Fire protection floor nozzle, systems, and methods for floor nozzle spray systems

Abstract

A floor nozzle assembly and systems and methods thereof for delivering a fire suppressant foam to a protected area. The nozzle assembly has a body and deflector in contact with one another to form a plurality of passageways through which a fire suppressant flows. The deflector has a deflector flange and a plurality of projecting members in contact with the body to form the passageways. The nozzle assembly has one or more of the following: i) a radial outer portion at each projecting member having a plurality of curved edges with at least two different curvatures; ii) each passageway is formed by parallel planar sidewalls; iii) the projecting members extend radially over a majority radial length of the deflector flange; and/or iv) the deflector flange has, with respect to a horizontal, a surface at an angle that is less than a support surface of the nozzle body.

Claims

1. A floor nozzle for a floor fire suppressant system, the floor nozzle comprising: a body having a mounting portion configured to couple to a fire suppressant solution supply pipe and a body flange portion axially spaced from the mounting portion with an internal transverse passage extending therebetween along a central nozzle axis, the transverse passage defining an inlet opening and an outlet opening with the body flange portion extending around the outlet opening, the body flange portion including an upper support surface; and a deflector supported on the upper support surface of the body flange portion, the deflector having a deflector flange including an upper surface disposed normal to the central nozzle axis, a lower surface angled with respect to the upper surface and an outer perimeter between the upper surface and the lower surface circumscribing the central nozzle axis to define a linear frustoconical portion of the deflector that extends radially inward at a radial length from the outer perimeter, the deflector flange including a plurality of projecting members each having a radial inner portion and a radial outer portion, the plurality of projecting members extending from the lower surface of the deflector flange in supporting contact with the support surface of the body flange portion, the support surface of the body flange portion being angled with respect to the upper surface of the deflector flange, the plurality of projecting members being circumferentially spaced around the outlet opening to form a plurality of passageways therebetween each having a converging inlet portion and a diverging outlet portion, the outlet opening and passageways through which fire suppressant solution flows and exits as a fire suppressant foam to form a generally lateral radial pattern for delivering the fire suppressant foam to a protected area, wherein in the floor nozzle, i) the radial outer portion of each of the projecting members having a first curved edge, a second curved edge, and a third curved edge between the first and second curved edge having a different curvature than the first curved edge and the second curved edge, the first and second curved edges having a same curvature; and ii) each passageway has first and second side walls positioned between the converging inlet portion and the diverging outlet portion, and wherein the first and second side walls are parallel to one another; and iii) the plurality of projecting members extending from the outer perimeter radially inward along a majority of the radial length of the linear frustoconical portion; and iv) the lower surface of the deflector flange defines a first angle with respect to the upper surface of the deflector flange, the support surface of the body flange portion defines a second angle with respect to the upper surface of the deflector flange, the first angle being greater than the second angle.

2. The floor nozzle of claim 1, wherein a ratio of a cross-sectional area of each passageway at an entrance of the diverging outlet portion to a height of the deflector is about 1:40 to 1:60.

3. A floor nozzle for a floor fire suppressant system, the floor nozzle comprising: a body having a mounting portion configured to couple to a fire suppressant solution supply pipe and a body flange portion axially spaced from the mounting portion with an internal transverse passage extending therebetween along a central nozzle axis, the transverse passage defining an inlet opening and an outlet opening with the body flange portion extending around the outlet opening, the body flange portion including an upper support surface; and a deflector supported on the upper support surface of the body flange portion, the deflector having a deflector flange including an upper surface disposed normal to the central nozzle axis, a lower surface angled with respect to the upper surface and an outer perimeter between the upper surface and the lower surface circumscribing the central nozzle axis to define a linear frustoconical portion of the deflector that extends radially inward at a radial length from the outer perimeter, the deflector flange including a plurality of projecting members each having a radial inner portion and a radial outer portion, the plurality of projecting members extending from the lower surface of the deflector flange in supporting contact with the support surface of the body flange portion, the support surface of the body flange portion being angled with respect to the upper surface of the deflector flange, the plurality of projecting members being circumferentially spaced around the outlet opening to form a plurality of passageways therebetween each having a converging inlet portion and a diverging outlet portion, the outlet opening and passageways through which fire suppressant solution flows and exits as a fire suppressant foam to form a generally lateral radial pattern for delivering the fire suppressant foam to a protected area, wherein the outer perimeter of the deflector defines a radius to the central nozzle axis, the radial outer portion of each of the projecting members having a first curved edge, a second curved edge, and a third curved edge, the third curved edge of the radial outer portion of each of the projecting members having a radius corresponding to the radius of an outer perimeter of the deflector flange; and wherein: i) the third curved edge between the first and second curved edges having a different curvature than the first curved edge and the second curved edge, the first and second curved edges having a common curvature; and/or ii) each passageway has first and second side walls positioned between the converging inlet portion and the diverging outlet portion, and wherein the first and second side walls are parallel to one another; and/or iii) the plurality of projecting members extending from the outer perimeter radially inward along a majority of the radial length of the linear frustoconical portion; and/or iv) the lower surface of the deflector flange defines a first angle with respect to the upper surface of the deflector flange, the support surface of the body flange portion defines a second angle with respect to the upper surface of the deflector flange, the first angle being less than the second angle.

4. The floor nozzle of claim 3, wherein the third curved edge spans an arc length of ten to fifteen degrees (10°-15°) about the central nozzle axis.

5. The floor nozzle of claim 1, wherein each of the diverging outlet portion and the converging inlet portion define a length in a radial direction, the length of the diverging outlet portion being longer than the length of the converging inlet portion.

6. The floor nozzle of claim 5, wherein a ratio of the length of the converging inlet to the length of the diverging outlet along the passageway is about 1:1.1 to 1:1.3.

