GYROMESH SOLAR SAIL SPACECRAFT AND SAIL PANEL ASSEMBLIES

Abstract

A gyromesh solar sail spacecraft having a gyromesh of solar sail panel assemblies, each with a reflective solar sail. The gyromesh of solar sail panel assemblies distributed around a hub and rim with a cable structure, the cable structure having a plurality of radial cables and plurality of circular cables, the radial cables extending from the hub linearly and the plurality circular cables encircling the hub. The solar sail panels assemblies attached to at least one of the plurality of circular cables, at least a portion of the solar sail panel assemblies attached to the circular cables by a plurality of actuators, respectively, wherein centrifugal force keeps the plurality of radial cables, plurality of circular cables, and solar sail panels extended from the rim.

Claims

1. A sail panel assembly comprising: a solar sail foldable in a first direction and a second direction, the solar sail having a top strut and a bottom strut, both the top struts and the bottom struts foldable in the second direction, the struts having a plurality of segments, each of the plurality segments joined by a latching hinge mechanism; a sail panel control module having an actuator, the actuator in physical connection with the solar sail allowing rotation of the solar sail relative to a sail panel control module; and wherein the foldable top struts have a latching hinge mechanism that allows unfolding of the plurality of segments and locks the plurality of segments in a rigid position.

2. The solar sail assembly of claim 1, wherein the latching hinge mechanism has a strut release pin attached to a release cable at a first end and to the actuator at a second end wherein rotation of the actuator pulls the release pin and unlocks the latching hinge mechanism for at least a first segment of the plurality of segments.

3. The sail panel assembly of claim 1, wherein the latching hinge mechanism has a plurality of latching hinge plates on each respective strut segment with a spring loaded grab pin and a release pin wherein unfolding one of the plurality of segments unlocks an adjacent folded segment, thereby allowing the solar sail to unfold in the second direction by alternating rotation of the actuator.

4. A method of deploying a sail panel assembly comprising: providing a solar sail foldable in a first direction and a second direction, the solar sail with having a top strut and a bottom strut, both the top struts and the bottom struts foldable in the second direction, the struts having a plurality of segments, each of the plurality segments joined by a latching hinge mechanism; a sail panel control module having an actuator, the actuator in physical connection with the solar sail allowing rotation of the solar sail relative to a sail panel control module; wherein the foldable top struts have a latching hinge mechanism that allows unfolding of the plurality of segments and locks them in a rigid position; unfolding the plurality of segments; and unfurling the sail.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein unfolding the plurality of segments are unfolded by alternating rotation direction of the actuator to open the plurality of segments.

6. The method of claim 4, wherein each of the plurality of segments are unfolded sequentially, unfolded simultaneously, or combination thereof.

7. A gyromesh solar sail spacecraft comprising: a gyromesh of solar sail panel assemblies, each with a reflective solar sail; the gyromesh of solar sail panel assemblies distributed around a hub and rim with a cable structure, the cable structure having a plurality of radial cables and plurality of circular cables, the radial cables extending from the hub linearly and the plurality circular cables encircling the hub; the solar sail panels assemblies attached to at least one of the plurality of circular cables, at least a portion of the solar sail panel assemblies attached to the circular cables by a plurality of actuators, respectively; and wherein centrifugal force keeps the plurality of radial cables, plurality of circular cables, and solar sail panels extended from the rim.

8. The gyromesh solar sail spacecraft of claim 7, wherein the hub has a robotic arm.

9. The gyromesh solar sail spacecraft of claim 7, wherein the hub has a rigid rim.

10. The gyromesh solar sail spacecraft of claim 9, wherein the rim has radial cable spools.

11. The gyromesh solar sail spacecraft of claim 7, wherein the circular cables have circular cable spools respectively located near the plurality of actuators.

