MULTI-COMPONENT SYSTEM

Abstract

A multi-component system contains at least one first substance and at least one second substance, where the first substance and the second substance are present in one or more substance portions.

Claims

1. A multi-component system, comprising: a first substance N1, and a second substance N2, wherein the first substance N1 is contained in a capsule K1 and the second substance N2 is contained in a capsule K2, and wherein the capsule K1 and the capsule K2 are optionally linked to one another.

2. The multi-component system according to claim 1, wherein a linkage between the capsule K1 and the capsule K2 is achieved via a bridge, wherein the bridge is formed by a linkage of a linker L 1 arranged on the capsule K1 and the g linker L2 arranged on the capsule K2.

3-4. (canceled)

5. The multi-component system according to claim 2, wherein the linker L1 and the linker L2 are each selected from the group consisting of star polymers, biopolymers, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aliphatic chains, proteins, silk, polysaccarides, cellulose, starch, chitin, nucleic acid, synthetic polymers, homopolymers, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polyvinyl chloride, polylactam, natural rubber, polyisoprene, copolymers, random copolymers, gradient copolymer, alternating copolymer, block copolymer, graft copolymers, arcylnitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), styrene acrylonitrile (SAN), buthyl rubber, polymer blends, polymer alloy, inorganic polymers, polysiloxanes, polyphophazenes, polysilazanes, ceramics, basalt, isotactic polymers, syndiodactic polymers, atactic polymers, linear polymers, crosslinked polymers, elastomers, thermoplastic elastomers, thermosetting polymers, semi-crystalline linkers, thermoplastics, cis-trans polymers, conducting polymers, supramolecular polymers, linear polymers, polymers with multivalence, star-shaped polyethylene glycols, self-assembled monolayers (SAM), carbon nanotubes, ring-shaped polymers, dendrimers, ladder polymers and similar substances, supramolecular polymers, and any other type of linkage of the capsule K1 and the capsule K2 with a functional group.

6. The multi-component system according to claim 5, wherein the functional group is selected from the group consisting of alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, phenyl substituents, benzyl substituents, vinyl, allyl, carbenes, alkyl halides, phenol, ethers, epoxides, ethers, peroxides, ozonides, aldehydes, hydrates, imines, oximes, hydrazones, semicarbazones, hemiacetals, hemiketals, lactols, acetal/ketal, aminals, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid esters, lactones, orthoesters, anhydrides, imides, carboxylic acid halides, carboxylic acid derivatives, amides, lactams, peroxyacids, nitriles, carbamates, hernicans, guanidines, carbodiimides, amines, aniline, hydroxylamines, hydrazines, hydrazones, azo compounds, nitro compounds, thiols, mercaptans, sulfides, phosphines, P-Ylene, P-Ylides, biotin, streptavidin, metallocenes, and the like.

7-8. (canceled)

9. The multi-component system according to claim 1, wherein the fir substance N1 in the capsule K1 comprises an adhesive or a component of a multi-component adhesive.

10. (canceled)

11. The multi-component system according to claim 1, wherein the second substance N2 in the capsule K2 comprises at least one component of a multi-component adhesive, wherein the multi-component adhesive is selected from the group consisting of epoxy adhesives and polyurethane adhesives.

12-18. (canceled)

19. The multi-component system according to claim 1, further comprising: at least one further substance N3, which is arranged in a capsule K3.

20. (canceled)

21. The multi-component system according to claim 19, wherein the at least one further substance N3 in the capsule K3 comprises an adhesive, a component of a multi-component adhesive, or a sealing material.

22-29. (canceled)

30. The multi-component system according to claim 19, wherein a shell of the capsule K1, the capsule K2, and/or the capsule K3 comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of (co)polymer, wax, resin, protein, polysaccharide, gum arabic, maltodextrin, inulin, metal, ceramic, acrylate (co)polymer, microgel, phase change material, lipids, maleic formaldehydes, carbohydrates, M combinations thereof.

31. The multi-component system according to claim 1, wherein the first substance N1 in the capsule K1 comprises a pharmaceutically active ingredient.

32-35. (canceled)

36. The multi-component system according to claim 31, wherein the second substance N2 in the capsule K2 comprises an adhesive or a component of a multi-component adhesive system.

37-45. (canceled)

46. A method of bonding surfaces, the method comprising: a) providing at least one capsule K1, wherein the at least one capsule K1 comprises a substance N1, wherein the substance N1 comprises an adhesive or a component of a multi-component adhesive; b) optionally, mixing of the at least one capsule K1 into an environmental medium; c) applying the at least one capsule K1 to at least a portion of a surface of a first material; d) optionally, drying the at least one capsule K1; e) activating the at least one capsule K1; and f) adhering at least a portion of a surface of a second material to the at least a portion of the surface of the first material.

47-51. (canceled)

52. The method according to claim 46, the method further comprising: (i) providing at least one further capsule K2, wherein the at least one further capsule K2 comprises a substance N2, wherein the substance N2 comprises an adhesive or a component of a multi-component adhesive; (ii) applying the at least one further capsule K2 to the at least a portion of the surface of the first material; and (iii) activating the at least one further capsule K2.

53-54. (canceled)

55. The method according to claim 46, wherein the substance N1 in the at least one capsule K1 comprises an adhesive component or an adhesive selected from the group consisting of epoxy adhesives, silicone adhesives, polyurethane adhesives, acrylate adhesives, fibrin adhesives, phase change materials, and combinations thereof.

56. (canceled)

57. The method according to claim 52, wherein the substance N2 in the at least one further capsule K2 comprises a component of an epoxy adhesive.

58. The method according to claim 46, the method further comprising: (i) providing at least one further capsule K3, wherein the at least one further capsule K3 comprises a substance N3, wherein the substance N3 comprises an adhesive or a component of a multi-component adhesive; (ii) applying the at least one further capsule K3 to at least a portion of a surface of a first material; and (iii) activating the at least one further capsule K3.

59. The method according to claim 58, wherein the substance N3 in the at least one further capsule K3 comprises an adhesive component or an adhesive selected from the group consisting of epoxy adhesives, silicone adhesives, polyurethane adhesives, acrylate adhesives, fibrin adhesives, phase change materials, and combinations thereof.

60-62. (canceled)

63. The method according to claim 46, comprising: providing the at least one capsule K1 comprising hg substance N1 and a second capsule K2 covalently linked to the at least one capsule K1 comprising a second substance N2, and wherein the substance N1 comprises a resin of an epoxy adhesive, and the second substance N2 comprises a curing agent of an epoxy adhesive; providing a third capsule K3 containing a further adhesive, applying the at least one capsule K1, the second capsule K2, and the third capsule K3 to at least a portion of a surface of a first material; activating the at least one capsule K1 and the second capsule K2 to form an epoxy adhesive; activating the third capsule K3 simultaneously or sequentially; and bonding at least a portion of a surface of a second material to the surface of the first material.

64-85. (canceled)

86. Material, to which the multi-component system according to claim 1 is applied.

87-96. (canceled)

97. A method, comprising: treating a wound with the multi-component system according to claim 1.

98-103. (canceled)

Description

[0254] It is shown:

[0255] FIG. 1 an embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance and a second substance;

[0256] FIG. 2 another embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance and a second substance;

[0257] FIG. 3 a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention as shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2;

[0258] FIG. 4 a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention as shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 2 or FIG. 3;

[0259] FIG. 5 an embodiment or an inter-crosslinking of two different substance portions/capsule population according to the invention;

[0260] FIG. 6 an embodiment of an intra-crosslinking of two equal substance portions/capsule population according to the invention;

[0261] FIG. 7 an embodiment of a two-component system according to the invention;

[0262] FIG. 8 an embodiment of an intra-crosslinked capsule system according to the invention;

[0263] FIG. 9 an embodiment of an inter- and intra-crosslinked two-component system according to the invention as shown in FIG. 7;

[0264] FIG. 10 a flowchart of the workflow of preparing a two-component adhesive tape according to the present invention;

[0265] FIG. 11A an embodiment of intra-crosslinked capsules of a single component system according to the present invention;

[0266] FIG. 11B an embodiment of intra-crosslinked capsules of a one-component system and non-crosslinked gas-filled capsules according to the present invention:

[0267] FIG. 12A an embodiment of inter- and intra-crosslinked capsules of a two-component system according to the present invention:

[0268] FIG. 12B a schematic representation of inter- and intra-crosslinked capsules of a multi-component system and non-crosslinked gas-filled capsules according to the present invention;

[0269] FIG. 13 an illustration of the binding ratios of microcapsules in a two-component system according to the present invention:

[0270] FIG. 14 an illustration of the binding according to the invention of microcapsules with the same size but with a different functionalization;

[0271] FIG. 15 a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1 and a second substance N2;

[0272] FIG. 16 another embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1, a second substance N2 and a third substance N3;

[0273] FIG. 17 a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1, a second substance N2 and a third substance N3;

[0274] FIG. 18 a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1 and a second substance N2;

[0275] FIG. 19 a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1 and a second substance N2

[0276] FIG. 20 a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention:

[0277] FIG. 21 a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention:

[0278] FIG. 22 a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention:

[0279] FIG. 23 a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention;

[0280] FIG. 24 a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention:

[0281] FIG. 25 a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention;

[0282] FIG. 26 a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention;

[0283] FIG. 27 an embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention incorporated into an environmental matrix;

[0284] FIG. 28 a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention incorporated into an environmental matrix;

[0285] FIG. 29 a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention, incorporated into an environmental matrix;

[0286] FIG. 30 a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention, incorporated into an environmental matrix;

[0287] FIG. 31 a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention, incorporated into an environmental matrix;

[0288] FIG. 32 a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention, incorporated into an environmental matrix; and

[0289] FIG. 33 the increased effect of a hybrid adhesive according to the invention compared with the use of individual adhesive components.

