MAGNETIC BEARING

Abstract

A magnetic bearing is disclosed. A group of permanent magnets are physically attached to a group of piezoelectric actuators which push them toward or pull them away from a second group of permanent magnets when the piezoelectric actuators are electrically activated. A control unit energizes the piezoelectric actuators to provide a dynamic magnetic bearing. The second group of permanent magnets may also be pushed and pulled with a second group of piezoelectric actuators. Alternate configurations using electromagnets are also disclosed.

A novel configuration for the groups of electromagnets which maximizes efficiency in a piezoelectrically actuated magnetic bearing is also disclosed.

Claims

1) A magnetic bearing comprising: a) At least one group of piezoelectric actuators, the at least one group of piezoelectric actuators comprising at least one piezoelectric actuator, all of the piezoelectric actuators electrically connected to a power supply; b) A group of actuator magnets, the group of actuator magnets comprising at least one actuator magnet, each of the at least one piezoelectric actuators mechanically affixed to the group of actuator magnets; c) A group of response magnets, the group of response magnets physically opposed to the first plurality of piezoelectric elements separated by a variable gap having a size, such that when one or more of the plurality of piezoelectric actuators are energized by the power supply, the size of the variable gap changes; and, d) A bearing assembly including a mobile assembly and a static assembly, the mobile assembly mechanically affixed to either the group of actuator magnets or the group of response magnets, the static assembly mechanically affixed to whichever of the group of actuator magnets or the group of response magnets the mobile assembly is not mechanically affixed, such that a magnetic repulsion force between the actuator magnets and the response magnets acts to maintain the size of the variable gap against a load.

2) A magnetic bearing as in claim 1, wherein there is one and only one group of piezoelectric actuators, and the one and only one group of piezoelectric actuators comprises one and only one piezoelectric actuator, and there is one and only one group of actuator magnets, and the one and only one group of actuator magnets comprises two actuator magnets.

3) A magnetic bearing as in claim 1, wherein the group of response magnets comprises a single piece of magnetic material, the single piece of magnetic material having a plurality of magnetic regions, each magnetic region having a local north pole and a local south pole.

4) a magnetic bearing as in claim 1, further comprising: e) A group of actuator capacitor plates, the group of actuator capacitor plates comprising at least one actuator capacitor plate, the group of actuator capacitor plates connected to the power supply and mechanically affixed to a housing of the magnetic bearing such that when the group of capacitor plates are energized by the power supply, they form a capacitor circuit with one or more of the piezoelectric actuators, causing a current to be induced in the piezoelectric actuators in the capacitor circuit.

5) A magnetic bearing as in claim 1, wherein there are two groups of piezoelectric actuators, further comprising: e) a first group of piezoelectric actuators forming a group of stator piezoelectric actuators, each of the stator piezoelectric actuators mechanically affixed to a stator magnet; and, f) a second group of piezoelectric actuators forming a group of rotor piezoelectric actuators, each of the rotor piezoelectric actuators mechanically affixed to a rotor magnet.

6) A magnetic bearing as in claim 5, further comprising: g) A group of actuator capacitor plates, the group of actuator capacitor plates comprising at least one actuator capacitor plate, the group of actuator capacitor plates connected to the power supply and mechanically affixed to a housing of the magnetic bearing such that when the group of capacitor plates are energized by the power supply, they form a capacitor circuit with one or more of the piezoelectric actuators, causing a current to be induced in the piezoelectric actuators in the capacitor circuit.

7) A magnetic bearing as in claim 1, wherein each group of actuator magnets has two ends, and wherein the actuator magnets in each group of actuator magnets overlap each other to produce a combined actuator magnetic field, and wherein each of the actuator magnets in a group of actuator magnets has a north pole and a south pole, and the south pole of any particular actuator magnet is either physically proximate to one of the two ends, or to the north pole of another actuator magnet in the group of actuator magnets, and the north pole of any particular actuator magnet is either physically proximate to one of the two ends, or to the south pole of another actuator magnet in the group of actuator magnets.

8) A magnetic bearing as in claim 4, wherein each group of actuator magnets has two ends, and wherein the actuator magnets in each group of actuator magnets overlap each other to produce a combined actuator magnetic field, and wherein each of the actuator magnets in a group of actuator magnets has a north pole and a south pole, and the south pole of any particular actuator magnet is either physically proximate to one of the two ends, or to the north pole of another actuator magnet in the group of actuator magnets, and the north pole of any particular actuator magnet is either physically proximate to one of the two ends, or to the south pole of another actuator magnet in the group of actuator magnets.

9) A magnetic bearing as in claim 1, further comprising: e) A group of elastic members, the elastic members mechanically affixed to at least one piezoelectric actuator such that when the piezoelectric actuator is energized, the elastic member will acquire an elastic potential energy, and when the piezoelectric actuator is de-energized, the elastic potential energy will be converted into an elastic force which will push against the piezoelectric actuator.

10) A magnetic bearing as in claim 2, further comprising: e) A group of elastic members, the elastic members mechanically affixed to at least one piezoelectric actuator such that when the piezoelectric actuator is energized, the elastic member will acquire an elastic potential energy, and when the piezoelectric actuator is de-energized, the elastic potential energy will be converted into an elastic force which will push against the piezoelectric actuator.

