IONIC PROPULSION SYSTEM

Abstract

An ionic propulsion system for an aircraft having an airfoil includes a first conductor and a second conductor, the first conductor and the second conductor being disposed at least partially within the airfoil when not in use. The propulsion system includes an actuator for extending the first conductor and the second conductor from an end of the airfoil such that the first conductor and the second conductor are in the airstream of the aircraft, the first conductor being upstream of the second conductor in the airstream. The propulsion system includes a power supply for supplying current to the first conductor and the second conductor to ionize the air particles in the vicinity of the first conductor and the end of the airfoil to create a flow of the ionized particles from the first conductor toward the second conductor.

Claims

1. An ionic propulsion system for an aircraft having an airfoil, comprising: a first conductor; a second conductor; said first conductor and said second conductor being disposed at least partially within the airfoil when not in use; an actuator for extending said first conductor and said second conductor from an end of the airfoil such that said first conductor and said second conductor are in the airstream of the aircraft, said first conductor being upstream of said second conductor in the airstream; and a power supply for supplying current to said first conductor and said second conductor to ionize the air particles in the vicinity of said first conductor and said end of the airfoil to create a flow of the ionized particles from said first conductor toward said second conductor.

2. An ionic propulsion system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said second conductor is carried by a second airfoil, said second airfoil being at least partially disposed within the airfoil when not in use, said second airfoil being extended by said actuator for use to extend from said end of the airfoil.

3. An ionic propulsion system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said first conductor comprises a rotatable portion.

4. An ionic propulsion system in accordance with claim 3, wherein said rotatable portion includes a plurality of vanes to impart rotation of said rotatable portion in the airstream.

5. An ionic propulsion system in accordance with claim 3, wherein said rotatable portion is connected to said power supply by a rotatable electrical connector.

6. An ionic propulsion system in accordance with claim 5, wherein said rotatable electrical connector is a slip ring.

7. An ionic propulsion system in accordance with claim 6, wherein said rotatable portion is connected to an insulated shaft, and said insulated shaft is connected to said slip ring.

8. An ionic propulsion system in accordance with claim 1, wherein said power supply comprises a dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator.

9. An ionic propulsion system for an aircraft, comprising: an airfoil, said airfoil forming a winglet on an aircraft wing; a first conductor; a second conductor; said first conductor and said second conductor being disposed at least partially within said airfoil when not in use; an actuator for extending said first conductor and said second conductor from an end of said airfoil such that said first conductor and said second conductor are in the airstream of the aircraft, said first conductor being upstream of said second conductor in the airstream; and a power supply for supplying current to said first conductor and said second conductor to ionize the air particles in the vicinity of said first conductor and said end of said airfoil to create a flow of the ionized particles from said first conductor toward said second conductor.

10. An ionic propulsion system in accordance with claim 9, wherein said second conductor is carried by a second airfoil, said second airfoil being at least partially disposed within said airfoil when not in use, said second airfoil being extended by said actuator for use to extend from said end of said airfoil.

11. An ionic propulsion system in accordance with claim 9, wherein said fist conductor comprises a rotatable portion.

12. An ionic propulsion system in accordance with claim 10, wherein said rotatable portion includes a plurality of vanes to impart rotation of said rotatable member in the airstream.

13. An ionic propulsion system in accordance with claim 10, wherein said rotatable portion is connected to said power supply by a rotatable electrical connector.

14. An ionic propulsion system in accordance with claim 13, wherein said rotatable electrical connector is a slip ring.

15. An ionic propulsion system in accordance with claim 14, wherein said rotatable portion is connected to an insulated shaft, and said insulated shaft is connected to said slip ring.

16. An ionic propulsion system for an aircraft having an airfoil, comprising: a first conductor formed in the shape of the airfoil; a second conductor formed in the shape of a second airfoil; said second conductor and said second airfoil being in the airstream of the aircraft, said first conductor being upstream of said second conductor; and a power supply for supplying current to said first conductor and said second conductor to ionize the air particles in the vicinity of said first conductor and said end of the airfoil to create a flow of the ionized particles from said first conductor toward said second conductor.

17. An ionic propulsion system in accordance with claim 16, further comprising an actuator for extending said first conductor and said second conductor from an end of the airfoil such that said first conductor and said second conductor are stored in a first position within the airfoil and extended to a second position in the airstream of the aircraft.

18. An ionic propulsion system in accordance with claim 16, wherein said power supply comprises a dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator.

19. An ionic propulsion system in accordance with claim 16, wherein said first conductor includes a diameter, and said second conductor includes a leading edge, said diameter and said leading edge having generally the same dimension.

20. An ionic propulsion system in accordance with claim 16, wherein the airfoil is a winglet.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] Referring to the drawings, wherein like elements are numbered alike in the several FIGURES.