[0290] FIG. 34 Multi-component system according to the invention, which was applied in the environmental medium using the ASTM D823 standard method with a layer thickness of 200 μm. FIGS. A and B show a two-component system according to the invention without linkage of the capsules before activation (FIG. A) and after activation (FIG. B), respectively. FIGS. C and D show a two-component system according to the invention with linkage of the capsules before activation (FIG. C) and after activation (FIG. D), respectively.

[0291] FIG. 35 Comparison of the adhesive strength of a multi-component system according to the invention with a commercially available silicone adhesive (Elastosil® E43).

[0292] FIG. 38 Comparison of the adhesive strength of a multi-component system according to the invention with different mixing ratios of silicone and epoxy adhesive

[0293] FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1 and a second substance N2.

[0294] In this embodiment, the multi-component system can be activated.

[0295] It is possible that the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 are present in multiple substance portions.

[0296] In this embodiment, the first substance N1 is present in a capsule population K1.

[0297] In other words, in this embodiment, the first substance portions are first capsules K1.

[0298] In this embodiment, the second substance N2 is present in a capsule population K2.

[0299] In other words, in this embodiment, the second substance portions are second capsules K2.

[0300] Generally, it is possible that a substance portion of the first substance N1 and/or the second substance N2 is arranged in a capsule K, in particular a nanocapsule and/or microcapsule.

[0301] The substance portion forms a core C (also called core) in K1 and K2 respectively, which is surrounded by a capsule shell S (also called shell). This is therefore a “core-shell” construct. In principle, however, core-shell-shell constructs are also conceivable.

[0302] In this embodiment, the first substance portions are formed with at least a first functional group R2 and provided with a first linker L1.

[0303] In this embodiment, the second substance portions are formed with at least one second functional group R21 and provided with a second linker L2.

[0304] In this embodiment, the first functional group R2 reacts with the second functional group R21 via a predefined interaction and links them to one another.

[0305] In this embodiment, the distance of the functional groups to the respective substance portion is determined by the respective linker L.

[0306] The capsules shown in FIGS. 2-4 are identical in structure to the capsules K1 and K2 shown in FIG. 1.

[0307] In this embodiment, the first substance portions are formed with at least a first functional group R2 and provided with a first linker L1.

[0308] In this embodiment, the second substance portions are formed with at least one second functional group R21 and provided with a second linker L2.

[0309] In this embodiment, the first functional group R2 reacts with the second functional group R21 via a predefined interaction and links them to one another.

[0310] In this embodiment, the distance of the functional groups to the respective substance portion is determined by the respective linker L.

[0311] It is possible that the first linker L1 is longer than the second linker L2, cf. FIG. 2.

[0312] Alternatively, it is possible that the second linker L2 is longer than the first linker L1.

[0313] Alternatively, it is possible that both linkers L1 and L2 have the same length.

[0314] FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention as shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2.

[0315] In this embodiment, the first substance portions and the second substance portions are different.

[0316] In other words, in this embodiment, the capsules K1 of the first capsule population are different from the capsules K2 of the second capsule population.

[0317] In this embodiment, the first substance portions are linked or linkable to a greater number of substance portions than the second substance portions.

[0318] In other words, in this embodiment, the capsules K1 are linked or linkable to a larger number of capsules K than the capsules K2.

[0319] Alternatively, it is possible that the second substance portions are linked or linkable to a larger number of substance portions than the first substance portions.

[0320] In other words, it is possible that the capsules K2 are linked or linkable to a larger number of capsules K than the capsules K1.

[0321] FIG. 4 shows a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention as shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 2, or FIG. 3.

[0322] In this embodiment, the first substance portions and the second substance portions have substantially different sizes.

[0323] In this embodiment, the first capsules K1 have a substantially larger size than the second capsules K2.

[0324] In general, a capsule K1 of a first substance N1 can have a different size than a capsule K2 of a second substance N2, in particular wherein the capsule K1 of the first substance N1 is larger than the capsule K2 of the second substance N2.

[0325] Alternatively, it is possible for the second substance portions to have a substantially larger size than the first substance portions.

[0326] Alternatively, it is possible for the first substance portions and the second substance portions to be substantially identical in size.

[0327] Not shown is that the first substance portions can have a substantially identical size and/or that the second substance portions can have a substantially identical size.

[0328] FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of an inter-crosslinking of two different substance portions according to the invention.

[0329] In this embodiment, one capsule K1 and one capsule K2 are inter-crosslinked.

[0330] In this embodiment, a capsule K1 and a capsule K2 are inter-crosslinked via functional groups R2 and R21.

[0331] FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of an intra-crosslinking of two identical substance portions according to the invention.

[0332] In this embodiment, two capsules K1 are intra-crosslinked.

[0333] In this embodiment, the two capsules K1 are intra-crosslinked via the functional groups R2-R2.

[0334] FIG. 7 an embodiment of a two-component system according to the invention.

[0335] In this embodiment, the two-component system is a two-component microcapsule system.

[0336] In this embodiment, the two-component system is a two-component microcapsule system that has not yet reacted with each other via a predefined interaction.

[0337] In particular, two different capsule populations K1 and K2 are shown, where a first substance N1 is in the first capsule K1 and a second substance N2 is in the second capsule K2.

[0338] The capsules K1 and K2 shown are exemplary for a plurality of capsules K1 and K2. e.g. to be called capsule populations.

[0339] In this embodiment, the first substance N1 in the capsule K1 is a first adhesive component.

[0340] In this embodiment, the second substance N2 in the second capsule K2 is a second adhesive component.

[0341] In other words, the first substance and the second substance are components of a multi-component adhesive, in particular a two-component adhesive.

[0342] It is generally possible that the two different capsule populations K1 and K2 were prepared in separate batch reactors.

[0343] The capsules K1 and K2 of the two capsule populations are functionalized.

[0344] The first capsules K1 were formed with two different linkers L1 and L3 of different lengths and with different functional groups R1 and R2 on the surface (surface functionalization).

[0345] In other words, the functional groups R are formed heterogeneously.

[0346] In an alternative embodiment, it is possible that the functional groups R are formed homogeneously.

[0347] The second capsules K2 were formed with the linker L2 and with the functional group R21.

[0348] The functional group R21 of the second capsule K2 reacts covalently with the functional group R2 of the first capsule K1.

[0349] In this embodiment, it is possible that the first capsules K1 are linked or linkable to a larger number of capsules K than the second capsules K2.

[0350] In an alternative embodiment, it is possible that the second capsules K2 are linked or linkable to a larger number of capsules K than the first capsules K1.

[0351] The linker L3 and the functional group R1 should crosslink the first capsules K1 (intra-crosslinking).

[0352] Via the linker L1 and the functional group R2 and the linker L2 and the functional group R21, the capsules K2 are covalently linked to the first capsule K1 (inter-crosslinking).

[0353] By activating both capsules K1 and K2, the contents of the capsules K1 and K2 can be released, resulting in a mixing of both components.

[0354] It is generally possible to determine the number of second capsules K2 that bind to the first capsules K1 by the density of surface functionalization or number of functional groups R2 of the first capsule K1.

[0355] Generally, two reactive substances can be encapsulated separately from each other in the capsules K1 and K2 and linked in a certain ratio via, among others, covalently (e.g. click chemistry), via weak interaction, biochemically (e.g. blotin-streptavidln), or other means.

[0356] It is generally possible that more than two different capsules Kn encapsulate more than two different substances, e.g. reactive substances.

[0357] It is generally possible that the different capsules Kn are formed with more than two linkers Ln and with different functional groups Rn.

[0358] It is generally possible for a linker L to be any form of link between a capsule and a functional group.

[0359] It is generally possible that with heterogeneous functionalization, a functional group R can be used to bind to surfaces, fibers or textiles.

[0360] As with existing capsule systems, any conceivable substance can be introduced into the capsules K1 and/or K2 and/or Kn.

[0361] Activation of the two-component system can be accomplished by at least one change in pressure. pH, UV radiation, osmosis, temperature, light intensity, humidity, induction, or the like.

[0362] In general, a two-component capsule system could be implemented in any medium.

[0363] FIG. 8 shows an embodiment of an intra-crosslinked capsule system according to the invention.

[0364] In this embodiment, the intra-crosslinked capsule system according to the invention is an intra-crosslinked microcapsule system.

[0365] A single component system is shown.

[0366] A capsule population K1 is shown.

[0367] The capsules K1 are filled with a substance N1.

[0368] In this embodiment, the capsules K1 are filled with an adhesive.

[0369] In this embodiment, the capsules K1 are filled with a one-component adhesive.

[0370] Alternatively, the capsules K1 can be filled with any gaseous, solid, viscous and/or liquid substance.

[0371] Alternatively, the capsules K1 can be filled with living organisms and/or viruses.

[0372] The capsules K1 were functionalized.

[0373] The capsules K1 were provided with inkers L3.

[0374] Not shown is that the capsules K1 are formed with functional groups R1 (at inker L3).

[0375] The linkers L3 crosslink the capsules K1 with each other (intra-crosslinking).

[0376] The distance between the capsules K1 can be determined by the length of the linker L3.

[0377] Depending on the density of the surface functionalization R1, the degree of intra-crosslinking of the capsules K1 can be determined.

[0378] The length of the linker L3 should be chosen so that the radius of the contents of the discharged liquid of the capsules K1 slightly overlaps with the contents of the adjacent capsules K1 to ensure crosslinking.

[0379] For a higher viscosity environmental medium (such as an adhesive tape), the length of the linker L3 would be smaller than for a lower viscosity medium such as a paste or liquid.

[0380] FIG. 9 shows an example of an inter- and intra-crosslinked two-component system according to the invention as shown in FIG. 7.

[0381] The first capsules K1 and the second capsules K2 are filled with different substances.

[0382] In this embodiment, the capsules K1 have a substantially identical size.

[0383] In this embodiment, the capsules K2 have a substantially identical size.

[0384] In this embodiment, the capsules K1 and the capsules K2 have different sizes.

[0385] In an alternative embodiment, it is possible that the capsules K1 and the capsules K2 have a substantially identical size.

[0386] The basic system corresponds to the illustration in FIG. 8.

[0387] Moreover, the first capsules K1 are formed heterogeneously with a linker L1.

[0388] A second capsule population K2 binds to the linker L1, cf. FIG. 1.

[0389] In other words, the two-component system has a (network) structure with interspaces, the (network) structure being formed by the first capsules K1, and at least one capsule K2 being, at least in sections, arranged in each of the interspaces.

[0390] It is generally possible for the two-component capsules K1 and K2 with different contents, to be introduced into the gas phase. For example, they could be used in inhalers or other drug delivery systems. The inactivated capsules reach the site of action where they are activated and the contents are released. Surfaces could also be coated with this dispersion.

[0391] It is generally possible for the two-component capsules K1 and K2 with different contents to be introduced into a pasty medium. For example, a two-component adhesive could be used for this purpose. The paste is inert and can be processed well until the capsules are activated and react with each other. The ideal mixing ratio of the adhesives is determined by the ratio of the first and second capsules K1 and K2 as described above.

[0392] Also in liquid systems, the advantage of the ideal composition of the two-component capsule systems can be used. Since both capsules K1 and K2 of the two-component capsule system are in close proximity, it is very likely that the capsules K1 and K2 react faster and more defined with each other than individually in dispersion.

[0393] FIG. 10 shows a flow chart of the workflow for preparing a two-component adhesive tape according to the invention.

[0394] FIG. 10 is essentially based on a two-component capsule system as shown in FIG. 7.

[0395] Overall, the preparation of a two-component adhesive tape according to the invention is divided into four steps S1-S4.

[0396] In a first step S1, the first capsules K1 and the second capsules K2 are functionalized, cf. FIG. 7.

[0397] In the present two-component system, the first capsules K1 are formed heterogeneously with two linkers L1 and L3 with functional groups R1 and R2.

[0398] In a separate batch, the second population of capsules K2 is functionalized with the linker L2 with the functional group R21.

[0399] The functional group R21 is to be selected so that it reacts (covalently) with the functional group R2 of the first capsule K1 in the later reaction step.

[0400] In a second step S2, the functionalized second capsules K2 are added to the functionalized first capsules K1.

[0401] The functional groups R2 and R21 bind (covalently) to one another (inter-crosslinking).

[0402] It is generally possible for a third or any number of additional capsule populations K3-Kn to also be added to a first capsule population K1 and/or a second capsule population K2.

[0403] Each additional capsule population K3-Kn can in turn be functionalized with at least one functional group.

[0404] In a third step S3, the heterogeneous capsule dispersion from the previous step S2 is introduced into the still low-viscosity pressure-sensitive adhesive, in this case an adhesive tape (B).

[0405] A predetermined (intra)-crosslinking reaction occurs, which is formed through the entire area of the adhesive tape (B).

[0406] In a fourth step S4, the crosslinked two-component capsule populations are applied and the adhesive tape B is dried.

[0407] The viscosity of the adhesive tape B increases significantly, but the network remains homogeneously distributed on the adhesive tape.

[0408] It is shown that in step S1. In order to prevent the first capsules K1 from prematurely crosslinking with each other during functionalization, a protection group SG can still be formed on the functional group R1 of the linker L3.

[0409] It is further shown that in step S3 the protection groups SG are removed.

[0410] Removal of the protection group can allow intra-crosslinking of the capsules K1.

[0411] Application possibilities in different environmental media:

[0412] Based on the workflow described here for the preparation of a two-component adhesive tape according to the invention, the two-component capsule system can alternatively be applied in other media and with all encapsulated substances.

[0413] Conceivable environmental media include gas, liquid, pasty, low- and high-viscosity media, and solid surface coatings.

[0414] It is generally possible for the capsules K to be nanocapsules or microcapsules.

[0415] Generally, the method enables the preparation of further multi-component systems comprising at least one first substance and at least one second substance, wherein the first substance and the second substance are present in multiple substance portions, wherein the multi-component system can be activated, comprising the following steps: [0416] the first substance portions are formed with at least one first functional group R2 and provided with a first linker L1, [0417] the second substance portions are formed with at least one second functional group R21 and provided with a second linker L2, [0418] the first functional group R2 reacts with the second functional group R21 via a predefined interaction so that they are linked to one another, and [0419] the distance of the functional groups R to the respective substance portion is determined by the respective linker L.

[0420] It is generally possible that the first substance portions are formed with at least one third functional group R1 and provided with a third linker L3.

[0421] It is generally possible that the each of the third functional groups R1 has at least one protection group SG, so that only correspondingly functionalized substance portions of the first substance can bind to the substance portions of the first substance.

[0422] It is generally possible that the method further comprises at least the step that the protection groups SG are initially present and are removed only when the first substance portions are to be linked to one another by means of the third functional groups R1.

[0423] It is generally possible that the functional groups R1 each have at least one protection group, so that only correspondingly functionalized substance portions of the second substance can be linked to the substance portions of the first substance.

[0424] Further, it is generally possible for the method of preparing a mufti-component system to further comprise at least the step of initially having the protection groups and removing them only when the first and second substance portions are to be linked to one another by means of the first and second functional groups R2, R21.

[0425] FIG. 11A shows a schematic representation of intra-crosslinked capsules of a one-component system in a high-viscosity system according to the present invention.

[0426] In this embodiment, the crosslinked one-component system is incorporated into a high-viscosity system as described in FIG. 8.

[0427] The high viscosity system is an adhesive tape B.

[0428] Alternatively, other high-viscosity, liquid, gaseous, paste or low-viscosity systems are conceivable.

[0429] In this embodiment, the adhesive tape B is a one-sided adhesive tape B.

[0430] Alternatively, double-sided variants of adhesive tape B are also possible.

[0431] Usually there is a diffusion problem in high-viscosity systems, so that the content of the capsules K1 in the adhesive tape B does not enable the crosslinking between the two materials to be bonded.

[0432] The (intra)-crosslinking of the one-component system allows the spacing and degree of crosslinking of the capsules K1 to be selected so that the contents of the capsules K1 form a crosslinking system through the high-viscosity adhesive.

[0433] This basic principle can also be extended to a two-component system as shown in FIG. 12A. There, the (inter- and intra-) crosslinking mechanism is used.

[0434] It is not shown that the two-component system can also be introduced into the adhesive tape only with prior inter-crosslinking of capsules K1 and capsules K2.

[0435] FIG. 11B shows a schematic representation of intra-crosslinked capsules of a one-component system and non-crosslinked, gas-filled capsules according to the present invention.

[0436] Alternatively, the non-crosslinked capsules can also be filled with solid or liquid substances.

[0437] In addition to the intra-crosslinked capsules K1 of the one-component system according to FIG. 11A, a further population of non-crosslinked, gas-filled capsules KG can be introduced into the high-viscosity adhesive, such as an adhesive tape B, which release the gas when they burst and thus either create free space for the liquid component of the capsules K1 or enable the adhesive tape to be removed again.

[0438] It would also be conceivable to incorporate a dissolving placeholder (e.g., fibers or the like) in the adhesive tape B.

[0439] This would create channels in which the liquid adhesive of the capsules K1 can spread and crosslink over a large area within the adhesive tape B.

[0440] Another possibility would be to fill the liquid-filed capsules K1 into tubes and to place them in the adhesive tape B.

[0441] Thus, cross-linking could occur to the extent of the tube length.

[0442] This basic principle can also be extended to a two-component system as shown in FIG. 12B.

[0443] Here, the inter- and intra-crosslinking mechanism is used.

[0444] In addition to the first capsules K1 of the single-component system, a second capsule population K2 is introduced.

[0445] This mechanism enables introducing a two-component adhesive system into an adhesive tape B.