12. The gyromesh solar sail spacecraft of claim 7, wherein the plurality of actuators is remotely controlled by the hub.

13. The gyromesh solar sail spacecraft of claim 7, wherein the plurality of actuators controls a roll angle of the plurality of reflective sail panels.

14. The gyromesh solar sail spacecraft of claim 7, wherein the plurality of actuators control unfurling of the plurality of reflective sail panels.

15. The gyromesh solar sail spacecraft of claim 7, wherein the radial thruster is distributed along the rim.

16. A method of deploying a gyromesh of solar sail panels in orbit, the method comprising: providing a gyromesh solar sail spacecraft comprising: a hub, a robot arm, a rim, a plurality of solar sail panel assemblies having a reflective solar sail, at least a portion of the plurality of reflective sail panel assemblies having an actuator, a cable structure, the cable structure having a plurality of radial cables and a plurality of circular cables, the radial cables extendable from the rim linearly and the plurality circular cables encircling the hub, the plurality of reflective sail panel assemblies attached to the plurality of circular cables; deploying the rim around the hub; deploying the plurality of the reflective solar sail panel assemblies and the cable structure from the rim whereby centrifugal force unfurls the cable structure and reflective solar sail panels; and unfurling the plurality of reflective solar sails.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein at least one of the plurality of the reflective solar sails are unfurled when they are away from the rim.

18. The method of claim 16, further providing a thruster to increase centrifugal force.

19. The method of claim 16, wherein a robot loads sail panel assemblies on the rim.

20. The method of claim 16, wherein the cable structure is released through spools.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein circular cables are spooled from the sail panel assemblies.

22. The method of claim above, wherein the circular cables spools have a dampening means.

23. The method of claim 16, wherein a portion of the reflective solar sails are unfurled and positioned relative to solar radiation to increase centrifugal force before deployment of all of the plurality of the circular cable sections.

24. A method of controlling the direction of the axis of rotation of a gyromesh solar sail spacecraft comprising: providing a solar sail spacecraft that is rotating at a spacecraft rotation speed, the solar sail spacecraft having a plurality of solar sails extending from the solar sail spacecraft due to centrifugal force from the spacecraft rotation speed; wherein at least one of the plurality of solar sails are rotatable along an axis that radially extends from the center of the solar sail spacecraft; rotating one or more of the at least one of the plurality of solar sails at a sail rotation speed that is half the spacecraft rotation speed to change the direction of the axis rotation of the solar sail spacecraft.

25. The method of claim 1, wherein all of the plurality of solar sail panels are rotated at half the spacecraft rotational speed.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] FIG. 1 is a plan view of a gyromesh solar sail spacecraft comprising a gyromesh of solar sail panel assemblies, each of the solar sail panel assemblies having a reflective solar sail. The gyromesh of solar sail panel assemblies are distributed around a hub and rim with a cable structure, the cable structure having a plurality of radial cables and plurality of circular cables, the radial cables extending from the hub linearly and the plurality circular cables encircling the hub. The solar sail panels assemblies attached to at least one of the plurality of circular cables, at least a portion of the solar sail panel assemblies attached to the circular cables by a plurality of actuators, respectively. Centrifugal force keeps the plurality of radial cables, plurality of circular cables, and solar sail panels extended from the rim.

[0012] FIG. 2A is a cross-section view of single rocket faring.

[0013] FIG. 2B is a cross-section view the components of that shown in FIG. 1, packed into the volume of a rocket faring of the shown in FIG. 2A

[0014] FIG. 3A is a partial perspective view of the spacecraft shown in FIG. 1, deploying the rim with a robot arm.

[0015] FIG. 3B is a partial perspective view of the spacecraft shown in FIG. 1, wherein the rim is deployed.

[0016] FIG. 4 is a partial view of the robot arm deploying the plurality of solar sail assemblies onto the rim.

[0017] FIG. 5 is a partial view of the gyromesh solar spacecraft with a deployed circular cable section and loading of another circular cable section on the rim.

