut face, for finishing, if desired.

(70) A strap or any other desired typical connector may be used to attach any of the vertical posts 138 to a foundation, as will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, in light of the present disclosure.

(71) While electrical raceways 136 may provide a simple way to make electrical runs, other methods for wiring a structure using the present panel, post and beam constructions are also possible. For example, because the exterior of the wall prior to sheathing is formed from a material such as EPS foam that is easily worked, a portable hot wire cutting tool may be used to quickly cut traces or raceways through the foam face, in any configuration desired, for receipt of electrical wiring. Furthermore, current code allows such wiring to not need any conduit, where there is 1.5 inches or more between the exterior of any eventually applied sheathing, and the location of the wiring. The 1-2 inch foam thickness before reaching any of the channels (i.e., spline), coupled with a typical ½ inch or ⅝ inch drywall sheathing allows the wiring to simply be pressed into grooves cut into the foam face during wiring of the building, without the need for any conduit for housing such wiring. No posts or splines need be drilled or cut to accommodate such.

(72) Where the wiring crosses over a spline or post, a spiked or other metal plate may simply be pressed over the wiring, over the spline or post, to prevent a fastener from penetrating the wiring, when attempting to fasten into the spline or post. Such forming of a raceway in the face of the panels can be quickly and easily accomplished after the panels have been raised into the desired wall structures, during wiring of the building. A portable hot wire groove cutting tool can be used for such raceway formation. Such a tool is very quick (e.g., an 8 foot groove length may be formed in a matter of seconds, and the grooves may be freely run over the face of the panels, without regard to spline location, and without passage through any splines or posts (as would be typical in traditional framing). For example, such a groove may simply be “drawn” from a switch or other location to where the power is to be delivered (e.g., a light, outlet, etc.) in a straight line, across the panel(s) face(s).

(73) In an embodiment, either the interior, exterior, or both foam panel faces of walls of a building may be tiled over with cementitious panels, e.g., such as available from Applicant. Because of the presence of the splines within the channels of the wall system, screws or other fasteners may be used for such attachment. An adhesive may additionally or alternatively be used. Any suitable adhesive may be used to adhere such panels to the foam face. While epoxy or urethane adhesives may be suitable in theory, a polymer modified cement based adhesive may be preferred, as the urethane and epoxy adhesives have been found by the present inventor to be finicky, making it difficult if a user wishes to reposition a panel once it has initially been placed over the adhesive coated foam.

(74) For example, the epoxy and urethane adhesives typically set very quickly, providing little time for the user to perform any needed repositioning or adjustment of a placed panel. Furthermore, because the bonding strength is so great, when attempting to reposition such a bonded panel, chunks of underlying foam may be pulled from the foam frame structure (floor, wall, ceiling, roof, or the like) when attempting debonding, which is of course problematic. A polymer modified cement based adhesive provides greater cure time, allowing some flexibility in positioning, and repositioning, before the bond between the panel and foam frame member becomes permanent and strong. That said, urethane and epoxy adhesives (e.g., foaming adhesives) may also be used, where desired. Methods and other characteristics for such tiling, information relative to adhesives, and the like is found within Applicant's Application Serial No. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/426,756 (18944.9), herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of Applicant's other building systems which may include various features that can be incorporated to some degree herein include U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/866,569; 13/436,403; 62/722,591; 62/746,118; 16,549,901, and 16/653,579, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The last four patent applications describe exterior applied sealants that may be used, as such, in the present invention.

(75) All components and steps of the method and system can be handled without heavy equipment (e.g., cranes), with the possible exception of any very large, heavy reinforcing structural frame members that may be embedded in any of the foam modular panel members, positioned between such panels, or the like. In fact, the modular panels and splines are so light as to be easily handled and positioned by a crew of women. For example, the panels (e.g., 2 feet×4 feet) may weigh less than 40 lbs, less than 30 lbs, less than 20 lbs, or less than 15 lbs. A 2 foot×8 foot panel (e.g., see FIGS. 13-28) weighs only about 6-7 lbs. Corresponding aluminum splines as shown in FIGS. 13-28 similarly only weigh about 6-7 lbs each.