[0446] The described systems are not limited to single-component capsule systems or two-component capsule systems.

[0447] Depending on the size and functionalization of the respective system in question, any number of capsule populations Kn can be linked and crosslinked to one another.

[0448] By combining the individual components, a very wide range of new functionalities and thus new possible applications can be developed.

[0449] In the following, the preparation of polymethylmethacrylate microcapsules is described as an example:

[0450] First, 2.5 g of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is dissolved in 11.5 mL of toluene. Then, oil is mixed in. For microencapsulation, the homogeneous solution is added to 45 mL of a 1 wt.-% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution. The emulsion is stirred at 800 rpm for 30 min. The toluene is then evaporated. The resulting microcapsules K with a PMMA coating material are washed with distilled water and centrifuged at 5,000 rpm and dried overnight at 50° C. in a vacuum oven.

[0451] Then, the surface of the microcapsules is silanized. The microcapsules are placed in a fluidized bed reactor. A 5% aqueous (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) solution is used as the coating material. After the coating process, the microcapsules are dried for 1 h at 80° C. in a vacuum oven to obtain optimal binding of the aminosilane to the surface. In addition, the surface of microcapsules K can be activated with oxygen plasma before the reaction.

[0452] For the inter-crosslinking of two capsule populations K1 and K2 (capsules K with different contents), the complementary capsule population K can be functionalized with carboxyl groups. Here, the procedure is analogous to the silanization described above. However, instead of (3-aminopropy)triethoxysilane (APTES), a sliane-PEG-COOH is used.

[0453] Subsequently, the capsules K can be sieved with a sieve of different pore sizes to increase the monodispersity. This has the advantage that in the subsequent linking process, the volume ratios of the two capsule contents can be precisely determined via the size of the capsules K.

[0454] Then the microcapsule linking takes place. The first microcapsule K1 is functionalized with primary amines, while the second microcapsule K2 is functionalized with carboxyl groups. In the next step, 80 μL of a 10% carboxyl functionalized microcapsule suspension is added to an aqueous solution and 7 μL of a 2 M (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide) solution (EDC solution) and 7 μL of a 0.3 M N-hydroxysuccinimide solution (NHS solution) are added and stirred for one hour at room temperature. The carboxyl function is converted to an activated ester. Then, in the same ratio as the carboxyl microcapsules K2, the amine microcapsules K1 are added to the solution and linked together for two hours at room temperature with gentle stirring. Subsequently, the functional groups that did not react with each other are blocked with ethanolamine and the capsules are filtered off through a sieve, washed with distilled water and dried in a vacuum oven at 50° C. for one hour.

[0455] In FIG. 13, it can be seen that most of the microcapsules K are linked to one another in a 1:1 ratio.

[0456] In addition, there are a few microcapsules K that are linked in a 1:2 ratio or are not linked to one another at all.

[0457] To ensure the quality of the two-component microcapsules K, the microcapsules K are then purified via a sieve with different pore sizes according to the size or their binding ratio. The binding ratio of the microcapsules K can also be influenced via the number of functional groups on the microcapsules K.

[0458] It is possible that microcapsules K with the same size (e.g. 8 μm) but with different functionalization were linked to one another. In the case of functionalization with linear polymers, the 1:1 linkage predominates, cf. FIG. 14. In the case of functionalization with polymers that exhibit multivalence, the triple linkage predominates.

[0459] It is also possible that the functionalization of microcapsules occurs via adsorption.

[0460] Especially in the case of microcapsules with plastic surfaces, the functionalization of microcapsules can be achieved via adsorption. Preferred examples of plastic surfaces are acrylic resin, polylactic acid, nylon 6 and 12, epoxy resins, and polystyrene.

[0461] For adsorption to the surface of the microcapsules, alkyl chains or primary amines are preferably used.

[0462] The second functional group can be freely selected and is thus available for microcapsule linking in the next step.

[0463] The plastic surface of the microcapsules can be formed directly in the microencapsulation process or in a second step by a multilayer microcapsule obtained in this way.

[0464] In an alternative embodiment, the second microcapsule population can be prepared from and/or coated with metal particles or a metal shell.

[0465] The two microcapsule populations with 4-aminobenzenthiol as binder of both microcapsule populations are added.

[0466] The primary amine binds to the microcapsules with the plastic surface via adsorption, and the thiol group binds to the metal surface.

[0467] Furthermore, functionalization is possible during the microencapsulation process as described in WO2017192407.

[0468] Accordingly, for example, a mixture comprising water (20 mL), ethyl acetate (5 mL), sodium bicarbonate (0.580 g), about 1.0 mg Sudan Black and a drop of Tween 20 is mixed vigorously (5 minutes at 500 rpm) at room temperature using a mechanical stirrer (about 500 mL). To the mixture, 77 mg of 1,3-bischlorosulfonylbenzene is added, followed by stirring for about 3 minutes. The mixture is then treated with 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid and stirred vigorously for another 72 hours. To observe the reaction taking place in the mixture, aliquots are taken thirty minutes after vigorous stirring begins, and at 12 hour intervals thereafter. On microscopic observation, the aliquots show the formation capsules with a diameter of 1 to 2 micrometers, with the dye Sudan black contained therein. The reaction is completed after several hours. It is postulated that the capsules have several —COOH groups on the surface.

[0469] Furthermore, functionalization during the microencapsulation process is possible according to the further methods described in WO2017192407.

[0470] Accordingly, a second substance portion can be prepared in a separate batch approach using the same method, but with primary amines on the surface.

[0471] Subsequently, the microcapsule population can be activated with COOH on the surface as in the example before with EDC/NHS, the amine capsule population is added and the capsules bind covalently to each other. In the next step, the capsules can be washed (filtered if necessary) and dried. The capsules obtained in this way can then be incorporated into a further environmental medium.

[0472] For example, another conceivable method of preparing is described in Yip, J and Luk, MYA, Antimicrobial Textiles, Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles, 2016, Pages 19-48, 3-Microencapsultion technologies for antimicrobial textiles.

[0473] It is conceivable that the microcapsules with metal particles can also be applied via charge.

[0474] Intra-crosslinking is possible.

[0475] It is conceivable that after the preparation of the microcapsules with metal particles on the surface, a mixture of alcohol and mercaptans (SAM polymer) is added to the capsules.

[0476] For functionalized thiols, the second functional group can be chosen arbitrarily. The thiol bonds bind to the metal surface. The remainder, i.e. the second functional group of the thiol molecule, is available as a functional group for the microcapsule linkage.

[0477] By selecting one or more SAM polymers to be added to the microcapsules, the surface functional groups can be formed homogeneously or heterogeneously.

[0478] In addition, the length of the linker can be determined by a suitable mercaptan.

[0479] In one embodiment, it is possible to select ethanethiol as a short linker. For a longer linker, an 11-mercaptoundecannoic can be selected.

[0480] Furthermore, it is possible to bind the thus functionalized surface of the microcapsules with a second polymer, e.g. with a PEG, in order to further increase the length of the linker.

[0481] Disulfites, phosphoric acids, silanes, thiols, and polyelectrolytes can be used as SAM surfaces. In particular, acetylcysteine, dimercaptosuccinic acid, dimercaptopropanesulfonic acid, ethanethiol (ethyl mercaptan), dithiothreltol (DTT), dithioerythritol (DTE), captopril, coenzyme, A, cysteine, peniciflamine, 1-propanethiol, 2-propanethiol, glutathione, homocysteine, mesna, methanethiol (methyl mercaptan), and/or thiophenol can be used.

[0482] Inter-crosslinking is possible.

[0483] The microcapsules with the metal nanoparticles can be prepared as described above.

[0484] A mixture of alcohol and dithioether can then be added.

[0485] One of the functional groups R is protected.

[0486] In this way, the microcapsules are functionalized.

[0487] The number of metal nanoparticles on the surface of the microcapsules can then be used to determine the number or density of functionalization and thus the number of functional groups.

[0488] This enables determining the number of microcapsules K2 that react with one another via intra- or inter-crosslinking.

[0489] In the next step, the microcapsules can be inserted into the desired environmental medium, such as a pressure-sensitive adhesive (or the like).

[0490] For inter-crosslinking, the use of 4-isocyanate butane-1-thiol is conceivable, wherein the NCO groups are protected.

[0491] Here, the removal of the protection groups and thus the activation of the functional groups R takes place in the pressure-sensitive adhesive, which is still low in viscosity. The NCO groups thus de-protected can crosslink with one another in an aqueous environment (e.g. the solvent of the pressure-sensitive adhesive) to form urea.

[0492] FIG. 15 shows a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1 and a second substance N2.

[0493] A multi-component system comprising a first substance N1 and a second substance N2 is shown, wherein the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 are each present in one respective portion.

[0494] Alternatively, multiple substance portions of the first substance N1 and multiple substance portions of the second substance N2 can be present.

[0495] Alternatively, the multi-component system can comprise at least one third substance N3, which can be present in one or more substance portions.

[0496] In this embodiment, the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 are attached to a surface OF.

[0497] In this embodiment example, the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 are applied to a surface OF as tracks.

[0498] The two substance portions are initially placed separately on the surface OF, i.e. without any contact points or contact lines with each other.