11) A magnetic bearing as in claim 4, further comprising: f) A group of elastic members, the elastic members mechanically affixed to at least one piezoelectric actuator such that when the piezoelectric actuator is energized, the elastic member will acquire an elastic potential energy, and when the piezoelectric actuator is de-energized, the elastic potential energy will be converted into an elastic force which will push against the piezoelectric actuator.

12) A magnetic bearing as in claim 7, further comprising: e) A group of elastic members, the elastic members mechanically affixed to at least one piezoelectric actuator such that when the piezoelectric actuator is energized, the elastic member will acquire an elastic potential energy, and when the piezoelectric actuator is de-energized, the elastic potential energy will be converted into an elastic force which will push against the piezoelectric actuator.

13) A magnetic bearing comprising: a) At least one group of static piezoelectric actuators, the at least one group of static piezoelectric actuators comprising at least one static piezoelectric actuator, all of the static piezoelectric actuators electrically connected to a power supply; b) A group of static magnets, the group of static magnets comprising at least one static magnet, each of the at least one static piezoelectric actuators mechanically affixed to the group of static magnets; c) At least one group of mobile piezoelectric actuators, the at least one group of mobile piezoelectric actuators comprising at least one mobile piezoelectric actuator, all of the mobile piezoelectric actuators electrically connected to the power supply; d) A group of mobile magnets, the group of mobile magnets comprising at least one mobile magnet, each of the at least one mobile piezoelectric actuators mechanically affixed to the group of mobile magnets; e) A motor assembly having a mobile assembly and a static assembly, the mobile assembly mechanically affixed to the group of mobile piezoelectric actuators, the static assembly mechanically affixed to the group of static piezoelectric actuators, such that there is a variable gap having a size between the group of mobile magnets and the group of static magnets and when the size of the variable gap changes, a magnetic force is exerted on the mobile assembly, causing the mobile assembly to move relative to the static assembly.

14) A magnetic bearing as in claim 13, further comprising: f) A group of energizer capacitor plates, the group of energizer capacitor plates comprising at least one energizer capacitor plate, the group of actuator capacitor plates connected to the power supply and mechanically affixed to a housing of the magnetic bearing such that when the group of capacitor plates are energized by the power supply, they form a capacitor circuit with one or more of the piezoelectric actuators, causing a current to be induced in the piezoelectric actuators in the capacitor circuit.

15) A magnetic bearing as in claim 13, wherein each group of static magnets and/or each group of mobile magnets is a group of magnets containing at least two magnets, and wherein each group of magnets has two ends, and wherein the magnets in each group of magnets overlap each other to produce a combined magnetic field, and wherein each of the magnets in a group of magnets has a north pole and a south pole, and the south pole of any particular magnet is either physically proximate to one of the two ends, or to the north pole of another magnet in the same group of magnets, and the north pole of any particular magnet is either physically proximate to one of the two ends, or to the south pole of another magnet in the same group of magnets.

17) A magnetic bearing as in claim 1, wherein the piezoelectric actuators are electrically connected to the power supply with a capacitive connection, such that at least one of the piezoelectric actuators form a first terminal of a capacitor, and a capacitive surface electrically connected to the power supply forms a second terminal of the capacitor, the capacitive surface separated from at least one piezoelectric actuator by a gap, such that when the second capacitive surface is energized by the power supply, a current is induced in at least one piezoelectric actuator, energizing at least one piezoelectric actuator.

18) A magnetic bearing as in claim 1, further comprising: e) A frequency controller, the frequency controller controlling the power supply such that the frequency controller can cause the power supply to apply a positive voltage or a negative voltage to one or more of the piezoelectric actuators.

19) A magnetic bearing as in claim 18, further comprising: f) A heat sensor, the heat sensor linked to the frequency controller controlling the power supply such that the frequency controller can cause the power supply to adjust the positive voltage or the negative voltage of the piezoelectric actuators in response to a detected temperature.

20) A magnetic bearing as in claim 18, further comprising: f) A gap sensor, the gap sensor linked to the frequency controller controlling the power supply such that the frequency controller can cause the power supply to adjust the positive voltage or the negative voltage of the piezoelectric actuators in response to a change in the size of the variable gap.

21) A magnetic bearing as in claim 20, further comprising: g) A gap sensor, the gap sensor linked to the frequency controller controlling the power supply such that the frequency controller can cause the power supply to adjust the positive voltage or the negative voltage of the piezoelectric actuators in response to a change in the size of the variable gap.

22) A magnetic bearing as in claim 18, further comprising: f) An acceleration sensor, the acceleration sensor linked to the frequency controller controlling the power supply such that the frequency controller can cause the power supply to adjust the positive voltage or the negative voltage of the piezoelectric actuators in response to a detected acceleration.

23) A magnetic bearing as in claim 22, further comprising: f) A gap sensor, the gap sensor linked to the frequency controller controlling the power supply such that the frequency controller can cause the power supply to adjust the positive voltage or the negative voltage of the piezoelectric actuators in response to a change in the size of the variable gap.