(76) In the case of OSB or similar splines, because strips of such OSB material are very light (e.g., less than 10, 5 or even 3 lbs), and/or because there is typically no need to use splines that are of a single piece of continuous material, such crew members could push scrap material (e.g., scrap OSB strips) into the channels, which scrap material could serve as the splines. As a result, a construction site using such methods may generate very little, if any waste, e.g., far less such waste than is generated when using traditional framing techniques. In addition, it will be apparent that when constructing a given building, far fewer 2×4s will be needed, as there are no conventional single “studs” present in the construction, but rather use of OSB or similar elongate strips of material, as the splines are used, in conjunction with vertical post members and other members of the frame (which may be formed from pairs of 2×4s, steel, or the like), but which are only spaced typically every 4 feet, 8 feet or 12 feet (depending on structural requirements), requiring far fewer 2×4s than a typical frame construction in which 2×4 studs are spaced at 24 or 16 inches on center.

(77) FIG. 11 shows an exemplary building construction that employs the panels 100 as described herein for construction of the walls, and which shows use of a wall-to-roof transition panel 200 at the top of the wall structure, for providing a transition from such standard panels 100, to the same standard panels 100 used for the roof construction. Similar to panel 100, wall-to-roof transition panel 200 is shown as including a pair of lower channels 104a″ and 104b″, allowing formation of an I-beam the same as with any of the standard wall panels 100, between the top most wall panel 100 and wall-to-roof transition panel 200. Panel 200 is also shown as including an additional pair of channels 105a′ and 105b′, which are analogous to the top channels 104a′ and 104b′ of any of the standard wall panels, but which are oriented at an angle relative to bottom channels 104a″, 104b″, where the angle corresponds to the pitch of the roof being constructed. Channels 105a′, 105b′ thus line up with the bottom channels 104a″ and 104b″, respectively, of the standard panel 100 positioned as the first roof panel, adjacent wall-to-roof transition panel 200, as shown.

(78) Wall-to-roof Transition panel 200 thus allows in-situ formation of an I-beam between the wall-to-roof transition panel 200 and the top most wall panel 100, and another I-beam between the wall-to-roof transition panel 200 and the adjacent roof panel 100. Wall-to-roof Transition panel 200 can include slots 203 for insertion of stiffening members (e.g., furring splines or strips), as shown, to provide additional attachment points for attachment of covering materials placed over the panel. FIG. 12A shows a close up of the eave area of FIG. 11, better showing how the wall-to-roof transition panel 200 integrates with the adjacent roof panel 100 and the adjacent top most wall panel 100. Another similar wall-to-roof transition panel is shown and described in conjunction with FIGS. 13-28, below.

(79) FIG. 11 further shows a roof cap transition panel 202, configured to transition between standard roof panels 100, at the apex of such a pitched roof. Roof cap panel 202 also includes 2 pairs of edge channels, configured to be aligned with the top channels 104a′ and 104b′ of the two adjacent roof panels 100. The pairs of edge channels of the roof cap transition panel are angled relative to one another, e.g., at double the angle defined between the pairs of channels in wall-to-roof transition panel 200, as dictated by the pitch of the roof. Such wall-to-roof transition panels 200 and roof cap transition panels 202 may be custom provided to the building site, along with a desired number of standard panels (for walls and roof), as determined from the plan or blueprint of the building being constructed. Wall-to-floor transition panels may also similarly be provided, as described herein.

(80) FIGS. 11 and 12B further shows how panels similar or identical to standard panels 100 may be used to form the floor. Such floor panels 204 in FIGS. 11 and 12B are shown similar to the standard wall and roof panels 100, except that they may only include one “top” channel, and one “bottom” channel adjacent the face of the panel that becomes the interior floor. Because the panels are rotated (laid on the ground instead of oriented vertically, as in a wall construction), what would be “top” and “bottom” channels are now simply both adjacent to the upper floor face of the panel, one to the right, and one to the left (rather than top and bottom).

(81) The floor panel optionally may not include channels adjacent the bottom face of the floor panels 204 (such panels may simply be positioned over a pea gravel base or the like). Alternatively, as shown in FIGS. 13-28, the same standard panels as used for the walls may also be used for the floor. As shown in FIGS. 11 and 12B, a notch 206 that is exposed on the bottom face of such floor panels 204 may be provided, e.g., to raise at least that portion of the floor panels up off such a gravel or other base, should such be desired. FIG. 12B shows a close up of such a floor panel, showing the notch 206.

