ALGAL FEED INGREDIENT FOR CONTROLLING THE EFFECTS OF COCCIDIOSIS AND NECROTIC ENTERITIS IN POULTRY

Abstract

An algal biomass used as a natural ingredient in poultry feed reverses the detrimental effects of coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis in poultry. Algal biomass augmented poultry feed was shown to improve feed conversion rates, reduce mortality rates, and reduce intestinal lesion scores. In various embodiments, the algal biomass comprises at least one species of Klebsormidium. In various aspects, the algal biomass may be obtaining by continuously cultivating at least one species of Klebsormidium in raceway ponds, separating the plant material and spray drying to obtain the algal biomass.

Claims

1. A method of mitigating symptoms relating to coccidiosis or necrotic enteritis in poultry, the method comprising feeding the poultry in need thereof a poultry feed composition including an algal biomass comprising a species of Klebsormidium algae.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the Klebsormidium algae species is selected from the group consisting of K. acidophilum, K. bilatum, K. crenulatum, K. dissectum, K. drouetii, K. elegans, K. flaccidum, K. fluitans, K. fragile, K. klebsii, K. lamellosum, K. montanum, K. mucosum, K. nitens, K. pseudostichococcus, K. scopulinum, K. sterile, K. subtile, K. subtilissimum, K. tribonematoideum, and mixtures thereof.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the Klebsormidium algae species is selected from the group consisting of Klebsormidium nitens, Klebsormidium flaccidum, and mixtures thereof.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the algal biomass is obtained by culturing the microorganisms in NCMA Deposit #PATENT201602001 to a processable mass of plant material and separating liquid from the plant material to obtain the algal biomass.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the algal biomass is obtained by skimming algae from a raceway pond of continuously cultivated Klebsormidium algae, draining off liquid from the algae and spray drying to obtain the algal biomass.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the algal biomass is present in the poultry feed composition at a level of from about 0.01% to about 1.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the algal biomass is present in the poultry feed composition at a level of from about 0.025% to about 0.55% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the algal biomass is present in the poultry feed composition at a level of from about 0.10 wt. % to about 0.20 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the poultry feed composition comprises at least one of a cereal, protein, fat, and oil.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the poultry feed composition is in the physical form of a mash feed or a pelleted feed.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the symptoms include at least one of elevated feed conversion rate, reduced growth rate, increased mortality rates, and increased intestinal lesions.

12. A poultry feed composition comprising: (a) an algal biomass derived from at least one species of Klebsormidium algae; and (b) at least one of a cereal, protein, fat and oil.

13. The poultry feed composition of claim 11, wherein the poultry feed composition is in the physical form of a dry mash feed or a pelleted feed.

14. The poultry feed composition of claim 11, wherein the at least one species of Klebsormidium algae is Klebsormidium nitens or Klebsormidium flaccidum.

15. The poultry feed composition of claim 11, wherein the algal biomass is present in the poultry feed composition at a level of from about 0.01% to about 1% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.

16. The poultry feed composition of claim 11, wherein the algal biomass is present in the poultry feed composition at a level of from about 0.025% to about 0.55% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.

17. The poultry feed composition of claim 11, wherein the algal biomass is present in the poultry feed composition at a level of from about 0.10 wt. % to about 0.20 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.

18. A method of producing an algae-enhanced poultry feed, the method comprising: (a) drying an algae derived from a culture comprising at least one species of Klebsormidium algae to obtain a dried algal biomass; and (b) blending the dried algal biomass into a poultry feed to provide the algae-enhanced poultry feed.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the culture comprising at least one species of Klebsormidium algae comprises a continuously cultivated raceway pond consisting of Klebsormidium nitens or Klebsormidium flaccidum.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein the step of drying comprises spray drying, and wherein the algae-enhanced poultry feed is in the physical form of a dry mash feed.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0025] An algal biomass, derived from a single algal species or from multiple algae species, when incorporated into poultry feed as a nutritional feed ingredient and fed to poultry animals, promotes general health in the poultry by improving feed conversion rates and growth rates in animals challenged by coccidiosis and/or necrotic enteritis. In various examples, an algal biomass augmented poultry feed reverses detrimental effects in the animals caused by the Eimeria and Clostridium pathogens. In various aspects, a poultry feed augmented with an algal-derived nutritional feed ingredient mitigates the symptoms caused by stresses in poultry animals, such as feed restriction, heat stress, bacterial or other forms of infection, feed contaminants, or environmental contaminants.

[0026] In various embodiments, the at least one species of algae comprises a Klebsormidium species of algae. In certain aspects, the algal biomass is obtained by culturing biological material from NCMA Deposit #PATENT201602001 and separating out the plant material. In various aspects, the algal biomass is obtained by harvesting algal material from open ponds, e.g., raceways, designed to grow a Klebsormidium species of algae.

[0027] In general, an algal biomass, when incorporated as a nutritional ingredient in poultry feed, has been shown to maintain good feed conversion rates (FCR) for birds challenged by the Eimeria and Clostridium pathogens.

[0028] In various studies, an algal biomass as disclosed herein reduced overall FCR at all levels of inclusion of the algal biomass in the feed, compared to a pathogen-challenged group. Birds fed the algal biomass ingredient had similar FCR to the unchallenged control group of birds. Percent necrotic enteritis mortality was significantly reduced in birds fed the algal biomass. Mortality in a non-medicated challenged group was 25% versus 5% in a group of pathogen-challenged birds fed a poultry feed having the algal biomass ingredient at 0.551 wt. % incorporation.

[0029] In other studies, overall FCR was reduced in the algal biomass fed group compared to the challenged control group. Birds fed the algal biomass augmented feed had similar FCR to a salinomycin (i.e., medicated) treatment group. Birds fed the algal biomass augmented feed had significant reduction in lesion score versus the pathogen-challenged control group of animals.