[0499] Alternatively, the substance portions can also be attached to the surface OF with contact points and/or contact lines, cf. FIG. 17.

[0500] Alternatively and/or additionally, the first substance N1 and/or the second substance N2 can be applied as dots, spheres, lines, circles, ellipses or in other geometric or non-geometric shapes, cf. FIG. 18 and FIG. 19.

[0501] Generally, the first substance N1 and/or the second substance N2 can be applied to a subsection of the surface OF (e.g., at the edge, in one corner, in multiple corners, along a path or circle, etc.) or to the entire surface OF.

[0502] Generally, the at least one substance portion of the first substance N1 and/or the second substance N2 can be applied to the surface OF in a geometric pattern or in an irregular manner.

[0503] In this embodiment, the surface OF is a metal surface.

[0504] Alternatively, the surface can be a plastic surface, film, wood surface, textile surface, paper surface, wax surface, or the like.

[0505] In this embodiment, the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 were applied with a dispenser.

[0506] In this embodiment, the first substance N1 is a one-component adhesive.

[0507] In this embodiment, the second substance N2 is a one-component adhesive.

[0508] Alternatively, the first substance N1 and/or the second substance N2 can be no adhesive, but a sealing, insulating, thermally conductive, electrically conductive, antibiotic, antimicrobial or other component.

[0509] The first substance N1 and the second substance N2 differ in their properties.

[0510] In one embodiment of FIG. 15, the first substance N1 can alternatively be a first component of a two-component adhesive and the second substance N2 can be a second component of a two-component adhesive.

[0511] In one embodiment of FIG. 15, the first substance N1 can comprise a first multi-component adhesive having a first composition, and the second substance N2 can comprise a second multi-component adhesive having a second composition.

[0512] In one embodiment of FIG. 15, the first substance N1 can comprise an epoxy adhesive having a first composition and the second substance N2 can comprise an epoxy adhesive having a second composition.

[0513] In one embodiment of FIG. 15, the first substance N1 can alternatively comprise a multi-component adhesive and the second substance N2 can comprise a one-component adhesive.

[0514] In one embodiment of FIG. 15, the first substance N1 can alternatively comprise a first component of an epoxy adhesive, wherein the first component is present in multiple substance portions which are encapsulated, in particular in nanocapsules and/or microcapsules, and the second substance N2 can comprise a second component of an epoxy adhesive, wherein the second component is present in multiple substance portions which are encapsulated, in particular in nanocapsules and/or microcapsules, in particular in nanocapsules and/or microcapsules, and the second substance N2 may comprise a second component of an epoxy adhesive, the second substance N2 being present in a plurality of substance portions the substance portions being encapsulated, in particular in nanocapsules and/or microcapsules.

[0515] In one embodiment of FIG. 15, the first substance N1 can alternatively comprise an epoxy adhesive having a first composition and the second substance N2 can comprise a silicone-based adhesive having a second composition.

[0516] In one embodiment of FIG. 15, the first substance N1 can alternatively comprise an epoxy adhesive having a first composition and the second substance N2 can comprise a polyurethane adhesive having a second composition.

[0517] In one embodiment of FIG. 15, the first substance N1 can alternatively comprise an epoxy adhesive having a first composition and the second substance N2 can comprise an acrylic adhesive having a second composition. In other words, the multi-component system can be a hybrid adhesive system.

[0518] In one embodiment of FIG. 15, at least one portion of the first substance N1 and/or the second substance N2 can be arranged in a capsule K, in particular a nanocapsule and/or microcapsule, see FIG. 21 and FIG. 22.

[0519] FIG. 16 shows a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1, a second substance N2 and a third substance N3.

[0520] A multi-component system with a first substance N1, a second substance N2 and a third substance N3 is shown, wherein the first substance N1, the second substance N2, and the third substance N3 each are present in a substance portion or adhesive track.

[0521] Alternatively, there can be multiple substance portions of the first substance N1, multiple substance portions of the second substance N2, and/or multiple substance portions of the third substance N3.

[0522] Alternatively, the multi-component system can comprise at least a fourth substance, which can be present in one or more substance portions.

[0523] In this embodiment, the first substance N1, the second substance N2, and the third substance N3 are provided on a surface OF.

[0524] In this embodiment, the substances N1, N2, N3 are applied to a surface OF as tracks, with the third substance N3 being present between the first substance N1 and the second substance N2.

[0525] The three substance portions are initially arranged on the surface OF separately without any contact points with each other.

[0526] Alternatively, the three substance portions can be at least partially in contact with each other; cf. FIG. 17

[0527] Alternatively and/or additionally, the first substance N1 and/or the second substance N2 and/or the third substance N3 can be applied as dots, spheres, lines, circles, ellipses or in other geometric or non-geometric shapes.

[0528] In this embodiment, the surface OF is a metal surface.

[0529] Alternatively, the surface can be a plastic surface, film, wood surface, textile surface, paper surface, wax surface, or the like.

[0530] In this embodiment, the first substance N1 is a first component of a two-component adhesive.

[0531] In this embodiment, the second substance N2 is a second component of a two-component adhesive.

[0532] In this embodiment, the third substance N3 is an inert substance that prevents the reaction between the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 until activation.

[0533] FIG. 17 shows a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1, a second substance N2 and a third substance N3.

[0534] A multi-component system comprising a first substance N1, a second substance N2 and a third substance N3 is shown, wherein the first substance N1, the second substance N2 and the third substance N3 are each present in a substance portion.

[0535] Alternatively, multiple substance portions of the first substance N1 and/or multiple substance portions of the second substance N2 and/or multiple substance portions of the third substance N3 can be present.

[0536] Alternatively, the multi-component system can comprise at least a fourth substance, which can be present in one or more substance portions.

[0537] In this embodiment, the first substance N1, the second substance N2, and the third substance N3 are provided on a surface OF.

[0538] In this embodiment, the first substance N1, the second substance N2 and the third substance N3 are applied to a surface OF as tracks.

[0539] The substance portions are arranged on the surface OF with contact lines (between the first substance N1 and the second substance N2, as well as the second substance N2 and the third substance N3).

[0540] Alternatively, Individual contact points would be possible.

[0541] Alternatively, contact points and/or contact lines would be possible between only the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 or the second substance N2 and the third substance N3.

[0542] Alternatively, the substance portions can also, in particular initially, be arranged on the surface separately, i.e. without contact points or contact lines with each other OF; cf. FIG. 15 or FIG. 16.

[0543] Alternatively and/or additionally, the first substance N1 and/or the second substance N2 and/or the third substance N3 can be applied as dots, spheres, lines, circles, ellipses or in other geometric or non-geometric shapes; cf. FIG. 18.

[0544] FIG. 18 shows a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1 and a second substance N2.

[0545] A multi-component system with a first substance N1 and a second substance N2 is shown, wherein the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 are present in multiple portions.

[0546] Alternatively, only one portion or the first substance N1 and/or one portion of the second substance N2 can be present; cf. FIG. 15.

[0547] Alternatively, the multi-component system can comprise at least one third substance, which can be present in one or more substance portions.

[0548] In this embodiment, the substance portions of the first substance N1 and the substance portions or the second substance N2 are provided on a surface OF.

[0549] In this embodiment, the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 are applied on a surface OF as dots.

[0550] The substance portions are initially placed on the surface OF separately, i.e. without contact points or contact lines with each other.

[0551] Alternatively, the substance portions can also be arranged on the surface OF with contact points and/or contact lines; cf. FIG. 17.

[0552] Alternatively and/or additionally, the first substance N1 and/or the second substance N2 can be applied as spheres, lines, circles, ellipses, paths, lines or in other geometric or non-geometric shapes; cf. FIG. 15.

[0553] In this embodiment, the substance portions of the first substance N1 and the substance portions or the second substance N2 are distributed over the entire surface OF.

[0554] Alternatively, the substance portions of the first substance N2 and/or the substance portions of the second substance N2 can be distributed only on a subsection of the surface OF, for example in tracks (cf. FIG. 19) or circles, along the edge, in corners, etc.

[0555] FIG. 19 shows a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention with a first substance N1 and a second substance N2.

[0556] The figure description of FIG. 19 is essentially the same as the figure description of FIG. 18. However, the substance portions of the first substance N2 and the substance portions of the second substance N2 are distributed only in a subsection of the surface OF, in this case in a (double-)track.

[0557] Alternatively, the substance portions of the first substance N1 and the substance portions of the second substance N2 can be distributed in multiple tracks on the surface.

[0558] Alternatively, the substance portions of the first substance N1 and the substance portions of the second substance N2 can be in separate tracks; cf. FIG. 23.

[0559] In general, it is possible that an inert substance (e.g. also in the form of a track) is arranged between individual tracks; cf. FIG. 23.

[0560] FIG. 20 shows a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention.

[0561] In this embodiment, a first substance N1 and a second N2 are applied to a surface OF as tracks.

[0562] In this embodiment, a third substance N3 in multiple substance portions is applied on the first substance N1, here in the form of capsules (in particular microcapsules or nanocapsules).

[0563] Alternatively, the third substance N3 can be arranged in the first substance N1 or adjacent to the first substance N1.