[0018] FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of an airfoil with the ionic propulsion system of the present invention in the extended position.

[0019] FIG. 2 illustrates an asymmetric dielectric barrier discharge configuration of the prior art.

[0020] FIG. 3 shows a side view of an ionic propulsion system of the present invention.

[0021] FIG. 4 shows a perspective view of an airfoil with the ionic propulsion system of the present invention in the retracted position.

[0022] FIG. 5 shows an interior view of an airfoil with an embodiment of the ionic propulsion system in the retracted position.

[0023] FIG. 6 shows an interior view of an airfoil having an interior chamber to receive the ionic propulsion system of the present invention.

[0024] FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of another embodiment of the ionic propulsion system in a winglet of an airfoil.

[0025] FIG. 8 shows the voltage and current waveforms of an asymmetric dielectric barrier discharge configuration of the prior art.

[0026] FIG. 9 shows a diagram of a power supply and control circuit for the ionic propulsion system of the present invention.

[0027] FIG. 10 shows an alternative embodiment of the ionic propulsion system of the present invention.

[0028] FIG. 11 shows a partial cross-sectional view of a construction of a first conductor in accordance with an embodiment of the ionic propulsion system of the present invention.

[0029] FIG. 12 shows an illustration of the airflow with respect to an embodiment of the ionic propulsion system of the present invention.

[0030] FIG. 13 shows a perspective view of another embodiment of the ionic propulsion system of the present invention.

[0031] FIG. 14 shows a perspective view of a conductor in accordance with another embodiment of the ionic propulsion system of the present invention.

[0032] FIG. 15 shows a perspective view of another embodiment of the ionic propulsion system of the present invention.

[0033] FIG. 16 shows a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a conductor for use with the ionic propulsion system of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0034] Referring to FIG. 1, an ionic propulsion system 10 of the present invention for an airfoil 12 is generally illustrated in a perspective view. Ionic propulsion system 10 includes a first conductor 14 moveably mounted within the airfoil 12 and a second airfoil 16 having a second conductor 18 associated therewith. A dielectric material 15 is positioned between first conductor 14 and second conductor 18. Second airfoil 16 is moveably mounted within airfoil 12.

[0035] As shown in FIG. 2, and as disclosed in the aforementioned Likhanskii Reference which is incorporated herein by reference, by way of illustration and not by limitation, an asymmetric dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) of the prior art is generally illustrated. See also the '039 Patent. In FIG. 2, an alternating current 52 is applied to an exposed electrode 53 and an insulated electrode 54 separated by a dielectric material 55 to induce flow 56 from the exposed electrode 53 to the insulated electrode 54. Gas plasma 57 is created near the right edge of the exposed electrode 53.

[0036] Referring to FIG. 3, a side view of ionic propulsion system 10 of FIG. 1 is shown. First conductor 14 may be rotatably mounted adjacent to second airfoil 16. Second conductor 18 is associated with second airfoil 16 and is positioned more aft to the trailing edge 19 of second airfoil 16 in proximity to first conductor 14 to effectuate the acceleration of an ionic field.

[0037] First conductor 14 comprises a conductive material, such as stainless steel, and may be coated with an environmental conductive coating such as a thin layer of tungsten, tungsten carbide (or another tungsten alloy), nichrome or stainless steel. Additional treatments may include a silicon or gallium arsenide bulk material treated with a suitable dopant (e.g., boron or phosphorus, in the case of silicon) as is known in the art. See, for example, the '039 Patent at Col. 6, lines 5-50. The protective coating provides resistance to environmental conditions, including resistance to rain erosion, oxidation, and exposed fuel and/or ice protection materials. The environmental conductive coating is provided uniformly around the circumference of first conductor 14 such that interference with the ionizing field is minimized as first conductor 14 rotates when rotatably mounted. Second conductor 18 may be insulated to prevent arcing between first and second conductors 14, 18.

[0038] For improved aerodynamic flow F, first conductor 14 comprises a diameter 100 sized to height 101 of second airfoil 16 and is placed in close proximity to the leading edge of second airfoil 16. For example, wind tunnel analysis (virtual) established turbulence was reduced for NACA 15 and NACA 6 series models in such a configuration at 250 knots under standard atmospheric conditions.

[0039] As shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, ionic propulsion system 10 is movable from a first (retracted) position in which first conductor 14 and second conductor 18 are contained within airfoil 12 to a second (extended) position (e.g., FIG. 1) in which first conductor 14 and second conductor 18 are positioned outside airfoil 12 and extend from end 26 of airfoil 12. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that ionic propulsion system 10 could be of modular construction for attachment to a wing. Additionally, ionic propulsion system 10 may be constructed in a winglet and/or attached to a winglet.