(82) FIGS. 13-28 illustrate a building system according to the present invention, in further detail, as a progressive construction of a simple, exemplary structure. It will be appreciated that more complex structures, in an essentially unlimited variety, may be constructed using the described building system. As shown, a plurality of standard panels 100 as described herein are used for the floor, the walls, and the roof. Specialized transition panels are provided to make the transition from wall to floor, (i.e., in a uniquely configured wall-to-floor transition panel), and from wall to roof (i.e., in a uniquely configured wall-to-roof transition panel). Where the roof is a pitched roof, a roof cap transition panel 202 may be provided, to make the transition from one standard panel to the next standard panel, both present in the roof (e.g., on different sides of the apex of a pitched roof).

(83) The building system includes a frame that carries loads from the splines to the frame to the foundation. The frame can be designed to include any conceivable architectural shape, and can be engineered to handle appropriate external loads. The frame can act as a template to which splines and the insulating lightweight panels can be attached. This allows the splines and lightweight panels to remain standardized, with unique frames (formed from frame members) and unique transition panels defining the shape of the structure. This system makes it possible to construct walls, floors and roof of the system with precisely the same method.

(84) FIG. 13 shows various transition panels, including the uniquely shaped roof cap transition panel 202. As shown, panel 202 may include channels 104a″ and 104b″ identical to those of a standard panel 100 on one end, with the same channels 104c′ and 104d′ on the other end, but in which the top end 110a of the panel adjacent such channels 104c′, 104d′ is differently configured (e.g., includes cut-away portions) to better facilitate insertion of the roof cap transition panel 202 onto the apex of the roof, in a manner so as to mate with the adjacent standard panels 100, mating on either side of panel 202. The illustrated cut-away portions in top end 110a, adjacent channels 104c′ and 104d′ allows the “bottom end” 110b (configured the same as bottom end 110b of panel 100) of panel 202 to be pressed into the flanges 116 of I-beam 117, while the other end 110a is simply able to rotate downward towards the adjacent standard roof panel 100, so that the flanges 116 of the corresponding I-beam 117 rest in channels 104c′ and 104d′. The cut-away top end 110a as shown in panel 202 allows simplified assembly as compared to requiring longitudinal sliding of panel 202 relative to the I-beams 117 mated on either end (at ends 110a and 110b).

(85) FIG. 13 also illustrates a wall-to-roof transition panel 200 similar to that shown in FIGS. 11-12A. For example, transition panel 200 includes a pair of lower channels 104a″ and 104b″, for mating with an I-beam the same as with any of the standard wall panels 100, between the top most wall panel 100 and transition panel 200. Panel 200 is also shown as including an additional pair of channels 105a′ and 105b′, which are analogous to the top channels 104a′ and 104b′ of any of the standard wall panels 100, but which are oriented at an angle (other than) 180° relative to bottom channels 104a″, 104b″, where the angle corresponds to the pitch of the roof being constructed. Actual angles for given pitch values are easily calculated using standard trigonometry (e.g., for pitches of from 12/1 to 12/18 (e.g., 12/1; 12/2, 12/3; 12/4; 12/5; 12/6; 12/7; 12/8; 12/9; 12/10; 12/11; 12/12; 12/13; 12/14; 12/15; 12/16; 12/17; or 12/18)). Channels 105a′, 105b′ thus line up with the bottom channels 104a″ and 104b″, respectively, of the standard panel 100 positioned as the first roof panel, adjacent transition panel 200, as described herein. Transition panel 200 thus facilitates placement of an I-beam between the transition panel 200 and the top most wall panel 100, and another I-beam between the transition panel 200 and the adjacent roof panel 100 (through channels 104a″, 104b″ and channels 105a′, 105b′, respectively).

(86) Transition panel 200 is also shown as including various shaped slots 203 for insertion of stiffening members, e.g., to provide attachment points for facia, etc. The illustrated configuration includes a C-shaped slot 203 running horizontally, parallel to the free eave end E of the transition panel 200. As shown, a pre-cut slot 112 may be provided in eave end E, e.g., centered on C-shaped slot 203. In the illustrated configuration, the open end of the C is oriented inward, away from eave end E, providing an attachment point into which facia or other covering structures can be screwed, nailed, or otherwise fastened into. Other shaped slots could be provided, for receiving other shaped spline members (e.g., I-beam shaped, H-beam shaped, L-beam shaped, etc.).