[0018] FIG. 6 is a plan view of the gyromesh solar spacecraft with the plurality of sail assemblies deployed with the solar sails not yet unfurled.

[0019] FIG. 7 is a partial perspective view of a sail panel assembly.

[0020] FIG. 8A is a perspective view of a latching hinge mechanism.

[0021] FIG. 8B is another perspective view of the latching hinge mechanism.

[0022] FIG. 9 is a side view of a strut segment deployment sequence.

[0023] FIG. 10 is a partial plan view of the solar sail assembly with before the solar sail is unfurled.

[0024] FIG. 10A is a detailed view of that shown in FIG. 10, providing a strut release pin in a first location 10A.

[0025] FIG. 10B is a detailed view of that shown in FIG. 10, providing a strut release pin in a second location 10B.

[0026] FIG. 10C is a detailed view of that shown in FIG. 10, providing a release cable attached to a strut release cable spool.

[0027] FIG. 11 is a partial plan view of the solar sails unfurled.

[0028] FIG. 12A is a plan view of a simplified gyromesh spacecraft with eight solar sails with each of the solar sails at a rotated angle of 45 degrees with respect a radius from the hub and facing the sun to increase centrifugal force.

[0029] FIG. 12B is a plan view of a simplified gyromesh spacecraft with eight solar sails with each of the solar sails at a rotated angle of 90 degrees with respect to a radius from the hub and facing the sun.

[0030] FIG. 12C is a plan view of a simplified gyromesh spacecraft with eight solar sails with each of the solar sails at a rotated angle of 0 degrees with respect to a radius from the hub and facing the sun.

[0031] FIG. 12D is a plan view of a simplified gyromesh spacecraft with eight solar sails with each of the solar sails at a rotated angle of 90 degrees with respect to the sun.

[0032] FIG. 12E is a plan view of a simplified gyromesh spacecraft with eight solar sails with the rotation of the simplified gyromesh spacecraft counterclockwise to that shown in FIG. 12D.

[0033] FIG. 13 is a plan view of a 3-sail spacecraft with a hub and three sail panel control assemblies.

[0034] FIG. 14 is a schematic view of the gyromesh solar cell spacecraft near Lagrange 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0035] Referring to the figures attached herein, methods and embodiments of the present invention are described further hereinbelow.

[0036] Referring to FIG. 1, a gyromesh solar sail spacecraft 10 comprises a gyromesh of solar sail panels 30. Here, each individual of the gyromesh solar sail panels are rectangular, however any shape is possible. The gyromesh of reflective sail panels are distributed radially from a hub with a cable structure 40. The cable structure has a plurality of radial cables 40R and a plurality of circular cables 40C. The plurality of radial cables 40C extend from the hub linearly and the plurality of circular cables 40C attached to the plurality of radial cables 40R and encircle the hub. Shown in further detail in figures hereinbelow, the hub has a rigid rim from which the radial cables extend. The circular and radial cable are composed of segments of cable that are attached to one another. Each individual of the gyromesh of solar sail panels attach to a portion of at least one of the plurality of circular cables 40C either directly or via an actuator. When deployed in space, the gyromesh solar sail spacecraft spins and centrifugal force keeps the plurality of radial cables 40R, plurality of circular cables 40C, and the solar sail panels 30 extended from the hub. The gyromesh solar spacecraft 10 is controlled via communication from the hub to individual sail panel control modules. The hub can be navigationally preprogrammed or controlled via known long range communication means.

[0037] As further described hereinbelow, rotational motion is required to provide centrifugal force to facilitate deployment and operation of the gyromesh solar sail spacecraft. Rotational motion can be achieved through propellant force; such as release from the launching rocket or thrusters on the deployed spacecraft. Another method is using the solar sails themselves angled towards the sun in a fan or pinwheel orientation. Yet another method is to mechanically rotate a physical object relative to the spacecraft. The physical object could be another spacecraft and mechanical rotation relative to one another.