[0564] In one embodiment of FIG. 20, the first substance N1 can comprise a first component of an epoxy adhesive and the third substance N3 can comprise a second component of an epoxy adhesive, wherein the third substance N3 is present in multiple substance portions, wherein the substance portions are encapsulated, in particular in nanocapsules and/or microcapsules.

[0565] In other words, the third substance N3 comprises a component or an epoxy adhesive which is present in capsules, in particular microcapsules or nanocapsules, and the first substance N1 comprises another component of an epoxy adhesive which is not present in capsules but is provided on a surface OF.

[0566] Here, the multi-component system also comprises a second substance N2, for example another adhesive (e.g. a silicone adhesive or polyurethane adhesive).

[0567] In this embodiment, the capsules can be activated.

[0568] In one embodiment of FIG. 20, the first substance N1 and the third substance N3 can represent a two-component adhesive system that can be activated.

[0569] In one embodiment of FIG. 20, both components of a two-component adhesive can alternatively be present in capsules.

[0570] In one embodiment of FIG. 20, a fourth substance N4, which is encapsulated (for example in the form of microcapsules or nanocapsules), can be linked in, on or to the second substance N2. For example, a component of a polyurethane adhesive can be encapsulated as substance N4, and at least one component of a polyurethane adhesive can be present as substance N3.

[0571] In one embodiment of FIG. 20, the second substance N2 can alternatively be present in encapsulated form.

[0572] FIG. 21 shows a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention.

[0573] A multi-component system with at least one first substance N1 and at least one second substance N2 is shown, wherein the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 are present in multiple substance portions.

[0574] In this embodiment, a substance portion of the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 is arranged in a capsule K, in particular a nanocapsule and/or microcapsule.

[0575] In this embodiment, the substance portions of the first substance N1 and the substance portions of the second substance N2 are provided on a surface OF.

[0576] In this embodiment, the surface OF is a metal surface.

[0577] Alternatively, the surface OF can be a wood surface, plastic surface, paper surface, textile surface, film or the like.

[0578] In this embodiment, the substance portions of the first substance N1 and the substance portions of the second substance N2 are not arranged at a defined distance from each other.

[0579] Alternatively and/or additionally, the substance portions of the first substance N1 and the substance portions of the second substance N2 can be arranged at a defined distance from each other; cf. FIG. 22.

[0580] In one embodiment of FIG. 21, the first substance N1 can be a first component of a two-component adhesive, e.g. an epoxy adhesive.

[0581] Alternatively, the first substance can be a silicone adhesive or a one-component adhesive.

[0582] In one embodiment of FIG. 21, the second substance N2 can be a second component of a two-component adhesive, e.g. an epoxy adhesive.

[0583] Alternatively, the second substance can be a silicone adhesive, plastic adhesive or polyurethane adhesive.

[0584] In one embodiment of FIG. 21, a substance portion of the first substance N1 and a substance portion of the second substance N2 can alternatively be present in a common capsule K or in a double capsule or multi-component capsule.

[0585] In a dual capsule or multi-component capsule, the linkage of one capsule with the first substance N1 and one capsule with the second substance N2 can be achieved by weak interaction and/or covalent bonding.

[0586] In one embodiment of FIG. 21, in addition to the capsules of the first substance N1 and the capsules of the second substance N2, capsules with a third substance can be present.

[0587] The third substance N3 can also be non-encapsulated.

[0588] The third substance N3 can have a further property such as a sealing, heat conducting, insulating, electrically conducting function, etc. The third substance N3 can also have an adhesive property.

[0589] The third substance N3 can be, for example, a silicone adhesive and/or polyurethane adhesive.

[0590] In one embodiment of FIG. 21, more than three substances can be possible.

[0591] In this embodiment, the capsules containing substances N1 and N2 are applied as a pre-applicable adhesive to the surface OF to be bonded.

[0592] In one embodiment of FIG. 21, the capsules can be activated by pressure, temperature difference. Induction and/or ultrasound, so that the first substance N1 and/or the second substance N2 is discharged from the capsules.

[0593] In general, the activation mechanism and/or the necessary activation energy can be different or the same for the capsules with the first substance N1 and the capsules with the second substance N2.

[0594] In this embodiment, the pre-applicable adhesive prevents the formation of an oxide layer on the metal surface OF.

[0595] In one embodiment of FIG. 21, the capsules can also be embedded in an environmental matrix, cf. FIGS. 27-32. The environmental matrix allows easy application of the capsules and additionally protects the metal surface OF from oxidation.

[0596] The environmental matrix can be, for example, an acrylic paint, or an acrylic varnish, or a water-based adhesive.

[0597] For example, the different application patterns of the environmental matrix are analogous to the application patterns in FIGS. 15-20 and 22-25.

[0598] FIG. 22 shows a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention.

[0599] A multi-component system comprising at least one first substance N1 and at least one second substance N2 is shown, wherein the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 are present in multiple substance portions.

[0600] In this embodiment, a substance portion of the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 are each arranged in a capsule K, in particular a nanocapsule and/or microcapsule.

[0601] In this embodiment, the substance portions of the first substance N1 and the substance portions of the second substance N2 are provided on a surface OF.

[0602] In this embodiment, the substance portions of the first substance N1 and the substance portions of the second substance N2 are arranged at a defined distance from each other.

[0603] In particular, both the distance between the individual substance portions of a substance (N1 or N2) and the distance between the substance portions of the different substances are defined.

[0604] Alternatively, only the distance between the individual substance portions of a substance (N1 or N2) can be defined or the distance between the substance portions of the different substances.

[0605] Alternatively and/or additionally, the substance portions of the first substance N1 and/or the substance portions of the second substance N2 can be arranged at a non-defined distance from each other; cf. FIG. 21.

[0606] In one embodiment of FIG. 22, the first substance N1 can be a first component of a two-component adhesive.

[0607] Alternatively, the first substance can be a silicone adhesive or a one-component adhesive.

[0608] In one embodiment of FIG. 22, the second substance N2 can be a second component of a two-component adhesive.

[0609] Alternatively, the second substance can be a silicone adhesive, plastic adhesive, or polyurethane adhesive.

[0610] In one embodiment of FIG. 22, in addition to the capsules of the first substance N1 and the capsules of the second substance N2, capsules with at least one further substance can be present (three or more substances in total.

[0611] FIG. 23 shows a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention.

[0612] The figure description of FIG. 23 is essentially the same as the figure description of FIG. 18. However, the substance portions of the first substance N2 and the substance portions of the second substance N2 are distributed only in subsections of the surface OF, here in tracks.

[0613] In this embodiment, the substance portions of the first substance and the substance portions of the second substance are present in separate tracks.

[0614] Alternatively, the substance portions of the first substance N1 and the substance portions of the second substance N2 can be present in one or more common tracks; cf. FIG. 19.

[0615] A third substance N3, e.g. an inert substance, can be arranged between the track of the first substance N1 and the track of the second substance N2; cf. FIG. 24.

[0616] FIG. 24 shows a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention.

[0617] The figure description of FIG. 24 is essentially the same as the figure description of FIG. 23.

[0618] Between the tracks of the first substance N1 and the path of the second substance N2, a third substance N3 is applied, in this case an inert substance.

[0619] FIG. 25 shows a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention.

[0620] A multi-component system of a first substance N1, a second substance N2, a third substance N3 and a fourth substance N4 is shown, wherein the first substance N1, the second substance N2, the third substance N3 and the fourth substance N4 are present in multiple substance portions.

[0621] In this embodiment, one portion of the first substance N1, one portion of the second substance N2, one portion of the third substance N3, and one portion of the fourth substance N4 are each arranged in a respective capsule K, in particular a nanocapsule and/or microcapsule.

[0622] In this embodiment, the substance portions of the first substance N1, the second substance N2, the third substance N3 and the fourth substance N4 are provided on a surface OF.

[0623] In this embodiment, the substance portions of the first substance N1 and the substance portions of the second substance N2 are arranged at a defined distance from each other.

[0624] The substance portions of the first substance N1 and the substance portions of the second substance N2 are arranged in the form of a track on the surface OF.

[0625] The substance portions of the third substance N3 and the substance portions of the fourth substance N4 are arranged in the form of a track on the surface OF.

[0626] In this embodiment, the substance portions of the third substance N3 and the substance portions of the fourth substance N4 are arranged at a defined distance from each other.

[0627] In particular, both the distance between the individual substance portions of a substance (N1. N2, N3 or N4) and the distance between the substance portions of the different substances are defined.

[0628] Alternatively, only the distance between the individual substance portions of one substance (N1, N2, N3 or N4) or the distance between the substance portions of the different substances can be defined.

[0629] Alternatively and/or additionally, the substance portions of the first substance N1 and/or the substance portions of the second substance N2 and/or the substance portions of the third substance and/or the substance portions of the fourth substance N4 can be arranged at a non-defined distance from each other.

[0630] In one embodiment of FIG. 25, the first substance N1 can be a first component of a two-component adhesive.

[0631] Alternatively, the first substance can be a silicone adhesive or a one-component adhesive.

[0632] In one embodiment of FIG. 25, the second substance N2 can be a second component of a two-component adhesive.

[0633] Alternatively, the second substance N2 can be a silicone adhesive, plastic adhesive, or polyurethane adhesive.