Definitions and Abbreviations

[0030] The term “poultry” is used herein to refer to all domesticated fowl used for human or non-human animal consumption, including, for example, chickens, hens, roosters, turkeys, ducks, quail, and geese.

[0031] The term “poultry feed” is used herein to refer to commercial animal feed used in poultry farming, which is typically corn/soy-based in the U.S. and wheat-based in other parts of the world such as Europe. A poultry feed herein, to be augmented with an algal biomass, may be a “starter feed” for use during about the first two weeks of growth, a “grower feed” for use during about the next two weeks of growth, or a “finisher feed” for use for about two additional weeks of growth thereafter. These three feeds tend to vary in protein levels so as to be appropriate for poultry in one of these three stages of growth.

[0032] As it relates to poultry feed, the term “mash” refers to a powdered feed, which is essentially dry and which has the appearance of a fine corn meal. This physical form of dry feed, which is not wet and should not be confused with “mush,” is used to feed 1-2 day old chicks that are too young to handle pelleted feed. Further, mash feed is readily convertible into pelleted feed simply by extrusion through a small orifice die and allowing the extruded “worms” to break into pellets. Pelleted feed may be crumbled for feeding to young birds incapable of eating pellets.

[0033] The term “algal biomass” is used herein to generally refer to cellular material (e.g. whole algal cells) derived from naturally occurring or genetically modified algae (“GMO algae”). For example, in various embodiments, an algal biomass comprises dried or otherwise desiccated algae of one or more species of algae. In various embodiments, a dried algal biomass may comprise powdered or granulated desiccated algae from one or more species of algae. An exemplary algal biomass may be derived from an algal culture comprising a Klebsormidium species of algae by separating and drying the cellular material and optionally granulating, powdering, or milling the cellular material obtained upon drying. In certain aspects, an algal biomass is obtained by processing the biological material of NCMA Deposit #PATENT201602001, such as, for example, by culturing the microorganisms in tanks or open raceways to produce a processible amount of plant material, draining and/or compressing the plant material to remove liquid components, and then drying the remaining cellular material by any convenient method, such as spray drying or freeze drying, to obtain the dried algal biomass that is usable as a nutritional poultry feed ingredient.

[0034] The term “NM, No CP” is used herein to denote a non-medicated group of birds (i.e., no antibiotics) that were not challenged with C. perfringens (denoted C. perfringens (−)), and were healthy.

[0035] The term “NM, CP” is used herein to denote a non-medicated group of birds (i.e., no antibiotics) that were challenged with C. perfringens (denoted C. perfringens (+)), and were diseased. In no case does “CP” indicate that C. perfringens was part of the poultry feed. The term CP indicates birds were challenged with C. perfringens to induce disease.

[0036] The term “Product Z 0.039%, CP” is used herein to denote a poultry feed augmented with the algal biomass ingredient at the level of 0.039 wt. %, based on the total weight of the feed, and a group of birds challenged with C. perfringens (i.e., C. perfringens (+)) to induce disease.

[0037] The term “Product Z 0.077%, CP” is used herein to denote a poultry feed augmented with the algal biomass ingredient at the level of 0.077 wt. %, based on the total weight of the feed, and a group of birds challenged with C. perfringens (i.e., C. perfringens (+)) to induce disease.

[0038] The term “Product Z 0.551%, CP” is used herein to denote a poultry feed augmented with the algal biomass ingredient at the level of 0.551 wt. %, based on the total weight of the feed, and a group of birds challenged with C. perfringens (i.e., C. perfringens (+)) to induce disease.

[0039] The acronym “DOT” is used herein to denote “day of treatment,” which is the number of days from the start of a study when a desired feeding composition is administered to a poultry animal. DOTs herein may be 0, 12, 14, 21, or 28 days, for example.

[0040] The acronym “FCR” is used herein to denote “feed conversion rate” or “feed conversion ratio,” which is the rate at which feed intake is converted to weight gain in the animal. For example, today's broilers weigh about 5½ pounds at 39 days, with a live-weight normal feed conversion ratio of about 1.6. Diseased animals show a higher feed conversion ratio, meaning the animal needs to consume more feed to gain weight, (i.e., the animal is less efficient).

[0041] The acronym “GIT” is used herein to denote gastrointestinal track of a poultry animal.

[0042] The term “No-Additive, Non-Infected” is used herein to denote normal diet, and non-infected animals.

[0043] The term “No-Additive, Infected” is used herein to denote normal diet, and infected animals.

[0044] The term “salinomycin, 60 g/t” is used herein to denote normal diet, infected animals, treated with antibiotic.

[0045] The term “Product Z, 0.551%” is used herein to denote a poultry feed product containing 0.551 wt. % algal biomass, based on the total weight of the feed.

The Algal Biomass

[0046] An algal biomass may comprise whole algal cells of one or more algal cultures grown in distilled water or freshwater supplemented with various nutrients. A deposit of biological material that can be used to obtain an algal biomass for use as a nutritional ingredient in poultry feed was originally deposited at the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota—Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, (NCMA, 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, Maine 04544 U.S.A.) on Oct. 6, 2006, converted to a deposit made under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty on Feb. 12, 2016, and assigned by the International Depositary Authority the accession #PATENT201602001. This deposit is available to the public upon grant of a patent disclosing the same. This deposit was made pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 1.808 and MPEP § 2410.01 and, therefore, access to the deposit will be available during pendency of this application making reference to the deposit to one determined by the Commissioner to be entitled thereto under 37 C.F.R. § 1.14 and 35 U.S.C. § 122 and with one exception, that all restrictions imposed by the depositor on the availability of the deposited biological material to the public be irrevocably removed upon the granting of the patent.

