METHODS AND COMPOSITION FOR TRANSFERRING T-DNA INTO A PLANT

Abstract

The present disclosure provides a series of mutant Agrobacterium strains generated by random mutagenesis of a wide-type or ω mutant VirD2 gene or VirD2 protein. The mutant Agrobacterium strains of the present disclosure transiently express T-DNA-encoded transgenes in a target plant but do not stably integrate these genes into the plant genome.

Claims

1. An Agrobacterium strain comprising a VirD2 mutant that effects efficient transient transformation of a plant, wherein said Agrobacterium strain has at least 5- to 50-fold less stable transformation or no stable transformation.

2. The Agrobacterium strain of claim 1, wherein said mutation comprises nucleotide substitutions, insertions, and deletions.

3. The Agrobacterium strain of claim 2, wherein the VirD2 mutant comprises one or more mutation in a wild-type or ω mutant VirD2 gene or VirD2 protein.

4. The Agrobacterium strain of claim 3, wherein said Agrobacterium strain is 4E12 strain comprising a mutation His.sup.402Arg.

5. The Agrobacterium strain of claim 4, wherein said 4E12 strain further comprises a replaced stop codon with Gln and an extended amino acid sequence Arg-Gln-Glu-Gly-Pro-Asn-Asn-Gly-Lys-Trp-Ser-Val-His-Asp-Thr-Leu-Cys-Trp-Pro-Gly-Leu-Arg-Arg-Thr-Asp-Gly-Arg-Thr-Pro-Trp-Ser-Arg-Ile-Arg-Leu (SEQ ID NO: 1).

6. The Agrobacterium strain of claim 3, wherein said Agrobacterium strain is ExD3 comprising Leu.sup.122Gln and Ile.sup.9Val.

7. The Agrobacterium strain of claim 3, wherein said Agrobacterium strain is 1B10 comprising Glu.sup.64Gly.

8. The Agrobacterium strain of claim 31, wherein said Agrobacterium strain is 4G10 comprising Lys.sup.338Asn and a frameshift after a stop codon with an extended amino acid sequence Asp-Val-Met-Thr-Arg-Arg-Gln-Val-Arg-Ala-Glu-Gln-Thr-Val-Lys-Asp (SEQ ID NO: 2).

9. The Agrobacterium strain of claim 3, wherein said Agrobacterium strain is 1G03 comprising Trp.sup.148stop codon.

10. The Agrobacterium strain of claim 3, wherein said Agrobacterium strain is 21 G2 comprising His.sup.155Tyr and Lys.sup.166Glu.

11. The Agrobacterium strain of claim 3, wherein said mutation is selected from the group consisting of Asp.sup.418Ser, Asp.sup.419Ser, Gly.sup.420Ser, Arg.sup.421Ser, Lys.sup.332Met, Gly.sup.367Asp, Ser.sup.278Pro, Asn.sup.376Asp, Asn.sup.341Ser, Lys.sup.332Glu, Ser.sup.320Pro, Asn.sup.415Ser, Leu.sup.279Trp, Leu.sup.38Arg, Val.sup.331Ala, Asp.sup.361Asn, Arg.sup.413Ser, Thr.sup.30Ala, Asp.sup.380Gly, Arg.sup.339Cys, Trp.sup.219Ala, Arg.sup.183Gln, Val.sup.305Ala, Pro.sup.322Leu, Ser.sup.280Asn, Ala.sup.379Val, Asp.sup.380His, Ser.sup.394Pro, Ile.sup.30Ser, Asn.sup.365Lys, Ile.sup.292Val, Arg.sup.276His, Arg.sup.411His, Ala.sup.358Ser, Asn.sup.351Ser, Lys.sup.353Glu, Val.sup.277Ala, Thr.sup.388Ser, Ser.sup.362Pro, and Lys.sup.338Glu.