[0634] In one embodiment of FIG. 25, the third substance N3 can be a first component of a two-component adhesive.

[0635] Alternatively, the third substance N3 can be a silicone adhesive or a one-component adhesive.

[0636] In one embodiment of FIG. 25, the fourth substance N4 can be a second component of a two-component adhesive.

[0637] Alternatively, the fourth substance N4 can be a silicone adhesive, plastic adhesive, or polyurethane adhesive.

[0638] FIG. 26 shows a further embodiment of a multi-component system according to the invention.

[0639] A multi-component system of a first substance N1, a second substance N2 and a third substance N3 is shown, wherein the first substance N1, the second substance N2 and the third substance N3 are present in multiple substance portions.

[0640] In this embodiment, one portion of the first substance N1, one portion of the second substance N2 and one portion of the third substance N3 are each arranged in a respective capsule K, in particular a nanocapsule and/or microcapsule.

[0641] In this embodiment, the substance portions of the first substance N1, the second substance N2 and the third substance N3 are provided on a surface OF.

[0642] In this embodiment, the substance portions of the first substance N1 and the substance portions of the second substance N2 are arranged at a defined distance from each other.

[0643] The substance portions of the first substance N1 and the substance portions of the second substance N2 are arranged in the form of a track on the surface OF.

[0644] The substance portions of the third substance N3 are arranged in the form of a track on the surface OF.

[0645] In this embodiment, the substance portions of the third substance N3 are arranged at a defined distance from each other.

[0646] In particular, both the distance between the individual substance portions of each substance (N1, N2, N3) and the distance between the substance portions of the different substances (N1, N2) are defined.

[0647] Alternatively, only the distance between the individual substance portions of each substance (N1, N2, N3) or the distance between the substance portions of the different substances can be defined.

[0648] Alternatively and/or additionally, the substance portions of the first substance N1 and/or the substance portions of the second substance N2 and/or the substance portions of the third substance can be arranged at a non-defined distance from each other.

[0649] In one embodiment of FIG. 28, the first substance N1 can be a first component of a two-component adhesive.

[0650] Alternatively, the first substance can be a silicone adhesive or a one-component adhesive.

[0651] In one embodiment of FIG. 28, the second substance N2 can be a second component of a two-component adhesive.

[0652] Alternatively, the second substance N2 can be a silicone adhesive, plastic adhesive, or polyurethane adhesive.

[0653] In one embodiment of FIG. 26, the third substance N3 can be a silicone adhesive or polyurethane adhesive.

[0654] In embodiments of FIGS. 15-26, the volume of the one or more substance portions of the at least one first substance N1 can be substantially in a defined ratio to the volume of the one or more substance portions of the at least one second substance N2, so that a defined mixing ratio of the substances is achieved when mixing the one or more substance portions of the at least one first substance N1 with the one or more substance portions of the at least one second substance N2.

[0655] In particular, the volumes and the mixing ratio can be selected in such a way that the product of the mixing of the substances results in an effect that goes beyond the effect of the individual substances.

[0656] In embodiments of FIGS. 15-28, the arrangement of the one or more substance portions of the at least one first substance N1 and the arrangement of the one or more substance portions of the at least one second substance N2 on the surface OF, in particular during activation, e.g. by pressure, ultrasound, temperature change, etc., can be used to achieve a mixing of the substances, in particular an optimal mixing of the substances, and thus a desired property of the resulting hybrid substance, e.g. during bonding of the surface OF with a further surface OF, a mixing of the substances, in particular an optimum mixing of the substances, and thus a desired property of the resulting hybrid substance can be achieved.

[0657] FIG. 27, FIG. 28, FIG. 29, FIG. 30, FIG. 31, and FIG. 32 show embodiments of multi-component systems according to the invention, each embedded in an environmental matrix.

[0658] In each case, a multi-component system with a first substance N1 and a second substance N2 is shown, wherein the first substance N1 and the second substance N2 are present in multiple substance portions.

[0659] Each portion of the first substance N1 and of the second substance N2 is arranged in a respective capsule K, in particular a nanocapsule and/or microcapsule.

[0660] The substance portions of the first substance N1 and the substance portions of the second substance N2 are provided on a surface OF.

[0661] The surface OF a metal surface.

[0662] Alternatively, the surface OF can be a wood surface, plastic surface, paper surface, textile surface, film, or the like.

[0663] The capsules are embedded in an environmental matrix (FIG. 27: environmental matrix is an acrylic paint; FIG. 28: environmental matrix is an acrylic varnish; FIG. 29: environmental matrix is a water-based adhesive 1; FIG. 30: environmental matrix is a water-based adhesive 2; FIG. 31: crosslinking adhesive 1; FIG. 32: crosslinking adhesive 2).

[0664] Possible application patterns of the environment matrix are conceivable, for example, analogous to the application patterns in FIGS. 15-20 and 22-25.

[0665] FIG. 33 shows the increased effect of a hybrid adhesive compared with the use of the individual components.

[0666] In this embodiment, the adhesive strength of a hybrid adhesive system according to the invention comprising two different adhesives was compared with the adhesive strength of the individual adhesives.

[0667] For this purpose, as a first control, aluminum was bonded to aluminum using an epoxy adhesive (first bar from the left).

[0668] Furthermore, as a second control, plastic was bonded to plastic using an epoxy adhesive (second bar from the left).

[0669] Furthermore, as a third control, aluminum was bonded to aluminum using a polyurethane adhesive (middle bar).

[0670] Furthermore, as a fourth control, plastic was bonded to plastic using a polyurethane adhesive (second bar from the right).

[0671] The use of the combination of epoxy adhesive and polyurethane adhesive (right bar) shows higher bond strength when bonding aluminum and plastic compared to the bond strength of the controls.

[0672] FIG. 34 shows a comparison of pre-applied multi-component systems of the invention, in which the systems were applied to aluminum test specimens with environmental medium via the ASTM D823 standard procedure with a layer thickness of 200 μm.

[0673] Here, FIG. A shows a two-component system of the invention without bonding in the inactivated state. In FIG. B, the system shown in FIG. A has been activated at 160° C. Thereby, FIG. C shows a two-component system of the invention with linkage between the capsules in the inactivated state. In FIG. D, the system shown in FIG. C has been activated at 160° C. It can be seen that the adhesive application is significantly more homogeneous with the capsules linked to one another than without linkage. This can be seen both before activation of the adhesive and after activation at 160° C.

[0674] Specimen cleaning prior to bonding was performed according to EN 13887. Adhesive application was performed according to ASTM D823 with an adhesive layer length of 12.5 mm×25 mm according to DIN1465.

[0675] Thereby, the capsules used were produced according to the following procedure.

[0676] In a first solution (solution 1), the resin component is dissolved in 10 mL of dichloromethane (DCM). In a second solution (solution 2), 9 g of SDS is dissolved in H.sub.2O. After both the resin and SDS are dissolved in solutions 1 and 2, solution 1 is heated to 26° C. Solution 1 is then added dropwise to solution 2, thereby encapsulating the resin component. The solution is then stirred at 30° C. for 30 min. Then, after 30 min, a 6% SDS solution is added and the temperature is raised to 35° C. so that the remaining solvent evaporates. To remove the encapsulated resin component from the remaining solvent, the solution is centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 3 min and the supernatant is removed. Alternatively, the microcapsules can be extracted via complete evaporation of the solvent.

[0677] An equivalent procedure can be followed with the hardener and the silicone component.

[0678] Crosslinking of the Microcapsule Shells

[0679] The degree of crosslinking of the microcapsules can be used to determine the discharge (or activation) of the contents of the capsules. The lower the degree of crosslinking, the faster and more content is discharged.

[0680] Adjustment of the Degree of Crosslinking Via a Co-Component:

[0681] By adding a second component to the shell material such as PMMA, an additional crosslinker such as SDS can be added. Different amounts of SDS were used (2 wt.-%; 4 wt.-%, 6 wt.-%, and 9 wt.-%). The more SDS is used in combination with PMMA in DCM, the higher the degree of crosslinking of the shell that is formed.

[0682] Setting the Degree of Crosslinking Via UV Crosslinking

[0683] A radical polymerization is photo-induced. The procedure is the same as in the previous example. However, instead of using PMMA as the shell material, MMA is used. Exposure to 254 nm UV light converts the MMA to PMMA, thus generating crosslinking and subsequently the shell material. The degree of crosslinking depends on the average length of the MMA polymer, as well as the duration of exposure to UV light. The longer the polymer, or the shorter the exposure to UV light, the lower the degree of crosslinking of the shell material.

[0684] Setting the Degree of Crosslinking Via the Number of Functional Groups of the Shell Material

[0685] As in the examples described above, the shell material has functional groups that crosslink with each other during the formation of the shell, thus forming the shell of the microcapsule. The more functional groups the polymer has, the higher the degree of crosslinking. In linear polymers, functional groups can be linked to a backbone, or In star polymers, to the many backbones of the polymer chain.

[0686] Setting the Size of the Microcapsule

[0687] In the above example, the different size of the microcapsules is achieved by a change in pH. The hardener component consists of amine derivatives and, with a pH of 9, has a significantly lower pH than the resin component, which consists of bisphenol derivatives with a pH of 6.