7. The floor nozzle of claim 1, wherein a first thickness of the deflector at the outer perimeter is defined between the upper surface and the lower surface of the deflector flange and a second thickness of the deflector defined by a height of the plurality of projecting members between the lower surface of the deflector flange and the support surface of the body flange portion, a ratio of the first thickness to the second thickness is about 1:1.5 to 1:1.7.

8. The floor nozzle of claim 1, wherein the plurality of projecting members consists of one of 24 projecting members or 32 projecting members.

9. The floor nozzle of claim 1, wherein the deflector defines a 360 degree coverage configuration, the body and the deflector defining a K-factor ranging from 23-26 GPM/(PSI)).sup.1/2 such that for a minimum pressure of 40 psi of the fire suppressant solution supplied to the inlet opening, the fire suppressant solution flowing through the outlet opening and through the passageways at a flow rate to deliver the fire suppressant foam at least at a 0.1 GPM/SQ. FT application density over the protected area.

10. The floor nozzle claim 1, wherein the deflector further comprises a blocking member extending from the deflector flange toward the body flange, the blocking member contacting the body flange during operation, wherein the blocking member forms one of the passageways at first and second circumferential ends of the blocking member, and wherein the blocking member is configured to occlude the flow of fire suppressant radially through the blocking member.

11. The floor nozzle of claim 10, wherein the deflector and blocking member define a 180 degree coverage configuration, the body and the deflector defining a K-factor ranging from 11-13 GPM/(PSI))2 such that for a minimum pressure of 40 psi of the fire suppressant solution supplied to the inlet opening, the fire suppressant solution flowing through the outlet opening and through the passageways at a flow rate to deliver the fire suppressant foam at least at a 0.1 GPM/SQ. FT application density over the protected area.

12. The floor nozzle of claim 10, wherein the deflector and blocking member define a 90 degree coverage configuration, the body and the deflector defining a K-factor ranging from 6-7 GPM/(PSI))2 such that for a minimum pressure of 40 psi of the fire suppressant solution supplied to the inlet opening, the fire suppressant solution flowing through the outlet opening and through the passageways at a flow rate to deliver the fire suppressant foam at least at a 0.1 GPM/SQ. FT application density over the protected area.

13. The floor nozzle of claim 1, wherein each passageway has a first height at the diverging outlet and a second height at the converging inlet, a ratio of the first height to the second height is from 1:1.2 to 1:1.3.

14. The floor nozzle of claim 1, wherein each projecting member has a height at an entrance of the diverging outlet portion of each passageway with adjacent projecting members defining a width of each passageway between the first and second side walls, a ratio of the projecting member height to the passageway width being about 1:1 to 1:1.4.

15. The floor nozzle of claim 1, wherein each passageway has a width between the first and second side walls, and wherein the width is at least ⅛ inch.

16. The floor nozzle of claim 1, wherein each passageway has a height between the diverging outlet portion and the converging inlet portion of each passageway, and wherein the height is at least ⅛ inch.

17. A grate nozzle assembly for a floor fire suppressant system, the grate nozzle assembly comprising: a nozzle assembly of claim 1; and a mounting assembly for mounting the nozzle assembly, the mounting assembly including a recessed cavity for receiving and supporting the nozzle assembly.

18. The grate nozzle assembly of claim 17, wherein the mounting assembly includes a floor grate having the recessed cavity with a transverse opening for receiving and supporting the nozzle assembly such that the upper surface of the deflector flange is flush with the floor gate.

19. A method of delivering a fluorine-free foam fire suppressant to a protected area, the method comprising: positioning a floor nozzle of claim 1; and flowing a fluorine-free solution through the floor nozzle for generating and distributing the fluorine-free foam over the protected area.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Many aspects of the present disclosure can be better understood with reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. Instead, emphasis is placed on illustrating clearly the principles of the present disclosure. Furthermore, components can be shown as transparent in certain views for clarity of illustration only and not to indicate that the component is necessarily transparent. Components may also be shown schematically.

(2) FIGS. 1 and 2 are front elevation and top plan views, respectively, showing a floor fire suppressant system configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

(3) FIG. 3 is an enlarged plan view of a section of the floor fire suppressant system of FIGS. 1 and 2, showing a trench covered by floor grating.

(4) FIG. 4 is an enlarged cross section view of the trench of FIG. 3, with the fire suppressant system and floor grating removed.

(5) FIG. 5 is another plan view of the fire suppressant system of FIG. 3, positioned in the trench of FIGS. 3 and 4.

(6) FIGS. 6A and 6B are a plan and side cross-sectional views, respectively, of the grating section of the fire suppressant system of FIGS. 1 and 2, showing a nozzle of the floor fire suppressant system removed.

(7) FIG. 7A is a plan view of the fire suppressant system of FIGS. 1 and 2, showing a nozzle and the grating section of the floor fire suppressant system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

(8) FIG. 7B is an enlarged view of a mounting system of the grating section of the fire suppressant system of FIGS. 1, 2, and 7A.

(9) FIG. 7C is a cross-sectional view of the nozzle and the grating section of FIG. 7A.

(10) FIGS. 8A and 8B are elevation and cross-sectional elevation views, respectively, of the nozzle of FIG. 7A.

(11) FIGS. 9A and 9B are bottom and bottom detail views, respectively, of a deflector of the nozzle of FIG. 7A.

(12) FIGS. 10A and 10B are detail cross-sectional views of a passageway of the nozzle of FIG. 7A.

(13) FIGS. 11-13 are bottom views of deflectors in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(14) The terminology used in the description presented below is intended to be interpreted in its broadest reasonable manner, even though it is being used in conjunction with a detailed description of certain specific embodiments of the present disclosure. Certain terms may even be emphasized below; however, any terminology intended to be interpreted in any restricted manner will be overtly and specifically defined as such in this Detailed Description section. Additionally, the present disclosure can include other embodiments that are within the scope of the claims, but are not described in detail with respect to the Figures.

