Comestible Products

Abstract

The invention provides cocoa pod husk powder having a concentration of insoluble dietary fibre of at least 55 wt. % of the total weight of the cocoa pod husk and/or having a concentration of total fibre of at least 68 wt. % of the total weight of the cocoa pod husk, and wherein the total ash content of the powder is no more than 6.0 wt. %. The invention further provides methods of making cocoa pod husk powders of the invention comprising the steps of: reducing cocoa pod husk in a wet-milling process to a paste; and drying the paste at a temperature of at least 80° C., or at least 85° C.

Claims

1. Cocoa pod husk powder having an amount of insoluble dietary fibre of at least 55 wt. % of the total weight of the cocoa pod husk and/or having an amount of total dietary fibre of at least 68 wt. % of the total weight of the cocoa pod husk, and wherein the total ash content of the powder is no more than 6.0 wt. %.

2. Cocoa pod husk powder as claimed in claim 1 comprising total sugars of no more than 8 wt. %.

3. Cocoa pod husk powder having an ash content of no more than 5.0 wt. %.

4. Cocoa pod husk powder as claimed in claim 1, manufactured by a method comprising the steps of: reducing cocoa pod husk in a wet-milling process to a paste; and drying the paste at a temperature of at least 80° C.

5. Cocoa pod husk powder as claimed in claim 1, having an amount of insoluble dietary fibre of at least 60 wt. % of the total weight of the cocoa pod husk powder and/or an amount of total dietary fibre of at least 70 wt. % of the total weight of the cocoa pod husk.

6. Cocoa pod husk powder as claimed in claim 1, wherein the powder comprises moisture in an amount of no more than 12.5 wt. % of the total weight of the powder.

7. Cocoa pod husk powder as claimed in claim 1, wherein the water activity of the cocoa pod husk is no more than Aw 0.4.

8. Cocoa pod husk powder as claimed in claim 1 comprising fat in an amount of less than 2 wt. % and protein in an amount of less than 10 wt. %, of the total weight of the cocoa pod husk.

9. Cocoa pod husk powder as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cocoa pod husk comprises cocoa pod husk flesh and/or cocoa pod husk skin.

10. Cocoa pod husk powder as claimed in claim 9, wherein the cocoa pod husk powder comprises whole cocoa pod husk.

11. Cocoa pod husk powder as claimed in claim 1, having an average particle size of between 2 and 750 microns, preferably between 20 and 250 microns.

12. A comestible product comprising cocoa pod husk powder as claimed in claim 1.

13. A comestible product as claimed in claim 12 comprising a product selected from confectionery, a baked product, a filling, a spread and a beverage.

14. Use of cocoa pod husk powder as claimed in claim 1 as a gelling, thickening or bulking agent.

15. Use of cocoa pod husk powder as claimed in claim 14, in a comestible product.

16. Use of cocoa pod husk powder as claimed in claim 1 as an egg solids replacer in a comestible product.

17. A method of manufacturing a comestible product, comprising homogeneously mixing cocoa pod husk powder of claim 1 with one or more comestible product ingredients and forming the comestible product.

18. A method of manufacturing cocoa pod husk powder comprising the steps of: reducing cocoa pod husk in a wet-milling process to a paste; and drying the paste at a temperature of at least 80° C., or at least 85° C.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0098] The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

[0099] In order that the invention may be more clearly understood embodiments will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which:

[0100] FIG. 1A is a table setting out fibre and other ingredient concentrations in CPH powder of the invention, as well as various ingredient parameters of CPH powder of the invention (FIG. 1A, runs Z3, Z11, B13-14 and B16-19);

[0101] FIG. 1B is a table setting out fibre and other ingredient concentrations, and parameters of CPH products described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,206,425, other prior art CPH products and defatted cocoa powder;

[0102] FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the thickening behaviour of CPH materials with different treatments compared against commercial food hydrocolloids using RVA Method 41.02 (Young NWG, Nonstarch Applications—Hydrocolloids. in: The RVA Handbook (Crosbie GB, Ross AS (eds.)), AACC International, St. Paul, Minn., 2007, p. 85-94), where 1% w/w aq. solution (or suspension) of hydrocolloid is maintained at 80° C. for 5 min, at stirring rate of 160 RPM and then cooled to 20° C. at 1° C./min;