12. The Agrobacterium strain of claim 3, wherein said Agrobacterium strain comprises a mutation Thr.sup.424Pro and missing C.sup.362 causing a frameshift with an extended amino acid sequence Arg-Asp-Arg-Asp-Arg-Ile-Met-Ala-Asn-Gly-Gln-Phe-Thr-Ile-Arg-Ser-Ala-Gly-Pro-Ala-Ser-Val-Gly-Leu-Thr-Gly-Glu-Arg-Arg-Gly-Ala-Ala-Ser-Ala-Ser-Ser-Ser-Ala-Ser-Ser-Asn-Ala-Cys-Gln-Pro-Pro-Gln-Gly-Ser-Pro- Arg-Asp-Gln-Ser-Thr-Leu-Ile-Gln-Pro-Leu-Arg-Cys-Tyr-Ser-Ala-Val-Gly-Phe (SEQ ID NO: 3).

13. A method of making the Agrobacterium strain of claim 1, comprising a) making a mutant Agrobacterium strain comprising a mutation in a VirD2 gene (mVirD2), and b) cloning VirD.sub.promoterVirD1-mVirD2 gene onto a plasmid with appropriate T-DNA binary vectors to monitor transient and stable transformation.

14. The method of claim 14, wherein said method comprises a step of recombining the mutant VirD2 gene back into a Vir helper plasmid.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein said mutant VirD2 is non-polar and does not affect expression on downstream genes VirD3, VirD4, and VirD5.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein the T-DNA comprises a Cas9 gene, a gene encoding an sgRNA, and a Venus-intron gene.

17. A method of using the Agrobacterium strain of claim 1 for genome editing in a plant.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein said genome editing is CRISPR/Cas genome editing, and wherein the VirD2 mutant supports editing around Cas9 cleavage site at least 25-40% the frequency of wild-type VirD2 gene.

19. The method of claim 17, wherein the plant is Nicotiana benthamiana.

20. A method of using the Agrobacterium strain of claim 1 for directed alteration of a nucleotide sequence by homology-dependent repair (HDR).

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] FIG. 1. Schematic diagram of the generation of VirD2/T-strand complexes in Agrobacterium. VirD2 nicks the T-DNA region of the Ti-plasmid within the border repeat sequences. VirD2 covalently links to the T-strand, forming a VirD2/T-strand complex. After transport to the plant cell, the single-strand T-strands are thought to be coated by VirE2 protein, which is also transported from Agrobacterium into the plant cell.

[0018] FIGS. 2A-2C. Role of the VirD2 ω region in transient and stable transformation. FIG. 2A: Schematic diagram of the VirD2 protein, showing the various domains. *NLS, sequence that likely does not have NLS activity in vivo. Note the amino acid sequence in the C-terminus of the protein, including the active NLS and the ω domain. The amino acid sequence of wild-type and mutant ω domains are shown in black and gray, respectively. FIG. 2A discloses SEQ ID NOS 13 and 14, respectively, in order of appearance. FIG. 2B: Transient transformation of tobacco leaf discs by an Agrobacterium strain containing wild-type or ω mutant VirD2 proteins. Note that a strain with the ω mutation shows ˜5-fold less transient transformation (GUS activity) than does a strain with a wild-type VirD2. FIG. 2C. Stable transformation of Arabidopsis root segments by an Agrobacterium strain containing wild-type or ω mutant VirD2 proteins. Note that a strain with the ω mutation shows ˜50-fold less stable transformation (crown gall tumorigenesis) than does a strain with a wild-type VirD2.

[0019] FIG. 3. Schematic diagram of the virD2 mutagenesis process. Upper map, map of the virD operon, showing the various virD genes and the non-polar deletion in virD2. Middle map, blow-up of the VirD.sub.promoter-virD1-virD2 gene region. Lower map, schematic showing various random mutations that have been generated in virD2 by PCR mutagenesis.

[0020] FIG. 4. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the VirD2 protein. The wild-type sequence is shown; note that only the wild-type nucleotides and amino acids are shown. The positions of mutations are shown in gray. Various protein domains are highlighted. Note that the mutations are randomly distributed throughout the nucleotide/amino acid sequence. FIG. 4 discloses SEQ ID NOS 15 and 16, respectively, in order of appearance.

[0021] FIG. 5. Schematic diagram of building the Agrobacterium strains containing mutant virD2 genes. A plasmid containing the VirD.sub.promoter-VirD1-virD2.sub.mutant is introduced into an Agrobacterium strain containing a Ti-plasmid with a non-polar deletion in virD2. This figure shows that the bacterium also contains the T-DNA binary vector pBISN1, but any compatible binary vector can be used. pBISN1 contains in its T-DNA a gusA-intron gene (to monitor transient transformation by GUS activity) and a Pnos-nptII gene (to monitor stable transformation by kanamycin resistance). The strain pictured also contains T-DNA that contains oncogenes such that the bacterium can incite tumors (stable transformation).