[0688] Alternatively, the microcapsule size can be adjusted by the stirring speed, viscosity of the materials to be encapsulated, via the size of the opening of the capillary in microfluidic systems, spray drying and/or dripping methods, number of shells or the like.

[0689] Determination of the Size Distribution

[0690] The size distribution of the capsules was performed using the Keyence VHX 7000 digital microscope. The size of the microcapsules was determined by measuring the diameter of the microcapsules. The size distribution was measured using a microscope internal program.

[0691] The microcapsules can be linked according to the process described, for example, in international applications WO2020/193526 and WO2020/193536.

[0692] The microcapsules are prepared as described above via free-radical polymerization of MMA in a first batch process. By this process, the microcapsule has carboxyl groups on the entire surface. Similarly, the second microcapsule component is prepared in a second batch. Subsequently, the carboxyl groups of the surface of the two components are activated in separate batches with a mixture of 3:1 NHS/EDC for 1 h at room temperature. Subsequently, the microcapsules are centrifuged and washed. In the next step, a diamine is added in excess to the microcapsules with the hardener component. Via coupling with the activated carboxyl groups, one of the terminal amine groups binds with the carboxyl group. Since the amine has been added in excess, the second terminal amine is freely available on the surface of the hardener component for binding of the second microcapsule. Afterwashing and centrifugation, the resin component with the activated carboxyl groups is combined with the hardener component with the terminal amine groups on the surface. Via the reaction of the activated carboxyl groups with the terminal amine groups. Due to the different size of the two components, as well as the steric effects and the limited number of functional groups on the surface of the microcapsules, an ideal mixing ratio of the two components can be achieved.

[0693] FIG. 35 shows the result of tests of the multi-component systems according to the invention with a silicone (Elastosil® E43).

[0694] In this application example, the adhesive effect of a multi-component system according to the invention was tested, in which a two-component epoxy adhesive was encapsulated together with a one-component silicone. Here, the capsules containing the components of the epoxy adhesive are linked to one another. A 50:50 mixture (epoxy adhesive to silicone) was applied to an aluminum surface. Subsequently, an adhesive paste containing the two microencapsulated adhesives was applied to the metal surface and dried at 40° C. for 30 min.

[0695] The adhesive layer applied in this way has no tacticity and is therefore neither tacky nor reactive. Thus, the adhesive layer can be activated only when needed and can be processed independently of the dripping time.

[0696] By combining the epoxy adhesive with silicone adhesive, an increase in the bond strength of the silicone adhesive could be achieved.

[0697] For this purpose, the specimens were bonded according to DIN 1465 and the adhesion force was determined by means of a notch in a tensile test. The following parameters must be taken into account when bonding according to DIN 1465:

[0698] The tests according to DIN 465 allow conclusions to be drawn in particular on bonding strength, quality of the adhesives, aging behavior and adhesive processing.

[0699] Specimen geometry: [0700] b: Specimen width (25 mm) [0701] l: specimen length (100 mm) [0702] L_2: Adhesive layer length (12.5 mm)

[0703] Joining part: [0704] 100×25×1.6 mm

[0705] Bonding: [0706] 12.5×25 mm

[0707] Number of repetitions per test: 6

[0708] Test speed: specimen must be destroyed within 65+/−20 s when loaded.

[0709] Influences on tensile shear tests:

[0710] Adhesive, room temperature, test speed, age of specimens, adhesive thickness.

[0711] By combining the adhesives in the system according to the invention, a 7-times higher adhesive strength could be achieved than with the silicone adhesive.

[0712] FIG. 36 shows the result of further investigations of the multi-component system of the invention described in FIG. 25.

[0713] The adhesion strength was investigated when different ratios of epoxy adhesive and silicone were used.

[0714] The test setup is equivalent to that described for FIG. 35.

[0715] The following ratios of epoxy adhesive:silicone were tested in the multi-component systems according to the invention: 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3.

[0716] A correlation is shown between the increase in adhesive strength and the quantity of epoxy adhesive used. These tests show that the desired adhesion strength can be precisely adjusted by the ratio of epoxy adhesive to silicone via the respective amounts of the capsules or the various substances used in the multi-component system according to the invention. Thus, the system according to the invention allows the desired properties of both components to be adjusted.

[0717] In connection with the present invention, the following aspects are now further explicitly disclosed:

[0718] Aspect 1: Multi-component system with at least one first substance (N1) and at least one second substance (N2), wherein the multi-component system can be activated, wherein the first substance (N1) and the second substance (N2) are present in one or more substance portions.

[0719] Aspect 2: Multi-component system according to aspect 1, characterized in that the multi-component system can be activated.

[0720] Aspect 3: Multi-component system according to aspect 1 or aspect 2, characterized in that the first substance portions are formed with at least one first functional group (R2) and provided with a first linker (L1), and wherein the second substance portions are formed with at least one second functional group (R21) and provided with a second linker (L2), wherein the first functional group (R2) reacts via a predefined interaction with the second functional group (R21) and links them to one another, and wherein the distance of the functional groups to the respective substance portion is determined by the respective linker (L).

[0721] Aspect 4: Multi-component system according to claim 3, characterized in that the first linker (L1) is longer than the second linker (L2) or vice versa.

[0722] Aspect 5: Multi-component system according to any one of the preceding aspects, characterized in that the first substance portions and the second substance portions differ in that the first substance portions are linked or linkable to a greater number of substance portions than the second substance portions or vice versa.

[0723] Aspect 6: Multi-component system according to any one of the preceding aspects, characterized in that the functional groups (R) are formed homogeneously or heterogeneously.

[0724] Aspect 7: Multi-component system according to any one of the preceding aspects, characterized in that the first substance portions have a substantially identical size and/or in that the second substance portions have a substantially identical size.

[0725] Aspect 8: Multi-component system according to any one of the preceding aspects, characterized in that the first substance portions and the second substance portions have a different size.

[0726] Aspect 9: Multi-component system according to any one of the preceding aspects, characterized in that the multi-component system has a network structure with interspaces, wherein the network structure is formed by substance portions of the first substance, wherein at least one substance portion of the second substance is, at least in sections, arranged in each of the interspaces.

[0727] Aspect 10: Multi-component system according to any of the preceding aspects, characterized in that a substance portion of the first substance (N1) and/or the second substance (N2) is arranged in a capsule (K), in particular a nanocapsule and/or microcapsule.

[0728] Aspect 11: Multi-component system according to any one of the preceding aspects, characterized in that a capsule (K1) for the first substance (N1) has a different size than a capsule (K2) for the second substance (N2), in particular wherein the capsule (K1) for the first substance (N1) is larger than the capsule (K2) for the second substance (N2).

[0729] Aspect 12: Multi-component system according to aspect 10 or aspect 11, characterized in that the capsules (K1) for the first substance (N1) have an identical size.

[0730] Aspect 13: Multi-component system according to any one of the preceding aspects, characterized in that activation of the multi-component system is achieved by at least one of a change in pressure, pH, UV radiation, osmosis, temperature, light intensity, humidity, or the like.

[0731] Aspect 14: Multi-component system according to any one of the preceding aspects, characterized in that the first substance (N1) and the second substance (N2) are components of a multi-component adhesive, in particular a two-component adhesive.

[0732] Aspect 15: Method of preparing a multi-component system with at least one first substance and at least one second substance, the first substance and the second substance being present in multiple substance portions, wherein the multi-component system can be activated, comprising the steps of: [0733] the first substance portions are formed with at least one first functional group (R2) and provided with a first linker (L1), [0734] the second substance portions are formed with at least one second functional group (R21) and provided with a second linker (L2), [0735] the first functional group (R2) reacts via a predefined interaction with the second functional group (R21) so that they are linked to one another, and [0736] the distance of the functional groups (R2, R21) to the respective substance portion is determined by the respective linker (L).

[0737] Aspect 16: Method according to aspect 16, characterized in that the first substance portions are formed with at least one third functional group (R1) and provided with a third linker (L3), wherein the third functional group (R1) each comprises at least one protection group (SG), so that only correspondingly functionalized substance portions of the first substance can bind to the substance portions of the first substance, and wherein the method further comprises at least the step that the protection groups (SG) are initially present and are only removed when the substance portions are to be linked to one another via the third functional groups (R1).

[0738] Aspect 17: Method of aspect 15 or aspect 16, characterized in that the multi-component system is a multi-component system according to any one of aspects 1 to 14.

REFERENCE SIGN

[0739] B Adhesive tape [0740] C Core, Core [0741] K Capsule/Capsule Population [0742] K1 Capsule 1/capsule population 1 [0743] K2 Capsule 2/capsule population 2 [0744] K3 Capsule 3/capsule population 2 [0745] Kn Capsule n/capsule population n [0746] KG Gas capsule [0747] L Linker [0748] L1 Linker 1 [0749] L2 Linker 2 [0750] N1 Substance 1 [0751] N2 Substance 2 [0752] OF Surface [0753] R Functional group [0754] R1 Functional group 1 [0755] R2 Functional group 2 [0756] R21 Functional group 21 [0757] S Capsule, shell [0758] S1 Step 1 [0759] S2 Step 2 [0760] S3 Step 3 [0761] S4 Step 4 [0762] SG Protection group [0763] UM environment matrix