[0103] FIG. 3 is a series of photographs showing cookies produced using freeze-dried CPH (“CPH-FD”) and 85° C. vacuum-dried CPH (“CPH-Vac85C”) of the invention as a 25% replacement of flour, compared to a control cookie;

[0104] FIG. 4A is a photograph of soft cakes produced using egg (control cake) and CPH-FD as a replacement for 30% and 100% egg solids;

[0105] FIG. 4B is a photograph of the slices of the soft cakes shown in FIG. 4A;

[0106] FIG. 5A is a photograph of refiner paste prior to first pass through refiner for the experimental chocolate masses described in Example 4: control (left), CPH-Vac85C (middle) and CPH-FD (right);

[0107] FIG. 5B is a table of particle size and viscosity measurements on the experimental chocolate masses described in Example 4;

[0108] FIG. 5C is a photograph of experimental chocolate bars described in Example 4: Control (left); bar with 9.2% CPH-Vac85C (center); bar with 9.2% CPH-FD (right);

[0109] FIG. 5D is a summary of comments from informal sensory tasting of experimental chocolate bars described in Example 4;

[0110] FIG. 6A is a schematic describing the benchtop process for incorporating CPH into Milk Chocolate masses at <200 g scale. The process is employed in preparing the chocolates described in Examples 5 and 6;

[0111] FIG. 6B is a photograph comparing the experimental chocolate bars described in Example 5 containing: (5i) 10% NFDM (comparative example), (5ii) 10% CPH (from Run #B19 sieved >230 mesh), (5Iii) (from Run #B19 sieved <230 mesh), (5iv) 10% CPH (from Run #B19 sieved <325 mesh) and (5v) 10% CPH (from Run #B18 sieved <325 mesh); and

[0112] FIG. 7 is a photograph comparing the experimental chocolate bars described in Example 6 containing: (6i) 15% CPH (from Run #B19 sieved <230 mesh) and (6ii) 10% lactose (comparative example).

EXAMPLES

[0113] In the Examples described below and as labelled in the Figures, the following abbreviations are used:

[0114] CPH—Cocoa Pod Husk

[0115] CPH-FD—freeze dried cocoa pod husk made according to the invention

[0116] CPH-Vac85C—85° C. vacuum dried cocoa pod husk made according to the invention

[0117] FD—freeze dried according to the drying step of the methods of the invention

[0118] Vac85C—vacuum dried according to the drying step of the methods of the invention at 85° C.

[0119] CPHS—cocoa pod husk skin according to the invention

[0120] CPHF—cocoa pod husk flesh according to the invention

[0121] CPH(Mix)—cocoa pod husk skin and flesh according to the invention

[0122] St—stilled according to the incubation step b) of the methods of the invention

[0123] Ml—wet-milled according to step c) of the methods of the invention

[0124] StMl and MISt—stilled and wet-milled, or vice versa according to steps b) and c) of the methods of the invention

[0125] CBS-Whole—whole cocoa pod without treatment according to the invention

[0126] TDF—Total dietary fibre

[0127] IDF—Insoluble dietary fibre

[0128] Comestible product—food or beverage product

Example 1—Preparation of Whole Cocoa Pod Husk Powder, Cocoa Pod Flesh Powder and Cocoa Pod Skin Powder

[0129] Cocoa pod husk (hereinafter “CPH”) was collected immediately after pod opening (the standard process in which beans are removed for chocolate processing and CPH is normally discarded). The fresh CPH was frozen or vacuum-sealed and shipped from cocoa farms for processing. In other embodiments the freezing/vacuum-sealing step can be eliminated by locating processing facilities close to pod opening locations.

[0130] The frozen/sealed CPH was then thawed/unsealed and washed with deionised water at room temperature to remove external dirt and debris. After washing, two types of cocoa pod husk were prepared: [0131] a) the outer skin of the CPH was removed with a typical fruit peeler or-other peeling mechanism. This resulted in cocoa pod husk skin, which was only evaluated for contaminants (see FIG. 1) and cocoa pod husk flesh, which was both subsequently used separately in further process steps. Sample #Z3 and Z11 in FIG. 1 are examples of cocoa pod husk flesh only, with the skin removed using a peeler. [0132] b) Some CPH was kept intact, with both skin and flesh intact (i.e. whole cocoa pod husk), and the whole cocoa pod husk used in subsequent process steps (Sample #B16, B17, B18 and B19 of FIG. 1 are all examples where the skin and flesh were both intact).