(15) Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

(16) FIGS. 1 and 2 show front elevation and top plan views, respectively of a floor fire suppressant system 10 (“system 10”) configured in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The system 10 is suitable for extinguishing fires in a floor area 12 (e.g., a “protected area 12”) of a hangar (shown as an example for illustration purposes in FIGS. 1 and 2), or in other aircraft areas including, e.g., a helicopter deck, a runway, or the like. The system 10 delivers sufficient fire suppressant to the protected area 12 to completely cover the protected area 12 while distributing the fire suppressant to the protected area 12 in a manner to minimize contact with the aircraft and/or equipment stored or positioned on the floor area 12. The protected area 12 can have an incline sloping away from a crowned peak for runoff of liquids, and in such a configuration, the system 10 can deliver sufficient fire suppressant to a protected area 12 with the incline. In these embodiments, the crown can be positioned at a higher elevation than the system 10 such that the fire suppressant must be delivered up the incline. For example, the protected area 12 can be rectangular with the system 10 positioned at a central portion of one edge of the protected area 12, and the crown positioned at any location along the opposite edge of the protected area 12 from the system 10. In this configuration of the protected area 12, all or a substantial portion of the protected area 12 is at a higher elevation than the system 10.

(17) The system 10 of the present disclosure provides a nozzle and mounting assembly, which will be explained in greater detail below, that is capable of resisting heavy loads such as the weight from an aircraft wheel, a wheel of a fire fighting vehicle, etc., and maintain operation on at least a limited basis even with the wheel of the vehicle parked on top of the nozzle. In this manner, the fire suppressant system of the present disclosure can operate without obstruction from the vehicles in the vicinity of the floor area, including those that are positioned over the nozzle and floor grating assembly.

(18) FIG. 3 shows a top plan view of the system 10, FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional side view of a trench 14 positioned in the floor area 12, and FIG. 5 shows another view of the system 10 positioned in the trench 14, each view configured in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to FIGS. 1-5 together, the system 10 is configured for positioning in a trench 14 of the floor area 12. As shown in FIG. 4, the trench 14 extends below a floor surface 16 and includes one or more shelves or support surfaces 18 for supporting thereon a first floor grate 20 (“grating 20”) and a second floor grate 22 (“grating 22”; FIG. 3). In some embodiments, the support surfaces 18 are positioned from about 1 inch to about 3 inches below the floor surface 16. The first floor grating 20 may be of conventional design with a plurality of drain openings 21 extending therethrough to permit fire suppressant run off and debris to drain from the floor area 12. The second floor grating 22 is a preferred embodiment of a mounting assembly or device configured to support a nozzle assembly 28 of the present disclosure in a manner to permit the nozzle assembly 28 to deliver fire suppressant to the protected area 12 unhampered by aircraft, equipment, or other potential obstructions, as will be described in greater detail below.

(19) The trench 14 includes a bottom wall 14a, and first and second opposed side walls 14b and 14c, with the bottom wall 14a spaced from the floor surface 16 to permit positioning of a supply pipe or line 24 in the trench 14 such that supply pipe 24 is spaced beneath floor surface 16. The first and second opposed side walls 14b and 14c are preferably spaced apart greater than a diameter of the supply pipe 24 to permit access to the supply pipe 24. In some embodiments, the first and second side walls 14b and 14c of the trench 14 can be spaced from about 18 inches to about 22 inches apart when the supply pipe 24 has a diameter of about 6 inches. The spacing of the first and second walls 14b and 14c is such that a person servicing the supply pipe 24 can generally stand on the bottom wall 14a and access the supply pipe 24. It should be understood, however, that these dimensions are only one example of a suitable configuration and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

(20) The supply pipe 24 can deliver fire suppressant to a plurality of nozzle assembly 28 which are positioned along the trench 14. For example, the supply pipe 24 can be filled with a supply of water or other firefighting liquid such as, for example and more preferably, a water/foam solution for delivery to the nozzle assemblies 28. Each nozzle assembly 28 is configured to disperse the fire suppressant, preferably as a foam, in a generally lateral radial pattern outwardly from the respective nozzle assembly 28 to provide a radial coverage of 360° or less (e.g., 180°—see FIG. 12, 90°—see FIG. 13, etc.). In some embodiments, the plurality of nozzle assemblies 28 can be positioned with 25 to 35 foot spacing between each nozzle assembly 28. The protected area 12 can be a 25 foot by 25 foot area. In a preferred embodiment, one or more of the supply pipes 24 delivers a water/FF foam solution to the plurality of nozzle assemblies 28. In some embodiments, the FF foam is generated from a solution using a 3% fluorine free foam concentrate, such as Enviro USP FF 3% foam concentrate by FOMTEC®, or AvioF3 Green KHC FF 3% foam concentrate by NATIONAL FOAM®. The nozzle assembly is capable of generating an FF foam with an effective foam quality. As will be described below in greater detail, each of the nozzle assemblies 28 can deliver FF foam fire suppressant in a manner to minimize the height of the fire suppressant spray, while increasing throw distance. For example, a preferred nozzle assembly 28 can deliver fire suppressant over an area having a radius of approximately 25-26 feet with a maximum height in a range of about 12 inches to 18 inches. In some embodiments, each of the nozzle assemblies 28 deliver fire suppressant with a maximum height of 12 inches or less. The FF foam is applied by the nozzle assembly 28 to flammable liquid fires to suppress the fire by covering the fire with film that depletes oxygen and cools the fire to extinguish the fire. Moreover, as described herein, the nozzle assembly 28 includes preferred means for generating and distributing an FF foam having an effective foam quality in an upward sloping direction of a crowned floor at a distance of 25 feet or more.