24) A magnetic bearing as in claim 23, further comprising: f) A heat sensor, the heat sensor linked to the frequency controller controlling the power supply such that the frequency controller can cause the power supply to adjust the positive voltage or the negative voltage of the piezoelectric actuators in response to a detected temperature.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] FIG. 1 depicts a perspective view of the magnetic bearing.

[0015] FIG. 2 depicts an overhead view of a first alternate embodiment of the magnetic bearing.

[0016] FIG. 3 depicts a cutaway perspective view of the first alternate embodiment of the magnetic bearing.

[0017] FIG. 4 depicts a detail view of the interfacing stator and rotor elements.

[0018] FIG. 5 depicts an exploded perspective view of the first alternate embodiment magnetic bearing assembly.

[0019] FIG. 6 depicts an overhead view of a second alternate embodiment of the magnetic bearing.

[0020] FIG. 7 depicts an exploded perspective view of the second alternate magnetic bearing assembly.

[0021] FIG. 7a depicts an alternate exploded perspective view of the second alternate magnetic bearing assembly.

[0022] FIG. 7b depicts a cutaway view of the second alternate magnetic bearing assembly.

[0023] FIG. 8 depicts a perspective view of a third alternate embodiment of the magnetic bearing.

[0024] FIG. 9 depicts a cross-sectional perspective view of the third alternate embodiment of the magnetic bearing.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0025] Reference will now be made in detail to several embodiments of the invention that are illustrated in accompanying drawings. Whenever possible, the same or similar reference numerals are used in the drawings and the description to refer to the same or like parts or steps. The drawings are in simplified form and are not to precise scale. For purposes of convenience and clarity only, directional terms such as top, bottom, left, right, up, down, over, above, below, beneath, rear, and front, can be used with respect to the drawings. These and similar directional terms are not to be construed to limit the scope of the invention in any manner. The words attach, connect, couple, and similar terms with their inflectional morphemes do not necessarily denote direct or intermediate connections, but can also include connections through mediate elements or devices.

[0026] It should be noted that the sizes and configurations of the preferred embodiment(s) described in the drawings are exaggerated for clarity of disclosure: in actual practice, the tolerances between the elements of embodiments of the invention would be much more precise. It is a feature of the invention that it allows such very precise tolerances.

[0027] For purposes of this invention, piezoelectric actuators are described as being “electrically connected” to a power supply. Such a connection can be made via physical conductors (wires, PCB conductive paths, conductive inks, et cetera) or by any other reasonable means that allows the power supply to supply energy to the piezoelectric actuators and causes the piezoelectric effect to change the dimensions of the piezoelectric actuators. This includes, but is not limited to, electromagnetic induction or transfer by capacitance. It is required that the means of electrical connection be able to switch the piezoelectric actuators on and off and/or apply a current flow in one direction and then in the other direction fast enough to allow the motor to operate, as will be made clear in the specification below. This will be referred to generally as “rise” time—the period of time it takes to energize the piezoelectric actuator and/or the capacitator powering it—and the “fall” time—the period of time it takes to deenergize the piezoelectric actuator and/or the capacitor powering it.

[0028] For purposes of this application, the magnetic bearing will be described in terms of a brushless electric motor such as is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/941,477, “BRUSHLESS ELECTRIC MOTOR,” filed Jul. 28, 2020. The distinction between such a brushless electric motor and a magnetic bearing, in the context of this application, is that the bearing is active even when the motor is not energized, with these additional features: [0029] a) If and when the load cannot be rotated at a desired rate by an external driving force, the piezoelectric actuators can be powered to add additional torque and serve as an auxiliary source of power. [0030] b) If and when the load begins to rotate faster than is desired, the piezoelectric actuators can be powered to provide torque in the opposite direction of rotation, slowing the rotation of the load. [0031] c) The piezoelectric actuators can be used to stabilize the spin of the load without adding any net torque or “drive.” [0032] d) The piezoelectric actuators can be used to recover some of the energy from the rotation of the load as they will provide a current if the load rotates freely.

[0033] For purposes of this application, the magnetic bearing, as embodied in a “motor,” will generally have a group of components which remains static relative to a load, and a second group of components which will move relative to the first group of components. The first group of components will be referred to collectively as a stator assembly, and the second group referred to collectively as a rotor assembly. Prefixing a component with the word “rotor” or “stator” indicates which group of components it belongs to in the embodiment/configuration which is currently being described. Piezoelectric actuators in the stator assembly are stator piezoelectric actuators (or simply stator actuators) and magnets affixed to stator piezoelectric actuators are stator magnets, and vice versa with regard to the rotor assembly.