[0133] Next, the CPH of each of the two types was chopped into small chunks of approximately 1 cm in diameter and/or length and incubated in a warm deionised water bath. The bath temperature in some embodiments, may vary from 45 to 85° C. or between 45 and 60° C. The bath temperatures for various samples are reported in FIG. 1. This incubation, or “steeping”, step was partly designed to extract out some of the water-soluble pectins, sugars, soluble fibres, some polyphenols, water soluble proteins/peptides, and in general some small molecules that have been formed in the oxidative processes that occurred during cocoa pod husk ripening, whilst retaining significant quantities of insoluble fibre such as lignin, cellulose and insoluble pectins.

[0134] Typically, 3.5 L water to 1 kg of useable CPH (or CPH flesh) was used in the incubation step, which was performed for ˜3.5 h. A higher amount of water, longer steeping time and agitation during steeping may also potentially be used to further reduce heavy metals and pesticides to desired levels, possibly at the expense of lowering the yield. The use of incubation bath temperatures above 60° C. would be expected to extract out greater quantities of pectin, at the expense of reducing yield, for application in which lower pectin concentrations in the CPH pieces is desired (such as foodstuffs which require less gelling or thickening, for example).

[0135] Next, the steeped CPH chunks were collected on a wire or perforated basket (colander) and the steeping/incubation liquor (now dark in colour and more viscous) was discarded. The wet CPH was then placed in food processor, along with ˜0.5 L (/kg CPH) deionised water and wet milled in the processor into a fine paste. Optionally, the steeped CPH chunks can be mechanically squeezed (e.g. by screw-press or other de-watering press) to reduce water content, or homogenized by passing through a shear mill.

[0136] The paste was then dried using either freeze-drying (Samples #Z3, Z11, B13, B17) or dried in a vacuum oven with temperature set to 85° C. (Samples #B14, B16, B19). In one embodiment (Sample #B18), the paste was first briefly dried in a rotary (reel) oven with temperature set at 190° C. and then further dried in a convection oven set at 95° C.

[0137] For freeze-drying (Samples #Z3, Z11, B13, B7), the paste was transferred into a freeze-drying tray and dried from the frozen state for 8 days. During freeze-drying, the paste lost ˜93 wt. % water and formed a dry cake, which was then be knife-milled into a dry powder of Aw<0.25. For heated oven drying with or without vacuum (Samples #B14, B16, B19, B18), the paste was transferred to a disposable aluminium foil baking tray, which was placed in the pre-heated oven. For vacuum oven drying (Samples #B14, B16, B19), the vacuum oven was set to a temperature of 85° C. and evacuated to <−20 mmHg for between 4-6 days. For Sample #B18, the paste was first dried in a rotary oven at 190° C. for 45 and then further dried in a convection oven set at 95° C. for 14 h, followed by 65° C. for 7 days. Some embodiments may employ different ovens, such as impingement ovens, infra-red ovens, etc. Alternative industrial drying processes, e.g., fluid bed drying, may be used and in some embodiments the drying time may be reduced to few hours.

[0138] In a preferred embodiment for chocolate making (referenced B19 in FIG. 1A), frozen CPH was washed in water for 1 h (thawing) and then cut into chunks using a kitchen knife. The chunks (9.9 kg) were then steeped for 3 h in deionized water (38 lit) in a jacketed multipurpose mixing vessel (Armfield FT140 CCT550) at 60° C. The deionized water was refreshed once during the steeping process. The steeped chunks were converted into wet paste using a food processor. Next, the paste was dried in a vacuum oven at 85° C., −760 mmHg vacuum for 9 days. The material was then ground in a hammer mill (Bauermeister, USA) and passed through a 40 mesh screen. The resultant powder was then separated into 3 particle size fractions: a) retained on top of 230 mesh screen (i.e., >64 micron) b) through 230 mesh screen (i.e., <64 micron) and c) through 325 mesh screen (i.e., <44 micron). In a most preferred embodiment (B18) that delivers desirable chocolate functionality, the wet paste from the previous embodiment (B19) was first dried in a rotary oven at 190° C. for 45 min and then further dried in a convection oven at 95° C. for 14 h, followed by 65° C. for 7 days. This was followed by grinding in a coffee grinder and passing through a 325 mesh (44 micron) screen.