(87) Wall-to-roof transition panel 200 may be described as including 3 portions—a wall leg (terminating in channels 104a″, 104b″) that mates with the adjacent top-most wall panel of the wall being constructed; a roof leg (terminating in channels 105a′, 105b′) that mates with the adjacent first roof panel of the pitched roof being constructed; and an eave portion, e.g., coplanar with the roof portion, but extending oppositely, away from channels 105a′, 105b′ and the roof portion, so as to form an eave of a desired configuration. It will be apparent that the length of the wall leg and the length of the roof leg can be independently specifically selected as needed, to accommodate a desired wall height (that is not an even multiple of the height of the standard panel 100), as well as to accommodate a desired roof plane length (that is not an even multiple of the width of the standard panel 100 used on the roof). Adjustments in roof plane length can also be made by adjusting the lengths of the two ends of the roof cap transition panel 202.

(88) FIG. 13 further shows an exemplary wall-to-floor transition panel 208. Transition panel 208 is shown as similar to the standard wall and roof panels 100, including the top channels 104a′ and 104b′, with the top end of panel 208 being identically configured to any of the standard panels 100. Such top channels 104a′ and 104b′ receive flanges 116 of I-beam 117, connecting the transition panel 208 to the bottom most standard panel 100 of the wall structure. In order for transition panel 208 to connect in the same manner (through I-beams 117) to an adjacent standard panel 100 that makes up the floor, a pair of channels are provided in the inside face, near the bottom of transition panel 208, with otherwise identical characteristics to any of the other bottom channels 104a″ and 104b″, except that these channels are in the face 106a of panel 208 rather than in bottom end 110b. As shown, one or more additional furring slots 203 may additionally be provided, e.g., for providing attachment points, similar to slots 203 shown in wall-to-roof transition panel 200. For example, a C-shaped spline or furring strip could be inserted into the C-shaped slot 203, while an L-shaped spline or furring strip could be inserted (e.g., either or both horizontally) into the illustrated C and L-shaped slots. Of course other shaped slots could also be provided, as desired, to accommodate differently shaped splines in such slots.

(89) It will be appreciated that a differently configured wall-to-floor transition panel may be provided, e.g., for providing the floor of an upper floor (e.g., a 2.sup.nd floor) in a multistory building construction. An example of such is shown in FIG. 13A. For example, such a 2.sup.nd story wall-to-floor transition panel 208′ may include an additional lower wall leg as compared to the configuration 208 shown in FIG. 13, so as to be T-shaped. For example, the top of the “T” may provide the 2 wall legs WL (e.g., in-line, 180° apart), with the floor leg FL being at 90° relative to both wall legs WL. The upper wall leg thus forms the lowest portion of the 2.sup.nd story wall, while the lower wall leg forms the topmost portion of the 1.sup.st story wall. It will of course be appreciated that such T-shaped wall-to-floor transition panels may be used for any story (e.g., 2.sup.nd, 3.sup.rd, etc.) above the first story. In FIG. 13A, the channels of the lower wall leg are also labeled 104a′ and 104b′, as they may be similarly or identically configured as the analogous channels of the upper wall leg.

(90) In such a building construction, the wall-to-roof transition panel 200 may thus only be used on the top-most story, adjacent the roof, while any lower stories would include the T-shaped “2.sup.nd story” wall-to-floor transition panel 208′, at the transition from a lower story, to the adjacent higher story.

(91) FIGS. 14-28 illustrate progressive steps according to which an exemplary building may be constructed, using the presently described building systems. For example, FIG. 14 shows assembly of an exemplary frame formed from exemplary vertical post frame members 212, horizontal beam frame members 214, and angled truss frame members 216. Such individual members may be connected to one another through appropriate brackets 220, as shown. It will be appreciated that where the building to be constructed may not include a pitched roof, the illustrated truss members may instead simply run horizontally, defining where the roof structure will be. Such a frame, in conjunction with the fact that the panels are cut using a CNC precision device, acts as a jig, ensuring that the walls, floor, and roof structure will be nearly perfectly square and plumb, as desired. Such is advantageous over traditional stick frame construction methods, where walls, floors, and roof often deviate slightly from the desired square and plumb relationships. Such frame members 212-216 may be of any desired material (e.g., steel, other metal, wood lumber, etc.). Steel may be preferred, as wood lumber can be notorious for being warped, etc. The frame may actually bear any load applied to the building, such that the panels 100 used to construct the walls are not necessarily load bearing (but merely fill the opening in).

(92) As shown, the structure can be supported on a plurality of pier footings 218. Such a configuration as described does not require the use of any continuous footings, or the use of a typical concrete or similar slab. The present configurations may advantageously be void of such features, which otherwise increase costs, and result in decreased comfort (e.g., the present configuration provides for an insulated, “soft” floor, as compared to a concrete slab, as will be apparent from the present description).

(93) Turning to FIG. 15, one of the standard I-beams 117 may be attached between frame members (e.g., members 214), and wall-to-floor transition panel 208 positioned so that flanges 116 of I-beam 117 are received into channels 104a″ and 104b″. Web 116′ of I-beam 117 rests against face 110c (analogous to bottom face 110b in a standard panel 100). It will be appreciated that the I-beams 117 could be provided prefabricated, as shown, or could be assembled in-situ, as described elsewhere herein. Such I-beams may be of aluminum or other suitable metal material, wood (e.g., OSB), plastic, or other suitable material.

(94) While I-beam configurations are shown in particular, it will be appreciated that other geometry beams (e.g., C-beams, H-beams, L-beams, or other shapes, providing other moment of inertia characteristics) could alternatively be used for positioning in between any of the various modular panels, as splines. The description and claims generally reference “I-beam” for simplicity, although it will be appreciated that other such geometries can be included within the scope of the claimed invention.

(95) FIG. 15 further illustrates the use of connecting “ear” brackets 222. Such ear brackets can simply be fastened as shown, to appropriate frame members (e.g., as shown to frame members 214), securing I-beam 117 to members of the frame. Of course, panel 208 can be secured to I-beam 117 as described herein (e.g., use of an adhesive, or even just a friction fit between flanges 116 and channels 104a″ and 104b″). FIG. 16 shows the same configuration as FIG. 15, once panel 208 has been fully inserted (i.e., flanges 116 into channels 104a″ and 104b″) relative to I-beam 117.

(96) FIG. 29 illustrates an alternative connection mechanism between an I-beam or other configured spline 117 and the frame member (e.g., illustrated frame member 214′). While a horizontal frame member analogous to frame member 214 is shown in FIG. 29, it will be appreciated that other frame members (e.g., 212, 216) may be similarly configured. For example, as shown in FIG. 29, the frame member may include its own flange or ear 222′ (e.g., an ear bracket flange portion 222′), to which the flange 116 of I-beam spline 117 is attached, e.g., with screw 223. It will be apparent that numerous connection mechanisms between the splines and frame members (as well as between other connected components of the system) are possible, such that the particular configurations illustrated are simply exemplary.

(97) FIG. 17 illustrates the same configuration, but once a standard panel 100 has been positioned (e.g., slid) adjacent the I-beam 117 mated into the corresponding channels adjacent surface 110c of transition panel 208. As shown in FIG. 18, additional standard panels 100 can be positioned, to provide the floor structure of the building, with the standard I-beam or other splines 117 positioned in between each pair of adjacent panels. FIGS. 19-20 show attachment of another wall-to-floor transition panel 208, at the other end of the floor, where the opposite wall is to be constructed. Positioning and attachment of the panel 208 is similar to attachment of the panel 208 at the opposite end of the floor.

(98) Because the panels 100 used on the floor are rotated (laid horizontally (e.g., “on the ground” instead of oriented vertically, as in a wall construction), what would be “top” and “bottom” channels are now simply adjacent to the top and bottom faces of the panel, on the right, and left sides. As shown, the floor may actually be a “floating floor”, positioned above the ground in which the pier footings are positioned. While a pea gravel other base could be provided, such is not necessary, and may not be present.

(99) FIG. 21 shows the same configuration of FIG. 20, but with the addition of another of the standard I-beams, positioned in top channels 104a′ and 104b′, and adjacent surface 110a, in preparation for construction of the vertical wall that the transition panel 208 provides the transition to. As is apparent in the construction of the floor and walls, the I-beams 117 become embedded, and fully concealed within the constructed wall or floor or roof, without any exposure of such I-beams on the external major planar faces of the panels 100. Such lack of exposure is advantageous for preventing ghosting, and other benefits, as described herein.