[0047] A method of producing an algal biomass for use as a nutritional ingredient in poultry feed for maintaining or improving feed conversion rates and growth rates in animals challenged by coccidiosis and/or necrotic enteritis comprises obtaining a sample of the biological material of NCMA Deposit #PATENT201602001, culturing the material to obtain processible quantities of plant material, and separating the solid from the liquid components to obtain the algal biomass and a supernatant respectively. The algal biomass may then be dried prior to its use as a poultry feed ingredient, such as by spray drying.

[0048] The algal biomass may then be formulated into a poultry feed composition comprising the algal biomass as an ingredient, such as, for example, by blending the algal biomass with typical non-algal poultry feed ingredients such as cereals, proteins, fats and oils. The resulting blended material may then be fed to animals as is, e.g. in the form of a mash. In other embodiments, the resulting blended material may be pelleting using pelleting machinery like an extruder. These aspects are discussed in more detail below.

[0049] In certain examples, an algal biomass is obtained from a Klebsormidium species of algae by compressing the liquid from the Klebsormidium species of algae and further desiccating the remaining solid plant material to produce the algal biomass. Furthermore, a sample of a culture obtained from the biological material of NCMA Deposit #PATENT201602001 may be physically compressed to squeeze out supernatant from the cellular material and then dried to produce an algal biomass in accordance to the present disclosure.

[0050] An algal biomass for use as an ingredient in a poultry feed may comprise a species of algae from the genus Klebsormidium. Klebsormidium is a genus of filamentous charophyte green algae of 20 known species, including K. acidophilum, K. bilatum, K. crenulatum, K. dissectum, K. drouetii, K. elegans, K. flaccidum, K. fluitans, K. fragile, K. klebsii, K. lamellosum, K. montanum, K. mucosum, K. nitens, K. pseudostichococcus, K. scopulinum, K. sterile, K. subtile, K. subtilissimum, and K. tribonematoideum. In various embodiments, an algal biomass comprises any presently known, or yet to be discovered, species of Klebsormidium algae.

[0051] For example, an algal biomass may comprise an algae species selected from the group consisting of K. acidophilum, K. bilatum, K. crenulatum, K. dissectum, K. drouetii, K. elegans, K. flaccidum, K. fluitans, K. fragile, K. klebsii, K. lamellosum, K. montanum, K. mucosum, K. nitens, K. pseudostichococcus, K. scopulinum, K. sterile, K. subtile, K. subtilissimum, K. tribonematoideum, and mixtures thereof.

[0052] Furthermore, an algal biomass may comprise an algae species selected from the group consisting of Klebsormidium nitens, Klebsormidium flaccidum, and mixtures thereof. In various embodiments, an algal biomass may comprise Klebsormidium nitens. Also, an algal biomass may comprise Klebsormidium flaccidum.

Poultry Feed Augmented with the Algal Biomass Ingredient

[0053] The algal biomass described above may be incorporated into a poultry feed composition at levels of from about 0.01 wt. % to about 1.0 wt. %, based on the total weight of the poultry feed composition (0.2 to 20 pounds dried algal biomass/ton feed). In various embodiments, a dried algal biomass may be incorporated at levels of from about 0.025 wt. % to about 0.55 wt. %, based on the total weight of the poultry feed composition (0.5 to 11 pounds dried algal biomass/ton feed). In various embodiments, a dried algal biomass may be incorporated at levels of from about 0.10 wt. % to about 0.20 wt. %, based on the total weight of the poultry feed composition (2.0 to 4.0 pounds dried algal biomass/ton feed). In various embodiments, a dried algal biomass may be incorporated at levels of from about 0.125 wt. % to about 0.175 wt. %, based on the total weight of the poultry feed composition (2.5 to 3.5 pounds dried algal biomass/ton feed). In certain examples, the incorporated about of dried algal biomass in poultry feed is about 11 pounds/ton of feed. In certain examples, the incorporated amount of dried algal biomass in poultry feed is about 3.5 pounds/ton of feed. Exemplary incorporation levels are detailed in the Definitions and Abbreviations section above, and in the Examples below.

[0054] The other ingredients in the poultry feed, i.e., the non-algal ingredients, may comprise ingredients typically used for animal feed in the poultry industry of the country of interest, such as the U.S. The non-algal ingredients may be selected from the group of feed ingredients consisting of cereals, fats, oils, proteins, and mixtures thereof. Cereals may comprise any combination of barley, corn, sorghum, or wheat, and the like, or cereal by-products such as grain hulls, bran, germ, gluten, gluten meal, middling, grain screenings, mixed screenings, groats, mill run, corn hominy, barley malt sprouts, rice polishing, wheat red dog, and wheat shorts. Fats and oils may comprise any combination of tallow, lard, white grease, poultry fat, animal fat, yellow grease, and vegetable fat. Protein sources may include canola, fish meal, field peas, meat and bone meal, soybeans and some of the cereal by-products listed above. Further non-limiting examples of poultry feed that may be used as the base material for the algal biomass augmented feed disclosed herein may be found in various periodicals, such as, “Animal Feed Science and Technology,” co-editors V. Mlambo, B. Mullan and A. K. Patra, Elsevier publisher, and “Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition,” Cambridge University Press publisher.

[0055] In various embodiments, specific poultry feeds for augmenting with an algal biomass may be formulated for feeding poultry, such as broilers, at particular growth stages, namely, starter, grower or finisher. Thus, a poultry feed supplemented with an algal biomass nutritional ingredient may be appropriate for a starter diet, a grower diet, or a finisher diet.

EXAMPLES

[0056] In general, studies were designed to compare algal biomass augmented poultry feed to control poultry feed not having the algal biomass ingredient, and to feed supplemented with the Coban® antibiotic additive. Studies included groups of animals that were pathogen challenged to induce disease along with control groups that were not pathogen challenged. Poultry feed, with or without the algal biomass ingredient or the antibiotic additive were in the form of a mash or pellets, or crumbles derived from pellets. The endpoints measured were weight gain, feed conversion rate (FCR), mortality, and intestinal lesion scores. These endpoints are part of the symptoms seen in poultry with coccidiosis or necrotic enteritis.

[0057] The results generally showed that, as expected, the pathogen challenge caused the deleterious symptoms of decreased weight gain, increased FCR, increased mortality, and increased number of intestinal lesions compared to the unchallenged control group. However, by including the algal biomass as an ingredient in the poultry feed, the detrimental symptoms caused by the pathogen challenge in the primary endpoints were reversed. In particular;

1. Weigh gain and FCR for birds fed the algal biomass augmented feed were comparable to the unchallenged control;
2. Mortality for birds fed the algal biomass augmented feed was comparable to the unchallenged control;
3. Lesion scores were significantly improved for birds fed the algal biomass augmented feed relative to what was seen in pathogen-challenged birds that did not receive any feed additive, but not as low as baseline scores; and
4. The improvement in lesion scores were comparable to what was seen with the Coban® antibiotic additive.

[0058] The overall conclusion is that algal biomass, when used as a natural ingredient to poultry feed, performed at least as well as the commercial antibiotic in protecting a flock from the deleterious effects of the pathogens. The algal biomass augmented poultry feed provided control of the symptoms relating to coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis in poultry.

Example 1. Preparation of an Algal Biomass (Single Culture to Small Culture)

[0059] A sample of NCMA Deposit #PATENT201602001 was used to grow algae axenically on an mBBM agar petri plate. A single colony was picked from the plate and grown in mBBM media in a shake flask for one month to achieve adequate density for roux bottle inoculation. Algae inoculum grown in roux bottles was progressively divided to produce the minimum inoculation density required for panel reactor growth. Algae biomass grown in reactors was placed in a 25 μm filter sock to remove supernatant using gravity flow. Excess supernatant was removed with manual squeezing of the filter sock until the consistency of the algal biomass reached a thick paste. The algal biomass was then spread into a ½ inch layer on a stainless steel tray and placed at −80° C. until frozen. The tray was then moved to a vacuum equipped freeze-drier, and the material held at −50° C. to −60° C. for several days until the moisture level was reduced to about 5 to 10% by weight. The freeze-dried algal biomass was stored in a refrigerator at 4° C. or in a freezer at −20° C. until use.

Example 2. Preparation of an Algal Biomass (Scale-Up of Small Culture)

[0060] Monocultures of a filamentous Klebsormidium alga are grown in 120 L and 240 L flat panels with a 4-inch light path, 3-9 mM NO.sub.3 in mBBM media, and CO.sub.2/air mixing or within outdoor, covered, HEPA filtered ponds using natural light. Harvesting consist of drawing off the liquid and algae that is contained in the liquid and separating the liquid from the algal biomass. There is typically about 1.4 grams of algae per liter of water. Upon harvesting, biomass is placed in a 25 μm filter sock to remove water using gravity flow. Excess water is removed with manual squeezing resulting in a wet paste that is about 15% solids and 85% water. The appearance of the biomass is that of a bright green thick paste. On average, about 8-10 kg wet weight yields about 1 kg of algal biomass in the form of a paste. This material is then spread onto stainless steel trays in a ½″ layer and placed in a −80° C. freezer until frozen or ready for further processing. Freeze dried biomass is achieved by placing the tray in a freeze-drier equipped with a vacuum pump and set at −50° C. to −60° C. for several days until the moisture level was reduced to 5-10%. Freeze-dried biomass was stored in a refrigerator at 4° C. or freezer at −20° C. until use. The freeze dried algal biomass material produced in accordance to this method effectively has no water and is in the form of a dark green powder or a brittle cake. This resulting material is then blended with other feed ingredients at the levels desired to form the algal biomass augmented poultry feed. The blended feed in the form of a mash feed may then be pelleted through an extruder to obtain pelleted feed.

Example 3. Preparation of an Algal Biomass by Continuous Cultivation in Raceway Ponds

[0061] Alternatively, green, freshwater filamentous microalgae derived from K. flaccidum are constantly cultivated in open-air, partially open-air and/or greenhouse-covered raceways exposed to natural sunlight. The raceways ponds are typically from 20-30 cm in depth. The raceways are inoculated with the Klebsormidium algae, along with a micronutrients and macronutrients suitable for the species of alga. CO.sub.2 may be added to the ponds as a gas bubbled in, or in a dry form such as calcium carbonate. When the density of the algae reaches about 0.8 to about 1.0 grams algae per liter, the algae are harvested every six to eight days. Harvesting consisted of skimming off the algae with skimmer or surface pumps, rinsing the algae with potable water and then centrifuging the algae to separate the biomass from the supernatant. drawing off an algae liquid suspension and separating the liquid from the plant material to obtain the algal biomass. The moist, isolated algae may be frozen −25° C. until needed for production, or dried into the algal biomass for use in poultry feed by spray drying. If frozen, the previously frozen material may be thawed, rinsed with potable water, and then spray dried. Harvested algae can also be gravity feed over separation screens, and then rinsed to remove minerals, etc. Spray drying can be conducted at from about 370° C. to about 620° C. to obtain dried algal biomass for use in poultry feed. For this purpose, a BUCHI mini spray dryer B-290 or other suitable spray dryer is used. The moisture level target for the spray dried algal biomass is less than about 10 wt. %, and in various embodiments, less than about 5 wt. % residual moisture. The bright green powder obtained in this way has at least six months stability under ambient conditions (25° C. and 60% relative humidity). This resulting material is then blended with other feed ingredients at the levels desired to form the algal biomass augmented poultry feed. The blended feed in the form of mash feed may then be pelleted through an extruder to obtain pelleted feed.