[0139] Various parameters of the products of the invention obtained after the incubation step and wet-milling step are shown in the table of FIG. 1A, while FIG. 1B shows the same parameters with cocoa powder and cocoa pod husk products described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,206,245 and other prior art.

[0140] In other embodiments sorbates (E200 and E202) and citric acid (E330), as well as other food-grade preservatives (antioxidants, essential oils, etc.) may be added to the washing and steeping steps in order to minimize possibility of undesirable mould growth.

[0141] Results

[0142] Contaminant Reduction

[0143] The heavy metals level of all of the samples was always below acceptable thresholds.

[0144] For cocoa ingredients, the primary heavy metal of normal concern is Cadmium (Cd); however steeping treatment helped bring the Cd level down from 0.4 ppm in a control run R1 (not of the invention), to 0.2 ppm or below in the Runs undertaken according to the invention (and down to less than 0.1 ppm in Run Z3, which was steeped, then wet-milled according to the methods of the invention). In this way, if CPH from field has Cd levels >0.4 ppm, the processes of this invention can be used to bring the level to <0.3 ppm and much lower.

[0145] The results also showed that CPH ingredients manufactured using the process of the invention have lower lead and cadmium levels compared to cocoa bean “shell” and “cocoa bran” materials of the prior art. Also, pesticides and mycotoxins levels were well below risk levels acceptable to the global cocoa industry and foods regulations in the majority of countries.

[0146] Composition of CPH after Incubation and Wet-Milling

[0147] As shown in FIG. 1, for all of the dry powder products of the various CPH starting materials, powdered CPH was obtained by the methods of the invention as a dry powder with up to 12% moisture and an Aw<0.4 (and in most cases no more than 0.2). Yields generally ranged from 11 to 16% of wet weight of useable husk (note that yield of CPH Skin powder is ˜3%, because the outer skin is a relatively minor constituent of the husk and hence not subjected to evaluation beyond contaminant determination). The CPH produced at the end of the incubation and milling process are primarily composed of carbohydrates (>70 wt. %), the majority of which is in the form of insoluble fibre, typical levels being over 60 wt. %, with ˜15-25 wt. % lignin.

[0148] As shown in FIG. 1, ingredients of this invention are identifiable by the following characteristic composition: [0149] Insoluble dietary fibre (IDF) >55 wt. % and preferably: [0150] Total dietary fibre >68 wt. % (generally greater than 70%); [0151] Protein <10 wt. %; [0152] Fat <1.5 wt. %

[0153] Another identifiable characteristic of the CPH ingredients of this invention is their low total sugars content which is <8 wt. % (generally <6 wt. %).

[0154] A third identifiable characteristic of the CPH ingredients of this invention is their low ash content which is <6 wt. %.

Properties of the CPH after Incubation, Wet-Milling, Drying and Comminuting

[0155] As shown in FIG. 2, the thickening behaviour of cocoa pod husk varied significantly with treatment condition and origin of the material. In general, the final viscosity values were comparable to those observed with low and high methoxy pectins, as shown in FIG. 2. Two samples, CPH(Mix) StMl FD (Run B13) and CPH(Mix) StMl Vac85C (Run B14) were particularly interesting. Both samples were steeped and wet-milled together and they were separated only at the point of drying. CPH(Mix) StMl FD was freeze-dried (hence, labelled “FD”), while CPH(Mix) StMl Vac85C was dried in a vacuum oven at 85° C. (hence labelled “Vac85C”). However, final viscosity values, representative of their thickening ability, were completely different. While the freeze-dried material had final viscosity compared to high methoxy pectin, the vacuum oven dried material had even lower viscosity than Gum Arabic. The results suggest that the thickening ability of CPH ingredients can be altered by changing processing conditions, such as drying temperature (heat-treatment).

[0156] The table below shows that CPH-FD and CPH-Vac85C had relatively large amounts of total dietary fibre (TDF), 69% and 75% respectively. However, the greater soluble fibre content (SDF) enabled the freeze-dried sample (B13) to build viscosity and function effectively as a gelling/thickening agent. Conversely, the greater insoluble fibre content (IDF) of the vacuum oven dried sample (B14) allowed it to maintain low viscosity, which is preferable in applications such as chocolate confectionary.

