MANUFACTURE OF OPTICAL LIGHT GUIDES

Abstract

The method for manufacturing optical light guide elements comprises providing a plurality of initial bars, each initial bar extending along a respective initial-bar direction from a first bar end to a second bar end and having a first side face extending from the first bar end to the second bar end, the first side face being reflective; positioning the initial bars in a row with their respective initial-bar directions aligned parallel to each other and with their respective first surfaces facing towards a neighboring one of the initial bars; and fixing the plurality of initial bars with respect to each other in the position to obtain a bar arrangement.

Claims

1. A method for manufacturing optical light guide elements, the method comprising a) providing a plurality of initial bars, each initial bar extending along a respective initial-bar direction from a first bar end to a second bar end and having a first side face extending from the first bar end to the second bar end, the first side face being reflective; b) positioning the initial bars in a row with their respective initial-bar directions aligned parallel to each other and with their respective first surfaces facing towards a neighboring one of the initial bars; c) fixing the plurality of initial bars with respect to each other in the position achieved in step b) to obtain a bar arrangement; the method further comprising at least one of steps d), d′), d″): d) segmenting the bar arrangement into prism bars, each of the prism bars comprising a portion of at least two different ones of the plurality of initial bars, by conducting a plurality of cuts through the bar arrangement; d′) segmenting the bar arrangement into prism bars by separating the bar arrangement into parts along cut lines, wherein the cut lines are at an angle with the initial-bar directions; d″) segmenting the bar arrangement into prism bars by separating the bar arrangement into sections by creating cut faces which are at an angle with respect to the initial-bar directions; the method further comprising e) segmenting the prism bars into parts.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one of each of the parts is comprised in one of the optical light guide elements; each of the parts comprises one of the optical light guide elements.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein each of the first side faces comprises a first reflective coating.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein each of the first side faces is reflective due to total internal reflection.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein, in step b), the initial bars are positioned in a distance to each other.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein each of the initial bars has a first, a second, a third and a fourth side faces, each extending from the first to the second bar end, the first and second side faces being planar faces aligned parallel to each other, the third and fourth side faces being separated from each other by and arranged between the first and the second side faces.

7. The method according to claim 1, comprising providing a plate having an upper face and a lower face which are aligned parallel to each other; obtaining the plurality of initial bars by conducting a plurality of cuts through the plate which run parallel to each other and parallel to the initial-bar directions and which create cut faces which are aligned perpendicularly to the upper and lower faces.

8. The method according to claim 1, comprising a*) providing a plurality of further bars, each further bar extending along a respective further-bar direction from a first further bar end to a second further bar end; b*) positioning, in step b), each of the further bars between two neighboring ones of the initial bars with their respective further-bar direction aligned parallel to the initial-bar directions; c*) fixing, in step c), the plurality of further bars with respect to each other and with respect to the initial bars in the position achieved in step b) to obtain the bar arrangement.

9. The method according to claim 8, comprising providing a plate referred to as further plate having an upper face and a lower face which are aligned parallel to each other; obtaining the plurality of further bars by conducting a plurality of cuts through the further plate which run parallel to each other and parallel to the further-bar directions and which create cut faces which are aligned perpendicularly to the upper and lower faces.

10. The method according to claim 1, comprising accomplishing the positioning mentioned in step b) by the aid of a jig.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fixing mentioned in step c) comprises attaching a first substrate to the each of the initial bars.

12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cut lines mentioned in steps d′) and d″) and the cuts mentioned in step d), respectively, are at an angle of between 20° and 75° with respect to the initial bar directions.

13. The method according to claim 1, comprising, before step e), attaching the prism bars to one or more further substrates, wherein the segmenting mentioned in step e) comprises segmenting the one or more further substrates.

14. The method according to claim 13, wherein each of the one or more further substrates comprises a wafer on which a plurality of lens elements are present.

15. The method according to claim 1, wherein each of the initial bars has a third side face extending from the first bar end to the second bar end, wherein each of the third side faces comprises a third reflective coating.

16. The method according to claim 11 wherein the fixing mentioned in step c) comprises, in addition, attaching a second substrate to the each of the initial bars to sandwich the initial bars between the first and second substrates.

17. The method according to claim 13 wherein each of the at least two parts comprises a section of the one or more further substrates.