Example 4. Comparative Efficacy of Algal Biomass Augmented Feed Administered for the Control of Necrotic Enteritis (NE) Caused by Clostridium perfringens in Broiler Chickens

Experimental Design

[0062] The study consisted of 40 cages starting with 9 chicks in each cage. The feedings were replicated in 8 blocks of 5 cages each. In this example, “Product Z” refers to poultry feed containing the algal biomass ingredient at 0.039 wt. %, 0.077 wt. % or 0.551 wt. %, as indicated, based on the total weight of the poultry feed.

[0063] TABLE 1 below summarizes the feed groups.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Feed Groups Coccidial Cages Challenge Clostridium perfringens per group 1 Nonmedicated DOT 14 No 8 2 Nonmedicated DOT 14 DOT 19, 20, and 21 8 3 Product Z DOT 14 DOT 19, 20, and 21 8 feed inclusion rate 0.039 wt. % 4 Product Z DOT 14 DOT 19, 20, and 21 8 feed inclusion rate 0.077 wt. % 5 Product Z DOT 14 DOT 19, 20, and 21 8 feed inclusion rate 0.551 wt. %

Materials and Methods:

A. Feeds

[0064] An unmedicated commercial chicken feed composition compounded with feedstuffs commonly used in the U.S. poultry industry, such as cereals and proteins, was obtained. The feed was representative of U.S. commercial feeds and the calculated analyses met or exceeded NRC broiler feed requirements. Experimental feeds augmented with the algal biomass were prepared from this commercial poultry feed. The various feeds were mixed to assure a uniform distribution of algal biomass into the mash feed. The mixer was flushed between batches to prevent cross contamination between batches. The feed was transferred to the respective buildings and distributed among cages belonging to the same feed group. This ration in mash form was fed to the poultry throughout the study.

B. Animals

[0065] Day of hatch male broiler chicks of strain Cobb 500 were obtained from Cobb-Vantress, Cleveland, Ga., and only healthy appearing chicks were used in the study.

C. Housing

[0066] Upon arrival, chicks were raised in Petersime battery cages. At placement the birds were fed the various feeds. The Petersime batteries were in an insulated building having a concrete floor and a metal overhead structure. The feeder/water space per bird was 9 birds per 24×3.5-inch feeder per water trough. Uniform temperature and illumination was provided.

Procedures

A. Bird Allocation and Cage Randomization

[0067] Cages were blocked by location in the battery. The study began when the birds were placed (day of hatch, i.e., DOT 0) at which time they were allocated to the experimental cages. No birds were replaced during the study.

B. Cage Weights

[0068] All birds were weighed on DOT 0, 14, 21, and 28. Feed was weighed in on DOT 0 and remaining feed was weighed on DOT 14, 21, and 28.

C. Disease Induction

[0069] On DOT 14, all birds were orally inoculated with ˜5,000 oocysts of E. maxima. Starting on DOT 19, all birds, except feed group 1 were given a broth culture of C. perfringens ˜10.sup.8 cfu/ml. The birds were administered a fresh broth culture once daily for 3 days (on DOTs 19, 20, and 21).

D. Necrotic Enteritis Intestinal Lesion Scoring

[0070] On DOT 21, three birds from each cage were selected, sacrificed, weighed, and examined for the degree of presence of Necrotic Enteritis lesions. The scoring was based on a 0 to 3 score, with 0 being normal and 3 being the most severe.

E. Intestinal Tract Collection

[0071] On DOT 28, one bird from each cage was selected, sacrificed, weighed, and the entire portion of the GIT was collected. Samples were individually packaged and shipped same day overnight on ice to: Agro BioSciences, Attn: Evan Hutchison, 10437 Innovation Dr., Wauwatosa, Wis. 53226.

F. Gut Cross Section

[0072] On DOT 28, one bird from each cage was selected, euthanized, and a small cross section of intestine was cut and frozen. The cross sections were stored in a freezer.

Management

[0073] 1. The facility was checked thoroughly to assure that all cages had water and that feed was available in every cage. The building temperature's range was maintained at an appropriate temperature for the age of the birds.
2. Uniform and continuous illumination was provided by fluorescent lamps hung vertically along the wall.
3. Feed and water were given ad libitum, noting that the inclusion rate of algal biomass was fixed.
4. Cages were checked twice daily. Observations included were the availability of feed and water, temperature control, and any unusual conditions. The birds were watched closely for any abnormal reactions.
5. When mortality birds were removed from cages, the cage number, date, weight of the bird, sex, and probable cause of death were recorded.

Data Analysis

[0074] Means for cage weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion rate, NE lesion scores, and % NE mortality were calculated.