[0022] FIG. 6. Kalanchoe leaf inoculation. Leaves of Kalanchoe diagremontiana were wounded and each wound inoculated with a different Agrobacterium strain. After one month, the presence of tumors was scored. Note the positive (tumor) and negative (no tumor) controls. Of interest are virD2 mutant strains 5F09 and 4E12. These strains did not incite tumors, indicating a large decrease in stable transformation.

[0023] FIG. 7. X-gluc staining of tobacco leaves infiltrated with various virD2 mutant Agrobacterium strains. Tobacco leaves were infiltrated with various Agrobacterium strains and leaf sections from the infiltrated area were stained with X-gluc after 24 hr. At2201 is a positive control (wild-type virD2) and At2200 is a negative control (no virD2). Note that many virD2 mutant strains appear to transiently transform tobacco as well as does the wild-type virD2 strain.

[0024] FIG. 8. Quantitative stable transformation assay of Arabidopsis root segments infected with Agrobacterium strains harboring various mutant virD2 genes. Root segments from wild-type (ecotype Col-0) plants were infected with the various Agrobacterium strains at 107 cfu/ml for two days. The roots were then moved to CIM medium containing timentin (to kill Agrobacterium) and kanamycin (to select for stable transformants). Kanamycin-resistant calli were scored after one month.

[0025] FIG. 9. Quantitative transient transformation assay of Arabidopsis root segments infected with Agrobacterium strains harboring various mutant virD2 genes. Root segments from wild-type (ecotype Col-0) plants were infected with the various Agrobacterium strains at 10.sup.8 cfu/ml for two days. The roots were then moved to CIM medium containing timentin (to kill Agrobacterium) and incubated for one month. Root segments were then stained with X-gluc for GUS activity. Note that mutant 4E12, which effects extremely low stable transformation activity, effects substantial transient transformation GUS activity.

[0026] FIG. 10. Mutation frequencies surrounding the Cas9 cleavage site in the Nicotiana benthamiana PDS2 gene. N. benthamiana leaves were infiltrated with an Agrobacterium strain containing a wild-type or mutant VirD2 gene. The T-DNA contained a Cas9 gene, a sgRNA gene directed against the tobacco PDS2 gene, and a Venus-intron gene. DNA was extracted from Venus-fluorescent tissue and a region surrounding the PDS2 cleavage site was amplified by PCR. The amplicons were sequenced via Wide-seq. Shown are the percentage of mutations at each site surrounding the Cas9 cleavage site. The number of reads (sequencing depth) at each nucleotide varied from ˜7000-27000. The percent mutations includes nucleotide substitutions, insertions, and deletions (most mutations are in/dels). Shown are the nucleotides surrounding the Cas9 cleavage site. The PAM (protospacer adjacent motif) sequence is also shown. All these VirD2 mutants show good transient GUS activity on infiltrated tobacco leaves, and extremely poor stable transformation of Kalanchoe and Arabidopsis. Note that these VirD2 mutants support editing around the Cas9 cleavage site at ˜25-40% the frequency of the wild-type VirD2 gene.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0027] The present disclosure provides a series of Agrobacterium strains comprising VirD2 mutants, including but not limited to, nucleotide substitutions, insertions, and deletions, that effect efficient transient, but at least 5-50 folds less stable transformation and/or no stable transformation of a plant.

[0028] In certain embodiments, the mutant Agrobacterium strain is the 4E12 strain comprising a mutation His.sup.402Arg, plus replacement of the stop codon with Gln extending the protein with the amino acids: Arg-Gln-Glu-Gly-Pro-Asn-Asn-Gly-Lys-Trp-Ser-Val-His-Asp-Thr-Leu-Cys-Trp-Pro-Gly-Leu-Arg-Arg-Thr-Asp-Gly-Arg-Thr-Pro-Trp-Ser-Arg-Ile-Arg-Leu (SEQ ID NO: 1).