[0040] In operation, at low airspeeds when heavy lift devices such as flaps and slats are deployed, ionic propulsion system 10 may be at least partially positioned in airfoil 12 when not in use.

[0041] As shown in FIG. 5, ionic propulsion system 10 is moveably mounted within airfoil 12. Ionic propulsion system 10 is axially extended along a longitudinal axis 30 of airfoil 12. First conductor 14 and second conductor 18 are moveable from a first position within airfoil 12 and are attached to carriage element 22. Carriage element 22 is moved axially along the longitudinal axis 30 by actuator 24 to extend first conductor 14 and second conductor 18 from their protracted position to protrude from end 26 of airfoil 12. Actuator 24 comprises an electrically actuated hydraulic cylinder. Optionally, actuator 24 may be constructed as a pneumatic cylinder, an electro servo device with a screw type rod, and/or a hydraulic cylinder or similar devices generally known in the art.

[0042] First conductor 14 is attached to carriage element 22 by insulator 20. Second conductor 18 is attached to carriage element 22 by insulator 25. Insulator 25 may be optionally contained within second airfoil 16 which is moveable along axis 30. Second airfoil 16 is attached to carriage element 22.

[0043] First conductor 14 may optionally have a rotatable portion 34 to reduce aerodynamic drag and take advantage the Magnus effect of a rotating cylinder in the airstream. First conductor 14 includes a slip ring bearing assembly 32 or other rotational electrical connector for supplying electrical current to rotatable portion 34. Insulator 20 is directly coupled to carriage element 22 when first conductor 14 does not include rotatable portion 34. Alternatively, an electric motor in place of slip ring bearing assembly 32 may impart rotation to first conductor 14.

[0044] First conductor 14 comprises a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma actuator to create a localized filament AC waveform (AC-DBD). The discharge is driven by repetitive nanosecond duration pulses (NS-DBD). DBD plasma is created using these waveforms. First conductor 14 acts a positively charged electrode, charging the ion particles in the vicinity of first conductor or electrode 14. Second conductor or electrode 18 is negatively charged. The ion particles in the vicinity of first conductor or electrode 14 are thus positively charged and attracted to the negatively charged second conductor or electrode 18. Surface adhesion, i.e., boundary separation in the vicinity of end 26 of airfoil 12 is thereby benefited.

[0045] As shown in FIG. 6, airfoil 12 has an interior chamber 36 to moveably receive ionic propulsion system 10. End 26 of airfoil 12 has an opening 38 to receive first conductor 14 and an opening 40 to receive second airfoil 16 containing second conductor 18.

[0046] As shown in FIG. 7, ionic propulsion system 10 may be positioned in an airfoil 42 of a winglet 44. Winglet 44 may be of modular construction for attachment to an aircraft wing.

[0047] FIG. 8 shows the applied voltage and calculated total and displacement currents in a representative case with an applied 1.5 kV, 1000 kHZ sinusoidal voltage. See FIG. 2 of the Likhanskii Reference. In FIG. 8, the applied voltage (V, Volt) is plotted over time (t, sec) in a solid line waveform 92. The dashed line waveform 94 represents the calculated total current, and the dotted line waveform 96 represents the displacement current. As disclosed in the '039 Patent, higher voltage pulses increase efficiency of the ionization process with which the boundary layer air is accelerated. See Col. 9, In 55-Col. 11, 23, of the '039 Patent for example.

[0048] As shown in FIG. 9, ionic propulsion system 10 includes an electrical power supply 46 and control circuit 47 to supply alternating current to first conductor 14 and second conductor 18. Electrical power supply 46 is a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma actuator to create a localized filament AC waveform (AC-DBD). The discharge is driven by repetitive nanosecond duration pulses (NS-DBD). DBD plasma is created using these waveforms. First conductor 14 acts a positively charged electrode, charging the ion particles in the vicinity of first conductor or electrode 14. Second conductor 18 acts as a negatively charged electrode. The ion particles in the vicinity of first conductor or electrode 14 are thus positively charged and attracted to the negatively charged second conductor or electrode 18. Dielectric material 15 is positioned between the two conductors or electrodes 14, 18. Surface adhesion, i.e., boundary separation in the vicinity of end 26 of airfoil 12 is thereby reduced. Power supply 46 may be connected to the electrical service from an aircraft engine.

[0049] As shown in FIG. 10, an alternative embodiment of ionic propulsion system 10 is shown. First conductor 14 comprises rotatable portion 34 mounted via slip ring bearing assembly 32 to a shaft 41. Shield 48 is disposed adjacent slip ring bearing assembly 32. Insulator 20, such as a fiberglass tube, is disposed between rotatable portion 34 and slip ring bearing assembly 32. Slip ring bearing assembly 32 provides rotational electrical connection to rotatable portion 34. A vane segment 49 is disposed along the length of electrical conductor 14 to induce rotation within the airstream.