Results and Conclusions

[0075] TABLE 2 below shows the results of the study. The conclusion is that overall FCR was reduced for all algal biomass product inclusion level feeds compared to the challenged group. Birds fed the algal biomass product had similar FCR to the unchallenged control group. Percent necrotic enteritis mortality was significantly reduced in birds fed the algal biomass augmented feed product.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Study Results Feed Intake Feed Conversion Weight Gain Group D 0-21 D 14-21 D 0-21 D 14-21 D 0-21 D 14-21 1. NM, No CP 7.053a 3.971a 1.516b 1.440b 0.532a 0.319a 2. NM, CP 7.297a 3.654a 1.725a 1.745a 0.477b 0.240c 3. Product Z 0.039%, CP 7.213a 3.840a 1.561b 1.586b 0.527a 0.279b 4. Product Z 0.077%, CP 6.820a 3.651a 1.557b 1.594ab 0.510ab 0.283bc 5. Product Z 0.551%, CP 6.985a 3.815a 1.510b 1.537b 0.526a 0.268b Feed Intake Feed Conversion Weight Gain Group D 0-28 D 14-28 D 0-28 D 14-28 D 0-28 D 14-28 1. NM, No CP 9.570a 6.488a 1.540b 1.501c 0.777a 0.564a 2. NM, CP 9.113a 5.470c 1.753a 1.787a 0.731a 0.494a 3. Product Z 0.039%, CP 9.320a 5.948abc 1.609b 1.656b 0.794a 0.546a 4. Product Z 0.077%, CP 9.005a 5.837bc 1.588b 1.637b 0.762a 0.520a 5. Product Z 0.551%, CP 9.553a 6.384ab 1.589b 1.646b 0.765a 0.522a NE (0-3) % NE Group Score Mortality 1. NM, No CP 0.0b  0d 2. NM, CP 1.1a 25a 3. Product Z 0.039%, CP 0.8a 13b 4. Product Z 0.077%, CP 0.9a  9bc 5. Product Z 0.551%, CP 0.9a  5cd

Example 5: Comparative Anticoccidial Efficacy of the Algal Biomass Ingredient Versus Salinomycin in Broiler Chickens

[0076] In this example, “Product Z” refers to the poultry feed that includes the algal biomass ingredient at the wt. % level shown.

Target Animals

[0077] Broiler chickens.

Test Groups

1. No Additive, no Cocci.

2. No Additive, Cocci.

[0078] 3. Salinomycin 60 g/t, Cocci.

4. Product Z 0.551%, Cocci.

Experimental Design

[0079] Cages were blocked by location in the battery with block size equal to the groups (8 cages per block). The study began when the birds were placed (day of hatch, i.e., DOT 0) at which time they were allocated to the experimental cages. Only healthy birds were selected (10 birds/cage).

Materials and Methods:

A. Housing

[0080] Upon arrival, chicks were raised in Petersime battery cages. At placement the birds were fed the various feeds. The Petersime batteries were in an insulated building having a concrete floor and a metal overhead structure. The floor space per animal was 0.51 sq. ft. per bird. The feeder space per bird was 10 birds per 24×3.5-inch feeder. Uniform temperature and illumination was provided.

B. Feeds

[0081] An unmedicated commercial chicken feed composition compounded with feedstuffs commonly used in the U.S. poultry industry, such as cereals and proteins, was obtained. The diet was an all-vegetable feed with no antibiotics, organic acids, NSP enzymes, or direct fed microbial. This feed in mash form was fed ad libitum from the date of chick arrival until Day 28 of the study. Experimental feeds augmented with the algal biomass were prepared from this commercial poultry feed. The feeds were mixed to assure a uniform distribution of algal biomass into the mash feed.

C. Animals

[0082] Day of hatch male broiler chicks of strain Cobb X Cobb were obtained from Cobb-Vantress, Cleveland, Ga. Sets of ten chicks were randomly selected, group weighed and placed into cages. No birds were replaced during the study.

D. DOT 0, 14, 20, and 28 Weights

[0083] All birds were weighed by cage on DOT 0, 14, 20 and 28. Feed was weighed in on DOT 0 and remaining feed was weighed on DOT 14, 20, and 28.

E. Oocysts Inoculation

[0084] Coccidial oocysts inoculation procedures were described. On Day 14 of the study all birds except T1 orally received a mixed E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella coccidial inoculum diluted to a 1 ml volume (p.o.). Inoculum level attempted to produce a moderate challenge.

F. Coccidia Intestinal/Cecal Lesion Scoring

[0085] On DOT 20, five birds from each cage were selected, sacrificed, weighed, and examined for the degree of presence of coccidia lesions. If less than five birds were present at time of scoring, all remaining birds within the cage were scored. The Johnson and Reid, 1970 method of coccidiosis lesion scoring was used to score the infected region(s) of the intestine. The scoring was based on a 0 to 4 score, with 0 being normal and 4 being the most severe.

G. Oocysts Per Gram Fecal Material

[0086] Day 19 (Day 5 post challenge) drop pans from all cages were cleaned. Day 20 (Day 6 pc) mixed feces were collected from each cage. Each sample was examined for the number of oocysts per gram fecal material by fecal floatation.

Management

[0087] 1. The facility was checked thoroughly to assure that all cages had water and that feed was available in every cage. The building temperature's range was maintained at an appropriate temperature for the age of the birds.
2. Uniform and continuous illumination was provided by fluorescent lamps hung vertically along the wall.
3. Feed and water were given ad libitum, noting that the inclusion rate of algal biomass was fixed.
4. Cages were checked twice daily. Observations to be included were the availability of feed and water, temperature control, and any unusual conditions. The birds were watched closely for any abnormal reactions.
5. When mortality birds were removed from cages, the cage number, date, weight of the bird, sex, and probable cause of death were recorded.

Data Analysis

[0088] Means for cage weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion rate, lesion scores, opgs, and mortality were calculated.

