Ionic Threading Apparatus

Abstract

This design processes free radical flows following physical principals that explain their movement conditioned by electromagnetic fields expressed in the convergence of induced field lines, in ways apart from existing designs. It describes specific means to obtain free radicals, process, and exhaust them within uniquely designed processing chambers.

The apparatus includes high frequency resonance transformers that exhaust free radicals into primary processing chambers generating a hot toroidal plasma, confined by an electromagnetic gate at one end of the chamber. The continuous injection of free radicals induce an increase in pressure and temperature that result in velocities greater than thermal electron velocity of the plasma. This velocity variance provides a current that generates a magnetic field component sufficient for conducing a plasma towards an exhaust port at the end of the chamber. As this plasma is exhausted, charge imbalances are realized, provoking additional accelerations of the free radicals.

Claims

1. An ion engine comprising: A bank of dedicated ion emitters, renewable power bank that feed bank of emitters, electrically insulating processing chambers with exhaust channels, supplemental bank of varying force electromagnets, electromagnetic gates, Faraday Cages, and means of measurement and control of toroidal flows

2. An ion engine comprising: A bank of dedicated ion emitters, renewable power bank that feed bank of emitters, electrically insulating processing chambers with exhaust channels, supplemental bank of varying force electromagnets, electromagnetic gates, Faraday Cages, and means of measurement and control of toroidal flows

3. An ion engine comprising: A bank of dedicated primary processing chambers, power bank that feed primary processing chambers, special design that augments spins exhausted from primary processing chambers, electrically insulating secondary processing chambers with exhaust channels, supplemental bank of varying force electromagnets, electromagnetic gates, Faraday Cages, means of measurement and control of toroidal flows.

4. An ion engine comprising: A bank of dedicated secondary processing chambers, power bank that feed secondary processing chambers, special design that augments spins exhausted from secondary processing chambers, electrically insulating tertiary processing chambers with exhaust channels, supplemental bank of varying force electromagnets, electromagnetic gates, Faraday Cages, means of measurement and control of toroidal flows

5. An ion engine comprising: A bank of dedicated tertiary processing chambers, power bank that feed tertiary processing chambers, special design that augments spins exhausted from tertiary processing chambers, additional electrically insulating processing chambers with exhaust channels

6. Means for preparing a dense, hot toroidal plasma having a confining magnetic field with toroidal and poloidal components, comprising: A bank of free radical sources distributed around the plasma chamber, electrically insulating processing chambers with exhaust channels, varying force electromagnets surrounding the plasma chamber, varying force electromagnets surrounding the plasma chamber as electromagnetic gates, Faraday shields.

7. Means for preparing a dense, hot toroidal plasma having a confining magnetic field with toroidal and poloidal components, in additional processing chambers, comprising: A bank of primary processing chambers as free radical sources distributed around processing chambers, electrically insulating processing chambers with exhaust channels, varying force electromagnets surrounding a portion of the plasma chambers to assist and control Toroidal cloud, varying force electromagnets surrounding a portion of the plasma chamber to serve as electromagnetic gates, Faraday shields

8. The solid state AC switching power supply driving an AC current in the free radical sources, inducing a flow of ions directly inside the processing chamber that form a toroidal plasma, increasing the pressure of these particles, which are discharged under controlled conditions after target levels of pressure are attained.

9. A design and method for generating steady state confining current for a toroidal plasma exceeding the power dissipated in said plasma, comprising: A bank of dedicated ion emitters as free radical sources distributed around the processing chamber, renewable power bank that feed bank of emitters as a solid state AC switching power supply comprising one or more switching semiconductor devices coupled to a voltage supply and having an output coupled to various free radical sources, electrically insulating processing chambers with opening at one end to serve as exhaust channels, supplemental bank of varying force electromagnets, electromagnetic gates, Faraday Cages, means of measurement and control of toroidal flows.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] This invention is described with particularity in the appended claims. The above and further advantages of this invention may be better understood by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0020] FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the high frequency resonance transformer (HFRT)

[0021] FIG. 2a is a schematic representation of the distribution of the HFRT units around the primary plasma chamber, their emissions and the orientation of this flow depicted by a representation of a conical distribution path. In this illustration, the toroidal cloud will have a clockwise rotation.

[0022] FIG. 2b is a cross sectional representations of FIG. 2a. Illustrating the ionic path from an emitter into the chamber, the base's radius r a function of the varying-force free radical emitters.

[0023] FIG. 2c is a cross sectional representations of FIG. 2a. Illustrating how the emissions, in conjunction with supplemental varying-force electromagnets (all not shown), interact to form the toroidal cloud, in this case illustrating a counter-clockwise rotation.

[0024] FIG. 3 is a representative schematic of how the primary plasma chambers are distributed around the secondary plasma chambers.

[0025] FIG. 4 is a graphical illustration of the expected ranges of inflows of electrons per second given a specific number of HFRT and chamber dimension.

[0026] FIG. 5 is a graphical illustration of the expected ranges of mass processed per second given a specific number of HFRT and chamber dimension.

[0027] FIG. 6 is a graphical illustration of the expected ranges of charge emitted per second given a specific number of HFRT and chamber dimension.

[0028] FIG. 7 is a graphical illustration of the expected ranges for charge differentials at different chamber intervals given a specific number of HFRT and chamber dimension.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] FIG. 1—Schematic representation of the high-frequency resonance transformer that continuously generates the free radicals that create the ionic flows that are subjected to increased pressures in such a way that accelerates their flow and increases their temperatures. The free radicals are driven directly into the plasma chamber. Their number, a function of the carrying materials and function of device, can be set as a constant N=1014 sm−3 per emitter. The charged particles, subjected to increased pressures stemming from the continuous inflow of additional free radicals, create a toroidal plasma within the chamber.