[0038] In one embodiment, the gyromesh solar sail spacecraft is stowed in a single rocket payload. The payload is launched into a low earth orbit and deployed in space either remotely or in a preprogrammed sequence. Referring to FIGS. 2A and 2B, a section view illustrates a packed payload. FIG. 2A shows a section view of a rocket faring 100 that can accommodate the embodiment shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 2B shows the components of the gyromesh solar sail spacecraft 10 packable within the volume of the rocket faring 100. Once launched into orbit, the gyromesh solar sail spacecraft is deployed using simple mechanical features assisted by a robotic arm.

[0039] Referring to FIGS. 3A and 3B, initial deployment of the spacecraft is shown. FIG. 3A shows a partial cross-section view of the spacecraft deploying a rim 14 from a hub 12. Here, a robotic arm 16 assists assembling the rim 14 by pushing sections outward. Initial unpacking of the gyromesh solar sail spacecraft includes deploying the hub 12 and rim 14. The robot arm 16 first orients a solar cells 20 towards the sun to provide electrical energy. Then robot arm 16 begins to unfold the rim. As shown in FIG. 2B, the rim is stowed with hinged sections 18 folded and rolled and a plurality of solar sail assembly modules 60 stored below. The robot arm 16 pushes the rim sections into position and latches the hinge sections end-to-end. In one embodiment the robotic arm 16 extends to the perimeter of the rim 14. In another embodiment, the hub 12 can move within the rim using hub-to-rim cables 22. In yet another embodiment, multiple robot arms are employed to increase production and provide redundancy. Further embodiment includes combinations of the aforementioned embodiments.

[0040] Referring to FIG. 3B, hub-to-rim cables extend from the hub to the rim. Here, four hub-to-rim cables are employed. The rim cables can be held passively affixed to the hub or can be attached with motorized spools. Using motorized spools allows the hub to adjust its position within the rim to aid in assembly and navigational purposes to adjust the center-of-mass.

[0041] As mass of the solar sail craft is deployed farther away from the rim, rotational speed will decrease. A thruster 24 or thrusters can be used to increase the rotational speed. As sufficient space is available during deployment of the gyromesh, some of the sail panels can be unfurled. Those sail panels can be oriented to provide thrust from solar light pressure to increase rotational speed. The thrust from these thrusters and sail panels can also be used to control the sail craft attitude for navigation and orbit raising.

[0042] Referring to FIG. 4, a partial view of the robot arm 16 installing solar sail assemblies 60 is shown. Here, the robot arm 16 loads the sail panel assemblies 60 onto the rim 14. The first section of the sail panel assemblies 60 on the rim become the outer most circular section of the gyromesh solar sail spacecraft as can be seen in FIG. 1. The sail panel assemblies 60 are packed with the circular cable 40C connected at their predetermined or nominal positions. Optionally, the circular cable connections can be made with the robot arm. Radial cables 40R within the rim sections are wound on radial cable spools 40RS. The robot arm 16 assists temporarily attaching all sail panel assemblies associated with the circular ring onto the rim and the radial cables. The robot arm performs some initial deployment steps on a solar sail panels 62, such as unrolling (but usually not unfolding) the solar sail panel, positioning a camera 84, antennas 66, extending a pivot arm 92, attaching and detaching various cables described further hereinbelow, and switching on power. In order to fit the solar sail panel assemblies on the rim 14, sail panel assemblies 60 are positioned in a vertical position relative to the plane or the rim 14.

[0043] While being assembled on the rim, the solar sail panels 62 typically remain in their folded position. Optionally, a number of the solar sail assemblies can unfurl their sail and deploy to steer the spacecraft or increase rotation of the spacecraft by angling the sail relative to the sun, either at the rim, at an intermediate deployment step, or combinations thereof.