(100) As shown in FIG. 22, once the desired number of wall panels 100 have been stacked, one upon another (with I-beams 117 in between each), the top of the wall structure can be capped with another transition panel, this time a wall-to-roof transition panel 200, already described in conjunction with FIG. 13. As is apparent from FIG. 22, an appropriate spline (e.g., I-beam 117) may be inserted into the slot 203 of transition panel 200, in the eave portion thereof. While FIG. 13 illustrates a C-shaped slot 203 adjacent the eave end E, FIG. 22 illustrates use of an alternative I-shaped slot, configured to receive one of the standard I-beam splines 117. It will be appreciated that various configurations are possible, to provide desired attachment points within eave end E of transition panel 200. With slot 203 filled with an appropriate stiffening member (e.g., I-beam 117 or other spline), panel 200 is maneuvered into position and mated into the I-beam 117 or other spline inserted into the corresponding slots of the top most panel 100 of the wall structure, as shown, in FIG. 23-24.

(101) The height of any desired wall can be accommodated (even where the height does not correspond to an even multiple of the standard panel height, such as 2 feet), by adjusting the length of the vertical wall leg W (FIG. 22) of the transition panel 200. For example, for a 9 foot wall height, 4 panels each of 2 feet in height will provide 8 feet of the wall height, such that the length of the vertical wall leg W may be set at the needed 1 foot, to accommodate the desired height. It will be apparent that such configuration accommodates any desired wall height.

(102) A similar adjustment to the length of the roof plane is similarly provided by the length that is selected for the roof leg (the leg that is adjacent to the wall leg W, which is angled therefrom, at an angle corresponding to the pitch of the roof being formed). In other words, accommodation of specific roof plane lengths are possible by adjusting the length of the roof leg of panel 200, (i.e., that leg including channels 105a′ and 105b′). The length of this roof leg portion of the wall-to-roof transition panel 200 allows selection of an appropriate length to accommodate a desired roof length for the roof which it forms a top portion of.

(103) It is also apparent that the transition panel also dictates the shape and length of the eave associated with the roof. Such integration of the eave into the transition panel 200 is advantageous, as it eliminates the need for construction of separate eave members (which is time consuming, and tedious, as those in the construction trade will appreciate). For example, the eave portion of the panel 200 is shown as being coplanar with the roof leg, extending oppositely therefrom (i.e., on the other side from the roof leg, relative to the wall leg W that separates the eave portion from the roof leg of the transition panel 200).

(104) As shown in FIG. 25, with the wall-to-roof transition panel 200 in place, the roof can be constructed by using the same standard panels 100 that were used on the walls and floor, by simply positioning each panel between the truss members 216 of the building frame, inserting an I-beam spline into the channels 104a′, 104b′ of one panel, and 104a″, 104b″ of the adjacent panel. Of course, the flanges 116 of the I-beam positioned between the first standard roof panel 100 and the transition panel 200 is accommodated in the same manner, with one side of the flanges 116 of I-beam 117 received into channels 105a′ and 105b′ of transition panel 200, and the other side of the flanges 116 of the same I-beam 117 received into channels 104a″ and 104b″ of the standard panel 100 of the roof. As shown in FIG. 25, both sides of such a pitched roof are formed in this manner until reaching the area of the apex of such a pitched roof.

(105) As shown in FIGS. 25-27, the roof cap transition panel 202 is used to complete the apex portion of the roof structure. As shown in FIG. 26, once the more standard channels 104a″ and 104b″ are engaged with their corresponding I-beam 117, the roof cap transition panel 202 may be rotated downward, and because of the cut-away portion at surface 110a of transition panel 202, its rotation is unimpeded as it rotates into proper engagement with the I-beam 117 on the other end, for reception into channels 110c′ and 110d′.

(106) FIG. 28 shows the exemplary structure complete, with floor, walls, and roof. The other walls at either end are shown open to better illustrate the other structures, although it will be appreciated that these walls may be filled in with standard wall panels using the same building system and techniques as described herein.

(107) By way of example, the standard (and other panels) may each be provided in a standard dimension, such as 2 feet in height, by 8 feet in length. Such exemplary panels are lightweight, for example, weighing about 6 lbs for the standard panels 100 shown. If pre-fabricated I-beams 117 are used, e.g., made of aluminum, such similarly only weigh about 7 lbs. The system is thus easily employed by those of limited strength, and without any skilled training.

(108) While the Figures illustrate construction of simple exemplary walls and buildings to illustrate concepts of the present construction methods and systems, it will be appreciated that the methods and systems may be used to construct a nearly endless variety of buildings.

(109) It will also be appreciated that the present claimed invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative, not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope. Additionally, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.