[0029] In other embodiments, the mutant Agrobacterium strains are ExD3, containing Leu.sup.122Gln and Ile.sup.9Val; 1B10 containing Glu.sup.64Gly; 4G10 containing Lys.sup.338Asn and a frameshift after the stop codon expending the protein with sixteen (16) amino acids: Asp-Val-Met-Thr-Arg-Arg-Gln-Val-Arg-Ala-Glu-Gln-Thr-Val-Lys-Asp (SEQ ID NO: 2); 1G03, with Trp.sup.148stop codon; 21G2 with His.sup.155Tyr and Lys.sup.166Glu; 1 G03, with Trp.sup.148stop codon; 21 G2 with His.sup.155Tyr and Lys.sup.166Glu.

[0030] In still other embodiments, mutations were built into an omega (o) mutant VirD2, which itself already has the mutations Asp.sup.418Ser, Asp.sup.419Ser, Gly.sup.420Ser, and Arg.sup.421Ser. These additional mutations include: 31V1-1/-2 with Lys.sup.332Met; 31C3 with Gly.sup.367Asp; 32C9 with Ser.sup.278Pro; 31C10 with Asn.sup.376Asp and Asn.sup.341Ser; 31C11 with Lys.sup.332Glu; 31G7 with Ser.sup.320Pro; 36B1 with Asn.sup.415Ser; 36B9-1 with Leu.sup.279Trp; 21F5 with Leu.sup.38Arg; 311B7 with Val.sup.331Ala; 31E7 with Asp.sup.361Asn and Arg.sup.413Ser; 32A2 with Thr.sup.30Ala and Asp.sup.380Gly; 34A9 with Arg.sup.339Cys; 34E11 with Trp.sup.219Ala and Arg.sup.183Gln; 36A9 with Val.sup.305Ala; 36D10 with Pro.sup.322Leu; ωPCR-2 with Ser.sup.280Asn; ωPCR-76 with Ala.sup.379Val and Asp.sup.380His; ωPCR-77 with Ser.sup.394Pro; ωPCR-78 with Ile.sup.30Ser; ωPCR-80 with Asn.sup.365Lys; ωPCR-84 with Thr.sup.302Ala; ωPCR-87 with Ile.sup.292Val; ωPCR-93 with Thr.sup.424Pro and missing C3.sup.62 causing a frameshift and extending the protein with the amino acids: Arg-Asp-Arg-Asp-Arg-Ile-Met-Ala-Asn-Gly-Gln-Phe-Thr-Ile-Arg-Ser-Ala-Gly-Pro-Ala-Ser-Val-Gly-Leu-Thr-Gly-Glu-Arg-Arg-Gly-Ala-Ala-Ser-Ala-Ser-Ser-Ser-Ala-Ser-Ser-Asn-Ala-Cys-Gln-Pro-Pro-Gln-Gly-Ser-Pro-Arg-Asp-Gln-Ser-Thr-Leu-Ile- Gln-Pro-Leu-Arg-Cys-Tyr-Ser-Ala-Val-Gly-Phe (SEQ ID NO: 3); ωPCR-127 with Arg.sup.276His and Arg.sup.411His; ωPCR-11 with Ala.sup.358Ser; ωPCR-20 with Asn.sup.351Ser; ωPCR-16 with Lys.sup.353Glu; ωPCR-25 with Val.sup.277Ala; ωPCR-39 with Thr.sup.388Ser; ωPCR-45 with Ser.sup.362Pro; and ωPCR-55 with Lys.sup.338Glu.

[0031] In certain embodiments, the mutant Agrobacterium strains show transient GUS activity on infiltrated tobacco leaves and no or extremely low stable transformation of Kalanchoe and Arabidopsis.

[0032] A method of making and using the mutant Agrobacterium strains of the present disclosure are also provided herein. The present disclosure provides that the mutant Agrobacterium strains can be used for gene editing in any plant species. In certain embodiments, the mutant Agrobacterium strains are used CRISPR/Cas genome editing, and the VirD2 mutant of the mutant Agrobacterium strains support around the Cas9 cleavage site at at least 25-40% the frequency of the wide-type VirD2 gene. The present disclosure further provides that the mutant Agrobacterium strains can be used for altering, in a directed way, any particular nucleotide sequence through “homology-dependent repair (HDR).”