TABLE-US-00001 Sample/ Cellu- Uronic Process Carb TDF IDF SDF Lignin lose acid CPH-FD 82.2 69.3 56.1 13.2 15.3 20.4 13.0 (B13) CPH-Vac85C 83.2 75.1 66.3 8.7 23.5 24.5 14.0 (B14)

Effect of Processing (Freeze or Heat-Treatment) on Composition

[0157] Since heat treatment alters the functional behaviour of CPH, effect of such heat treatment on ingredient composition and molecular weight was investigated. CPH dried in vacuum oven (CPH-Vac85C) and freeze-dried CPH (CPH-FD) were compared for full nutrient analysis (proximates analysis), results provided in FIG. 1. The fibre composition was investigated in more detail, comparing the total, insoluble and soluble dietary fibre contents, as well as lignin and uronic acid contents, and the results given in table above.

[0158] Compositional analysis indicated slightly lower total dietary fibre (TDF) in CPH-FD. However, a greater portion of the fibre in CPH-FD was water-soluble (SDF was much higher for CPH-FD). Correspondingly, CPH-FD showed lower lignin content than CPH-Vac85C.

[0159] Interestingly, both treatments showed about the same uronic acid content, suggesting that the pectin in CPH-FD may have higher methoxy content than CPH-Vac85C. The heat-treatment of CPH-Vac85C is likely to have caused some extent of de-methoxylation.

[0160] To study the effect of heat-treatment at the molecular level, 1% aqueous slurries of CPH-Vac85C and CPH-FD were agitated for 24 h. The supernatants (water-extracts) were then passed through a Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) column equipped with Refractive Index (RI) detector. For comparison, commercial high and low methoxy pectin powders (containing sucrose as dispersing agent) were used as reference material.

[0161] SEC results revealed that the water-extract of CPH-FD had a high molecular weight fraction (˜1000 kDa) that was notably larger than even the commercial pectins. This fraction was missing in CPH-Vac-85C and was instead replaced with a very broad peak in the 22 to 800 kDa range.

[0162] The presence of this high MW water-soluble fraction may explain the significantly higher viscosity and thickening ability of CPH-FD in comparison to CPH-Vac85C.

Example 2—Cookie Dough Comprising CPH Powder of Example 1

[0163] CPH (CPH-StMl that had been incubated, milled and dried according to the method of Example 1) was used to replace 25 wt. % flour in a cookie formula. The cookie formulation (before flour replacement with CPH) comprised 13.54% shortening (palm oil based, SansTrans™ 39 cookie shortening from Loders Croklaan), 27.51% Sugar (granulated, Dominos), 0.44% salt, 0.53% sodium bicarbonate, 0.39% dextrose monohydrate (Staleydex 333 from Tate & Lyle), 9.98% de-ionized water, 47.61% wheat flour (soft wheat blend, refined flour). The water content is tied to the moisture content of the flour, assuming a 14% moisture basis. For other embodiments of cookies, with flours with different moisture content, the water can be adjusted accordingly as per AACCI 10-50 methodology (http://methods.aaccnet.org/methods/10-50.pdf). For the flour replacement experiments 25% of the wheat flour was replaced with CPH, such that the recipe contained 11.9% CPH and 35.71% wheat flour, and the water content in the formulation was adjusted to the moisture content of the dry flour blend comprising CPH and wheat flour. All percentages are by weight (wt. %). Two versions of CPH were used, one in which the CPH drying step was freeze-drying (CPH-FD) and the other in which the CPH drying step was vacuum-drying at 85° C. (CPH-Vac85C), as described above.

[0164] The CPH was blended homogeneously with the flour and the flour-CPH mixed with the other cookie dough ingredients in the normal manner.

[0165] A control dough was also prepared in which no CPH was used (no flour replacement).

[0166] The resultant cookie dough was baked in a rotary oven set at 400° F. (204.4° C.) for 11 min. The oven temperature varied between 381 to 420° F. during the baking.

[0167] Results

[0168] Photographs of the resultant cookies produced by the method of Example 2 are shown in FIG. 3. It can be seen that the texture of the cookies prepared by using CPH-FD or CPH-Vac85C to replace 25% of the flour in the control cookie, was palatable, while being slightly darker in colour.