[0050] As shown in FIG. 11, a construction of first conductor 14 having rotatable portion 34 is illustrated. Shaft 41 is coupled to slip ring bearing assembly 32. Slip ring bearing assembly 32 is coupled to carriage element 22 (not shown). By way of illustration and not by limitation, shaft 41 is made from an insulated tube, such as a fiberglass or nylon tube. Rotatable portion 34 of first conductor 14 may be secured to shaft 41 by an epoxy 50 or other known techniques.

[0051] As shown in FIG. 12, rotatable portion 34 of first conductor 14 rotates in the airstream to advantage the Magnus effect. The energized ion particles flow 51 toward and are attracted to second conductor 18. This flow 51 is assisted by the electrical charge and by the Magnus effect.

[0052] As shown in FIG. 13, second conductor 18 may be shaped such that it is integral with the leading surface of second airfoil 16.

[0053] As shown in FIG. 14, another embodiment of a second conductor 60 is generally illustrated. Second conductor 60 includes a conducting portion 62 and an insulated portion 64 for attachment to carriage element 22 (not shown).

[0054] In FIG. 15, another embodiment of an ionic propulsion system 70 is shown in an extended position from airfoil 12. Ionic propulsion system 70 has a first conductor 72 forming an airfoil and a second conductor 74 forming an airfoil.

[0055] As shown in FIG. 16, another embodiment of a conductor 80 for use with ionic propulsion system 10 is shown. Conductor 80 comprises an environmental coating 82 disposed on a tubular conductor 84 having an insulated core 86. An electrical connector 88 is centrally disposed and is coupled to the tubular conductor by a plurality of wires 90.

[0056] In use in an aircraft, ionic propulsion system 10 may be positioned in its retracted position within airfoil 12 during heavy lift operations, such as in takeoff and landing, when flaps and/or slats are deployed. As the aircraft ascends toward and above the upper atmosphere, particularly where the aircraft approaches its aerodynamic ceiling or Q corner, i.e., where the aircraft's stall speed is approaching its critical Mach number, ionic propulsion system 10 is used to improve boundary adherence, particularly at the wing tips of a swept wing jet and/or in the winglet of a swept wing jet.

[0057] The aircrew deploys ionic propulsion system 10 via actuator 24 which moves carriage element 22 toward airfoil end 26 to extend first conductor or electrode 14 and second airfoil 16 containing second conductor or electrode 18 from end 26 of airfoil 12. After movement to the second position, ionic propulsion system 10 is energized via power supply 46. A Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma actuator (power supply 24) creates a localized filament AC waveform (AC-DBD). The discharge is driven by repetitive nanosecond duration pulses (NS-DBD). DBD plasma is created using these waveforms. First conductor 14 acts as a positively charged electrode, charging the ion particles in the vicinity of the first conductor or electrode 14. Second conductor or electrode 18 is negatively charged. The ion particles in the vicinity of first conductor or electrode 14 are thus positively charged and attracted to the negatively charged second conductor or electrode 18. Surface adhesion, i.e., boundary separation in the vicinity of end 26 of airfoil 12 is thereby benefited. Power supply 24 may include local batteries to provide the electrical current efficiently for the generation of the repetitive high voltage nanosecond pulses.

[0058] According to an embodiment of the invention, first conductor 14 is rotationally mounted via slip ring bearing assembly 32. As the airstream strikes vanes 49, rotation is imparted to rotatable portion 34. Air particles are influenced by the Magnus effect of the rotation of the cylinder (rotatable 34) and by ionic charging, and flow to second conductor or electrode 18 via the slip stream and electric charge. Ionic particles under the area of influence accelerate faster along second airfoil 16 improving boundary adherence to delay separation at the airfoil end 26 adjacent ionic propulsion system 10.

[0059] As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, flight control may be achieved by embodiments of the invention by differential use of the ionic propulsion system on a moving craft, such as an aircraft, spacecraft, and other vehicle on which it is deployed.

[0060] While the invention is provided in detail in connection with only a limited number of embodiments, it should be readily understood that the invention is not limited to such disclosed embodiments. Rather, the invention can be modified to incorporate any number of variations, alterations, substitutions, or equivalent arrangements not heretofore described, but which are commensurate with the spirit and scope of the invention. Additionally, while various embodiments of the invention have been described, it is to be understood that the exemplary embodiments may include only some of the described exemplary aspects. Accordingly, the invention it not to be seen as limited by the foregoing description but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims.