Novel Small Activating RNA

Abstract

saRNAs are provided in the present invention. The saRNAs are composed of a first oligonucleotide strand containing 17 to 30 nucleotides and a second oligonucleotide strand containing 17 to 30 nucleotides. Sequences of at least 15 nucleotides in length are complementary in the two oligonucleotide strands, and the unpaired terminal nucleotides form overhangs. The first oligonucleotide strand or the second oligonucleotide strand has more than 75% homology or complementarity with any continuous fragment of 16 to 35 nucleotides in length in the promoter of the target gene. The second oligonucleotide strand has an overhang composed of 1 to 4 nucleotides at 3′ end. saRNAs of the present invention can upregulate target gene expression more effectively while reducing off-target effects.

Claims

1. A small activating RNA, wherein the small activating RNA is composed of: i. a first oligonucleotide strand containing 17 to 30 nucleotides; and ii. a second oligonucleotide strand containing 17 to 30 nucleotides, wherein a sequence of at least 15 nucleotides in length in the first oligonucleotide strand is complementary to the second oligonucleotide strand to form a duplex, and wherein the first oligonucleotide strand or the second oligonucleotide strand has more than 75% homology or complementarity with any continuous fragment of 15 to 30 nucleotides in length in the promoter of a target gene; wherein one end of the duplex is a blunt end, and the other end of the duplex has an overhang with 1 to 4 nucleotides at the terminus of the first oligonucleotide strand or the second oligonucleotide strand.

2. The small activating RNA of claim 1, wherein one end of the duplex is a blunt end, and the other end has an overhang with 2 or 3 nucleotides at the terminus of the first oligonucleotide strand or the second oligonucleotide strand.

3. The small activating RNA of claim 1, wherein the nucleotides of the overhang are selected from thymine, uracil, or natural nucleotides.

4. The small activating RNA of claim 3, wherein the overhang is selected from dTdTdT, dTdT, UUU, UU, or 2 or 3 continuous natural nucleotides.

5. The small activating RNA of claim 1, wherein the blunt end of the duplex is at a 5′ terminus of the first or second oligonucleotide strand, wherein 1 to 3 nucleotides of the first to third nucleotides from the 5′ terminus in the first or second oligonucleotide strand are mispaired with nucleotides at the corresponding positions in the other strand.

6. The small activating RNA of claim 5, wherein the mispaired nucleotide is a cytosine.

7. The small activating RNA of claim 1, wherein the length of the duplex formed by the first oligonucleotide strand and the second oligonucleotide strand is 17 to 24 nucleotides.

8. The small activating RNA of claim 7, wherein the length of the duplex formed by the first oligonucleotide strand and the second oligonucleotide strand is 18 to 20 nucleotides.

9. The use of the small activating RNA of claim 1 in the preparation of a formulation for activating or upregulating the expression of a target gene in a cell.

10. The use of claim 9, wherein the small activating RNA is introduced into the cell directly.

11. The use of claim 10, wherein the cell is a mammalian cell.

12. The use of claim 11, wherein the cell is a human cell and is present in a human body.

13. The use of claim 12, wherein the human body suffers from a disease caused by the defect and/or deficiency of target gene expression, and the small activating RNA is administrated in an effective amount to treat the disease

14. The small activating RNA of claim 1, wherein the target gene is selected from the group consisting of human p21, KLF4, NKX3-1, and VEGFA.

15. The small activating RNA of claim 14, wherein the small activating RNA activates or upregulates the expression of p21 by at least 10%.

16. A composition, comprising the small activating RNA of claim 14 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

17. The composition of claim 16, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a liposome, a macromolecular polymer, or a polypeptide.

18. The use of the small activating RNA of claim 14 in the preparation of a formulation for activating or upregulating the expression of the target gene.

19. The use of claim 18, wherein the preparation of the formulation is for treating a tumor or a benign proliferative lesion.

20. The use of claim 19, wherein the tumor is selected from a bladder cancer, a prostate cancer, a hepatoma, and a colorectal cancer.

21. A method of treating a bladder cancer, a prostate cancer, a hepatoma, or a colorectal cancer in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount of the composition of claim 16.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] FIG. 1 shows the sequence of the p21 gene promoter (SEQ ID NO:601), from −1000 bp upstream of the transcription start site (TSS) to +3 bp downstream of the TSS. The TSS is denoted by a curved arrow.

[0019] FIGS. 2A and 2B show saRNA hotspot regions in the p21 promoter as revealed by screening. Four hundred and thirty-nine (439) saRNAs were designed on the sequence of the p21 promoter shown in FIG. 1 and chemically synthesized. The resultant saRNAs were individually transfected into PC3 human prostate cancer cells. 72 hours after transfection, the mRNA levels of p21 were determined by using the QuantiGene 2.0 assay. FIG. 2A shows the fold change (Y axis) of p21 mRNA levels caused by each of the 439 saRNAs (X axis) relative to the control treatment (Mock). The saRNAs on the X axis are sorted according to their positions relative to the TSS of p21 (from the most upstream RAG-898 to the most downstream RAG1-177). Eight hotspot regions are identified and shown (grayish rectangular boxes). FIG. 2B shows the data of FIG. 2A by sorting the saRNAs by their activity in activating p21 mRNA expression in an ascending order. The dotted lines in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B represent the position of a two-fold induction.

[0020] FIGS. 3A-3H show the activating effects of the saRNAs targeting the hotspot regions 1 to 8 on the p21 promoter (FIG. 3A: hotspot region 1; FIG. 3B: hotspot region 2;

[0021] FIG. 3C: hotspot region 3; FIG. 3D: hotspot region 4; FIG. 3E: hotspot region 5; FIG. 3F: hotspot region 6; FIG. 3G: hotspot region 7; FIG. 3H: hotspot region 8).

[0022] FIGS. 4A and 4B show the mRNA levels of p21 assessed by RT-qPCR for verifying the result obtained from the QuantiGene 2.0 assay. FIG. 4A shows the mRNA level of p21 determined by RT-qPCR. The 439 saRNAs were divided into four bins according to their activities in inducing p21 mRNA expression from the highest to the lowest, and 5 saRNAs were randomly selected from each bin and individually transfected into PC3 cells at a 10 nM concentration. 72 hours after transfection, mRNA was extracted for reverse transcription to obtain cDNA, and then the mRNA level of p21 was determined by RT-qPCR. FIG. 4B shows the correlation of relative p21 mRNA level induced by the saRNAs determined by QuantiGene 2.0 (X axis) and by RT-qPCR (Y axis).

[0023] FIGS. 5A-5C show the effect of saRNAs in inducing p21 mRNA expression and suppressing the proliferation of KU-7-Luc2-GFP cells. KU-7-Luc2-GFP cells were transfected with each of three saRNAs (RAG-431, RAG-553 and RAG-688) at a concentration of 10 nM for 72 hours. Mock samples were transfected in the absence of an oligonucleotide. Non-specific duplex (dsCon) served as a negative control. FIG. 5A shows the mRNA expression levels of p21 determined by RT-qPCR. FIG. 5B shows viability of saRNA treated cells as evaluated by the CCK-8 assay and plotted as percentages relative to the cell viability for control treatment (Mock). FIG. 5C shows representative cell images (100×) at the end of transfection.

[0024] FIGS. 6A-6C show the effect of the saRNAs in inducing p21 mRNA expression and suppressing the proliferation of HCT116 cells. HCT116 cells were transfected with each of three saRNAs (RAG-431, RAG-553 and RAG-688) at a concentration of 10 nM for 72 hours. FIG. 6A shows the mRNA expression levels of p21 determined by RT-qPCR. FIG. 6B shows the cell viability evaluated by the CCK-8 assay, and cell viability of saRNA-treated cells is plotted as percentages relative to the cell viability of the control treatment (Mock). FIG. 6C shows representative phase contrast cell images (100×) at the end of transfection.

[0025] FIGS. 7A-7C show the effect of the saRNAs in inducing p21 mRNA expression and suppressing the proliferation of HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were transfected with each of three saRNAs (RAG-431, RAG-553 and RAG-688) at a concentration of 10 nM for 72 hours. FIG. 7A shows the mRNA expression levels of p21 determined by RT-qPCR. FIG. 7B shows the cell viability evaluated by the CCK-8 assay, and cell viability of saRNA-treated cells is plotted as percentages relative to the cell viability of the control treatment (Mock). FIG. 7C shows representative phase contrast cell images (100×) at the end of transfection.

[0026] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating a p21 promoter region and a target sequence for saRNAs therein. A 40 bp region spanning nucleotides −332 to −292 relative to the TSS in the p21 promoter was targeted by a series of saRNA duplexes for gene activation. The sequences shown correspond to the sites targeted by their cognate duplexes. Note the defined promoter region contains 17 overlapping targeted sites (SEQ ID NOs:584-600) that shift by a single nucleotide each time skipping a short stretch of a polyadenosine repeat (underlined).

[0027] FIG. 9 shows the gene induction activities of saRNAs targeting the p21 promoter. KU-7-luc2-GFP cells were transfected at 10 nM concentrations of the indicated saRNAs for 72 hours. Mock samples were transfected in the absence of an oligonucleotide. Non-specific duplex (dsCon) served as a negative control. Relative expression was determined by RT-qPCR (mean±SD). Expression levels of p21 were normalized to that of GAPDH. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test (***p<0.001 versus mock).

[0028] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing sequences and structures of saRNA variants (from Rag1-0 to Rag1-20) (SEQ ID NOs:21-24,37-68). Mispaired bases are represented by colons. Boldfaces represent mutated nucleotides in saRNA variants compared to the original Rag1-0.

[0029] FIGS. 11A-11C show the activity of the Rag1 variants (Rag1-0 to Rag1-20) in inducing p21 expression in human cancer cell lines. KU-7-Luc2-GFP (FIG. 11A), PC3 (FIG. 11B), and Bel-7402 (FIG. 11C) cells were transfected with 10 nM of the indicated Rag1 duplex variants for 72 hours. Mock samples were transfected in the absence of an oligonucleotide. Non-specific duplex (dsCon) served as a negative control. Relative p21 mRNA expression was determined by RT-qPCR (mean±SD). Expression levels of p21 were normalized to that of GAPDH. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test (*P<0.5; **P<0.01; ***p<0.001 versus Mock).

[0030] FIGS. 12A-12C show the suppressing effect of the saRNAs (Rag1-0 to Rag1-20) on the proliferation of human cancer cell lines. Cell viabilities were quantitatively assayed by the CCK-8 method. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test (*P<0.5; **P<0.01; ***p<0.001 versus Mock).

[0031] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram for the sequences and structures of duplex saRNAs Rag1-21 to Rag1-44 (SEQ ID NOs:38, 40, 69-88). Mispaired bases in duplexes are represented by colons, and boldfaces represent altered nucleotides or structure in the variants.

[0032] FIGS. 14A-14E show the activities of the saRNAs (Rag1-21 to Rag1-28) in inducing p21 expression in human cancer cell lines. KU-7-Luc2-GFP (FIG. 14A), UM-UC-3 (FIG. 14B), T24 (FIG. 14C), J82 (FIG. 14D) and Bel-7402 (FIG. 14E) cells were transfected with 10 nM of the indicated saRNA variants for 72 hours. Mock samples were transfected in the absence of an oligonucleotide. Non-specific duplex (dsCon) served as a negative control. Relative p21 mRNA expression was determined by RT-qPCR (mean±SD). Expression levels of p21 were normalized to that of GAPDH. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test (*P<0.5; **P<0.01; ***p<0.001 versus Mock).

[0033] FIGS. 15A-15E show the suppressing effect of the saRNAs (Rag1-21 to Rag1-28) on the proliferation of human cancer cell lines. KU-7-Luc2-GFP (FIG. 15A), UM-UC-3 (FIG. 15B), T24 (FIG. 15C), J82 (FIG. 15D) and Bel-7402 (FIG. 15E) cells were transfected with 10 nM of the indicated saRNA variants for 72 hours. Mock samples were transfected in the absence of an oligonucleotide. Non-specific duplex (dsCon) served as a negative control. Cell viabilities were quantitatively assayed by the CCK-8 method. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test (*P<0.5; **P<0.01; ***p<0.001 versus Mock).

[0034] FIGS. 16A-16E show the activity of saRNAs (Rag1-29 to Rag1-44) in inducing p21 expression in human cancer cell lines. KU-7-Luc2-GFP (FIG. 16A), UM-UC-3 (FIG. 16B), T24 (FIG. 16C), J82 (FIG. 16D), and PC3 (FIG. 16E) cells were transfected with 10 nM of the indicated saRNA variants for 72 hours. Mock samples were transfected in the absence of an oligonucleotide. Non-specific duplex (dsCon) served as a negative control. Relative p21 mRNA expression was determined by RT-qPCR (mean±SD). Expression levels of p21 were normalized to that of GAPDH. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test (*P<0.5; **P<0.01; ***p<0.001 versus Mock).

[0035] FIGS. 17A-17E show the suppressing effect of the saRNAs (Rag1-29 to Rag1-44) on the proliferation of human cancer cell lines. KU-7-Luc2-GFP (FIG. 17A), UM-UC-3 (FIG. 17B), T24 (FIG. 17C), J82 (FIG. 17D), and PC3 (FIG. 17E) cells were transfected with 10 nM of the indicated saRNA variants for 72 hours. Mock samples were transfected in the absence of an oligonucleotide. Non-specific duplex (dsCon) served as a negative control. Cell viability was quantitatively assayed by the CCK-8 method. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test (*P<0.5; **P<0.01; ***p<0.001 versus Mock).

[0036] FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram for p21 saRNA duplex sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 211, 212, 315, 316, 375, 376, 385, 386, 557-563). Mispaired bases are represented by colons, and boldfaces represent altered nucleotides or structure in saRNA variants.

[0037] FIGS. 19A-19D show gene induction activity of saRNAs targeting the p21 promoter. KU-7-Luc2-GFP cells were transfected with 10 nM of the indicated saRNA variants for 72 hours. Mock samples were transfected in the absence of an oligonucleotide. Non-specific duplex (dsCon) served as a negative control. Relative p21 mRNA expression was determined by RT-qPCR (mean±SD). Expression levels of p21 were normalized to that of GAPDH.

[0038] FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram of saRNA duplex sequences targeting the promoter of KLF4, NKX3-1, and VEGFA genes (SEQ ID NOs: 564-577). Mispaired bases are represented by colons, and boldfaces represent altered nucleotides or structures in saRNA variants.

[0039] FIGS. 21A-21C show the gene induction activities of saRNAs targeting the KLF4 promoter. PC3 (FIG. 21A), KU-7-Luc2-GFP (FIG. 21B), and Bel-7402 (FIG. 21C) cells were transfected with the indicated saRNAs individually at the indicated concentration for 72 hours. Transfected samples containing no oligonucleotide were adopted as blank controls (Mock), and non-specific duplex (dsCon) transfected samples were adopted as negative controls. Relative KLF4 mRNA expression was determined by RT-qPCR (mean±SD). Expression levels of KLF4 were normalized to that of GAPDH.

[0040] FIGS. 22A and 22B show the gene induction activities of saRNAs targeting the NKX3-1 promoter. PC3 (FIG. 22A) and Bel-7402 (FIG. 22B) cells were transfected with the indicated saRNAs individually at the indicated concentration for 72 hours. Transfected samples containing no oligonucleotide were adopted as blank controls (Mock), and non-specific duplex (dsCon) transfected samples were adopted as negative controls. Relative NKX3-1 mRNA expression was determined by RT-qPCR (mean±SD). Expression levels of NKX3-1 were normalized to that of GAPDH.

[0041] FIGS. 23A-23C show gene induction activity of saRNAs targeting the VEGFA promoter. HeLa (FIG. 23A), COS-1 (FIG. 23B), and ARPE-19 (FIG. 23C) cells were transfected with the indicated saRNAs individually at the indicated concentration for 72 hours. Transfected samples containing no oligonucleotide were adopted as blank controls (Mock), and non-specific duplex (dsCon) transfected samples were adopted as negative controls. Relative VEGFA mRNA expression was determined by RT-qPCR (mean±SD). Expression levels of VEGFA were normalized to that of GAPDH.

[0042] FIG. 24 shows the suppression of in vivo tumor growth by p21 saRNA. The indicated saRNA was intratumorally injected at a dose of 1 mg/kg, and the volume of tumor was recorded. The arrows indicate the time points of injections.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0043] The present invention is further described hereinafter by specific description.

[0044] Unless otherwise defined, all the technological and scientific terms used therein have the same meanings as those generally understood by those of ordinary skill in the art covering the present invention.

[0045] In the present application, singular forms, such as “a” and “this”, include plural objects, unless otherwise specified clearly in the context.

Definition

[0046] The term “complementary” as used herein refers to the capability of forming base pairs between two oligonucleotide strands. The base pairs are generally formed by hydrogen bonds between nucleotide units in the antiparallel oligonucleotide strands. The bases of the complementary oligonucleotide strands can be paired in the Watson-Crick manner (such as A to T, A to U, and C to G) or in any other manners allowing the formation of a duplex (such as Hoogsteen or reverse Hoogsteen base pair). “100% pairing” refers to 100% complementarity, that is, all the nucleotide units of the two strands are bound by hydrogen bonds.

[0047] “Complete complementarity” or “100% complementarity” means that each nucleotide unit from the first oligonucleotide strand can form a hydrogen bond with the second oligonucleotide strand in the double-stranded region of the double-stranded oligonucleotide molecule, with no base pair being mispaired. “Incomplete complementarity” means that not all the nucleotide units of the two strands are bound with each other by hydrogen bonds. For example, for two oligonucleotide strands each of 20 nucleotides in length in the double-stranded region, if only two base pairs in this double-stranded region can be formed through hydrogen bonds, the oligonucleotide strands have a complementarity of 10%. In the same example, if 18 base pairs in this double-stranded region can be formed through hydrogen bonds, the oligonucleotide strands have a complementarity of 90%. “Substantial complementarity” refers to more than about 79%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% complementarity.

[0048] The term “oligonucleotide” as used herein refers to polymers of nucleotides, and includes, but is not limited to, single-stranded or double-stranded molecules of DNA, RNA, or DNA/RNA hybrid, oligonucleotide strands containing regularly and irregularly alternating deoxyribonucleotide portions and ribonucleotide portions, as well as modified and naturally or unnaturally existed frameworks for such oligonucleotides. The oligonucleotide for activating target gene transcription described in the present invention is a saRNA.

[0049] The term “oligoribonucleotide” as used herein refers to an oligonucleotide containing two or more modified or unmodified ribonucleotides and/or analogues thereof.

[0050] The terms “oligonucleotide strand” and “oligonucleotide sequence” as used herein can be used interchangeably, referring to a generic term for short nucleotide sequences having less than 30 bases (including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA)). In the present invention, the length of an oligonucleotide strand can be any length from 17 to 30 nucleotides.

[0051] The term “gene” as used herein refers to all nucleotide sequences required to code a polypeptide chain or to transcribe a functional RNA. “Gene” can be an endogenous or fully or partially recombinant gene for a host cell (for example, because an exogenous oligonucleotide and a coding sequence for coding a promoter are introduced into a host cell, or a heterogeneous promoter adjacent to an endogenous coding sequence is introduced into a host cell). For example, the term “gene” includes a nucleic acid sequence composed of exons and introns. Protein-coding sequences are, for example, sequences contained within exons in an open reading frame between an initiation codon and a termination codon, and as used herein, “gene” can comprise a gene regulatory sequence, such as a promoter, an enhancer, and all other sequences known in the art for controlling the transcription, expression or activity of another gene, no matter whether the gene contains a coding sequence or a non-coding sequence. In one case, for example, “gene” can be used to describe a functional nucleic acid containing a regulatory sequence such as a promoter or an enhancer. The expression of a recombinant gene can be controlled by one or more types of heterogeneous regulatory sequences.

[0052] The term “target gene” as used herein can refer to nucleic acid sequences, transgenes, viral or bacterial sequences, chromosomes or extrachromosomal genes that are naturally present in organisms, and/or can be transiently or stably transfected or incorporated into cells and/or chromatins thereof. The target gene can be a protein-coding gene or a non-protein-coding gene (such as a microRNA gene and a long non-coding RNA gene). The target gene generally contains a promoter sequence, and the positive regulation for the target gene can be achieved by designing a saRNA having sequence homology with the promoter sequence, characterized as the upregulation of expression of the target gene. “Sequence of a target gene promoter” refers to a non-coding sequence of the target gene, and the reference of the sequence of a target gene promoter in the phrase “complementary with the sequence of a target gene promoter” of the present invention means a coding strand of the sequence, also known as a non-template strand, i.e. a nucleic acid sequence having the same sequence as the coding sequence of the gene. “Target sequence” refers to a sequence fragment in the target gene promoter, which is homologous or complementary with a sense oligonucleotide strand or an antisense oligonucleotide strand of a saRNA.

[0053] As used herein, the term “first oligonucleotide strand” can be a sense strand or an antisense strand. The sense strand of a saRNA refers to an oligonucleotide strand having homology with the coding strand of the promoter DNA sequence of the target gene in the saRNA duplex. The antisense strand refers to an oligonucleotide strand complementary with the sense strand in the saRNA duplex.

[0054] As used herein, the term “second oligonucleotide strand” can also be a sense strand or an antisense strand. If the first oligonucleotide strand is a sense strand, the second oligonucleotide strand is an antisense strand; and if the first oligonucleotide strand is an antisense strand, the second oligonucleotide strand is a sense strand.

[0055] The term “coding strand” as used herein refers to a DNA strand in the target gene which is not used for transcription of the gene, and the nucleotide sequence of this strand is the same as that of a RNA produced from transcription (in the RNA, T in DNA is replaced by U). The coding strand of the double-stranded DNA sequence of the target gene promoter described in the present invention refers to a promoter sequence on the same DNA strand as the DNA coding strand of the target gene.

[0056] The term “template strand” as used herein refers to the other strand complementary with the coding strand in the double-stranded DNA of the target gene, i.e. the strand that, as a template, can be transcribed into RNA, and this strand is complementary with the transcribed RNA (A to U and G to C). In the process of transcription, RNA polymerase is bound with the template strand, moves along the 3′.fwdarw.5′ direction of the template strand, and catalyzes the synthesis of the RNA in the 5′.fwdarw.3′ direction. The template strand of the double-stranded DNA sequence of the target gene promoter described in the present invention refers to a promoter sequence on the same DNA strand as the DNA template strand of the target gene.

[0057] The term “promoter” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid sequence, which encodes no proteins and plays a regulatory role for the transcription of a protein-coding or RNA-coding nucleic acid sequence by associating with them spatially. Generally, a eukaryotic promoter contains 100 to 5,000 base pairs, although this length range is not intended to limit the term of “promoter” as used herein. Although the promoter sequence is generally located at the 5′ terminus of a protein-coding or RNA-coding sequence, it also exists in exon and intron sequences.

[0058] The term “transcription start site” as used herein refers to a nucleotide marking the transcription start on the template strand of a gene. The transcription start site can appear on the template strand of the promoter region. A gene can have more than one transcription start sites.

[0059] The term “sequence identity” or “sequence homology” as used herein means that one oligonucleotide strand (sense or antisense) of a saRNA has at least 80% similarity with a region on the coding strand or template strand of the promoter sequence of a target gene.

[0060] The term “overhang” as used herein refers to non-base-paired nucleotides at the terminus (5′ or 3′) of an oligonucleotide strand, which is formed by one strand extending out of the other strand in a duplex oligonucleotide. A single-stranded region extending out of the 3′ terminus and/or 5′ terminus of a duplex is referred to as an overhang.

[0061] The terms “natural overhang” and “natural nucleotide overhang” as used herein can be used interchangeably, and refer to an overhang, at the 5′ or 3′ terminus of the sense or antisense strand of an saRNA, that is derived from or homologous to its target sequence.