18. The method according to claim 14, wherein each of said parts comprises at least one of the lens elements.

Description

[0172] Below, the invention is described in more detail by means of examples and the included drawings. The figures show:

[0173] FIG. 1 a photography of an optical light guide element of a first type (type I);

[0174] FIG. 2 a schematical perspective illustration of an optical light guide element of a first type (type I);

[0175] FIG. 3 a photography of an optical light guide element of a second type (type II);

[0176] FIG. 4 a schematical perspective illustration of an optical light guide element of a second type (type II);

[0177] FIG. 5 a schematical perspective illustration of an optical light guide element of a first type (type I), manufactured using further bars;

[0178] FIG. 6 a schematical perspective illustration of an optical light guide element of a second type (type II) using total internal reflection, and manufactured using further bars;

[0179] FIGS. 7a-7c schematical illustrations in a top view of a manufacture of initial bars;

[0180] FIGS. 8a-8c schematical illustrations in a cross-sectional view of a manufacture of initial bars;

[0181] FIGS. 9a -9c schematical illustrations in a cross-sectional view of a positioning of initial bars using a jig;

[0182] FIGS. 10a-10b schematical illustrations in a cross-sectional view of a positioning of initial bars using another jig;

[0183] FIGS. 11a-11c schematical illustrations in a top view of a manufacture of a bar arrangement;

[0184] FIGS. 12a-12c schematical illustrations in a cross-sectional view of the manufacture of a bar arrangement illustrated in FIGS. 11a-11c;

[0185] FIG. 13 a schematical illustration in a top view of a manufacture of prism bars from the bar arrangement of FIGS. 11c, 12c;

[0186] FIG. 14 a schematical illustration in a cross-sectional view of the manufacture of prism bars illustrated in FIG. 13;

[0187] FIG. 15 a schematical cross-sectional view of a prism bar as obtained according to FIGS. 13, 14;

[0188] FIG. 16 a schematical illustration in a cross-sectional view of the prism bar of FIG. 15;

[0189] FIG. 17 a schematical cross-sectional view of a prism bar;

[0190] FIG. 18 a schematical illustration in a cross-sectional view of an attaching of the prism bar of FIG. 17 to a lens wafer for manufacturing a type I optical light guide element;

[0191] FIG. 19 a schematical cross-sectional view of the prism bar of FIG. 17 sandwiched between the lens wafer illustrated in FIG. 18 and another lens wafer;

[0192] FIG. 20 a schematical cross-sectional view of the wafer stack of FIG. 19, with diffractive optical elements attached;

[0193] FIG. 21 a schematical cross-sectional view of an optical light guide element of type I obtained by separating the wafer stack of FIG. 20;

[0194] FIG. 22 a schematical cross-sectional view of a prism bar;

[0195] FIG. 23 a schematical illustration in a cross-sectional view of a wafer stack for manufacturing a type I optical light guide element, comprising the prism bar of FIG. 22 attached to a lens wafer;

[0196] FIG. 24 a schematical cross-sectional view of the wafer stack of FIG. 23 with another lens wafer attached;

[0197] FIG. 25 a schematical cross-sectional view of the wafer stack of FIG. 24, with diffractive optical elements attached;

[0198] FIG. 26 a schematical cross-sectional view of an optical light guide element of type II obtained by separating the wafer stack of FIG. 25;

[0199] FIGS. 27a-27c schematical illustrations in a top view of a manufacture of a bar arrangement comprising initial bars and further bars;

[0200] FIGS. 28a-28c schematical illustrations in a cross-sectional view of the manufacture of a bar arrangement illustrated in FIGS. 27a-27c;

[0201] FIG. 29 a schematical illustration in a top view of a manufacture of a prism bar from the bar arrangement of FIGS. 27c, 28c;

[0202] FIG. 30 a schematical illustration in a cross-sectional view of the manufacture of a prism bar illustrated in FIG. 29;

[0203] FIG. 31 a schematical cross-sectional view of a prism bar as obtained according to FIGS. 29, 30;

[0204] FIG. 32 a schematical cross-sectional illustration of the prism bar of FIG. 31, with separation lines illustrated for producing type I optical light guide elements with further bars as filler bars;

[0205] FIG. 33 a schematical cross-sectional illustration of the prism bar of FIG. 31, with separation lines illustrated for producing type I optical light guide elements with initial bars as filler bars;

[0206] FIG. 34 a schematical illustration of a bar arrangement comprising further bars and, at a distance thereto, initial bars which are not coated;

[0207] FIG. 35 a schematical cross-sectional illustration of the bar arrangement of

[0208] FIG. 35 sandwiched between two substrates;

[0209] FIG. 36 a schematical cross-sectional illustration of a prism bar obtained from the bar arrangement of FIG. 35, with separation lines illustrated for use as a type I optical light guide element with reflectivity by total internal reflection and with further bars as filler bars;

[0210] FIG. 37 a schematical cross-sectional illustration of a prism bar obtained from a bar arrangement with filler bars at a distance to the initial bars, with separation lines illustrated for use as a type III optical light guide element with initial bars as filler bars;

[0211] FIG. 38 a schematical cross-sectional view of an optical light guide element of type II including in the cavity an opto-electronic component at a side panel;

[0212] FIG. 39 a schematical cross-sectional view of an optical light guide element of type II including in the cavity an opto-electronic component at a prism.