[0169] There was a significant increase in dough viscosity, increasing LFRA value to ˜9 times vs. control for CPH-FD. Also, moisture lost on baking was significantly lower, cookie diameter (spread) was greatly reduced and cookie height (thickness/stack height) significantly increased. All of these behaviours can be attributed to high water-holding functionality of pectin within CPH. Furthermore, CPH containing variants offered a superior “reddish-brown” colour and round table tasting results indicated a much softer texture vs the control cookie. Replacing 25% of flour with vacuum oven dried CPH (CPH-Vac85C) gave a product much closer in behaviour and geometry to control, but with the rich “reddish-brown” color, which has a likeness in appearance to chocolate cookies.

[0170] In this way, CPH according to the invention, with significant fibre levels (and especially significant pectin levels) can serve as a functional ingredient in cookie baking and/or can be used as partial flour replacement to drive increased cookie height, reduce spread, soften texture, darken colour, etc.

Example 3—Cake Mix Comprising CPH Powder of Example 1

[0171] A comparison of soft cakes that were baked using eggs in the batter, to those prepared with CPH-FD as a partial (30%) or complete (100%) egg replacer, was undertaken.

[0172] Specifically, water and fat contributed by the egg was accounted for and replaced (weight for weight) with deionised water and canola oil, while egg “solids” (remaining portion of the egg) were replaced with CPH-FD.

[0173] FIG. 4A shows photographs of the soft cake products produced with egg, 30% egg solids replaced with CPH-FD, and 100% of the egg solids replaced with CPH-FD.

[0174] FIG. 4B shows photographs of the slices of the three cake products shown in FIG. 4A.

[0175] As can be seen from FIGS. 4A and 4B for products prepared with CPH-FD replacement of egg solids, 30% egg replacement with CPH-FD had no notable impact on cake volume, height, density and texture, as shown in FIG. 8A. As can be seen from the photographs the 30% CPH-FD cake products look substantially similar in size and shape to the control products, and the overall dough density and texture can be seen to be similar. These cakes could not be differentiated from control (with 100% egg) in round table taste testing by any of the sensory attributes evaluated., including colour. On the other hand, total (100%) egg replacement with CPH-FD, however, yielded a denser cake, with lower height, firmer texture and much darker colour. None of the formulations were optimized to further match the control cake. Although the 100% egg replacement cake did not match the control, it still yielded a palatable cake product which has different sensory characteristics which may be desired, depending on the characteristics of the cake to be sold.

[0176] In this way, CPH, in combination with water and canola oil, can be used to partially replace eggs in soft cake recipes, with no detectable effect on the product. It can also be used to formulate completely eggless cakes, although further work (e.g., including other ingredients in the formulation) would be needed to match the properties of 100% egg cake, if required.

Example 4—Chocolate Comprising CPH Powder of Example 1

[0177] An assessment of the impact of using CPH manufactured by the method of Example 1 as an ingredient in a chocolate formulation, was conducted. Both freeze-dried cocoa pod husk (CPH-FD) and 85° C. vacuum oven dried cocoa pod husk (CPH-Vac85C) were incorporated into experimental chocolates at −9.2% (wt.) level. The chocolate was manufactured to the recipes shown in the table below:

TABLE-US-00002 Chocolate recipes Control CPH-FD CPH-Vac85C Ingredient wt. % Sucrose 46.64 40.01 40.01 CPH-FD 0.00 9.23 0.00 CPH-Vac85C 0.00 0.00 9.23 Skimmed Milk Powder 11.88 10.19 10.19 Whey powder 8.00 7.71 7.71 Cocoa mass 10.19 8.74 8.74 Cocoa butter 17.67 18.48 18.48 Anhydrous Milk Fat 4.91 4.94 4.94 Soy lecithin (SN100) 0.69 0.69 0.69 Vanillin 0.01 0.01 0.01

[0178] The average particle size of dry CPH ingredients (d90, as measured by dry powder laser diffraction) was as follows:

CPH-Vac85C=411 μm; CPH-FD=400 μm

[0179] The control chocolate mass was made to a particle size (d90) of 26 microns (+/−2 microns) and the process was not altered for the preparation of the chocolate variants containing CPH.