[0062] As used herein, the terms “gene activation” or “activating gene expression” can be used interchangeably, and means an increase or upregulation in transcription, translation, expression or activity of a certain nucleic acid as determined by measuring the transcription level, mRNA level, protein level, enzymatic activity, methylation state, chromatin state or configuration, translation level or the activity or state in a cell or biological system of a gene. These activities or states can be determined directly or indirectly. In addition, “gene activation” or “activating gene expression” refers to an increase in activity associated with a nucleic acid sequence, regardless the mechanism of such activation. For example, gene activation occurs at the transcriptional level to increase transcription into RNA and the RNA is translated into a protein, thereby increasing the expression of the protein.

[0063] As used herein, the terms “small activating RNA” and “saRNA” can be used interchangeably and refer to a ribonucleic acid molecule that can upregulate target gene expression. It can be a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule composed of a first nucleic acid strand containing a ribonucleotide sequence with sequence homology with the non-coding nucleic acid sequence (such as a promoter and an enhancer) of a target gene and a second nucleic acid strand containing a nucleotide sequence complementary with the first strand. The saRNA can also be comprised of a synthesized or vector-expressed single-stranded RNA molecule that can form a hairpin structure by two complementary regions within the molecule, wherein the first region contains a ribonucleotide sequence having sequence homology with the target sequence of a promoter of a gene, and a ribonucleotide sequence contained in the second region is complementary with the first region. The length of the duplex region of the saRNA molecule is typically about 10 to about 50, about 12 to about 48, about 14 to about 46, about 16 to about 44, about 18 to about 42, about 20 to about 40, about 22 to about 38, about 24 to about 36, about 26 to about 34, and about 28 to about 32 base pairs, and typically about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45 or about 50 base pairs. In addition, the terms “small activating RNA” and “saRNA” also contain nucleic acids other than the ribonucleotide, including, but not limited to, modified nucleotides or analogues.

[0064] As used herein, the term “hotspot” refers to a promoter region of a gene where targets for functional saRNAs are enriched. A hotspot is defined as a sequence region containing targets for at least 10 saRNAs, wherein at least 60% of the saRNAs can induce a 1.5-fold or more change in the mRNA expression of the gene.

[0065] As used herein, the term “synthesis” refers to the method for synthesis of an oligonucleotide, including any method allowing RNA synthesis, such as chemical synthesis, in vitro transcription, and/or vector-based expression.

[0066] As used herein, the term “p21” refers to the p21.sup.WAF1/CIP1 gene, also known as the CDKN1A gene. As a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, p21 is an important tumor suppressor gene. Overexpression of p21 or activation of endogenous p21 transcription has been shown to inhibit the growth of cultured tumor cells and tumors in vivo.