[0213] The described embodiments are meant as examples or for clarifying the invention and shall not limit the invention.

[0214] FIG. 1 is a photography of an optical light guide element 1 of a first type (type I); FIG. 2 a schematical perspective illustration of an optical light guide element of a first type (type I). Since the optical light guide elements 1 of FIGS. 1 and 2 are, to a large extent, identical (they differ mainly in some dimensions), they are described together, in the following.

[0215] The optical light guide element 1 includes a prism 40 having two reflective faces 51, 52 embodied, e.g., by two reflective coatings 21r, 23r. Light entering the optical light guide element 1 through lens element 15 is reflected by reflective face 52 along a main direction of the optical light guide element 1 onto reflective face 51 which again redirects the light out of optical light guide element 1, e.g., through another lens element (which would be not visible in FIGS. 1, 2).

[0216] Optical light guide element 1 includes first and third outer side panels 61, 63 which are aligned parallel to base faces 9, 72 of prism 40, and to which base faces 71, 72 are fixed.

[0217] Optical light guide element 1 further includes second and fourth outer side panels 62, 64, which are sections 13a and 14a, respectively, of a lens wafer (cf. below).

[0218] Optical light guide element 1 has, within a cuboid described by the outer side panels 61, 62, 63, 64, two cavities 9, 9′.

[0219] In the same way as FIGS. 1 and 2, FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate an optical light guide element 1 of a second type (type II). Since many features of the illustrated type II optical light guide element 1 of FIGS. 3, 4 are identical with features of the optical light guide element 1 of FIGS. 1, 2, mainly the differences will be explained in the following.

[0220] In this optical light guide element 1 of FIGS. 3, 4, the optical light guide element 1 includes two prisms 41, 42 which are at a distance. Between prisms 41, 42, there is a cavity 9″. Cavity 9″ can be enclosed, in particular hermetically enclosed, by outer side panels 61, 62, 63, 63 and prisms 41, 42, as it is the case in the embodiment of FIGS. 3, 4.

[0221] Prism 41 has base faces 71, 72, and prism 42 has base face 73 and another base face not visible in FIGS. 3, 4. Each of the base faces is aligned parallel to and is fixed to one of outer side panels 61, 62.

[0222] Light entering optical light guide element 1 through lens element 15 is reflected by first and second reflective faces 51, 52 and propagates between first and second reflective faces 51, 52 inside cavity 9″ along the main direction.

[0223] FIG. 5 is a schematical perspective illustration of an optical light guide element 1 of the first type (type I), which is manufactured using further bars (cf. below).

[0224] In this case, optical light guide element 1 includes three prisms 40, 41, 42 which roughly correspond to prisms 40, 41, 42 of FIGS. 1 through 4. As illustrated in FIG. 5, prism 40 can be adjacent to both, prism 41 and prism 42. In this case, it can be provided that optical light guide element 1 comprises no cavity.

[0225] There are different ways of manufacturing a light guide as illustrated in FIG. 5. In one way, both, first and second reflective faces 51, 52 (which may be realized by reflective coatings 21r and 23r, respectively), are included in prism 40. In this case, a reflective coating of one of the other prisms 41, 42 can be dispensed with. And in this case, the optical light guide element 1 is of type I.

[0226] In another way, reflective face 51 is realized by prism 41, e.g., by a reflective coating 21r, and reflective face 52 is realized by prism 42, e.g., by a reflective coating 23r. In this case, the optical light guide element 1 is of type III, because light propagating inside optical light guide element 1 along the main direction does not propagate through a prism bearing the reflective faces (which would be obtained from an initial bar, cf. below).

[0227] And still in another way, reflective face 52 is realized by prism 42, and reflective face 51 is realized by prism 40; or reflective face 52 is realized by prism 40, and reflective face 51 is realized by prism 41. This way, optical light guide element 1 could be a type I optical light guide element.

[0228] The base faces of the prisms are, also in case of FIG. 3, fixed at the inner side of outer side panels 61 and 63, respectively.

[0229] FIG. 6 is a schematical perspective illustration of an optical light guide element 1 of a second type (type II) using total internal reflection (TIR), and manufactured using further bars (cf. below).