[0044] Referring to FIG. 5, a partial perspective view of the gyromesh solar spacecraft illustrating a deployed circular cable section and loading of another circular section of the plurality of circular cables 40C on the rim 14. When all the sail panel assemblies 60 for a particular circular cable are positioned on the rim 14 the plurality of radial cables 40R spool out and centrifugal force causes the sail panel assemblies 60 and plurality of circular cables 40C to extend from the hub 12 and rim 14. As the radial cables extend from the rim, the perimeter of the circular cables will increase. Tension from the circular cables will automatically cause a circular cable spool to release circular cable increasing the perimeter. Once extended from the rim 12, the robot prepares the next circular ring of sail panel assemblies 60 on the rim 12. The process is repeated for each circular ring until the gyromesh is fully deployed. FIG. 6 illustrates a fully deployed gyromesh cable structure 40 without the sail panels unfurled.

[0045] Referring to FIG. 7, a partial perspective view of a sail panel assembly 60 illustrates various components in further detail. The solar sail assemblies 60 include a sail panel control module 80 and a sail panel 62 joined together with a strut 92. In this embodiment, the solar panel assembly 62 has a sail panel control module 80 and related electronics 80E powered with the solar panels 82. The sail panel control module has an antenna 66 for communication to the hub. Optionally, a camera 84 is employed to monitor the solar sail panels. The solar sail control module can draw power from a solar cell 82 or a battery 80B, which in turn can be charged by solar cell 82. An actuator 90 connects to the sail via a pivot arm 92. The pivot arm, shown folded, extends the sail from the circular cable to provide clearance for the unfurled solar sail. Circular cable spools 40CS allow positioning along circular cable.

[0046] A drag cable 94 and drag spool cable spool 94S is attached to the bottom strut and allows slow deployment of the sail during unfurling. The drag cable 94 can slide through additional attachments points along the centerline of the sail membrane and struts for additional speed control during unfurling of the sail. Unfurling is described in further detail hereinbelow. The drag spool can be driven by an actuator or be passively controlled with a dampener or transmission such a spring loaded brake, drag wheel, or other such mechanism. At the same connection point shown near the bottom strut, a tension cable 95 can be attached to the bottom strut to add extra tension when the sail is deployed. At tension cable spool 95S can controls the tension cable. Wherein needed cable attachment is achieved by simple mechanical connections known in the art. Where convenient, simple lightweight carabiners are sufficient. Both the drag cable and tension cable 95 are optional.

[0047] A plurality of actuators can be used to drive each spool. Alternatively, a single actuation can be used and a switching mechanism can drive particular spools. Further, backup or redundant actuation be used to ensure functionality of any individual sail.

[0048] The solar sail panel 62 is accordion folded in a first direction and a second direction. The sail can be any shape. Here, the sail panel is rectangular and folded first along is length in the direction of the radial cable. The sail is second folded along its width. The solar sail panel 62 has at least a top strut TS and bottom strut BS that are foldable, examples of which are provided in more detail in FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B. A middle strut or further struts can be employed for structural integrity, and minimize wrinkling and billowing. The top struts have a plurality of foldable sections that are connected with a latching hinge mechanism. The middle and bottom struts are similarly foldable.

[0049] During deployment of the sail panel assemblies at the rim, the robot arm will perform several types of cable connections. If the solar sail panel is aligned with the location for a radial cable, the robot arm may be used to attach a radial cable segment from the radial cable spool on the rim to the radial cable assembly point 40RA. If a radial cable is attached to the rim from a sail panel radially further out from the current sail panel, the robot arm can disconnect the cable from the rim and connect the cable to the sail panel's bottom radial connector 41. Similarly, if a tension cable is attached to the rim from a sail panel radially further out from the current sail panel, the robot arm can disconnect the tension cable from the rim and connect the tension cable to the sail panel's bottom tension connector 93. If the next inner circle has a sail panel radially aligned with the current sail panel, the robot arm may connect the current sail panel's tension cable 95 to the rim, for subsequent connection to the next inner circle's bottom tension connector.