[0033] The following description of the embodiments is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the present disclosure, its application, or uses. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

[0034] Many modifications and other embodiments disclosed herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which the disclosed compositions and methods pertain having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the disclosures are not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. The skilled artisan will recognize many variants and adaptations of the aspects described herein. These variants and adaptations are intended to be included in the teachings of this disclosure and to be encompassed by the claims herein.

[0035] As will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure, each of the individual embodiments described and illustrated herein has discrete components and features which may be readily separated from or combined with the features of any of the other several embodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the present disclosure.

[0036] Any recited method can be carried out in the order of events recited or in any other order that is logically possible. That is, unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that any method or aspect set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim does not specifically state in the claims or descriptions that the steps are to be limited to a specific order, it is no way intended that an order be inferred, in any respect. This holds for any possible non-express basis for interpretation, including matters of logic with respect to arrangement of steps or operational flow, plain meaning derived from grammatical organization or punctuation, or the number or type of aspects described in the specification.

[0037] All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and/or materials in connection with which the publications are cited. The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided herein can be different from the actual publication dates, which can require independent confirmation.

[0038] While aspects of the present disclosure can be described and claimed in a particular statutory class, such as the system statutory class, this is for convenience only and one of skill in the art will understand that each aspect of the present disclosure can be described and claimed in any statutory class.

[0039] It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing certain aspects only and is not intended to be limiting. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosed compositions and methods belong. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the specification and relevant art and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly defined herein.

[0040] Prior to describing the various aspects of the present disclosure, the following definitions are provided and should be used unless otherwise indicated. Additional terms may be defined elsewhere in the present disclosure.

Definitions

[0041] As used herein, “comprising” is to be interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated features, integers, steps, or components as referred to, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more features, integers, steps, or components, or groups thereof. Moreover, each of the terms “by”, “comprising,” “comprises”, “comprised of,” “including,” “includes,” “included,” “involving,” “involves,” “involved,” and “such as” are used in their open, non-limiting sense and may be used interchangeably. Further, the term “comprising” is intended to include examples and aspects encompassed by the terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of.” Similarly, the term “consisting essentially of” is intended to include examples encompassed by the term “consisting of.

[0042] As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a short chain fatty acid,” “a carnitine derivative,” or “an adjuvant,” includes, but is not limited to, combinations of two or more such short chain fatty acids, carnitine derivatives, or adjuvants, and the like.

[0043] It should be noted that ratios, concentrations, amounts, and other numerical data can be expressed herein in a range format. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as “about” that particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “about 10” is also disclosed. Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms a further aspect. For example, if the value “about 10” is disclosed, then “10” is also disclosed.

[0044] As used herein, the terms “about,” “approximate,” “at or about,” and “substantially” mean that the amount or value in question can be the exact value or a value that provides equivalent results or effects as recited in the claims or taught herein. That is, it is understood that amounts, sizes, formulations, parameters, and other quantities and characteristics are not and need not be exact but may be approximate and/or larger or smaller, as desired, reflecting tolerances, conversion factors, rounding off, measurement error and the like, and other factors known to those of skill in the art such that equivalent results or effects are obtained. In some circumstances, the value that provides equivalent results or effects cannot be reasonably determined. In such cases, it is generally understood, as used herein, that “about” and “at or about” mean the nominal value indicated ±10% variation unless otherwise indicated or inferred. In general, an amount, size, formulation, parameter or other quantity or characteristic is “about,” “approximate,” or “at or about” whether or not expressly stated to be such. It is understood that where “about,” “approximate,” or “at or about” is used before a quantitative value, the parameter also includes the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise.

[0045] When a range is expressed, a further aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. For example, where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the disclosure, e.g. the phrase “x to y” includes the range from ‘x’ to ‘y’ as well as the range greater than ‘x’ and less than ‘y’. The range can also be expressed as an upper limit, e.g. ‘about x, y, z, or less’ and should be interpreted to include the specific ranges of ‘about x’, ‘about y’, and ‘about z’ as well as the ranges of ‘less than x’, less than y’, and ‘less than z’. Likewise, the phrase ‘about x, y, z, or greater’ should be interpreted to include the specific ranges of ‘about x’, ‘about y’, and ‘about z’ as well as the ranges of ‘greater than x’, greater than y’, and ‘greater than z’. In addition, the phrase “about ‘x’ to ‘y’”, where ‘x’ and ‘y’ are numerical values, includes “about ‘x’ to about ‘y’”.