(21) As illustrated in FIG. 5, a nozzle assembly 28 is coupled to the supply pipe 24 by piping 30 and are supported by the second floor grating 22. The second floor grating 22 can be configured to support the weight of heavy equipment including aircraft, maintenance equipment, and normal heavy loads which could travel upon the second floor grating 22. The second floor grating 22 can be designed to mount the nozzle assembly 28 generally flush with the floor surface 16, includes a sufficient strength to support about 350 pounds per square inch or greater, and can include drainage and clearance to prevent blockage of nozzle assembly 28, as will be described in greater detail below.

(22) FIG. 6A is a top plan view of the second floor grating 22. The base 32 of the second floor grating 22 includes a recessed portion or cavity 38 with a centrally located transverse opening 40 which supports the nozzle assembly 28. FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view taken along line 6B-6B in FIG. 6A, with the recessed portion or cavity 38 including an annular radiused support surface 76 on which a body flange 52 of the nozzle assembly 28 rests. The body flange 52 is generally radiused on a lower surface to correspond to the radiused surface 76 so that there is uniform support for the body flange 52 by the second floor grating 22. The base 32 can include a plurality of transverse drainage openings 78 which are positioned around the body flange 52 in an annular groove 84. The drainage openings 78 provide drainage of excess fire suppressant or debris to reduce obstruction to the nozzle assembly 28 so as not to interfere with the operation of the nozzle assembly 28. The tapered surface 76 can include a tapered annular outer perimeter surface 80 spaced radially outward from the nozzle assembly 28, which allows the fire suppressant spray to pass without obstruction from the nozzle assembly 28. In other embodiments, the nozzle assembly 28 can be positioned within any suitable enclosure, such as an enclosure embedded in the floor, a box, a frame, etc. and can omit the floor grating.

(23) FIG. 7A is a top plan view of the nozzle assembly 28 positioned in the preferred mounting device of the second floor grating 22. The second floor grating 22 includes a solid base 32 which spans over trench 14 and rests on the support surfaces 18 such that the second floor grating 22 is flush or recessed below the floor surface 16. The base 32 includes an upper surface 36 which is generally flush with the floor surface 16 when the second grating 22 is supported on the support surfaces 18. As noted above, the base 32 can be rigidly supported on the support surfaces 18 and can include a plurality of recessed mounting openings 34, which each receive a bolt 37 for securing the second floor grating 22 to the support surfaces 18 of the trench 14.

(24) FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional side view of an embodiment of a mounting system for the second floor grating 22. The second floor grating 22 can be mounted to the support surfaces 18 by a “X” frame system 92. The “X” frame system 92 includes a pair of metal mounting tabs or angle arms 94 which are set in the concrete floor area 12 and include legs 94a and 94b which align with the vertical and horizontal walls of the shelf 18. The “X” frame system 92 further includes a metal mounting angle member 96 which is welded to the legs 94a and 94b of the respective angle arms 94. The base 32 is mounted to the mounting angle arms 96 by threaded fasteners, such as bolts 37, which extend through slotted recessed mounting opening 34 of the base 32, and which are positioned at opposed corners of the base 32 and into corresponding threaded openings provided in the angle arm 94. By use of the “X” frame system 92, the second floor grating 22 can be rigidly mounted and anchored to the floor area 12 on the shelves 18. It should be understood that other mounting arrangements may be used.

(25) FIG. 7C is a cross-sectional side view taken along line 7C-7C in FIG. 7A. As shown, the nozzle assembly 28 can be mounted in the base 32 in a generally flush configuration with respect to the upper surface 36 of base 32 so that the nozzle assembly 28 lies generally flush with floor surface 16 and will not project outwardly from the second floor grating 22 and, therefore, not form an obstruction for vehicles or the like travelling on the floor surface 16.

(26) In the illustrated embodiment shown in FIGS. 7A and 7C, the nozzle assembly 28 includes an annular groove 85, which permits attachment of the nozzle assembly 28 to the second floor grating 22. In this manner, the nozzle assembly 28 may be permanently positioned in the floor area 12. Referring to FIG. 7C, the annular groove 85 receives one or more clips 86. The clips 86 are secured on one end to the base 32 and include a projecting flange 88 which extends into the annular groove 85 to secure the nozzle assembly 28 to the second floor grating 22. In this manner, the clips 86 locate and level the nozzle assembly 28 with the upper surface 36 of the base 32 and rigidly secure the nozzle assembly 28 to the second floor grating 22.

(27) Still referring to FIG. 7C, the nozzle assembly 28 includes a base or body 42 and a deflector 100, which is engaged with and more preferably supported on a central web or support 46 of the body 42. When recessed in the cavity 38, the deflector 100 lies generally flush with the upper surface 36 of the base 32 and, further, with the floor surface 16. The body 42 includes an internal transverse passage 47 which extends along a central nozzle axis X-X and defines an inlet opening 50 and an outlet opening 54 and includes a mounting portion 48, which is in communication with the supply pipe 24 through the delivery pipe or line 30. The mounting portion 48 is preferably threaded or grooved for coupling to the delivery pipe 30. The body 42 further includes a body flange portion 52 which extends around the outlet opening 54 and is axially spaced from the mounting portion 38 with the internal transverse passage extending therebetween along the central nozzle axis. The body flange 52 supports the nozzle assembly 28 in the recessed cavity 38, as will be more fully described below.

(28) FIGS. 8A and 8B are side and cross-sectional views, respectively, of the body 42 and the deflector 100 assembled to the body 42. The deflector 100 includes a deflector flange 104 which is spaced from the outlet opening 54. The deflector flange 104 is substantially solid except for a central mounting opening described below and is, therefore, substantially impervious and provides a solid deflecting surface for the fire suppressant. To further deflect and, moreover, direct the fire suppressant, the deflector 100 includes a plurality of projecting members 110 which extend from the deflector flange 104 toward the body flange 52 of the body 42 and which preferably rest on an upper support surface 52a of the body flange 52. By resting on the body flange 52, the projecting members 110 provide support to the deflector 100. The body 42, the preferred deflector 100 and/or intermediate components therebetween provide a preferred means for generating and distributing a foam and more particularly, an FF foam from an FF foam solution in a preferred manner as described herein. The preferred generating and distribution means include a plurality of radially transverse passageways 112 as described herein through which the fire-fighting foam solution flows and exits as a fire suppressant foam to form the generally lateral radial pattern for delivering the foam to a protected area.

(29) The deflector 100 is mounted to the central support 46 by a mounting web 118 adjacent to an upper surface 74a of the central support 46 and secured with a threaded fastener 56 which extends through a central mounting opening 106 and the mounting web 118, where the fastener 56 is preferably counter sunk in the central opening 106 of the deflector 100. The deflector 100 has a deflector height DH between the bottom of the mounting web 118 and the top of the deflector flange 104. In some embodiments, the deflector height DH is about the same length as the height of the deflectors of the current technology. Providing some of the preferred embodiments with deflector heights DH the same as the known technology allows the preferred embodiment to be utilized with the existing nozzle body and floor grating, thereby allowing for current systems using AFFF to be converted to FF with only a change in the deflector. The mounting web 118 is preferably shaped to minimize friction loss of the preferred fire suppressant solution exiting from the outlet opening 54. Preferably, a resilient washer material is placed between the mounting web 118 and the support web 46, which prevents rotation of the deflector 100 due to human contact and, furthermore, due to torque loads which may be caused from vehicles; however, the resilient washer material preferably breaks free to permit rotation to prevent damage to the nozzle assembly 28 in the event that heavy torque loads caused from turning or accelerating vehicles are applied. In the illustrated embodiment, the central web 46 comprises a cylindrical body 46a, which is preferably centrally located in the body 42 and in the passage 47 and is supported in the passage 47 by radial arms 46b. Some embodiments have six radial arms 46b. It should be understood, however, the number of radial arms 46b may be modified. The radial arms 46b extend from the cylindrical body 46a to the inner surface 42a of the body wall 42b (FIG. 7C). The central web 46 is also preferably shaped to minimize friction loss of the fire suppressant solution flowing through transverse passage 47.

(30) FIG. 9A is a bottom view of the deflector 100. The deflector 100 includes the projecting members 110 generally aligned along lines 110a radially outward from a central axis 100a of the deflector 100. In a preferred form, the deflector 100 has 24 projecting members 110 evenly positioned circumferentially around the deflector. In other embodiments, the deflector 100 can have any number of projecting members 110 (e.g., 32 deflecting members as shown in FIG. 11), or can have projecting members 110 only positioned on the deflector 100 around a portion of the circumference (e.g., the deflectors 300 and 400 shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, respectively). The projecting members 110 are radially elongate in shape with the elongate length aligned along the respective lines 110a. The projecting members 110 can be spaced to provide multiple spray jets projecting radially around at least a portion of an outer circumference of the deflector 100, with each spray jet providing a high velocity FF foam that covers the protected area 12. The arrangement of the spray jets can provide a solid pattern and multiple droplet size for uniform distribution of the foam on the protected area 12.

(31) Although the figures show each deflector having a plurality of projecting members with each member having a generally uniform shape and circumferential distribution, in other embodiments, the projecting members of a single deflector can have non-uniform shapes, sizes, and/or varied circumferential spacing to project a different stream density (e.g., a shorter or longer lateral distance between streams) in any direction. For example, in some embodiments where the protected area is rectangular, the deflector can have greater stream density in directions toward the corners of the protected area to project a greater volume of fire suppressant toward the longer radial distance point of the protected area. In other embodiments where the protected area is rectangular, the deflector can have greater stream density in directions perpendicular to the edges of the protected area, among other configurations which are within the scope of the present disclosure.

(32) Each projecting member 110 includes a planar bearing surface 110b for resting on the body flange 52, and side walls 114a and 114b which define the passageways 112 therebetween. Although the projecting members 110 are disposed between the lower surface 104a and the upper surface 52a and are shown as extending from and coupled to a lower surface 104a of the deflector flange 104, in other embodiments, the projecting members 110 can extend upward from the body flange 52, can extend from a combination of the lower surface 104a and the body flange 52 (e.g., in an alternating arrangement), or can be individual components attached to the deflector flange 104 or the body flange 52 via fasteners. The projecting members 110 can have various fillets 111, 111a at the interface between the projecting members 110 and the lower surface 104a of the deflector flange 104, around the transition from the side walls 114a and 114b to the planar bearing surface 110b, etc. to provide smooth transitions for the fire suppressant flow, for durability, to decrease manufacturing defects at sharp corners, for tooling longevity, etc.

(33) FIG. 9B is a detail bottom view of the portion of the deflector 100 shown in the detail box of FIG. 9A. The projecting members 110 include a radial inner portion 120 and a radial outer portion 122, which respectively preferably define semi-circular or radiused inward ends 120 and semi-circular or radiused outward ends 122, with the outward ends 122 being generally aligned with an outer perimeter 105 (the outer circumference 105) of the deflector flange 104. In a preferred embodiment, the inward end 120 of each projecting member 110 is semi-circular and the outward end 122 has radiused first and second curved edges 122a and 122b, with a third curved edge or section 122c positioned therebetween. In some embodiments, the third curved edge 122c of each of the plurality of projecting members 110 has a curvature that is different and more preferably greater than each of the first and second curved edges 122a and 122b. In a preferred embodiment of the deflector 100, the third curved edge 122c spans an arc length AL of ten to fifteen degrees (10°-15°) about the central nozzle axis X-X. In some embodiments, the section 122c of each of the plurality of projecting members 110 has a radius that matches the radius of the outer circumference 105 of the deflector 100. In this arrangement, the radius of the semi-circular inward end 120 is larger than the radius of the first and second curved edges 122a and 122b so that the side walls 114a and 114b extend further along respective radial lines 110a toward the outer perimeter 105, creating a longer section of the passageway 112 with a radial length L of the passageway 112 and a constant width W between adjacent projecting members 110 (FIG. 10B), which will be explained in greater detail below. Based on the above configurations, if the side walls 114a and 114b and the section 122c of each projecting member 110 are extended linearly until each line intersects, the resulting shape would have an isosceles triangular profile IT with the two legs of the isosceles triangle of equal length along the side walls 114a and 114b converging at an apex, with the base of the isosceles triangle generally extending along the section 122c of the outward end 122. Accordingly, in a preferred aspect, the radiused first and second curved edges 122a and 122b have a common radius.