[0034] At the same time, for purposes of this application magnets can also be described as falling into one or both of two distinct types independent of whether they are part of the stator assembly or the rotor assembly. Actuator magnets are magnets which have/are having force imposed upon them by a piezoelectric actuator. Response magnets are magnets which have/are having force imposed upon them via magnetic field interactions with actuator magnets. If only one group of magnets is affixed to piezoelectric actuators, those are the actuator magnets, and the rest of the magnets in the motor are response magnets. If multiple groups of magnets are affixed to piezoelectric actuators, magnets affixed to a piezoelectric actuator which is being energized and causing it to impose force on those magnets are actuator magnets, and magnets which are not so affixed, or which are affixed to a piezoelectric actuator which is not being energized, are response magnets. It is possible for any given magnet to be an actuator magnet or a response magnet or both at any given time depending on the bearing controller's configuration and energization of the piezoelectric actuators. A rotor magnet or a stator magnet may at any time be an actuator magnet, a response magnet, or both.

[0035] By referring to FIG. 1, the basic nature of the invention can be easily understood. FIG. 1 depicts a magnetic bearing 10. Outer rotor housing 11 surrounds optional mechanical bearing 12 which is free to rotate on balls 13, which bear the load between the motor and whatever it is mounted in and whatever it is driving.

[0036] It should be clearly understood that in the primary configuration of the magnetic bearing, the mechanical bearing elements (12 and 13) are provided only for supplemental bearing capability. They are not required. The magnetic bearing can function without them.

[0037] Inner rotor element 14 has multiple rotor magnets 15 having rotor north poles 15a and rotor south poles 15b. Any suitable magnet may be used for rotor magnets 15, including but not limited to rare-earth magnets, ferromagnets, and/or ceramic magnets containing ferromagnetic and/or rare-earth magnetic particles. Electromagnets may also be used. If electromagnets are used, it is optional, but neither preferred nor required, to allow them to reverse polarity as driven by a solid-state commutator of the type found in traditional brushless electric motors.

[0038] Stator assembly 19 consists of central hub 18, which supports multiple stator piezoelectric actuators 17. Stator piezoelectric actuators 17 have a magnet mount end 17a and a hub end 17b. Stator piezoelectric actuators 17 are connected to a switching power supply (not shown) which can energize the stator piezoelectric actuators at any reasonable driving frequency. When the stator piezoelectric actuators are energized, they expand, using the principle of piezoelectric expansion, also known as the piezoelectric effect, which is well known to persons of ordinary skill in the art. Stator piezoelectric actuators 17 are constructed so that their expansion is along their long axes: in other words, when the stator piezoelectric actuators are energized, the distance between magnet mount end 17b and hub end 17a increases.

[0039] Mounted to magnet mount ends 17b are stator magnets 16, having stator north poles 16a and stator south poles 16b. Any suitable magnet may be used for stator magnets 16, including but not limited to rare-earth magnets, ferromagnets, and/or ceramic magnets containing ferromagnetic and/or rare-earth magnetic particles. Electromagnets may also be used. If electromagnets are used, it is optional, but neither preferred nor required, to allow them to reverse polarity as driven by a solid-state commutator of the type found in traditional brushless electric motors.

[0040] It is strongly preferred that the rotor magnets and the stator magnets have the same poles (north and north or south and south) in opposition at their closest points (as shown) but with proper configuration, it is possible to practice the invention with the rotor magnets and the stator magnets having opposite poles (north and south or south and north) in opposition. If opposite poles are put into opposition, the motor may require an external initiating force and/or the stator piezoelectric actuators may be required to be energized in a staggered sequence. If reversible electromagnets are used for either the rotor magnets, the stator magnets, or both, the question of initial polarities is unimportant.

[0041] The preferred embodiment pictured in FIG. 1 shows the invention ready to be practiced. The magnetic forces from the rotor magnets and the stator magnets are at a point of equilibrium where the magnets are in the lowest possible potential energy state with regard to the magnetic repulsion between the rotor magnets and the stator magnets. Inner rotor element 14 will, absent the addition of energy from some exterior source, remain at this point of equilibrium indefinitely.

[0042] To practice the invention, when a torque of some sort is imposed on the rotor assembly, the rotor may rotate, but the rotor magnets and the stator magnets will continue to repel each other, and a controlled, friction free rotation is provided by the bearing. It should be noted that the components in FIG. 1 are greatly simplified: while the bearing as shown in FIG. 1 would function, in practice the magnetic bearing would have far fewer gaps between the individual rotor magnets and the individual stator magnets (see e.g. FIG. 6.)

[0043] When additional control or torque—either in the same direction of current rotation or opposed to the current rotation—is required, stator piezoelectric actuators 17 are energized. This causes the distance between hub end 17b and magnet mount end 17a to increase, pushing stator magnet 16 closer to rotor magnet 15. This increases the magnetic repulsion between the rotor magnet and the stator magnet, disturbing the equilibrium between them.

[0044] The switching power supply is controlled by a frequency controller (not shown) which causes it to energize and de-energize stator piezoelectric actuators 17 at a frequency which maintains optimal rotational characteristics for the magnetic bearing. Additional sensors can be linked to the frequency controller to enable such control. For instance, and without limiting the possible control means and methods: [0045] a) If transient accelerations are detected, the frequency controller could energize those piezoelectric actuators on the appropriate side of the bearing to push the rotor back into a more centralized orientation, resisting the transient diametric accelerations; and/or [0046] b) If excessive heat is detected, the frequency controller could de-energize the piezoelectric actuators to increase the overall gap between the stator magnets and the rotor magnets, allowing more air to flow through the gap and provide additional cooling; and/or [0047] c) If the stator or rotor elements are detected to have expanded or contracted due to thermal changes, the frequency controller could energize or de-energize the piezoelectric actuators as needed to maintain a target gap between the rotor magnets and the stator magnets.

[0048] As is apparent, if desired the frequency controller can energize and de-energize the piezoelectric actuators in ways which can convert magnetic potential energy into rotational energy and accelerate or decelerate inner rotor element 14 in a rotational fashion. It is preferred, but not required, that sensors (not shown) be operably connected to the inner rotor element or otherwise be able to detect its angular velocity, and communicate it to the frequency controller such that the frequency controller can adjust the driving frequency to increase or decrease the force exerted by the stator magnets on the rotor magnets and thus either increase the speed of rotation (under constant load,) increase the applied torque (under increasing load,) or both.

[0049] If such sensors are used, the invention can also be used as an extremely precise stepper motor and/or rotational position sensor. It is preferred, but not required, that a sensor allowing absolute rotational position data also be incorporated into the invention if such a usage is desired. This allows the frequency controller to know where the inner rotor element is at the beginning and the end of a step cycle.

[0050] Once the equilibrium between the rotor magnets and the stator magnets is disturbed, the system will have more magnetic potential energy than before, which will cause the rotor magnets to exert a force on inner rotor 14. Inner rotor element 14 is free to rotate, so it will rotate in one direction or the other as impelled by the balance of forces. As will be shown in later figures, control of the shape and orientation of the rotor magnets and/or stator magnets will allow for a preferred direction of rotation.

[0051] Although the preferred embodiment is described as a magnetic bearing, which is designed to provide a highly controllable magnetic bearing between a load and a fixed base, it will be apparent to persons of ordinary skill in the art that since the piezoelectric effect works both ways—electrical potential can be turned into mechanical force, and mechanical force can be turned into electrical potential—that the preferred embodiment can also serve as a generator of electrical power if an external load forces the inner rotor element to rotate against the magnetic force attempting to hold it in equilibrium. Similarly, the preferred embodiment can also be used as a drive motor which also provides regenerative braking by switching from power in (during drive mode) to power out (during regenerative braking mode.) All of the alternate configurations/embodiments/methods of practice described in this paragraph are applicable to all of the embodiments of the invention disclosed in this application.

[0052] FIG. 2 shows a first alternate embodiment of the magnetic bearing. The first alternate embodiment of the magnetic bearing works in the same general fashion as the embodiment of FIG. 1, except where noted otherwise. It likewise would incorporate a switching power supply, frequency controller, and could incorporate sensors, et cetera.

[0053] Magnetic bearing 20 incorporates rotor piezoelectric actuators 27b, analogous to stator piezoelectric actuators 17 in FIG. 1. Magnetic bearing 20 also incorporates stator piezoelectric actuators 27a. It is neither preferred nor required for either configuration to be applied with a single (inner and outer) group of piezoelectric actuators or a double (inner and outer) group of piezoelectric actuators: the two configurations are shown for clarity of disclosure.

[0054] When either stator piezoelectric actuators 27a or rotor piezoelectric actuators 27b are energized, rotor magnets 25 are pushed toward stator magnets 26, and as in FIG. 1, magnetic repulsion is increased, incurring a force against the rotor piezoelectric actuators. As the rotor piezoelectric actuators are affixed to outer casing 21, which is free to rotate relative to hub 29 on optional mechanical bearing 52 (not identified, see FIG. 5) which includes race 22 containing balls 23, balls 23 bearing the load and allowing rotation of rotary center bearing element 24 relative to fixed center bearing element 28.

[0055] As with the previous embodiment, the elements of mechanical bearing 52 are optional. They are not required, and the magnetic bearing will function without them. They could also serve as a secondary bearing if for whatever reason it was desired that the hub elements could rotate independently of the rotor elements. It is optional, if such a mechanical bearing is incorporated into the invention, to add mechanical or electrical features that allow it to only rotate in one direction. This would create a mechanical lock between the rotor elements and the hub elements such that the rotor could drive the hub if the rotor is rotating in the same direction as the hub, but if the magnetic bearing fails in such a way as to prevent the magnetic bearing from rotating, the hub elements would be free to rotate and come to a controlled stop, minimizing damage to the magnetic bearing assembly.

[0056] Depending on the desired method of operation, the stator piezoelectric actuators can be activated in concert with the rotor piezoelectric actuators, or only one or the other group of piezoelectric actuators can be active at any given time. If using the magnetic bearing to accelerate or decelerate the load, activating both at once can be used to increase torque/rotational velocity, whereas activating only one or the other can be used for lower output modes. Alternatively, one group of piezoelectric actuators can be wired to deliver input power (motor driving) and the other group wired to receive output power (generation/regenerative braking.) The groups of piezoelectric actuators can also be wired such that some of the actuators in each group are preferentially used to deliver input power and some are preferentially used to receive output power. Finally, all or fewer than all of the piezoelectric actuators in a particular group can be active at any given time to deliver any particular desired amount of input power or receive any particular desired amount of output power, allowing an additional means of controlling power flow and/or reducing electrical fatigue on the individual components as they are cycled in and out of service.

[0057] FIG. 3 shows the first alternate embodiment in cutaway form. Magnetic bearing 20, having the same components as in FIG. 2, is surrounded by backing plate 33 and housing 31, while hollow shaft 32, which is operably affixed to hub 29 (see FIG. 2) and/or rotary center bearing element 24, allows either delivery of mechanical rotational energy (motor mode) or input of mechanical rotational energy (generation/regenerative braking mode.)

[0058] FIG. 4 shows a pair of opposing piezoelectric actuators and their corresponding magnets in detail. Stator piezoelectric actuator 27b is affixed to stator magnet 25 which has stator north pole 25a and stator south pole 25b. Rotor piezoelectric actuator 27a is affixed to rotor magnet 26 which has rotor north pole 26a and rotor south pole 27a. It is preferred, but not required, that the rotor magnets and the stator magnets be asymmetrical to each other (that is, the rotor magnets are not symmetrical with the stator magnets, shown here as their being different sizes) to make it easier to overcome the tendency of the system to “lock” into a position of minimized magnetic potential energy. Since the magnets are not symmetrical, when they are moved in relation to each other the corresponding magnetic fields will tend to push more in one direction than the other, overcoming such locking symmetry.

[0059] FIG. 5 shows a more complete assembly of the first alternate embodiment of the invention for clarity of disclosure. Axial bolt 51 holds the assembly together and keeps the rotary elements on-center. Bearing 52 incorporates rotary center bearing element 24, race 22, balls 23, and fixed center bearing element 28. (See FIG. 2 for more detail.)

[0060] FIG. 6 shows a second alternate embodiment of the magnetic bearing with a more complex configuration of rotor magnets and stator magnets. This configuration, while not required, is somewhat preferred as it provides multiple benefits to the practice of the invention at the price of higher complexity and cost of manufacture.

[0061] Magnetic bearing 60 comprises rotor assembly 614 and stator assembly 618. Rotably affixing the rotor assembly to the stator assembly is bearing 652 which rotates around central point 611. Mechanically affixed to bearing 652 are one or more stator piezoelectric elements.

[0062] As with the previously described embodiments, the elements of mechanical bearing 652 are optional. They are not required, and the magnetic bearing will function without them.

[0063] Shown is a configuration with six such stator piezoelectric elements including stator piezoelectric element 619. Mechanically affixed to the stator piezoelectric elements are stator magnet elements such as stator magnet element 640. The stator magnet elements comprise one or more magnets having a north pole and a south pole, such as stator magnet 617 having stator magnet north pole 617a and stator magnet south pole 617b. There is a gap between the stator magnet elements and one or more rotor magnet elements. Shown is a configuration with six such rotor magnet elements including rotor magnet element 642. Each rotor magnet element includes one or more rotor magnets such as rotor magnet 616, which has rotor magnet north pole 616a and rotor magnet south pole 616b.

[0064] It is not required that each rotor magnet element be exactly geometrically opposed to a stator magnet element at any particular time during operation or non-operation and in fact it is likely that the equilibrium during non-operation will result in some degree of offset. It is strongly preferred that there be a rotor magnet element for each stator magnet element, and vice versa. It is required that there be a gap between the rotor magnet elements and the stator magnet elements sufficient to allow the rotor magnet elements to move freely without contacting the stator magnet elements under any reasonable amount of bearing load, rotary speed, or transient vibratory load.

[0065] Although the configuration of magnets shown will be inherently stable due to magnetic attraction between the individual magnets, it is preferred that the magnets in each rotor magnet element and stator magnet element be epoxied or otherwise physically affixed to each other to maintain the desired alignment and prevent shifting under load or due to vibration or other transient phenomena.

[0066] It is strongly preferred, but not required, to use an overlapping configuration of magnets as shown in the rotor magnet elements and the stator magnet elements as this will minimize asymmetries in the overall magnetic field structure in the brushless magnetic motor.

[0067] FIG. 7 shows a more complete assembly of the second alternate embodiment of the invention for clarity of disclosure along with the addition of an optional set of stator piezoelectric actuators as in FIG. 2. (See FIG. 6 for more detail.) Axial bolt 651 holds the assembly together and keeps the elements on-center. Capacitor array bolts 680 affix capacitor array 656 to base element 682 by means of threaded receivers 681. Although shown as traditional capacitive plates, any desired means of capacitive induction of current, such as vacuum-tube capacitors, can be used.

[0068] For purposes of this description, it is assumed that base element 682 is secured to something which is designated as static and therefore base element 682 forms part of a stator assembly. For example, if motor 60 were to be used to bear the load of the wheel of an electric vehicle, base element 682 would ultimately be statically affixed to the chassis of the vehicle, whereas housing 612 would ultimately be statically affixed to the wheel of the vehicle.

[0069] Capacitor array 680, which does not rotate relative to the stator assembly, includes capacitor plates such as capacitor plate 658, each capacitor plate separated by a gap such as capacitor gaps 657a and 657b. Capacitor array energizes rotor piezoelectric array 621, which includes one or more rotor piezoelectric actuators such as rotor piezoelectric actuator 621. The rotor piezoelectric actuators are mechanically affixed to one or more (optional) rotor magnet brackets 678, each rotor magnet bracket having a rotor circumferential surface 662, and (optional) rotor vertical guides 661a and 661b, with all of the rotor magnet brackets forming rotor magnet bracket assembly 660. Mechanically affixed to the rotor piezoelectric actuators, either directly or via the (optional) rotor magnet brackets, are one or more rotor magnet elements such as rotor magnet element 642, each rotor magnet element comprising one or more rotor magnets such as rotor magnet 616, with all of the rotor magnet elements forming rotor magnet assembly 672.

[0070] During active operation of the piezoelectric actuators, the rotor piezoelectric actuators are energized, causing them to expand toward the center of motor 60 (since they cannot expand against the fixed position of the rest of the rotor assembly including ultimately housing 612) pushing the rotor magnet elements toward the stator magnet elements (see below) and imparting a magnetic force as explained in previous descriptions (see FIGS. 1, 2, and 6.) The rotor piezoelectric actuators can be energized one at a time, all together, or in sequence, as is desired and appropriate for the load and conditions. The rotor piezoelectric actuators can be energized without energizing the stator piezoelectric actuators (see below) or in concert with them.

[0071] Rotor magnet assembly 672 radially surrounds stator magnet assembly 670, the rotor magnet assembly separated from the stator magnet assembly by a gap (NOT SHOWN, see FIG. 7b.) Stator magnet assembly 670 comprises one or more stator magnet elements such as stator magnet element 640, each stator magnet element comprising one or more stator magnets such as stator magnet 617. Stator magnet elements are mechanically affixed to stator piezoelectric assembly 669, which includes one or more stator piezoelectric actuators such as stator piezoelectric actuator 619, either directly or by means of (optional) stator magnet bracket assembly 655. (Optional) stator magnet bracket assembly 655 comprises one or more stator magnet brackets such as stator magnet bracket 676, each stator magnet bracket including a stator circumferential surface such as stator circumferential surface 654 and (optional) stator vertical guides 653a and 653b.

[0072] When energized, the stator piezoelectric actuators expand toward the outer circumference of motor 60 (since they cannot expand toward the fixed position of the rest of the stator assembly) pushing the stator magnet elements toward the rotor magnet elements and imparting a magnetic force as explained in previous descriptions (see FIGS. 1, 2, and 6.) This ultimately causes the rotor assembly, including housing 612, to rotate, allowing for rotary force to be exerted through hollow shaft 632. The stator piezoelectric actuators can be energized one at a time, all together, or in sequence, as is desired and appropriate for the load and conditions. The stator piezoelectric actuators can be energized without energizing the rotor piezoelectric actuators or in concert with them.

[0073] FIG. 7a shows the configuration of FIG. 7 in an alternate phase of assembly for clarity of disclosure. Housing 612 is ready to be placed over the rest of the motor assembly, with capacitor array 656 ready to be secured to base element 682 with capacitor array bolts 680. The rotor and stator elements are assembled, for example rotor piezoelectric actuator affixed to rotor circumferential surface 662 and stator piezoelectric actuator affixed to stator circumferential surface 654, and both ready to be inserted into their respective assemblies.

[0074] FIG. 7b shows the configuration of FIG. 7 in a cutaway view for clarity of disclosure. Housing 612 is axially secured by axial bolt 651 but is free to rotate relative to base element 682 as they are mechanically connected only by bearings 652 and 683. Rotor magnet element 642 is separated from stator magnet element 640 by gap 690. The size of gap 690 can be changed by energizing stator piezoelectric actuator 619 and/or rotor piezoelectric actuator 621. As the piezoelectric actuators change the size of gap 690, the relative orientation of the magnetic fields of the rotor magnet elements and the stator magnet elements will change. This will cause magnetic force to be exerted between magnet elements, but as only the rotor magnet elements (ultimately connected to housing 612) can move, the force will cause housing 612 to move, allowing rotary motion to be imparted to hollow shaft 632 and thus to an axle, a wheel, or any other rotary member or rotary load desired.

[0075] FIG. 8 shows a third alternate embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, rather than a plurality of distinctive magnets, the rotor magnets comprise a single piece of rotor magnetic material, which is structured to have a plurality of magnetic regions, each magnetic region having a north pole and a south pole. Similarly, there are two individual pieces of stator magnetic material having a plurality of magnetic regions. Each piece of stator magnetic material is attached to one end of a single piezoelectric actuator.

[0076] Magnetic bearing 80 comprises rotor assembly 82, stator magnet assemblies 84 and 87, and piezoelectric actuator 810 which is operably affixed to PCB 92 (NOT SHOWN: See FIG. 9.) Rotor assembly 82, which is free to rotate relative to all stator assembly components and is attached to whatever rotational load (NOT SHOWN) it is desired to bear with the bearing, is comprised of magnetic material (or can have an inner section of magnetic material surrounded by non-magnetic material as desired) which has magnetic regions, each magnetic region having a north pole and a south pole such as rotor north poles 82a and 82b and rotor south poles 83a and 83b. Opposite the rotor assembly's magnetic material, separated by a gap (See FIG. 9,) are stator magnet assemblies 84 and 87. It is possible to construct this embodiment of the invention with a single stator magnet assembly, but it is strongly preferred to use two symmetrical stator magnet assemblies as shown for purposes of balance and to maximize the piezoelectric actuator's efficiency. First stator magnet assembly 84, similarly to rotor section 82, is composed in whole or in part of magnetic material, which has multiple magnetic regions, each magnetic region having a north pole such as stator north poles 85a and 85b and rotor south poles 86a and 86b. Second stator magnet assembly 87, is likewise composed in whole or in part of magnetic material, which has multiple magnetic regions, each magnetic region having a north pole such as stator north poles 85a and 85b and stator south poles 86a and 86b.

[0077] FIG. 9 shows a cutaway view of the third alternate embodiment of the invention for additional clarity of disclosure. Magnetic bearing 80 has gap 91, which separates the various stator and rotor assemblies (see FIG. 8) and allows the magnetic bearing to serve as a no-contact magnetic bearing so long as the planar load does not materially affect the gap as maintained by the magnetic fields of the rotor magnet assembly and the stator magnet assemblies. This is an additional advantage of several of the embodiments and configurations of the invention disclosed herein. PCB 92 is a printed circuit board which is both mechanically and electrically affixed to piezoelectric actuator 810 and provides it with electrical potential from a switching power supply (NOT SHOWN.)

[0078] If necessary, fluid can be forcibly circulated around the assemblies or even through the gap to cool the motor, but as many piezoelectric devices actually work better when they reach a relatively high operating temperature, the need for cooling will be minimal in many applications. This is another advantage of the invention. It is required that for all embodiments and configurations of the invention, that operating temperatures be kept low enough to avoid demagnetization of any permanent magnets which are used. This will vary as various kinds of magnetic material have different demagnetization thresholds. (For example, some ferrite magnets can tolerate temperatures up to 250° C., whereas some rare-earth magnets can only tolerate temperatures up to 100° C.)

[0079] To practice this embodiment of the invention, an electrical potential is put across piezoelectric actuator 810, which is electrically connected to PCB 92. This causes piezoelectric actuator 810 to expand along its long axis, changing the relative position of the stator magnet assemblies and the rotor assembly. This in turn causes electromagnetic force to be exerted on the rotor assembly, which will rotate to a position which will minimize the magnetic potential energy between the rotor assembly and the stator assemblies. The electrical potential across piezoelectric actuator 810, is then removed and/or reversed, causing it to contract along its long axis, again changing the relative position of the various magnet assemblies. A switching power supply (NOT SHOWN) continuously cycles the electrical potential across the piezoelectric actuator to produce the desired magnetic bearing load and/or acceleration or deceleration as in previously described embodiments.

[0080] It is optional, but neither preferred nor required, for either the rotor assembly or the stator assembly, or both, to comprise multiple magnets as in earlier described configurations. (See FIG. 1, FIG. 2, and/or FIG. 6.) So long as the rotor assembly and the stator assembly are configured as shown, the configuration of this third alternate embodiment incorporating a single piezoelectric actuator will function and provide the benefits of the invention.

[0081] Alternate configurations of the invention, which can be applied to any of the described embodiments, will now be disclosed.

[0082] In a first alternate configuration of the invention (NOT SHOWN) some or all of the rotor magnets, or some or all of the stator magnets, of either the preferred embodiment or the first alternate embodiment are replaced with electromagnets.

[0083] In a second alternate configuration of the invention (NOT SHOWN) one or more elastic members is fitted into the motor assembly such that the piezoelectric actuators are working against the elastic members when they are energized, compressing them and creating elastic potential energy, so that when the piezoelectric actuator(s) is/are de-energized, the magnet(s) affixed to the piezoelectric actuator(s) return to their prior position more quickly and without the need to impose a reverse polarity potential across the piezoelectric actuator when the elastic potential energy provides impetus to the piezoelectric actuators.

[0084] In a third alternate configuration of the invention (NOT SHOWN) the features of the first and second configurations are combined.

[0085] It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that while the invention and its preferred embodiments are described in terms of rotary bearings, the principles taught by the invention can be used to create linear bearings, such as reciprocating bearings, by using the basic principle of piezoelectric motivation of opposing magnetic elements to create a magnetic repulsion along a linear bearing interface instead of a rotary bearing interface. Thus, the claims below include both rotary configurations and linear configurations where and as appropriate.

[0086] While various embodiments and configurations of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above exemplary embodiments.

[0087] This application—taken as a whole with the abstract, specification, and drawings being combined—provides sufficient information for a person having ordinary skill in the art to practice the invention as disclosed herein. Any measures necessary to practice this invention are well within the skill of a person having ordinary skill in this art after that person has made a careful study of this disclosure.

[0088] Because of this disclosure and solely because of this disclosure, modification of this device and method can become clear to a person having ordinary skill in this particular art. Such modifications are clearly covered by this disclosure.