[0230] In this case, optical light guide element 1 includes three prisms 40, 41, 42 which roughly correspond to prisms 40, 41, 42 of FIGS. 1 through 5. However, prism 40 is free of a reflective coating at reflective faces 51, 52. Between prism 40 and prism 41 and between prism 40 and prism 42, cavities 9 and 9′, respectively, are present. The transparent material from which prism 40 is made has a relatively high index of refraction, such that light entering optical light guide element 1 through lens 15 will be reflected towards reflective face 52 by reflective face 51 by TIR. E.g., the index of refraction of prism 40 can be 1.5 or higher. In the cavities 9, 9′, there can be a vacuum or a gas such as air.

[0231] Prisms 41, 42 can protect reflective faces 51, 52 from dirt and damage.

[0232] In another embodiment based on FIG. 6, prisms 41, 42 can be dispensed with.

[0233] In the following, ways of manufacturing optical light guide elements, such as optical light guide elements 1 of one or more of FIGS. 1 through 6, are explained. In many of the Figures, small coordinate systems are symbolized for explaining the orientation of the illustrated parts. Therein, x, y, z designate coordinates related to the initial bars, while x′, y′, z′ designate coordinates related to prism bars.

[0234] The manufacturing can be accomplished on wafer level, thus making possible to manufacture high numbers of high precision parts within a relatively small period of time and/or by means of a relatively low number of processing steps.

[0235] FIGS. 7a-7c are schematical illustrations in a top view of a manufacture of initial bars 2. FIGS. 8a-8c are schematical illustrations in a cross-sectional view of the manufacture of initial bars 2.

[0236] FIGS. 7a, 8a illustrate a plate 6 having an upper face 6a and a lower face 6b, wherein a first reflective coating 21r is present at face 6a, and a second reflective coating 23r is present at face 6b. Between coatings 21r, 23r, an optically transparent material 6c can be present.

[0237] As is clear from the above and from the below, reflective coatings, such as coatings 21r, 23r, can, in some instances, be dispensed with.

[0238] Plate 6 is, in some instances further below, also referred to as “P/C wafer”.

[0239] In FIGS. 7b, 8b, separation lines are indicated by dashed lines, which are also symbolized in the coordinate systems. By separating plate 6 along these lines, a plurality of initial bars 2 is obtained, as illustrated in FIGS. 7c, 8c.

[0240] Each initial bar 2 has a first bar end 28 and a second bar end 29 and four side faces 21, 22, 23, 24, wherein reflective coating 21r is at side face 21, and reflective coating 23r is at side face 23.

[0241] In order to produce a bar arrangement 20 (cf., e.g., FIGS. 11a, 12a), the initial bars 2 have to be positioned suitably. Therein, reflective faces of the initial bars 2 face each other. I.e. with respect to the mutual orientation the initial bars have during separation of plate 6 (cf. FIGS. 7c, 8c), each initial bar is rotated by 90° about the y axis corresponding to an initial-bar direction D, cf. FIG. 7c.

[0242] One way of positioning the initial bars 2 is to use a jig 8 as illustrated in FIGS. 9a-9c.

[0243] FIGS. 9a-9c are schematical illustrations in a cross-sectional view of a positioning of initial bars 2 using a jig 8.

[0244] Jig 8 has a plurality of protrusions 81 on which an initial bar 2 can be positioned each. After attaching initial bars 2 to protrusions 81, spacers 8a are inserted between the initial bars 2 (cf. FIG. 9b). The spacers 8a can also be considered shims.

[0245] By application of a force, e.g., by a spring or by applying a vacuum, a suitable, e.g., equidistant, spacing of the initial bars 2 is achieved, cf. FIG. 9c.

[0246] Also other jigs may, alternatively, be used, e.g., jig 8′ as illustrated in FIGS. 10a, 10b.

[0247] FIGS. 10a-10b are schematical illustrations in a cross-sectional view of a positioning of initial bars 2 using another jig 8′.

[0248] Jig 8′ has grooves 8b into which initial bars 2 can be inserted, thus ensuring a precise mutual alignment of the initial bars 2.

[0249] A jig is used for the positioning only and will be removed later.

[0250] Positioning the initial bars alone or together with further bars (cf. below) without using a jig is possible, too, e.g., by simply pushing the bars against each other, each one against its one or two neighboring ones, cf., e.g., FIGS. 27a, 28a below.

[0251] FIGS. 11a-11c are schematical illustrations in a top view of a manufacture of a bar arrangement 20, e.g., based on bars positioned as described above. FIGS. 12a-12c are schematical illustrations in a cross-sectional view of the manufacture of a bar arrangement illustrated in FIGS. 11a-11c.

[0252] FIGS. 11a, 12a show the bars positioned as required for the desired bar arrangement. A jig possibly used for the positioning of the initial bars 2 is not illustrated in FIGS. 11a, 12a.

[0253] The initial bars 2 can be fixed relative to each other by attaching one or two substrates to the bar arrangement 20. After attachment to a first substrate, a jig, if applied before, can be removed from the bar arrangement. However, the positioned initial bars as illustrated, e.g., in FIGS. 11a, 12a can represent a bar arrangement, too.