[0046] It is to be understood that such a range format is used for convenience and brevity, and thus, should be interpreted in a flexible manner to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. To illustrate, a numerical range of “about 0.1% to 5%” should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly recited values of about 0.1% to about 5%, but also include individual values (e.g., about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, and about 4%) and the sub-ranges (e.g., about 0.5% to about 1.1%; about 5% to about 2.4%; about 0.5% to about 3.2%, and about 0.5% to about 4.4%, and other possible sub-ranges) within the indicated range.

[0047] It should be emphasized that the following disclosures are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how the composition of matter, e.g., the mutant strains in this disclosure, and/or methods claimed herein are made and evaluated, and are intended to be purely exemplary of the disclosure and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their disclosure. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.), but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in ° C. or is at ambient temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric.

[0048] The present disclosure provides that by mutating a VirD2 gene and VirD2 protein, one can generate an Agrobacterium strain that can transfer but not integrate T-DNA. The process of generating such Agrobacterium strains is illustrated in FIG. 3 and the detailed descriptions of each step are provided as follows:

[0049] Step 1: Make an Agrobacterium strain containing a deletion of VirD2 that is non-polar (i.e., does not affect expression) on the downstream genes VirD3, VirD4, and VirD5. In this particular embodiment, a non-polar VirD2 mutation in the tumorigenic Ti-plasmid pTiA6 was obtained from Dr. Walt Ream; construction of this strain is described in Shurvinton, C. E., et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 89: 11837-11841, 1992), that also indicates that nuclear localization signal and the C-terminal omega sequence in the Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirD2 endonuclease are important for tumor formation. A non-polar VirD2 mutation in the Ti-plasmid pTiEHA105 (in the Agrobacterium strain EHA105) was generated accordingly in the following way:

[0050] 1. a 7.2 kbp XhoI fragment containing the entire agropine/succinamopine-type pTiBo542 virD operon from pE702 (the cosmid pEHC13) was subcloned into the XhoI site of pBluescript ks+ to make pE3332;

[0051] 2. a 3.27 kbp Klenow-blunted SphI-XhoI fragment from pE3332 was subcloned into the SmaI-XhoI site of pE3351 (an Asp718 site filled pBluescript ks+) to make pE3353;

[0052] 3. a 914 bp HindlII fragment from pE3052 (internal fragment of an octopine-type virD2 gene from pTiA6) was subcloned into a HindlII fragment deletion of pE3353 to make pE3355;

[0053] 4. a 885 bp KpnI fragment (internal to the HindlII sites) from pE3355 was deleted to make pE3356;

[0054] 5. an XhoI-NotI fragment (containing PvirD-virD1 partial VirD2 and VirD4) was also removed from pE3356 into pJQ200sk (a suicide plasmid, pE1416) to make pE3358; and

[0055] 6. the above virD2 deletion operon (on pE3358) was recombined with the disarmed pTiBo542 (pTiEHA105) in Agrobacterium (using sacB counter-selection.

[0056] Step 2: Clone the VirD.sub.promoterVirD1-VirD2 genes onto a plasmid that can replicate in both E. coli and Agrobacterium. This was done by cloning an EcoRI-SphI fragment containing the VirD.sub.promoter VirD1-VirD2 genes into pE4533, a plasmid containing a pVS1 origin of replication and the spectinomycin resistance gene AadA on the plasmid backbone. For some experiments, an XbaI site was added between sequences encoding the VirD1 stop codon and the VirD2 start codon. This was accomplished using PCR and the primers 5′-GACCATGATTACGAATCGAGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 4) and 5′-AATTTCTAGAGGGCACCTTTCAATAGCGAGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 5) to amplify the ProD-virD1 region of pWR160, adding an XbaI site in the VirD1-VirD2 intergenic region. The primer 5′-AATTTCTAGACTTGACCACGCACCTGACG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 6) was then combined with the primer 5′-ATACGCGGATCCGTGCGTCGGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 7) to add, using PCR, the region of VirD2 upstream of the BamHI site to the ProD-virD1 region upstream, including then newly added XbaI site.