(34) Each passageway 112 is defined by adjacent projecting members 110 and the lower and upper surfaces 104a and 52a, with the adjacent inward ends 120 defining a converging inlet portion 112a, and the adjacent first and second curved edges 122a and 122b defining a diverging outlet portion 112b positioned at a terminal end of each passageway 112. In configurations where the radius of the inward ends 120 is larger than the radius of the first and second curved edges 122a and 122b, a convergent length CL of the converging inlet 112a is shorter than a divergent length DL of the diverging outlet 112b. The length of the section 122c determines the radii of the first and second curved edges 122a and 122b, and in that regard a longer circumferential length of the section 122c results in a shorter divergent length DL. In some embodiments, the ratio of the convergent length CL to the divergent length DL is from about 1:1.1 to 1:1.2, and preferably 1:1.16. In other embodiments, the ratio of the convergent length CL to the divergent length DL is from about 1:1.2 to 1:1.3, and preferably 1:1.26. The inward end 120 and the first and second curved edges 122a and 122b can produce a venturi effect between each projecting member 110, which pulls the fire suppressant pattern together through the passageways 112 to form a uniform distribution of preferably of a fire suppressant foam and, furthermore, provides a foam with multiple fire suppressant droplet sizes and velocities. From the foregoing description, it can be appreciated that the nozzle 28 has no moving parts. Furthermore, the deflector 100 is supported by the projecting members 110 and the mounting web 118 and, therefore, has uniform support at its outer edge and center which results in the deflector 100 being able to accept heavy vertical weight.

(35) Referring again to FIG. 9A, the inner surface 104a of the deflector flange 104 transitions at a transition point 104b from a radiused portion 104c upstream of the outlet opening 54 to a linear portion 104d downstream of the outlet opening 54, each shape when viewed in cross-section (FIG. 8B). In this regard, the radiused portion 104c forms a generally curved frustoconical surface and the linear portion 104d forms a generally linear frustoconical surface. Preferred embodiments of the deflector flange 104 include an upper surface 104e disposed normal to the central nozzle axis X-X with the lower surface 104a angled with respect to the upper surface 104e. In a preferred embodiment of the nozzle assembly 28, the support surface 52a of the body flange 52 is also angled with respect to the upper surface 104e of the deflector flange 104 with the lower surface 104a of the deflector flange 104 being at an angle θ1 that is less than the angle θ2 of the support surface 52a of the body flange 52, as seen in FIG. 8B. With the outer perimeter 105 of the deflector between the upper surface 104e and the lower surface 104a circumscribing the nozzle axis X-X, the deflector flange 104 defines the preferred linear frustoconical portion of the deflector that extends radially inward at a radial length from the outer perimeter 105. In some embodiments, the radial length of the linear portion 104d is from about 1.24 inches to 1.26 inches and the radial length of the projecting member 110 is from about 1.12 inches to 1.13 inches. In these embodiments, the ratio of the radial length of the projecting member 110 to the radial length of the linear portion 104d is from about 1:1.097 to 1:1.125, and preferably 1:1.11. The projecting members 110 extends from the outer perimeter 105 radially inward at a radial length that is preferably equivalent to a majority, i.e., over 50%, of the radial length of the linear portion 104d of the frustoconical portion. In some embodiments, the projecting member 110 extends from the outer perimeter 105 radially inward with a radial length that is more preferably at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90% of the radial length of the linear portion 104d. In a preferred embodiment, the projecting member 110 extends from the outer perimeter 105 radially inward with a radial length 90% of the radial length of the linear portion 104d. In another preferred embodiment, the projecting member 110 extends from the outer perimeter 105 radially inward with a radial length 80% of the radial length of the linear portion 104d. The linear portion 104d can be angled upward to radially direct the flow of the fire suppressant above the floor area 12, in a manner to maintain a maximum lateral trajectory, and to minimize the height of the spray from the floor area 12. In preferred form, the maximum height of the spray is in a range of about 12 inches to 18 inches and, more preferably, less than 12 inches.

(36) FIGS. 10A and 10B are cross-sectional detail views, as indicated by cross-section lines in FIG. 9A, showing the passageways 112 formed between the projecting members 110, the linear surface 104d of the lower surface 104a, and the upper surface 52a of the body flange 52. FIG. 10A shows a side view arranged along the radial length L of the passageway 112, and FIG. 10B shows a view normal to the radial length L at an intermediate position of the passageway 112 between the side walls 114a and 114b. Although the passageways 112 are shown and described as being preferably formed by the space between the surfaces of the body 52, the deflector 100 and its projecting members 110, it should be understood that the radially extending passageways 112 can also be formed by internal surfaces of the body, deflector and/or any intermediate component of the nozzle assembly 28 arranged to define the preferred passageways 112 and provide the preferred means of foam generation and distribution.