Results and Conclusions

[0089] The results appear in TABLE 3 below. Overall FCR was reduced in the algal biomass product fed group compared to the challenged control group. Birds fed the algal biomass product had similar FCR to the salinomycin (medicated) treatment group, indicating the algal biomass can be used as a natural ingredient replacement for the antibiotic.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Study Results Feed Wt. Intake FCR Gain Day 14 1. No Additive, Non-Infected 2.310a 1.155a 0.217a 2. No Additive, Infected 2.461a 1.142a 0.230a 3. Salinomycin, 60 g/t 2.384a 1.156a 0.218a 4. Product Z, 0.551% 2.709a 1.150a 0.246a Day 0-20 1. No Additive, Non-Infected 5.487a 1.497c 0.401a 2. No Additive, Infected 4.595b 1.768a 0.287c 3. Salinomycin, 60 g/t 5.433a  1.597bc 0.360b 4. Product Z, 0.551%  4.845ab  1.647ab 0.307c Day 14-20 1. No Additive, Non-Infected 3.177a 1.502c 0.227a 2. No Additive, Infected 2.134a 2.235a 0.100c 3. Salinomycin, 60 g/t 3.049a 1.744b 0.185b 4. Product Z, 0.551% 2.137a 2.112a 0.104c Day 0-28 1. No Additive, Non-Infected 5.482a 1.554c 0.481a 2. No Additive, Infected 5.690a 2.086a 0.289c 3. Salinomycin, 60 g/t 5.918a  1.625bc 0.376b 4. Product Z, 0.551% 5.520a 1.766b  0.343bc Day 14-28 1. No Additive, Non-Infected  3.172ab 1.612c 0.306a 2. No Additive, Infected  3.229ab 3.132a 0.102c 3. Salinomycin, 60 g/t 3.534a 1.766c 0.202b 4. Product Z, 0.551% 2.812b 2.380b 0.140c Eimeria Eimeria Eimeria Lesion Scores acervulina maxima tenella Avg. 1. No Additive, Non-Infected 0.0d 0.0d 0.0d 0.0d 2. No Additive, Infected 3.0a 2.5a 2.8a 2.8a 3. Salinomycin, 60 g/t 2.1c 0.9c 0.7c 1.3c 4. Product Z, 0.551% 2.6b 2.0b 2.3b 2.3b Eimeria Eimeria Eimeria Total OPG acervulina tenella maxima Avg. 1. No Additive, Non-Infected   0c   0c   0b   0b 2. No Additive, Infected 57112a 23153a 2701a 82966a 3. Salinomycin, 60 g/t  4511c  4727c  484b  9722b 4. Product Z, 0.551% 46840a 20835a 2159a 69835a

Example 6. Cocci Test

Target Animals

[0090] Broiler chickens.

Test Groups

1. No Additive, no Cocci

2. No Additive, Cocci

[0091] 3. Salinomycin 60 g/t, Cocci
4. Algal biomass 0.5 lbs./ton, Cocci
5. Algal biomass 2.0 lbs./ton, Cocci
6. Algal biomass 3.5 lbs./ton, Cocci
7. Algal biomass 5.0 lbs./ton, Cocci

Experimental Design

[0092] Each group was replicated 10 times. Cages were blocked by location in the battery with block size equal to groups (7 cages per block). The study began when the birds were placed (day of hatch, i.e., DOT 0) at which time they were allocated to the experimental cages. Only healthy birds were selected (10 birds/cage).

Materials and Methods:

A. Housing

[0093] Upon arrival, chicks were raised in Petersime battery cages. At placement the birds were fed the various feeds. The Petersime batteries were in an insulated building having a concrete floor and a metal overhead structure. The floor space per animal was 0.51 sq. ft per bird. The feeder space per bird was 10 birds per 24×3.5-inch feeder. Uniform temperature and illumination was provided.

B. Feeds

[0094] An unmedicated commercial chicken feed composition compounded with feedstuffs commonly used in the U.S. poultry industry, such as cereals and proteins, was obtained. The diet was an all-vegetable feed with no antibiotics, organic acids, NSP enzymes, or direct fed microbial. This feed in mash form was fed ad libitum from the date of chick arrival until Day 28 of the study. Experimental feeds augmented with the algal biomass were prepared from this commercial poultry feed. The feeds were mixed to assure a uniform distribution of algal biomass into the mash feed.

C. Animals

[0095] Day of hatch male broiler chicks of strain Cobb 500 were obtained from Cobb-Vantress, Cleveland, Ga. Sets of ten chicks were randomly selected, group weighed and placed into cages. Number and disposition of all birds not used for allocation were documented. No birds were replaced during the study.

D. DOT 0, 14, 20, and 28 Weights

[0096] All birds were weighed by cage on DOT 0, 14, 20 and 28. Feed was weighed in on DOT 0 and remaining feed was weighed on DOT 14, 20, and 28.

E. Oocysts Inoculation

[0097] On Day 14 of the study all birds except T1 orally received a mixed E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella coccidial inoculum diluted to a 1 ml volume (p.o.). Inoculum level attempted to produce a moderate challenge.

F. Coccidia Intestinal/Cecal Lesion Scoring

[0098] On DOT 20, five birds from each cage were selected, sacrificed, weighed, and examined for the degree of presence of coccidia lesions. If less than five birds were present at time of scoring, all remaining birds within the cage were scored. The Johnson and Reid, 1970 method of coccidiosis lesion scoring was used to score the infected region(s) of the intestine. The scoring was based on a 0 to 4 score, with 0 being normal and 4 being the most severe.

G. Oocysts Per Gram Fecal Material

[0099] Day 19 (Day 5 post challenge) drop pans from all cages were cleaned. Day 20 (Day 6 pc) mixed feces were collected from each cage. Each sample was examined for the number of oocysts per gram fecal material by fecal floatation.

Management

[0100] 1. The facility was checked thoroughly to assure that all cages had water and that feed was available in every cage. The building temperature's range was maintained at an appropriate temperature for the age of the birds.
2. Uniform and continuous illumination was provided by fluorescent lamps hung vertically along the wall.
3. Feed and water were given ad libitum, noting that the inclusion rate of algal biomass was fixed.
4. Cages were checked twice daily. Observations to be included were the availability of feed and water, temperature control, and any unusual conditions. The birds were watched closely for any abnormal reactions.
5. When mortality birds were removed from cages, the cage number, date, weight of the bird, sex, and probable cause of death were recorded.