[0050] Referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B, the latching hinge mechanism 100 is shown. The latching hinge mechanism 100 allows the deployment of the solar sail by unfolding the solar sail in the second direction. Explained operationally, as ends of the assembly rotate away from the ends of the sail panel control module, the first segment releases when pins are pulled from a stowage catch eye, freeing the outer pair of strut segments to move free.

[0051] As the sail panel assembly rotates it imparts momentum on a free first strut segment 102, when the momentum is sufficient, the actuator reverses direction. Momentum carries the outer sail panel section 102 clockwise away from the other sail panel sections, opening a hinge 106 (arrow indicates movement). This unfolding occurs on both ends of the top strut assembly. As any of the sail panel sections hinge open (180 degrees), a deployment catch 112 presses into a corresponding deployment catch hole 126 in the latching hinge mechanism. The deployment catch flexes an arm release plate 118 away from the deployment catch hole 126, allowing a spring 120 to rotate a pivot arm 122. When the pivot arm rotates, a grab pin 124 inserts into a deployment catch eye 113. The grab pin locks the strut segment 102 open (180 degrees).

[0052] At the same time that the grab pin 124 grabs the deployment catch 112, the release pin 123 on the opposite end of the pivot arm rotates out the stowage catch eye 114. This releases the next strut segment so that this next strut segment is free to hinge open. Someone skilled in the art can implement the mechanics to the same effect of latching one strut segment open and releasing the next segment to be free to hinge open.

[0053] Referring to FIG. 9, a simplified strut segment 150 deployment sequence is shown with small arrows indicating rotation of the actuator. By alternating rotation direction, the sail panel attached to the strut segment is unfolded in the second direction. Initially, the aforementioned release pin gets pulled by releasing a first segment. In a first step 1S, the folded sail is completely folded and rotating. In a second step 2S, the actuator reverses the direction of rotation and the momentum of the strut segment causes the strut segment to unfold. In a third step, the strut segment latches open (180 degrees) and the latching hinge mechanism of the next segment unlatches. In the next steps 4S and 5S the rotation direction is reversed and through alternating rotation direction the remaining strut segments fully unfold. With the strut segments fully unfolded the sail is unfolded in the second direction and the sail can then be unfolded in the first direction. Here, a certain orientation has been shown for explanatory purposes.

[0054] As aforementioned, the bottom or any intermediary struts can have a mechanical latch to hold the strut segments open (180 degrees). In general, the top struts are a more substantial structural design and body whereas the middle and bottom struts are less substantial. When the intermediary and bottom struts are simple tubes, a simple latching mechanism that locks the tubes together is sufficient.

[0055] Another method for unfolding the strut segments is to include spring loaded tension. With spring loaded hinges, rotational motion of the sail segments is not required. Spring loaded hinges can be released in a sequence, with each segment released after the preceding strut is opened (180 degrees). In another embodiment, each of the segments can be unfolded simultaneously. In yet another embodiment, a combination of sequential and simultaneous unfolding strut segments can be implemented.

[0056] FIG. 10 illustrates a process of unfolding the sail panel in the second direction, or unfurling of the sail. Here, a sail tie cable 160 holds a bottom strut 162 and any intermediary struts in place with a strut release pin 166 through a release cable eye 164 in a first location A and a second location B. The strut release pin is attached to a release cable 168, the release cable attached to a strut release cable spool 170. Rotation of the actuator causes the strut release cable to wind onto the spool and pulls the strut release pin to release the sail tie cable and allows the sail to unfurl. Here, two locations are shown for explanatory purposes, in other embodiments a single or multiple more sail tie cables can be implemented.

[0057] The sail panel can be allowed to unfurl freely or can be controlled. As aforementioned, the drag cable 94 can be employed to control the speed of the unfurling sail. As aforementioned, the tension cable adds tension to the sail during unfurling or to the fully unfurled sail. Referring to FIG. 11, a partial plan view of unfurled solar sails is shown. As shown, a tension cable 98 is connected to the bottom strut of each respective sail.