[0067] Materials and Methods

[0068] Cell Culture and Transfection

[0069] Cell lines RT4, KU-7, T24, and HT-1197 were cultured in the modified McCoy's 5A medium (Gibco); cell lines J82, TCCSUP, and UM-UC-3 were cultured in the MEM medium (Gibco); and cell lines 5637, PC3, and Bel-7402 were cultured in the RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco). All the media contained 10% bovine calf serum (Sigma-Aldrich) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco). The cells were cultured at 5% CO.sub.2 and 37° C. saRNAs were transfected into cells using RNAiMax (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) according to the instructions provided by the manufacturer at the concentration of 10 nM (unless otherwise specified). All the saRNA sequences are listed in Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Strand sequences and duplex compositions Title Sequence No. Sequence (5′-3′) Length dsCon SEQ ID NO 1 ACUACUGAGUGACAGUAGA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 2 UCUACUGUCACUCAGUAGU[dT][dT] 21 nt P21-332 SEQ ID NO 3 CUGGAGAGUGCCAACUCAU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 4 AUGAGUUGGCACUCUCCAG[dT][dT] 21 nt P21-331 SEQ ID NO 5 UGGAGAGUGCCAACUCAUU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 6 AAUGAGUUGGCACUCUCCA[dT][dT] 21 nt P21-330 SEQ ID NO 7 GGAGAGUGCCAACUCAUUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 8 GAAUGAGUUGGCACUCUCC[dT][dT] 21 nt P21-329 SEQ ID NO 9 GAGAGUGCCAACUCAUUCU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 10 AGAAUGAGUUGGCACUCUC[dT][dT] 21 nt P21-328 SEQ ID NO 11 AGAGUGCCAACUCAUUCUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 12 GAGAAUGAGUUGGCACUCU[dT][dT] 21 nt P21-327 SEQ ID NO 13 GAGUGCCAACUCAUUCUCC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 14 GGAGAAUGAGUUGGCACUC[dT][dT] 21 nt P21-326 SEQ ID NO 15 AGUGCCAACUCAUUCUCCA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 16 UGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCACU[dT][dT] 21 nt P21-325 SEQ ID NO 17 GUGCCAACUCAUUCUCCAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 18 UUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCAC[dT][dT] 21 nt P21-324 SEQ ID NO 19 UGCCAACUCAUUCUCCAAG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 20 CUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCA[dT][dT] 21 nt P21-323 SEQ ID NO 21 GCCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 22 ACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGC[dT][dT] 21 nt P21-322 SEQ ID NO 23 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 24 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGG[dT][dT] 21 nt P21-321 SEQ ID NO 25 CAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 26 UUACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUG[dT][dT] 21 nt P21-301 SEQ ID NO 27 AAAAGCCAGAUUUGUGGCU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 28 AGCCACAAAUCUGGCUUUU[dT][dT] 21 nt P21-300 SEQ ID NO 29 AAAGCCAGAUUUGUGGCUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 30 GAGCCACAAAUCUGGCUUU[dT][dT] 21 nt P21-299 SEQ ID NO 31 AAGCCAGAUUUGUGGCUCA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 32 UGAGCCACAAAUCUGGCUU[dT][dT] 21 nt P21-298 SEQ ID NO 33 AGCCAGAUUUGUGGCUCAC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 34 GUGAGCCACAAAUCUGGCU[dT][dT] 21 nt P21-297 SEQ ID NO 35 GCCAGAUUUGUGGCUCACU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 36 AGUGAGCCACAAAUCUGGC[dT][dT] 21 nt Rag1-0 SEQ ID NO 23 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 24 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGG[dT][dT] 21 nt Rag1-1 SEQ ID NO 37 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUAAA 21 nt SEQ ID NO 38 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCA 21 nt Rag1-2 SEQ ID NO 39 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUAUU 21 nt SEQ ID NO 40 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGUU 21 nt Rag1-3 SEQ ID NO 41 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUAA[dT][dT] 22 nt SEQ ID NO 42 UUACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGG[dT][dT] 22 nt Rag1-4 SEQ ID NO 43 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUAAA[dT][dT] 23 nt SEQ ID NO 44 UUUACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGG[dT][dT] 23 nt Rag1-5 SEQ ID NO 45 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUAAAA[dT][dT] 24 nt SEQ ID NO 46 UUUUACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGG[dT][dT] 24 nt Rag1-6 SEQ ID NO 47 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUAAAAA[dT][dT] 25 nt SEQ ID NO 48 UUUUUACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGG[dT][dT] 25 nt Rag1-7 SEQ ID NO 49 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUAAAAAA[dT][dT] 26 nt SEQ ID NO 50 UUUUUUACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGG[dT][dT] 26 nt Rag1-8 SEQ ID NO 21 GCCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 22 ACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGC[dT][dT] 21 nt Rag1-9 SEQ ID NO 51 GCCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUAA 21 nt SEQ ID NO 52 ACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCAC 21 nt Rag1-10 SEQ ID NO 53 GCCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUA[dT][dT] 22 nt SEQ ID NO 54 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGC[dT][dT] 22 nt Rag1-11 SEQ ID NO 55 GCCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUAA[dT][dT] 23 nt SEQ ID NO 56 UUACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGC[dT][dT] 23 nt Rag1-12 SEQ ID NO 57 GCCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUAAA[dT][dT] 24 nt SEQ ID NO 58 UUUACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGC[dT][dT] 24 nt Rag1-13 SEQ ID NO 59 GCCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUAAAA[dT][dT] 25 nt SEQ ID NO 60 UUUUACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGC[dT][dT] 25 nt Rag1-14 SEQ ID NO 61 GCCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUAAAAA[dT][dT] 26 nt SEQ ID NO 62 UUUUUACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGC[dT][dT] 26 nt Rag1-15 SEQ ID NO 63 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 24 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGG[dT][dT] 21 nt Rag1-16 SEQ ID NO 64 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 24 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGG[dT][dT] 21 nt Rag1-17 SEQ ID NO 65 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGAU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 24 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGG[dT][dT] 21 nt Rag1-18 SEQ ID NO 66 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUA 19 nt SEQ ID NO 24 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGG[dT][dT] 21 nt Rag1-19 SEQ ID NO 67 CAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUA 18 nt SEQ ID NO 24 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGG[dT][dT] 21 nt Rag1-20 SEQ ID NO 68 CAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUA[dT][dT] 20 nt SEQ ID NO 24 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGG[dT][dT] 21 nt Rag1-21 SEQ ID NO 69 GCCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUAUU 22 nt SEQ ID NO 70 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCUU 22 nt Rag1-22 SEQ ID NO 71 GCCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUAAA 22 nt SEQ ID NO 72 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCAC 22 nt Rag1-23 SEQ ID NO 73 GCCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUCUU 22 nt SEQ ID NO 70 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCUU 22 nt Rag1-24 SEQ ID NO 74 CAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUCUU 20 nt SEQ ID NO 70 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCUU 22 nt Rag1-25 SEQ ID NO 75 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUCUU 21 nt SEQ ID NO 40 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGUU 21 nt Rag1-26 SEQ ID NO 76 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUCAA 21 nt SEQ ID NO 38 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCA 21 nt Rag1-27 SEQ ID NO 74 CAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUCUU 20 nt SEQ ID NO 40 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGUU 21 nt Rag1-28 SEQ ID NO 77 CAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUCAA 20 nt SEQ ID NO 38 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCA 21 nt Rag1-29 SEQ ID NO 78 GCCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUCAA 22 nt SEQ ID NO 79 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGC 20 nt Rag1-30 SEQ ID NO 74 CAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUCUU 20 nt SEQ ID NO 38 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCA 21 nt Rag1-31 SEQ ID NO 80 CAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUC 18 nt SEQ ID NO 38 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCA 21 nt Rag1-32 SEQ ID NO 78 GCCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUCAA 22 nt SEQ ID NO 72 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCAC 22 nt Rag1-33 SEQ ID NO 81 GCCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUGAA 22 nt SEQ ID NO 72 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCAC 22 nt Rag1-34 SEQ ID NO 76 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUCAA 21 nt SEQ ID NO 72 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCAC 22 nt Rag1-35 SEQ ID NO 82 GCCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUC 20 nt SEQ ID NO 72 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCAC 22 nt Rag1-36 SEQ ID NO 83 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUC 19 nt SEQ ID NO 72 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCAC 22 nt Rag1-37 SEQ ID NO 84 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGU 18 nt SEQ ID NO 72 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCAC 22 nt Rag1-38 SEQ ID NO 74 CAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUCUU 20 nt SEQ ID NO 85 UUUACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGG 21 nt Rag1-39 SEQ ID NO 86 CAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUGAA 20 nt SEQ ID NO 38 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCA 21 nt Rag1-40 SEQ ID NO 83 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUC 19 nt SEQ ID NO 38 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCA 21 nt Rag1-41 SEQ ID NO 87 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUG 19 nt SEQ ID NO 38 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCA 21 nt Ragl-42 SEQ ID NO 84 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGU 18 nt SEQ ID NO 38 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCA 21 nt Rag1-43 SEQ ID NO 80 CAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUC 18 nt SEQ ID NO 38 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCA 21 nt Rag1-44 SEQ ID NO 88 CAACUCAUUCUCCAAGU 17 nt SEQ ID NO 38 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCA 21 nt Rag-431-0 SEQ ID NO 211 CCUCCUGAUCUUUUCAGCU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 212 AGCUGAAAAGAUCAGGAGG[dT][dT] 21 nt Rag-431-1 SEQ ID NO 557 CCUCCUGAUCUUUUCAGCC 19 nt SEQ ID NO 558 AGCUGAAAAGAUCAGGAGGAU 21 nt Rag-431-3 SEQ ID NO 557 CCUCCUGAUCUUUUCAGCC 19 nt SEQ ID NO 212 AGCUGAAAAGAUCAGGAGG[dT][dT] 21 nt Rag-553-0 SEQ ID NO 315 UCUGGGAGAGGUGACCUAG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 316 CUAGGUCACCUCUCCCAGA[dT][dT] 21 nt Rag-553-1 SEQ ID NO 559 UCUGGGAGAGGUGACCUAA 19 nt SEQ ID NO 560 CUAGGUCACCUCUCCCAGAAG 21 nt Rag-553-3 SEQ ID NO 559 UCUGGGAGAGGUGACCUAA 19 nt SEQ ID NO 316 CUAGGUCACCUCUCCCAGA[dT][dT] 21 nt Rag-688-0 SEQ ID NO: 375 AAGCAUGUGACAAUCAACA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 376 UGUUGAUUGUCACAUGCUU[dT][dT] 21 nt Rag-688-1 SEQ ID NO 560 AAGCAUGUGACAAUCAACC 19 nt SEQ ID NO 561 UGUUGAUUGUCACAUGCUUCC 21 nt Rag-688-3 SEQ ID NO 560 AAGCAUGUGACAAUCAACC 19 nt SEQ ID NO: 376 UGUUGAUUGUCACAUGCUU[dT][dT] 21 nt Rag-693-0 SEQ ID NO: 385 CCCGGAAGCAUGUGACAAU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 386 AUUGUCACAUGCUUCCGGG[dT][dT] 21 nt Rag-693-1 SEQ ID NO 562 CCCGGAAGCAUGUGACAAC 19 nt SEQ ID NO 563 AUUGUCACAUGCUUCCGGGAA 21 nt Rag-693-3 SEQ ID NO 562 CCCGGAAGCAUGUGACAAC 19 nt SEQ ID NO: 386 AUUGUCACAUGCUUCCGGG[dT][dT] 21 nt KLF4-0 SEQ ID NO 564 GAACCCAGGGAGCCGACAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 565 UUGUCGGCUCCCUGGGUUC[dT][dT] 21 nt KLF4-1 SEQ ID NO 566 GAACCCAGGGAGCCGACAC 19 nt SEQ ID NO 567 UUGUCGGCUCCCUGGGUUCUU 21 nt NKX3-1-0 SEQ ID NO 568 GACGGUCCUGAAGAGCUAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 569 UUAGCUCUUCAGGACCGUC[dT][dT] 21 nt NKX3-1-1 SEQ ID NO 570 GACGGUCCUGAAGAGCUAC 19 nt SEQ ID NO 571 UUAGCUCUUCAGGACCGUCAG 21 nt Nkx3-1-2 SEQ ID NO 572 GACGGUCCUGAAGAGCUAG 19 nt SEQ ID NO 571 UUAGCUCUUCAGGACCGUCAG 21 nt NKX3-1-3 SEQ ID NO 573 GACGGUCCUGAAGAGCUAU 19 nt SEQ ID NO 571 UUAGCUCUUCAGGACCGUCAG 21 nt VEGF-0 SEQ ID NO 574 GCAACUCCAGUCCCAAAUA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO 575 UAUUUGGGACUGGAGUUGC[dT][dT] 20 nt VEGF-1 SEQ ID NO 576 GCAACUCCAGUCCCAAAUC 19 nt SEQ ID NO 577 UAUUUGGGACUGGAGUUGCUU 21 nt