[0254] FIGS. 11b, 12b illustrate attaching a first substrate 11 to bar arrangement 20.

[0255] FIGS. 11c, 12c illustrate attaching a second substrate 12 to bar arrangement 20.

[0256] Now, the initial bars 2 are sandwiched between first and second substrates 11, 12. A wafer stack is obtained in which the initial bars 2 are mutually positioned with high precision.

[0257] In a next step, the obtained wafer stack of FIGS. 11c, 12c is separated into bars referred to as prism bars. Therein, cut lines C of the separation are at an angle with the initial-bar lines D, e.g., at an angle of 45°, as illustrated below.

[0258] FIG. 13 is a schematical illustration in a top view of a manufacture of prism bars 4 from the bar arrangement 20 of FIGS. 11c, 12c; and FIG. 14 is a schematical illustration in a cross-sectional view of the manufacture of prism bars 4 illustrated in FIG. 13.

[0259] FIG. 15 is a schematical cross-sectional view of a prism bar 4 as obtained according to FIGS. 13, 14; and FIG. 16 is a schematical illustration in a cross-sectional view of the prism bar of FIG. 15. Note the coordinate systems. FIG. 15 is basically a detail of FIG. 13.

[0260] In the coordinate system of the prism bar 4, x′ is a coordinate along the extension of the prism bar 4—which runs somewhere (depending on the cutting angle) between the x and y coordinates of the initial bar coordinate system. It corresponds, in the produced optical light guide element to the main direction M of the optical light guide element.

[0261] And z′ is a height coordinate of the prism bar 4—which corresponds to the opposite direction of the y coordinate.

[0262] FIG. 17 is a schematical cross-sectional view of a prism bar 4, illustrated in a way slightly different from FIG. 15. Reflective coatings are symbolized by thick lines.

[0263] FIG. 18 is a schematical illustration in a cross-sectional view of an attaching of the prism bar 4 of FIG. 17 to a lens wafer 13 for manufacturing a type I optical light guide element. Lens wafer 13—which may also be considered a “further substrate”—includes a plurality of lens elements 15. It is possible to position a plurality of prism bars 4 on such a lens wafer 13, e.g., using pick-and-place.

[0264] FIG. 19 is a schematical cross-sectional view of the prism bar of FIG. 17 sandwiched between the lens wafer illustrated in FIG. 18 and another lens wafer 14 (which may also be considered a “further substrate”).

[0265] FIG. 20 is a schematical cross-sectional view of the wafer stack of FIG. 19, with diffractive optical elements 18 attached, e.g., by pick-and-place on wafer level. The dashed lines indicate dicing lines, for a next step in which the wafer stack is singulated into parts.

[0266] FIG. 21 is a schematical cross-sectional view of an optical light guide element 1 of type I obtained by separating the wafer stack of FIG. 20 in parts as indicated in FIG. 20. A light path into, through and out of the optical light guide element 1 is illustrated by the dotted line designated L. From this, it is readily understood how the properties of initial bars 2 and prism bars 4 and their constituents translate into properties of the optical light guide element 1.

[0267] FIGS. 22 to 25 illustrate, in the same way as FIGS. 17 to 20 do, the manufacture of a wafer stack with prism bars 4 and two further wafers 13, 14 such as the illustrated lens wafers 13, 14.

[0268] FIG. 26 is a schematical cross-sectional view of an optical light guide element of type II obtained by separating the wafer stack of FIG. 25 into parts. A light path into, through and out of the optical light guide element 1 is illustrated by the dotted line designated L. From this, it is clear how the properties of initial bars 2 and prism bars 4 and their constituents translate into properties of the optical light guide element 1.

[0269] The addition of one or more further substrates such as lens wafers 13 and/or 14 as described above is generally an option. It is, accordingly, also possible to separate a prism bar 4 (such as the one of FIGS. 15, 16) into parts—without attaching further substrates beforehand.

[0270] As has been mentioned before, it is possible to make use of “further bars”, in addition to the initial bars 2, in the manufacture of optical light guide elements. This opens up the possibility to realize further embodiments.

[0271] The initial bars 2 can, in some embodiments, be congeneric, as illustrated in the examples above.

[0272] And, the further bars can, in some embodiments, be congeneric, as illustrated in the examples below.