[0030] FIG. 2a Representation of the HFRT distribution about the primary plasma chambers.

[0031] The plasma chamber may contain additional control varying force electromagnets (not all shown) to allow the direct control of internal pressures, as well as Faraday Shields (not shown), to act as controls to free radicals escaping the chamber. The plasma chambers may be formed from metallic materials such as aluminum or refractory metal, or dielectric materials such as quartz. The chamber may be lined with a plasma confinement layer, which can be constructed from ceramic material. The High-Frequency Resonance Transformers are mounted to the tubular chamber normal to its longitudinal axis in such a way that the emitter penetrates the chamber wall and the ionic streams are delivered towards the chamber's axis.

[0032] However, it should be noted that the number and distributions of the HFRTs are not limited to the illustration, but are dependent on the particular use case of the device. The overall number of HFRT is a function of an optimization algorithm that obtains the best possible flow in terms of internal pressures and temperatures in such a way that they best feed into secondary and supplementary chambers to obtain desired ionic velocities.

[0033] The emitters should be aligned in such a way that the axis of the emitted free-radicals is a distance r from the axis of the chamber. The distance r is defined as the radius of the base of an emission cone formed by the emitted ions for each of the HFRT. This alignment should be replicated by each HFRT in the chamber, in such a way that the free radicals conform either a clockwise or counter-clockwise toroid.

[0034] FIG. 2b is a cross sectional representations of FIG. 2a. Illustrating the conic path from an emitter into the chamber, the base's radius r a function of the varying-force free radical emitters.

[0035] FIG. 2c is a cross sectional representations of FIG. 2a. Illustrating how the emissions, in conjunction with supplemental varying-force electromagnets (all not shown), interact to form the toroidal cloud, in this case illustrating a counter-clockwise rotation.

[0036] FIG. 3—Represents the distribution of the primary chambers about secondary chambers. These chambers are fed by the outflow of primary chambers and treat the aggregated ionic flow in much the same way, accelerating and increasing the pressure by further braiding of the ionic flow and producing a secondary toroidal plasma that exits the chamber once desired the desired conditions are achieved. The schema can also be applied to n iterations to obtain desired results.

[0037] Formulations

[0038] The design, as expressed in the figures, allows for an intelligent approach to the optimal number of free radical expected from each emitter. Under optimal conditions, a conductor, in this case copper, allows one free electron per copper atom. Therefore, in a unit volume, the number of free electrons is the same as the number of copper atoms per cubic meter. The number of copper atoms in a unit volume of copper provides the density of free electrons in the same unit volume. Formula 1 allows to determine this.

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}N=\frac{1e^{-}}{\mathrm{atom}}\times \frac{\mathrm{Avogadro}}{\mathrm{mol}}\times \frac{1\mathrm{mol}}{63.54g}\times \frac{1,000g}{\mathrm{kg}}\times \frac{8.8\times {10}^3\mathrm{kg}}{m^3}=8.34\times {10}^{^}28e^{-}/m^3& \mathrm{FORMULA}1\end{array}$

[0039] Adjusting for volume of a typical conductor, the electrons in a copper conducer of meter length and 2.58 mm diameter is approximately 1.09×10{circumflex over ( )}23.

[0040] Formulations of the number of free radicals in a processing chamber is a function of the different mediums' densities, volumes, specific environmental conditions, and placements and ratios of free radical emitters and process chambers. Given a specific number of emitters in a processing chamber of unity diameter, length of 3 diameters, and emitter separation of 0.02 m, and an emission-cone base of 0.02 m, we can formulate the expected number of free radicals exhausted per second after a particular number of processing chambers and specific density differentials, as the free radicals traverse different mediums.

[0041] Given the emission cone base of 0.02 m, provides the following means to determine θ.

[00002]$\Theta =\frac{\mathrm{cord}}{\mathrm{radius}}+90.00=90.04$

[0042] The following graphs are representation of per second ranges as a function of different densities in different mediums. The range is depicted by the shaded region between the functions. In FIG. 4, the function y2, represents flows at Drift velocity, 1.16×10.sup.−03 m/s, the function y1 represents flows when Drift velocity approximate Charge velocity. FIG. 4 is a representation electrons per second.

[0043] These formulations provide the basis for the determination of optimal design considerations for propulsion according to this methodology. By vectorizing the expected number of free radicals by their mass and charge, approximately 9.11×10.sup.−31 Kg and 1.60×10.sup.−19 Co, we can formulate, first, primary expected Force, FIG. 5, and second, expected additional accelerations driven by charge differentials, FIG. 6.

[0044] Regarding additional accelerations resulting from charge differentials. The system within the processing chamber, comprised of the individual charges of the free radicals rotating in the toroid cloud complemented by the bank of varying-force electromagnets located externally to the chamber and by the varying force electromagnetic gate, maintain charge differentials in balance while its gate is activated. Once the electromagnetic gate is opened, a charge differential is created, forcing the free radicals to exit through the exhaust. As these exit, a charge differential increases as they move towards the exhaust. Increasing from 6.18×10.sup.06 in low density conditions, to 6.29×10.sup.10 Co in maximum density conditions. FIG. 7 represents this charge differential in a primary chamber, it represents range of additional accelerations that result in velocities greater than thermal electron velocity of the plasma. Charge differentials are considered to be exponential magnitudes superior in secondary and supplemental chambers given the increase in free-radical inflows and volumes.