[0180] Recipes were modified to allow for reduction in noble ingredients (cocoa solids, milk solids and sugar) but maintaining the same total fat as control (by adjusting cocoa butter and anhydrous milk fat (AMF)). The ratio between cocoa butter and AMF was kept constant.

[0181] Standard chocolate making procedure was followed to make all samples. Each recipe made was made to a total mass of 1.5 kg. A photograph of refiner paste prior to first pass through refiner for the experimental chocolate masses is provided in FIG. 5A. The CPH variants tended to make a “drier” paste on account of greater oil binding ability relative to the sucrose, skimmed milk powder and conventional cocoa mass they were replacing. The particle size and viscosity of the chocolate masses is provided in FIG. 5B. The results suggest that while the freeze-dried CPH increased viscosity of the chocolate mass, the CPH dried in vacuum oven at 85° C. actually had lower viscosity than the control chocolate mass, which may be advantageous during chocolate processing. All recipes were conched in a jacketed Hobart mixer (set to 40° C.).

[0182] Finished masses were hand tempered (tempering to 27° C., before bringing up to 29° C. with non-tempered mass) and moulded in standard 40 g bars.

[0183] Nutritional composition of the resultant chocolate bars are provided in the table below.

[0184] The inclusion of cocoa pod husk in the chocolate bars enabled significant increase in fibre content, as well as reduction of sugars and added sugars.

TABLE-US-00003 Typical Nutritional values/100 g Control CPH-FD CPH-Vac85C Energy, kJ 2205.2 2052.4 2052.4 Energy, kcal 526.5 490.6 490.6 protein 6.3 6.1 6.1 carbohydrate 61.1 61.3 61.3 Sugars 58 51.5 51.5 Added sugars 46.1 40 40 fat 29.1 29.3 29.3 fibre 1.7 6.1 6.1

[0185] Photographs of the experimental chocolate bars containing CPH are provided in FIG. 5C. Informal sensory assessments were conducted to gain initial impressions of the impact of adding the different forms of CPH on the organoleptic properties of the resulting chocolate (FIG. 5D).

[0186] Acceptable organoleptic properties were achieved with both CPH-FD and CPH-Vac85C chocolate, though each was denser and more clay-like than the control chocolate (which is to be expected when manufacturing chocolate with non-traditional ingredients). The fact that acceptable organoleptic properties were achieved shows that CPH powders of the invention may be used to increase the dietary fibre content of chocolate, which may lead to improved health benefits attributed to high fibre intake.

[0187] This preliminary evaluation of CPH showed an opportunity for potential application as non-noble bulking in chocolate. It also demonstrated that the method of processing CPH affects organoleptic properties.

Example 5—Incorporating CPH Powder of Example 1 Milled to Various Particle Sizes into Milk Chocolate at 10 wt. %

[0188] CPH variants (Run #B19 of FIG. 1) and non-fat dry milk, NFDM (comparative example) were incorporated as bulking agents into Milk chocolate masses. A commercially available milk chocolate product was used as a representative milk chocolate mass for these experiments. As a typical procedure, 20 g of CPH powder of Example 1 was added to 180 g melted milk chocolate mass per the schematic described in FIG. 6A to yield the experimental chocolate bars (5i, 5ii, 5iii, 5iv and 5v) shown in FIG. 6B. No fat adjustment was made to prepare the chocolates.

[0189] FIG. 6B illustrates the effect of incorporating 10 wt. % heat treated CPH (from Samples #B18, B19) of different particle sizes into milk chocolate masses in contrast to incorporating 10 wt. % NFDM as a comparative example. FIG. 6B shows that in contrast to NFDM (5i), coarse CPH powder of over 230 mesh size (5ii) yielded a richer, darker color. Fine CPH powder of <325 mesh size (5iv) yielded a rich, brown color with greater shine (gloss) and lower appearance of undesirable fat bloom. Among CPH powders <325 mesh, comparing vacuum oven dried CPH (5iv) with oven dried CPH (5v) revealed that the oven dried CPH provided an even darker brown color, almost resembling the appearance of artisan dark chocolates which are of increased commercial value.