[0273] FIGS. 27a-27c are schematical illustrations in a top view of a manufacture of a bar arrangement 20 comprising initial bars 2 and further bars 3. FIGS. 28a-28c are schematical illustrations in a cross-sectional view of the manufacture of a bar arrangement illustrated in FIGS. 27a-27c. Further bars 3 can be manufactured in the same way as initial bars 2 are manufactured. They may be obtained by separating a plate, referred to as further plate, into bars. Such a further plate can, e.g., be provided with a reflective coating on one of its large faces or with reflective coatings on both of its large faces. But in some embodiments, the further plate does not have a reflective coating.prism

[0274] FIG. 29 is a schematical illustration in a top view of a manufacture of a prism bar 4 from the bar arrangement of FIGS. 27c, 28c; and FIG. 30 is a schematical illustration in a cross-sectional view of the manufacture of a prism bar illustrated in FIG. 29.

[0275] The method steps illustrated in FIGS. 27 through 30 are clear, at least when taking FIGS. 11 through 14 into consideration.

[0276] FIG. 31 is a schematical cross-sectional view of a prism bar 4 as obtained according to FIGS. 29, 30.

[0277] Depending on where the prism bar 4 is separated into parts, different type I optical light guide elements can be obtained.

[0278] FIG. 32 is a schematical cross-sectional illustration of the prism bar 4 of FIG. 31, with separation lines illustrated for producing type I optical light guide elements with further bars 3 as filler bars. The light path is referenced L.

[0279] FIG. 33 is a schematical cross-sectional illustration of the prism bar 4 of FIG. 31, with separation lines illustrated for producing type I optical light guide elements with initial bars 2 as filler bars.

[0280] FIG. 34 is a schematical illustration in a top view of a bar arrangement 20 comprising further bars 3 and, at a distance thereto, initial bars 2 which are not coated. FIG. 35 is a schematical cross-sectional illustration of the bar arrangement 20 of FIG. 35 sandwiched between two substrates 11, 12. The space between neighboring initial bars 2 and further bars 3 is referenced 99.

[0281] Separating the bar arrangement 20 of FIGS. 34, 35 like in the embodiments described above, results in prism bars 4 such as the one illustrated in FIG. 36.

[0282] FIG. 36 is a schematical cross-sectional illustration of a prism bar 4 obtained from the bar arrangement of FIG. 35, with separation lines illustrated for producing type I optical light guide elements with reflectivity at reflective faces by total internal reflection and with further bars 3 as filler bars.

[0283] FIG. 37 is a schematical cross-sectional illustration of a prism bar 4 obtained from a bar arrangement with filler bars 3 at a distance to the initial bars 2 (spaces referenced 99), with separation lines illustrated for producing type III optical light guide elements with initial bars 2 as filler bars.

[0284] FIG. 38 is a schematical cross-sectional view of an optical light guide element 1 of type II including in the cavity 9″ an opto-electronic component 90 at side panel 64. Side panel 64 is, in part, made of a non-transparent dielectric material. Side panel 64 can be, at least in part, a PCB.

[0285] Opto-electronic component 90 is attached to contact pads which are in electrical contact to further contact pads 99 outside cavity 9″ by vias 95. By providing electrical contacts across the non-transparent dielectric material, optical light guide element 1 can be supplied with power and/or be controlled from outside optical light guide element 1.

[0286] In the illustrated example, optoelectronic component 90 is a light emitter. This way, light produced by optical light guide element 1 (more specifically: by optoelectronic component 90) can propagate along a path similar to (e.g., parallel to) the path of light guided through optical device 1.

[0287] In panel 62, a transparent region 62a is provided to which lens element 15 is attached. Panel 64 comprises a transparent region, too, for letting light pass through the otherwise non-transparent panel.

[0288] Considering the manufacturing steps and methods above (cf. also, e.g., FIGS. 23, 24), it is clear that the optical light guide element 1 can be produced when a printed circuit board is combined with the prism bars, i.e. the printed circuit board (with transparent regions) can be used as a further substrate which replaces or is a lens wafer. E.g., the further substrates to be used can be printed circuit boards to which opto-electronic components are attached. Accordingly, printed circuit board assemblies can be used as the further substrates.

[0289] FIG. 39 is a schematical cross-sectional view of an optical light guide element 1 of type II including in the cavity 9″ an opto-electronic component 90 at prism 42. This can be understood as an example for the possibility to produce a superposition of diffuse light (diffuse light produced by optical device 1, more specifically by opto-electronic component 90) and directed light (guided through optical light guide element 1).

[0290] FIG. 39 also illustrates that more than one passive optical component may be included in optical device 1. E.g., one (15) may be present at a panel (62) through which light exits optical light guide element 1, and another one (15′) may be present at panel 64, attached to transparent region 64a through which light enters optical light guide element 1.

[0291] Considering the manufacturing steps and methods above (cf. also, e.g., FIGS. 7a-c, 8a-c), it is clear that the optical light guide element 1 can be produced when printed circuit boards are used as the initial bars. E.g., the plates 6 used to produce the initial bars 2 can be printed circuit boards, and opto-electronic components can be placed thereon. Accordingly, printed circuit board assemblies can be used as the plates 6.