[0057] Step 3: Conduct PCR-based random mutagenesis of the virD2 gene from Step 2. This was done by using an expired OneTaq DNA polymerase (OneTaq® DNA Polymerase—New England Biolabs®). Primer 195 (5′-AATTTCTAGACTTGACCACGCACCTGACG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 6)) was used in combination with Primer 196 (5′-ATACGCGGATCCGTGCGTCGGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 7)) to mutagenize the region of VirD2 upstream of the BamHI site. Primer 185 (5′-TTAAGTTGGGTAACGCCAGGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 8)) and Primer 186 (5′-AACAACCGCTTGAACAGCAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 9)) were used to mutagenize the C-terminal region of VirD2, downstream of the BamHI site.

[0058] Step 4: Sequence the various mutants to determine where mutations have occurred (FIG. 4). Sanger sequencing was conducted at the Purdue University Genomics Center and the Noble Foundation using the sequencing primer 5′-AATTTCTAGACTTGACCACGCACCTGACG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 6), which flanks the 5′ end of VirD2, and 5′-ATTGCATGCATTGGACAGTGCAGAGCTAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 10), which (in reverse orientation) flanks the 3′ end of VirD2. Another primer, 5′-GAAGTCTCAATCCCGAAATGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 11), was used to sequence the mid-section of VirD2 upstream of the BamHI site.

[0059] Step 5: After missense mutations in virD2, that change the amino acid sequence, were identified, plasmids containing these mutant virD2 genes were individually introduced by electroporation into the non-polar virD2 mutant Agrobacterium strains (these non-polar virD2 mutations were built into a tumorigenic octopine-type strain, and into the disarmed strain A. tumefaciens EHA105). Each of the plasmids containing a mutant virD2 gene was individually introduced into these strains, along with appropriate T-DNA binary vectors to monitor transient and stable transformation (FIG. 5).

[0060] Step 6: The various Agrobacterium strains were used to inoculate wounded leaves of Kalanchoe diagremontiana. After one month, the wounds were scored for the formation of crown gall tumors (FIG. 6). This was accomplished as follows: Leaves of Kalanchoe diagremontiana approximately 10 cm long were surface sterilized with 70% ethanol. After the ethanol dried, sterile toothpicks were used to score the top epidermis of the leaf, not extending the wound through the entire leaf. As separate sterile toothpick was used to scrape each Agrobacterium strain from the agar surface of a petri dish containing YEP medium, and the resulting bacterial paste was applied to the wound (one strain per each wound). After 24 hr under low light in the laboratory, the plants were returned to a plant growth chamber to await tumor development.

[0061] Step 7. virD2 mutant Agrobacterium strains that did not incite tumors were tested for their ability to carry out transient transformation using a tobacco leaf infiltration assay. Because these bacteria contain the T-DNA binary vector pBISN1, successful transient transformation would generate GUS activity (as assayed by blue X-gluc staining). The results from some strains are shown in FIG. 7. Tobacco leaf infiltration was conducted as follows:

[0062] a) Separately grow the various Agrobacterium strains overnight at 30° C. with shaking in 50 ml YEP-medium plus the requisite antibiotics to maintain plasmids (kanamycin 50 mg/L and/or spectinomycin 100 mg/L);

[0063] b) measure A600 of the overnight culture on the next day;

[0064] c) Take out 2 ml cells, centrifuge, and resuspend the pellet into 2 ml of agroinfiltration buffer (10 mM MgCl.sub.2, 10 mM MES buffer, pH 5.5-5.6) plus 200 mM acetosyringone to make the Aeoo=0.4-0.8. Keep the cells at room temperature for 2 hours;

[0065] d) Use a 1 ml syringe to infiltrate the underside of tobacco leaves;

[0066] e) On the following day, and on subsequent days, cut the infiltrated leaf region and place the tissue into a 1.5 ml microfuge tube. Add 0.5 ml of X-Gluc staining solution (50 mM NaPO.sub.4, 10 mM EDTA, 0.1% Triton X-100, 1 mM X-gluc, pH 7.0) into the microcentrifuge tube; and

[0067] f) Incubate overnight at 37° C.