Data Analysis

[0101] Means for cage weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion rate, lesion scores, opgs, and mortality were calculated.

Results and Conclusions

[0102] The results appear in TABLE 4 below. Overall body weight gain was increased when the algal biomass was fed at a level of 2.0 and 3.5 pounds algal biomass/ton finished feed compared to the no feed additive infected group. Birds fed the algal biomass at levels of 2.0 and 3.5 pounds algal biomass/ton finished feed had similar FCR to the salinomycin control group. Coccidiosis lesion score was reduced in all algal biomass fed groups compared to the no-feed additive infected group. When the algal biomass was fed above the level of 0.5 pounds algal biomass/ton finished feed, Eimeria tenella OPG was decreased compared to no feed additive infected group.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Study Results Feed Wt. Intake FCR Gain Day 14 1. No Additive, Non-Infected 3.511a  1.426abc  0.248ab 2. No Additive, Infected 3.519a  1.454ab  0.245ab 3. Salinomycin, 1.0 lb/t  3.436ab 1.491a 0.232b 4. Algal Biomass, 0.5 lb/ton  3.249bc  1.361bcd  0.239ab 5. Algal Biomass, 2.0 lb/ton  3.429ab   .sup. 1.401abcd  0.245ab 6. Algal Biomass, 3.5 lb/ton  3.373ab  1.323cd 0.256a 7. Algal Biomass, 5.0 lb/ton 3.118c 1.291d  0.242ab Day 0-20 1. No Additive, Non-Infected 7.602a 1.693c 0.452a 2. No Additive, Infected 7.098b 1.952a 0.368b 3. Salinomycin, 1.0 lb/t 7.064b  1.876ab 0.382b 4. Algal Biomass, 0.5 lb/ton 6.653d  1.868ab 0.363b 5. Algal Biomass, 2.0 lb/ton 7.125b  1.875ab 0.381b 6. Algal Biomass, 3.5 lb/ton  7.020bc  1.783bc 0.394b 7. Algal Biomass, 5.0 lb/ton  6.683cd  1.832abc 0.369b Day 14-20 1. No Additive, Non-Infected 4.092a 1.610c 0.256a 2. No Additive, Infected  3.579bc 2.060a 0.175c 3. Salinomycin, 1.0 lb/t 3.628b 1.839b 0.201b 4. Algal Biomass, 0.5 lb/ton 3.404c 2.028a 0.176c 5. Algal Biomass, 2.0 lb/ton 3.646b  1.940ab  0.188bc 6. Algal Biomass, 3.5 lb/ton 3.647b  1.917ab  0.190bc 7. Algal Biomass, 5.0 lb/ton  3.565bc 2.040a 0.179c Day 0-28 1. No Additive, Non-Infected 10.452a  1.606b 0.881a 2. No Additive, Infected  9.855bc 1.890a 0.666c 3. Salinomycin, 1.0 lb/t  9.852bc 1.832a  0.718bc 4. Algal Biomass, 0.5 lb/ton 9.219d 1.836a 0.662c 5. Algal Biomass, 2.0 lb/ton 9.930b 1.819a 0.739b 6. Algal Biomass, 3.5 lb/ton  9.802bc 1.767a 0.755b 7. Algal Biomass, 5.0 lb/ton  9.516cd 1.793a  0.721bc Day 14-28 1. No Additive, Non-Infected 6.941a 1.522b 0.685a 2. No Additive, Infected 6.336b 1.913a 0.473c 3. Salinomycin, 1.0 lb/t 6.416b 1.789a 0.537b 4. Algal Biomass, 0.5 lb/ton 5.970c 1.901a 0.474c 5. Algal Biomass, 2.0 lb/ton 6.450b 1.823a 0.547b 6. Algal Biomass, 3.5 lb/ton 6.429b 1.834a 0.551b 7. Algal Biomass, 5.0 lb/ton 6.398b 1.879a 0.531b Eimeria Eimeria Eimeria Lesion Scores acervulina maxima tenella Avg. 1. No Additive, Non-Infected 0.0d 0.0c 0.0d  0.00d 2. No Additive, Infected 2.9a 2.2a 1.7a 2.3a 3. Salinomycin, 1.0 lb/t 1.7c 1.7b 1.1b 1.5c 4. Algal Biomass, 0.5 lb/ton 2.5b 1.7b 1.1b 1.8b 5. Algal Biomass, 2.0 lb/ton 2.5b 1.6b 1.1b 1.7b 6. Algal Biomass, 3.5 lb/ton 2.4b 1.7b  0.9bc  1.7bc 7. Algal Biomass, 5.0 lb/ton 2.5b 1.6b 0.8c  1.6bc Eimeria Eimeria Eimeria Total OPG acervulina maxima tenella Avg. 1. No Additive, Non-Infected    0c   0b   0c     0c 2. No Additive, Infected 297202a 2835a 3469a  303,505a 3. Salinomycin, 1.0 lb/t  30802c 2608a 1768b   35,178c 4. Algal Biomass, 0.5 lb/ton  186387ab 2348a 2555ab  191,289ab 5. Algal Biomass, 2.0 lb/ton 147013b 2828a 1521bc 151,362b 6. Algal Biomass, 3.5 lb/ton  91693bc 2168a 1454bc  953,14bc 7. Algal Biomass, 5.0 lb/ton  30802c 2601a 1708b   35,111c

[0103] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the present disclosure without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, it is intended that the present disclosure cover the modifications and variations of this disclosure provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.