[0070] RNA Isolation and Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)

[0071] Cells were seeded into 6-well plates with 2-3×10.sup.5 cells/well and were reverse transfected with oligonucleotide duplexes. At the end of the transfection, total cellular RNA was isolated using an RNeasy Plus Mini kit (Qiagen; Hilden, Germany) according to its manual. The resultant RNA (1 μg) was reverse transcribed into cDNA by using a PrimeScript RT kit containing gDNA Eraser (Takara, Shlga, Japan). The resultant cDNA was amplified in an ABI 7500 Fast Real-time PCR System (Applied Biosystems; Foster City, Calif.) using SYBR Premix Ex Taq II (Takara, Shlga, Japan) reagents and target gene specific primers. The reaction conditions were: 95° C. for 3 seconds, 60° C. for 30 seconds, and 40 cycles. Amplification of GAPDH served as an internal control. All primer sequences are listed in Table 2.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Primer sequences for RT-qPCR assay Primer Title Sequence No. Sequence (5′-3′) GAPDH F SEQ ID NO 89 ATCACCATCTTCCAGGAGCGA GAPDH R SEQ ID NO 90 TTCTCCATGGTGGTGAAGACG CDKN1A F SEQ ID NO 91 GGAAGACCATGTGGACCTGT CDKN1A R SEQ ID NO 92 GGATTAGGGCTTCCTCTTGG KLF4 F SEQ ID NO 578 TTCCCATCTCAAGGCACACC KLF4 R SEQ ID NO 579 GCGAATTTCCATCCACAGCC NKX3-1 F SEQ ID NO 580 AGGCTTCCCCAAACCCCTAA NKX3-1 R SEQ ID NO 581 TCCGTGAGCTTGAGGTTCTT VEGF F SEQ ID NO 582 CTTTCTGCTGTCTTGGGTGC VEGF R SEQ ID NO 583 TTCGTGATGATTCTGCCCTCC

[0072] Assay of Cell Proliferation

[0073] Cells were plated into a 96-well plate with 2-4×10.sup.3 cells/well, cultured overnight, and transfected with oligonucleotide duplexes. Three days after transfection, the CCK-8 reagent (Dojindo; Rockville, Md.) was used to assess cell proliferation according to its manual. Briefly, 10 μL of CCK8 reagent was added into each well on the plate which was then incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour. Absorbance for each well on the plate was measured at 450 nm by a microplate reader.