Example 6—Incorporating CPH Powder of Example 1 into Milk Chocolate at 15 wt. %

[0190] CPH variants (Run #B19) and Lactose (comparative example) were incorporated as bulking agents into milk chocolate masses, with fat adjustment (0.25 g Cocoa Butter/g CPH) in accordance with the schematic described in FIG. 6A. As shown in FIG. 7, CPH of fine particle size (<325 mesh) was incorporated into a commercial milk chocolate product at 15 wt. % (6i). As a comparative example (6ii), lactose was incorporated into at 10 wt. % (lactose is the primary constituent of whey powder, a bulk filler typically used in milk chocolate). Despite the increased use level, the CPH formed a smoother chocolate bar, with a rich brown color (6i), while the comparative example showed inhomogeneity in the form of fat pooling on the surface (6ii). Informal round table tasting results suggested that 6i had firmer bite, gritty mouthfeel, reduced sweetness, darker color and grassy off-note relative to 6ii.

Example 7—Proposed Process to Produce CPH Ingredient at Commercial Scale

[0191] Any process for producing CPH ingredient at commercial scale must, within a short time frame, convert fresh cocoa pod husks generated from pod opening into a stable intermediate (or final product) that is not at risk of microbial spoilage, otherwise, the risk of microbial spoilage, which results in toxic contaminants (mycotoxins, etc.) rises. To overcome the supply chain challenge posed by this time constraint after pod opening, the process of converting fresh husks into CPH is preferably initiated in close proximity to the source of the husks, i.e., the cocoa fermentry (or farm, etc.). To obviate the logistical challenges posed by locating advanced industrial processing equipment and skilled operators in proximity to cocoa farms, the equipment used should be preferably “low-tech”, requiring minimal capital investment and operator expertise. Preferably such equipment is locally available at low cost in the cocoa growing regions of the world.

[0192] A farm-worker opening cocoa pods to obtain the beans can generate ˜130 kg fresh cocoa pod husks/hour. The husks can then be washed in a commercial fruit/vegetable washer to remove external dirt, debris, pesticide, etc.

[0193] Next, the washed husks can be subjected to blanching in steam/hot water/dilute acid (in a commercial fruit and vegetable steam blanching/cooking machine) to sterilize the material, as well as expel heavy metals, pesticides and mycotoxins. This step also helps soften the husks. The blanched husks can then be passed through a press to expel water. While different types of presses, such as screw press, expeller, etc, can be used, a low-tech, locally available solution such as a commercial sugarcane crusher is most preferable. The goal of this step is primarily to expel water and bring the material to ˜50% or higher solids content. Additionally, this step may help remove any residual contaminants, as well as sugars, soluble fibers, etc, therefore increasing the total insoluble fibre (IDF) content of the final product.

[0194] The next step involves drying the material to a water activity (aw) of at least 0.65, which is recognized as a threshold critical to achieving microbial stability. Impingement ovens, such as commercial grade pizza ovens shown in FIG. 8, or low cost commercial drum dryers, or other locally available dryers and food dehydrators can be used to achieve this (note that polyaromatic hydrocarbons, i.e., PAH and acrylamide generated from the drying step must be closely monitored to ensure food safety and compliance with local regulations). The resultant dry CPH intermediate, with aw<0.65 (preferably aw<0.6, most preferably aw<0.55) is now expected to be stable to shipping and storage. The drying step may also enhance the brittleness of the CPH intermediate, which is beneficial to the grinding step that follows.

[0195] Being microbially stable, dry CPH intermediate can be stored and shipped as required to an offsite grinding/milling facility to grind to required particle size. It must be noted, that the ability (with relatively low investment and simple equipment) to convert fresh cocoa pod husks into a stable intermediate which can be stored and shipped overcomes critical problems of microbial spoilage and seasonality, which present significant logistical challenges for supply chain considerations (which is one reason why cocoa pod husks remain under-utilized as a waste stream).

[0196] In some cases, the CPH intermediate received after storage and shipping may undergo further drying to bring aw<0.2 and reduce the total moisture content.

[0197] While commercially available hammer mills, jet mills, cell mills and knife mills can be used to achieve size reduction, planetary ball mills with ceramic grinding media and air classifier mills are expected to be particularly efficient in achieving the fine particle size (d90<30 micron, preferably <20 micron) required for chocolate.

[0198] In this way, a CPH ingredient that is most preferred for chocolate application can be commercially produced with relatively low capital investment and without significant supply chain and logistical constraints.

[0199] The above embodiment is/embodiments are described by way of example only. Many variations are possible without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.