[0068] Step 8: After identifying Agrobacterium strains that did not elicit tumors on Kalanchoe but still effected good transient transformation of tobacco leaves, additional, more quantitative transformation assays were conducted on Arabidopsis roots. GUS activity (% of root segments staining blue with X-gluc) was used to investigate transient transformation, and generation of kanamycin-resistant calli or tumor formation to investigate stable transformation. Transient and stable Arabidopsis root segment transformation was carried out as described in Tenea, G. N., et al. (Plant Cell 21(10): 3350-3367, 2009). Overexpression of several Arabidopsis histone genes increases Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and transgene expression in plants.

[0069] Briefly, wild-type (ecotype Col-0) Arabidopsis seeds were surface sterilized, washed five times in sterile water, and placed at 4° C. overnight. The seeds were then plated onto solidified B5 medium plus 100 mg/L Timentin and germinated for 10-14 days until the seedlings had true leaves. Seedlings were then transferred to baby food jars containing solidified B5 medium and grown for a further 10-14 days. Roots of these plants were cut into 2-5 mM segments and placed, in a pile, onto solidified MS medium. 50 μl of the various concentrations (105 cfu/ml-10.sup.8 cfu/ml) of the different Agrobacterium strains were placed on the root segments, then the excess bacteria removed after 15 minutes. The plates were taped with plastic wrap and placed in a growth chamber (22° C.) for two days. For transient transformation, the root segments were moved as a pile to solidified CIM medium for 4 days, then stained for GUS activity as described above. For stable transformation, root segments were individually separated onto solidified MS medium plus 100 mg/L Timentin (for tumorigenesis assays) or solidified CIM medium plus 100 mg/L Timentin plus 100 mg/L kanamycin (for antibiotic resistance assays), the plates were taped with plastic wrap, and the plates incubated in a growth chamber (22° C.) for 4 weeks. Tumors, or kanamycin-resistant calli, were quantified using a low-power dissecting microscope.

[0070] FIG. 8 shows an example of results from a stable transformation assay. Only one (2-1-2) of the tested virD2 mutant strains was efficient at stable transformation. FIG. 9 shows an example of results from a transient transformation assay. Note that mutant 5F09 did not show transient (or stable; FIG. 8) transformation activity, so it likely just contains a “dead” VirD2 protein. Mutant 4E12 has substantial transient transformation activity, making it a candidate for a strain that has very low stable but substantial transient transformation activity.

[0071] Step 9: Test the various Agrobacterium strains, containing mutant virD2 genes and a T-DNA binary vector containing within the T-DNA region a Cas9 gene and a gene encoding guide RNAs, for their ability to effect genome editing by causing mutations near the Cas9 cleavage site in plant genomes. This was done by cloning the protospacer 5′-GCTGCATGGAAAGATGATGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 12) (which targets the Nictotina benthamiana PDS1 and PDS2 genes) into the T-DNA region of the Agrobacterium strain At2331. At2331 is A. tumefaciens EHA105 with the non-polar virD2 mutation described above. It also contains the T-DNA binary vector pE4747, containing genes encoding Cas9, a Venus-NLS protein, a hptII hygromycin-resistance gene, and a sgRNA scaffold to express sgRNAs.

[0072] FIG. 10 shows examples of mutations caused by Cas9 cleavage in the N. benthamiana PDS2 gene and subsequent mis-repair of the double-strand DNA break.

[0073] It should be emphasized that the above descriptions of embodiments and/or special procedures/methods of the present disclosure are merely possible examples of implementations set forth for a clear understanding of the principles of the disclosure. Many variations and modifications may be made to the above-described embodiment(s) and/or procedures/methods without departing substantially from the spirit and principles of the disclosure. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure and protected by the following claims.

REFERENCES

[0074] Shurvinton, C. E., Hodges, L., and Ream, W. (1992). A nuclear localization signal and the C-terminal omega sequence in the Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirD2 endonuclease are important for tumor formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 89: 11837-11841. [0075] Tenea, G. N., Spantzel, J., Lee, L.-Y., Zhu, Y., Lin, K., Johnson, S. J., and Gelvin, S. B. (2009). Overexpression of several Arabidopsis histone genes increases Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and transgene expression in plants. Plant Cell 21: 3350-3367.