[0058] One of the many advantages of the current disclosure is the ability to launch the gyromesh spacecraft into low earth orbit and use the solar sails to increase orbital speed though the solar radiation pressure exerted on the sail from the sun. This is advantageous due to lower launch cost and without need of launching into a higher altitude. Referring to FIG. 12A through 12D, a simplified schematic illustrates an eight solar sail gyromesh spacecraft 200 wherein the plane of the drawing and this spacecraft is presumed to face the sun. As observed in the schematics, each individual solar sail can rotate along their respective radial axis from the hub or rim to the solar sail. This rotation is represented on the small circular reference angles at the end of the solar sails. This rotation exposes a different solar sail angle relative to the sun and allows the gyromesh to alter the overall solar sail spacecraft's speed and attitude. Each of the 8 solar sails can be rotated independently. Solar pressure is maximized when a sail panel is at a 0-degreee relative angle (i.e. in the plane of the drawing). Solar pressure is minimized when the sail panel is at a 90-degree relative angle.

[0059] FIGS. 12A through 12D show different operating modes for the solar sail panels. During deployment, as the gyromesh spacecraft and attached solar sail panels deploy outward from the rim, the rotational speed will decrease. This rotational speed can be restored by rotating a plurality of the sail panels to roughly 45 degrees, as shown in FIG. 12A. The appearance is a pinwheel. In order to increase the altitude while in earth orbit (orbit raising), the sail craft will alternate between the two modes shown in FIG. 12B and FIG. 12C. For half of the orbit, while moving towards the sun, the sail panels are turned 90 degrees to be edge-on to the sun as in FIG. 12B. This prevents the sail craft from being slowed down by light pressure from the sun. Similarly, for the other half of the orbit, while moving away from the sun, the sail panels are at 0 degrees (in the plane of the sail craft) to accelerate from the light pressure from the sun. FIG. 12C is also the typical sailing configuration after leaving earth orbit. The plane of the sail craft is typically oriented normal to the direction of the sun.

[0060] A spinning solar sail spacecraft holds the orientation of its rotational axis constant due to angular momentum. There are times when this orientation needs adjustment. Secondary forces on the sail craft may cause the orientation to change by small amounts. As the earth rotates around the sun, the sail craft attitude will not stay pointed towards the sun, and will need to be adjusted back towards the sun. After leaving earth orbit, there is a need to change the attitude relative to the sun for navigation.

[0061] FIGS. 12D and 12E show the operating mode for changing the attitude of the gyromesh solar sail spacecraft. With reference to FIG. 12D as a starting point and rotation of the spacecraft counterclockwise. All of sails A, B, C, D, E, F, G and G, have their sails rotating at half the rate of rotation of the overall spacecraft. For example, for sail panel A, a 90-degree counterclockwise rotation of the spacecraft will be a 45-degree rotation of solar sail A, as shown in FIG. 12E. When the spacecraft has rotated 360-degrees, solar sail panel A will be on the right side again a full 180-degrees (equivalent to 0-degrees). For maximum correction, all of the solar sail panels can be synchronized so their respective actuators rotate the sail panels to 0-degrees or 180-degrees on the right and 90-degrees or 270-degrees on the left. The result is a center of pressure on the spacecraft to the right of its rotational axis. In the illustrated example, the resulting torque tilts the rotational axis so the top of the overall spacecraft goes below the plane of the drawing and the bottom of the spacecraft goes above the plane of the drawing. If the sail panel rotation is coordinated to be zero degrees elsewhere, the torque and resultant tilt will be in a different direction. As long as the solar sail panels rotate, the spacecraft will precess. Stopping the solar sail panel rotation will stop the spacecraft precess.