(37) Referring to FIG. 10A, in preferred form, the linear portion 104d of the lower surface 104a of the deflector flange 104 has an angle θ.sub.1 in a range of 6 to 10 degrees from horizontal (as used herein horizontal refers to the upper surface of the deflector 100), and more preferably, approximately 8 degrees from horizontal. Similarly, the upper surface 52a of the body flange 52 has an angle θ.sub.2 in a range of 8 to 12 degrees from horizontal, more preferably approximately 10 degrees from horizontal to create a converging configuration between the lower surface 104a and the upper surface 52a in a radially outward direction along the passageway 112. Thus, the lower surface 104a of the deflector flange 104 and the upper surface 52a defines therebetween the height H of the passageway 112 and preferably, the variably height H1, H2 of the passageway 112. The passageway 112 has a height H1 at a radially inward edge of the side wall 114a (i.e., at the end of the convergent length CL opposite the inward end 120), and a height H2 at a radially outward edge of the side wall 114a (i.e., at the end of the divergent length DL opposite the outer end 122), where, in a preferred form, the height H1 is larger than the height H2 based on the converging configuration of the lower surface 104a and the upper surface 52a (at a rate of the difference between θ.sub.1 and θ.sub.2). As shown, an outer perimeter 53 of the body flange 52 can be positioned radially inward from the outer perimeter 105 of the deflector flange 104. In other embodiments, the outer perimeter 53 can be generally aligned with the outer perimeter 105. In some embodiments, the spray has a maximum lateral distance of approximately 20 to 24 feet and fills a 25 ft by 25 ft test area in about 1 minute with at least 0.1 density of fire suppressant material.

(38) In some embodiments, the ratio of the height H2 to the height H1 is from about 1:1.2 to 1:1.3, and preferably about 1:1.254. In some embodiments, the ratio of the height H2 to the height H1 is from about 1:1.15 to 1:1.25, and preferably about 1:1.205. In other embodiments, the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the passageway 112 at the entrance of the diverging outlet 112b to the overall height of the deflector 100 is from about 1:40 to 1:50, and preferably about 1:44. In other embodiments, the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the passageway 112 at the entrance of the diverging outlet 112b to the overall height of the deflector 100 is from about 1:50 to 1:60, and preferably about 1:57.

(39) Referring to FIG. 10B, in a preferred form, the passageway 112 has a width W between the side walls 114a and 114b of adjacent projection members 110, where the width W is constant along the length of the passageway 112 from the radially inward edge of the side walls 114a and 114b and the radially outward edge of the side walls 114a and 114b (i.e., the side walls 114a and 114b are parallel planar). In some embodiments, the minimum height of the passageway 112 (e.g., at the outer perimeter 53) is ⅛ inch, and the minimum width of the passageway (e.g., the width W between the side walls 114a and 114b) is ⅛ inch to allow use of the nozzle 28 with a ⅛ inch strainer on the fire suppressant supply, e.g., at the supply pipe 24. In some embodiments, the converging configuration between the lower surface 104a and the upper surface 52a in a radially outward direction along the passageway 112 and the constant width W along the length of the passageway 112, in combination with the cross-sectional area of the passageway 112, causes an increase in momentum of the stream traveling through the passageway 112, defined by the mass multiplied by the velocity at the diverging outlet 112b. In some embodiments, the ratio of the height of the projecting member 110 at the entrance of the diverging outlet 112b to the width of the passageway 112 is from about 1:1.3 to 1:1.4, and preferably about 1:1.34. In other embodiments, the ratio of the height of the projecting member 110 at the entrance of the diverging outlet 112b to the width of the passageway 112 is from about 1:1 to 1:1.1, and preferably about 1:1.03.

(40) In the embodiments disclosed herein, the deflector flange 104 is thinner along the linear surface 104d such that the projecting member 110 height can be taller without increasing overall height of the nozzle 28. In some embodiments, the ratio of the thickness of the deflector flange 104 at the outer circumference 105 to the height of the projecting member 110 at the entrance of the diverging outlet 112b is from about 1:1.5 to 1:1.7, and preferably about 1:1.61. In some embodiments, the ratio of the thickness of the deflector flange 104 at the outer circumference 105 to the height of the projecting member 110 at the entrance of the diverging outlet 112b is from about 1:1.5 to 1:1.7, and preferably about 1:1.63.

(41) FIG. 11 is a bottom view of a deflector 200 in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The deflector 200 is generally similar in form to the deflector 100 described above, but includes a different projecting member configuration—having 32 projecting members 210 as opposed to 24 projecting members 110. The deflector 200 is shown in FIG. 11 with similar features to the deflector 100, but in the 200-series. Based on the number of projecting members 210, the width of each passageway 212 can be smaller than the passageways 112 of the deflector 100, although, the height of the passageways 212 is generally similar to the passageways 112.

(42) FIG. 12 is a bottom view of a deflector 300 in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The deflector 300 is generally similar in form to the deflector 100 described above, but is configured to provide about 180° of radial coverage of fire suppressant as opposed to 360° of radial coverage of fire suppressant for the deflector 100. The deflector 300 is shown in FIG. 12 with similar features to the deflector 100, but in the 300-series. The deflector 300 includes projecting members 310, having passageways 312 therebetween, and a blocking member 320. The blocking member 320 can be configured to occlude the flow of fire suppressant along the circumferential arc length of the blocking member 320, which is about 180° around a central axis 300a in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 12. The blocking member 320 has side walls 324a and 324b at first and second circumferential ends of the blocking member 320, which together with the sidewalls 314a and 314b of the projecting members 310, define the passageways 312 adjacent to the blocking member 320. The blocking member 320 can further include a groove 322 configured to retain a sealing gasket therein (not shown) for forming a seal between the deflector 300 and the upper surface 52a of the body flange 52 and preventing fire suppressant leakage past the blocking member 320.