[0292] As has been mentioned above, it is also possible to use initial bars 2 which are reflective only at one side (but not at the opposite side). They can be positioned, e.g., parallel to each other, to produce a bar arrangement, optionally with further bars 3 between the initial bars, wherein the further bars 3 can optionally have no reflective face, one reflective face, or two (oppositely arranged) reflective faces. Spaces 99 between neighboring bars can optionally be provided.

[0293] An exemplary method is described in detail in the following. The enclosed Figures illustrate and partially also comment details of that and of possible further methods.

[0294] 1. Start with smooth (e.g., polished), coated wafer (herein “p/c wafer”—which corresponds to the “plate” described before). The first coating may be comprised of a highly reflective metal such as aluminum, silver, and/or gold or a dielectric material and may further comprise an additional coating material (e.g. Silflex) to enhance the optical properties of the metal coating and/or provide environmental protection. For example, when a silver coating is used the additional coating could prevent or reduce tarnishing.

[0295] 2. The p/c wafer is further coated with a protective coating. The protective coating, e.g. a resin and/or photoresist, prevents damage to the first coating (e.g. a silver, Silflex coating) in the following step.

[0296] 3. The p/c wafer is put into contact with a first dicing substrate (e.g. UV dicing tape).

[0297] 4. The p/c wafer above is segmented into bars (herein “p/c bars”—which correspond to the “initial bars” described before). Segmentation may be accomplished via dicing, laser cutting and/or laser-scribe-and-break. In some cases when dicing, several passes of the dicing blade may be employed in order to reduce stresses in the p/c bars.

[0298] 5. The p/c bars are released from the first dicing substrate (e.g. if UV dicing was employed, the assembly above is exposed to UV radiation in order to remove the UV dicing tape).

[0299] 6. Alternative/additional step to the above, following 3: An easily removable adhesive (e.g. a wax or resin) is applied to the p/c wafer and an additional p/c wafer is put into contact with the first p/c wafer via the easily removable adhesive. Force may be applied to better adhere, spread the adhesive. This step may be repeated such that a multiple p/c wafer stack may be made. Following segmentation (as in step 4) each p/c bar is removed, the easily removable adhesive removed, e.g. via solvent, and the process continues with step 7.

[0300] 7. The p/c bars above are rotated 90° about the p/c bar long axis (also referred to as “initial-bar direction”) and placed into a positioning jig, e.g. by pick-and-place technology. The positioning jig is employed to position p/c bars precisely with respect to each other. Several versions of positioning jigs may be employed. A precisely machined/polished component of the positioning jig is common to each version. The precisely machined/polished component positions p/c bars with respect to each other (with a high degree of accuracy). Compression, vacuum, or easily removable adhesive is/are employed to hold the bars in place. Additional positioning jig details are disclosed in the attached figures and in the description.

[0301] 8. After the p/c bars are fixed in place in the positioning jig, an adhesive (e.g. an adhesive that is UV or thermally curable, or both) is dispensed onto a first surface of the p/c bars and/or a first substrate. When adhesive is dispensed onto p/c bars, the adhesive is dispensed onto the long surface perpendicular to the coated surface. The adhesive may be dispensed via needle dispensing/jetting, or screen printing (onto the p/c bars, first substrate, or both). The first substrate may be transparent (e.g. a glass substrate) or may be substantially non-transparent (e.g. PCB material such as FR4/G10 or a silicon substrate).

[0302] 9. The p/c bars (within the positioning jig) are brought into contact with the first substrate (via the adhesive). Force may be applied to better adhere, spread the adhesive. The adhesive is cured with UV radiation, heat or both UV radiation and heat, or partially cured e.g. via UV radiation alone. The form of curing energy depends on the type of substrate material used. For example, if the substrate is comprised of glass, UV radiation may be used, however, if the substrate is comprised of PCB or other non-transparent material heat may be used for curing.

[0303] 10. Following curing (or partial curing) in the previous step the positioning jig is removed.

[0304] 11. Adhesive is applied to a second surface of the p/c bars and/or a second substrate as above (e.g. via needle dispensing/jetting and/or screen printing). When adhesive is dispensed onto p/c bars, the adhesive is dispensed on a surface parallel to the first surface of the p/c bars (the surface with adhesive); that is, on a long surface perpendicular to a coated (metal) surface).

[0305] 12. The p/c bars (adhered to the first substrate) are brought into contact with the second substrate via the adhesive. Force may be applied to better adhere, spread the adhesive.