[0062] Different sets of sail panels can be performing different operating modes at the same time. For example, the outermost ring of solar sail panels could be oriented at 45 degrees to increase the rotational speed, while the next ring of solar sail panels rotates to adjust attitude of the solar sail craft, while all other rings of the solar sail panels are alternating between 0 degrees and 90 degrees for orbit raising. Indeed, any individual solar sail panel can operate in a different aforementioned mode.

[0063] FIG. 13 illustrates a simple 3-sail spacecraft 220 with a hub 222 and three sail panel control assemblies 60 attached to the hub 222 with solar sails 62 fully deployed.

[0064] The disclosed embodiments and methods have a variety of useful applications. Referring to FIG. 14, one such application illustrated is a sun shade. When the gyromesh solar sail spacecraft 10 is positioned near Lagrange One L1 between the sun SUN and earth EO the total area of the sails blocks sunlight and helps counteract the effects of trapped heat by greenhouse gasses. In such an application, near Lagrange 1, continuous solar sail pressure results in an equilibrium location with the sail facing sunward. Due to the added solar pressure of the solar induced force, the equilibrium position will be further sunward than Lagrange 1. The gyromesh solar sail spacecraft can adaptively turn sails to navigate within an acceptable range such that the gyromesh solar sail spacecraft keeps its station between the earth and sun and is not drawn too close the sun or the earth. Another related application using the same orbit is early detection of coronal mass ejection events. Generally, propellant-less space exploration, asteroid mining, cargo-tug to Mars and other planets and dead satellite cleanup are other applications.

[0065] The gyromesh solar sail assembly can be manufactured from commercially available products. The solar sail can be a reflective Mylar or other lightweight reflective material. One such material already used in aerospace for solar spacecraft is CP1 polyimide manufactured with a vapor deposition of aluminum by Nexolve. The solar sail material is preferably reflective on both sides of the film. Actuator, spools and other mechanized features are preferably light and compact. The cable material is preferably lightweight and resistant to the sun's radiation. Stranded metal cable is one suitable material. Structured ribbon cable is also a preferred structure. In general, the cables can be made from any space grade material with sufficient tensile strength for its intended load. Rigid mechanical features are preferably made from lightweight material such as carbon fiber or polymers resistant to space's atmosphere and the suns radiation.

[0066] Following the gyromesh solar sail spacecraft configuration with 528 solar sail modules as shown in FIG. 1, a practical, yet conservative estimate, for implementation is as follows below.

[0067] Regarding mass, with solar sail panels at 50′ by 100′ with a 2.5-micron thick film and adhesive or ripstop film the sail film mass per module is approximately 19.5 kg. The hardware including struts and hinges mass approximately 3.75 kgs. The solar sail control module including frame, electronics, motors and spools mass is about 4 kg. Each solar sail assembly mass is approximately 28 kg. The cable structure made from 3-strand 22-gauge steel mass is 7.62 g/m. 24 1-kilometer radial cables mass is 183 kg. The various circular cables from 0.3 km to 1 km weigh 249 kg. Drag and tension cables weigh 805 kg. Cable connectors weigh 42 kg. The mass of the hub and rim is 410 kg. The total mass of the gyromesh solar sail spacecraft as configured above is 16.7 metric tons. Thus, the spacecraft areal density is based on the disclosed 528 50′×100′ sails configuration is 6.3 g/m.sup.2. Embodiments can scale in the number of sails and configurations.

[0068] From the description of the present invention provided herein one skilled in the art can implement the method of manufacture in accordance with the present invention. While the present invention has been described in terms of particular examples, others can be implemented without departing from the invention. In some embodiments components were illustrated as separate pieces, other as monolithic bodies. It is to be understood that any particular component can be made from an assembly of parts. Further the features of certain parts can be combined with other parts to form monolithic bodies incorporating the features or functional aspects of the separate parts. In summary, the present invention is described above in terms of particular embodiments. The invention, however, is not limited to the embodiments described and depicted herein. Rather, the invention is limited only by the claims appended hereto.