(43) FIG. 13 is a bottom view of a deflector 400 in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The deflector 400 is generally similar in form to the deflectors 100 and 300 described above, but is configured to provide about 90° of radial coverage of fire suppressant as opposed to 360° and 180° of radial coverage of fire suppressant for the deflectors 100 and 300, respectively. The deflector 400 is shown in FIG. 13 with similar features to the deflectors 100 and 300, but in the 400-series. The deflector 400 includes projecting members 410, having passageways 412 therebetween, and a blocking member 420. The blocking member 420 can be configured to occlude the flow of fire suppressant along the circumferential arc length of the blocking member 420, which is about 270° around a central axis 400a in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 13. The blocking member 420 has side walls 424a and 424b at first and second circumferential ends of the blocking member 420, which together with the sidewalls 414a and 414b of the projecting members 410, define the passageways 412 adjacent to the blocking member 420. The blocking member 420 can further include a groove 422 configured to retain a sealing gasket therein (not shown) for forming a seal between the deflector 300 and the upper surface 52a of the body flange 52 and preventing fire suppressant leakage past the blocking member 420.

(44) The nozzle assembly 28 is generally sized for application to a protected area using a K-factor which is dependent on the inlet supply pressure to each nozzle 28. The flow rate is determined by the available pressure to each nozzle 28 using an industry standard formula. Flow in GPM=K-factor×(Pressure (PSI)).sup.1/2. The flow rate of the nozzle 28 is designed to provide at least a 0.1 GPM per square foot. (SQ. FT.) application density of firefighting or fire suppressant foam over an area of coverage, e.g., the protected area 12. Preferably the K-factor of the nozzle 28 has a range of about 23-26 GPM/(PSI)).sup.1/2 for 360 degree coverage nozzle configurations (e.g., the configuration of the deflector 100). In some embodiments, K-factors covered by the nozzle 28 can range from 6-7 GPM/(PSI)).sup.1/2 for a 90 degree coverage configuration; from 12-13 GPM/(PSI)).sup.1/2 for a 180 degree coverage configuration, and from 23-25 GPM/(PSI)).sup.1/2 for a 360 degree coverage configuration. More preferably, in some embodiments, K-factors covered by the nozzle 28 can range from 6.4 to 7.3 GPM/(PSI)).sup.1/2 for 90 degree patterns (see FIG. 13), from 11.9 to 13.6 GPM/(PSI)).sup.1/2 for 180 degree patterns (see FIG. 12), and from 23.3 to 25.7 GPM/(PSI)).sup.1/2 for 360 degree patterns (e.g., the deflector 100). Preferably, the inlet pressure range to achieve the desired K-factor is from about 40 psi to 100 psi.

(45) Preferred embodiments of the nozzle assembly 28 can generate and discharge a firefighting foam, and more preferably discharge an FF foam from an FF solution to protect a floor having a crown or a slope. Preferred embodiments of the nozzle assembly 28 have been installed as floor nozzle in a grate nozzle assembly surrounded by a floor area of 25 ft. x 25 ft. that defines a slope with respect to the deflector of 1 in: 8 ft. AFF foam concentrate of at least 3%, and more preferably a 3% concentrate, is supplied as an FF solution to the nozzle assembly 28 at a minimum pressure of 40 psi. Alternatively, the FF solution can be made from a 6% concentrate. The preferred nozzle assembly 28 and its means generates and distributes an FF foam with an effective foam quality at a radial distance of 25 ft. along the slope from the deflector to totally cover the twenty-five square foot area. Moreover, the preferred generating and distributing means distributes or spreads the foam to reach a radial distance of 25 ft. along the slope within one minute or less, preferably in less than thirty seconds (30 sec.), more preferably in less than twenty seconds (20 sec.), even more preferably in less than ten seconds (10 sec.) and yet even more preferably in less than five seconds (5 sec.). In addition to totally covering the test area, the means distributes the fluorine-free foam at an application density over the floor area of at least 0.1 GPM/SQ. FT and more preferably at least at 0.2 GPM/SQ. FT. in a one square foot area located at a radial distance up the slope of 25 ft. from the deflector.

(46) The above detailed descriptions of embodiments of the technology are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the technology to the precise form disclosed above. Although specific embodiments of, and examples for, the technology are described above for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the technology, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. While steps are presented in a given order, alternative embodiments may perform steps in a different order. Moreover, the various embodiments described herein may also be combined to provide further embodiments. Reference herein to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” or similar formulations means that a particular feature, structure, operation, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, the appearances of such phrases or formulations herein are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.

(47) For ease of reference, identical reference numbers are used to identify similar or analogous components or features throughout this disclosure, but the use of the same reference number does not imply that the features should be construed to be identical. Indeed, in many examples described herein, identically numbered features have a plurality of embodiments that are distinct in structure and/or function from each other. Furthermore, the same shading may be used to indicate materials in cross section that can be compositionally similar, but the use of the same shading does not imply that the materials should be construed to be identical unless specifically noted herein.

(48) Moreover, unless the word “or” is expressly limited to mean only a single item exclusive from the other items in reference to a list of two or more items, then the use of “or” in such a list is to be interpreted as including (a) any single item in the list, (b) all of the items in the list, or (c) any combination of the items in the list. Where the context permits, singular or plural terms may also include the plural or singular term, respectively. Additionally, the term “comprising” is used throughout to mean including at least the recited feature(s) such that any greater number of the same feature and/or additional types of other features are not precluded. Directional terms, such as “upper,” “lower,” “front,” “back,” “vertical,” and “horizontal,” may be used herein to express and clarify the relationship between various elements. It should be understood that such terms do not denote absolute orientation. Further, while advantages associated with certain embodiments of the technology have been described in the context of those embodiments, other embodiments may also exhibit such advantages, and not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages to fall within the scope of the technology. Accordingly, the disclosure and associated technology can encompass other embodiments not expressly shown or described herein.