[0306] 13. The adhesive applied in the previous step (step 12) is cured with UV radiation, heat or both UV radiation and heat, or partially cured e.g. via UV radiation alone.

[0307] 14. In some instance when previously applied adhesive is partially cured (as in steps 9 and/or 13), the adhesive may be fully cured e.g. by applying heat, additional heat. In some cases there may be advantages to full curing both wafers in the same step (e.g. better dimensional stability).

[0308] 15. The first substrate+p/c bars+second substrate assembly (resulting from the previous steps—also referred to as “sandwich wafer” or “wafer stack” before) is segmented into bars (herein “prism bars”). Segmentation occurs at 45° relative to the p/c bars long axis and perpendicular to the plane of the first substrate+p/c bars+second substrate. Segmentation may occur as in the previous steps, e.g. by dicing. In some cases, many passes may be made with the dicing blade (in which successive amounts of material are cut away) in order to reduce stress, in other instances, the first substrate+p/c bars+second substrate may be diced partially from either side of the plane.

[0309] 16. As the precision/accuracy of the segmentation techniques typically employed (as disclosed in previous steps) is not sufficient (e.g. for dicing may be +/−50 μm), the cut surface (the surface cut in step 15) may be polished in order to obtain well defined dimensions (e.g. +/−10 μm), in some instances when such accuracy/precision is required. These surfaces are particularly important as they define the z-height (and the optical path of the module, i.e. the light path inside the optical light guide element).

[0310] 17. The prisms bars generated in the previous step may be attached to a lens wafer via adhesive and cured or partially cured (as disclosed above, within the spirit of the above). The lens wafer may be comprised of a transparent substrate (such as a glass wafer) or other transparent or non-transparent material (such as a PCB material; PCB=printed circuit board). In other cases where thermal dissipation may be critical (e.g. for optical quality) the substrate material may be a high (relatively high) thermal conductivity material (e.g. sapphire). In other instances the substrate material may be a low thermal expansion material (e.g. sapphire or other inorganic composites). The lens wafer is further comprised of lenses (lens elements). The lenses may be previously formed, cured on aforementioned wafer by known wafer level techniques. In other instances where improved lens quality is required pick-and-place technology may be used to position injection-molded lenses onto the aforementioned substrate (adhesive would have been previously applied by known technologies).

[0311] 18. In some instances, additional lens wafers may be added to the lens wafer (via adhesive) where the adhesive is cured or partially cured as above.

[0312] 19. An additional lens wafer may be added to the opposite side (within the spirit of steps 17 and 18). Further other optical elements may be added, and need not be added by wafer-level technology. E.g. pick and place may be used to position diffractive optical elements (DOEs) or other optical elements onto the lens wafers attached above.

[0313] 20. After all lens wafers and optical elements have been added, the module is diced perpendicular to the lens wafer plane and long axis of the prism bars.

[0314] Note in any of the previous steps when adhesive is used to join components where their height is critical, a special adhesive may be used that is comprised of typical adhesive material and plastic or glass balls/spheres of a particular diameter. The spheres precisely define the ultimate thickness of the adhesive layer.

[0315] The various methods and embodiments described may, in some instances, permit the manufacture of light pipes (optical light guide elements) with a very low z height. Additionally, in some instances, very high precision alignment of and distancing between parts (constituents) of the light pipe and/or very high precision alignment of the light pipe and distancing between the light pipe and further items may be achievable. The described processes can employ smooth (e.g., polished) material (e.g., glass or other transparent material; or—in particular for type II light pipes, cf. above—also non-transparent material), which may be coated with a highly reflective coating. By smooth material we mean in the present context material having a planar surface, typically at least from micron scale to millimeter scale (the surface having a low roughness), e.g., like an ordinary mirror does. The provision of such material may make possible to overcome various technical challenges. The smooth material can be of importance for the light pipes. The smooth (e.g., polished and coated) sides effect that the entire smooth material can have a very well defined thickness. This thickness translates into a very well-defined optical path. In some cases, the smooth material is transparent (e.g., polished glass or a polished transparent polymer—e.g., having an index of refraction enabling total internal reflection), and in some other cases, the smooth material is a non-transparent (and possibly also non-reflective) material such as PCB material (e.g., fiber-reinforced epoxy), and in still some other cases, the smooth material is a reflective (in particular highly reflective) non-transparent material such as a metal, e.g., polished aluminum.

[0316] The smooth material (e.g., polished glass) mentioned above provides a well defined space/optical path 1.) directly (as in FIG. 1, type I), where the smooth material defines a prism, or 2.) indirectly (as in FIG. 3, type II), where an intervening jig with smooth sides is used in conjunction with two smooth material wafers to provide a well-defined optical path (the jig is only temporarily placed between the two prisms, then removed during processing).