[0074] QuantiGene 2.0 Assay

[0075] Cells were plated into a 96-well plate and transfected with oligonucleotide duplexes. 72 hours after transfection, the mRNA levels of target genes were quantitatively assayed with a QuantiGene 2.0 kit (AffyMetrix; Santa Clara, Calif.). QuantiGene 2.0 assay is based on hybridization technology, wherein mRNA levels were directly quantified with gene-specific probes. The experimental procedure is briefly described as follows: a lysis solution was added to lyse the transfected cells, and the cell lysates were added into a capture well plate coated with probe for CDKN1A (p21) and HPRT1 which serves as a housekeeping gene for hybridizing overnight at 55° C. In order to enhance the hybridization signal, hybridizations with 2.0 PreAMP Probe, 2.0 AMP Probe, and 2.0 Label Probe were conducted sequentially in 100 μL of a corresponding buffer solution (provided by Quantigene 2.0 kit). All the hybridizations were conducted with shaking at 50-55° C. for 1 hour. After the last wash step, 2.0 Substrate was added to the solution and incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes. Optical signals were detected with an Infinite 200 PRO plate reader (Tecan, Switzerland).

[0076] Statistical Analysis

[0077] Results were represented as mean±standard deviation. One-way analysis of variance was carried out with GraphPad Prism software (GraphPad Software), and then a Tukey's t test was conducted for pairwise comparisons. A statistical significance was set as *p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001.

EXAMPLES

[0078] The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples. These examples are provided merely for illustration purposes and shall not be interpreted to limit the scope or content of the present invention in any way.

[0079] For the convenience of description, the structure of small activating saRNAs (saRNA for short hereinafter) are described by the following formulas.

[0080] Description for a Single-Stranded Oligonucleotide:

[5OH.sub.n]+N.sub.n+[3OH.sub.n]  (formula 1)

[0081] 5OH.sub.n and 3OH.sub.n represents an overhang at the 5′ and 3′ terminus respectively, which can be a natural nucleotide overhang (natural overhang, NO), a deoxythymine nucleotide (T) overhang or a uracil nucleotide (U) overhang, wherein n represents the number of overhanging nucleotides; and N.sub.n represents a region capable of forming a double-stranded structure with another oligonucleotide strand, wherein N can be S (sense strand) or AS (antisense strand), and n represents the number of nucleotides (excluding the overhang) for forming a double-stranded structure with another complementary strand. For example, 5NO.sub.1+AS.sub.19 3 T.sub.2 represents an antisense strand that can form a double-stranded region of 19 nucleotides in length with another complementary strand, wherein there is an overhang having one natural nucleotide at the 5′ terminus and an overhang having two deoxythymine nucleotides at the 3′ terminus, and the total length is 22 nucleotides (i.e., 1+19+2). Square brackets represent an option.

[0082] Description for a Double-Stranded Oligonucleotide:

[B.sub.5]+[B.sub.3]+[MM.sub.(N′nZ: X,Y)]+[OH.sub.N5′]  (formula 2)

[0083] B.sub.5 and B.sub.3 represent a 5′ and 3′ blunt end respectively relative to the duplex or to the 5′ terminus of the sense strand; MM represents mismatches between the two strands; Further, in the expression of (N′n Z: X, Y), n represents the position of a mispaired nucleotide in the duplex counted either from N′ terminus of the duplex, wherein N′ can be 5′ or 3′ terminus, X represents an unmutated nucleotide identical or complementary with a target sequence, Y represents a mutated nucleotide, Z represents the strand where the mutated nucleotide is located and can be S (for sense) or AS (for antisense). For example, “3′ 1S:A, C” means that “A” (adenine nucleotide) of the sense strand at the first position counted from the 3′ terminus of the duplex is mutated into “C” (cytosine nucleotide). OH.sub.N5′ represents an unconventional 5′ overhang, and N represents S (sense) or AS (antisense) strand. For example, OH.sub.AS5′ means that a 5′ overhang exists in the AS strand. A duplex containing symmetric 3′ overhangs is regarded as a conventional structure and will not be specifically described with formula. Square brackets represent an option.

Example 1: Screening of Functional saRNAs Targeting the Promoter Region of p21 Gene

[0084] The coding strand (FIG. 1) for the 1 kb promoter sequence of p21 (SEQ ID NO:601) was retrieved from the UCSC Genome database to screen for functional saRNAs capable of activating p21 gene expression. A total of 982 target sequences were obtained by selecting a target with a size of 19 bp starting from the −1 kb position upstream of the TSS and moving toward the TSS one base pair (bp) at a time. The target sequences were filtered to remove those that have a GC content higher than 65% or lower than 35% and those contain 5 or more consecutive nucleotides. After filtration of the target sequences, 439 target sequences remained and were used as candidates for screening. A RNA sequence of 19 nucleotides in size with 100% sequence homology with each of the candidate target sequence was synthesized chemically, and a dTdT dinucleotide was added to its 3′ terminus to obtain a sense strand with a structural formula as S.sub.19+[3T.sub.2]. Meanwhile, a RNA sequence of 19 nucleotides in size with 100% complementarity with the same target sequence was synthesized, and a dTdT dinucleotide was added to its 3′ terminus to obtain an antisense strand with a structural formula as AS.sub.19+[3T.sub.2]. The sense and the antisense RNA strands were mixed in the same mole number and annealed to obtain a double-stranded saRNA.

[0085] The aforementioned double-stranded saRNA was transfected into Ku-7-luc2-GFP cells at the final concentration of 10 nM, and 72 hours after transfection, the mRNA level of p21 was detected with QuantiGene 2.0 kit. The fold change of p21 mRNA level induced by each saRNA relative to the blank control was calculated and plotted in FIG. 2. In this study, the fold changes of p21mRNA induced by all saRNAs ranged from 0.66 (suppression) to 8.12 (induction) (FIG. 2B). 361 (82.2%) saRNAs induced a 1.01-fold to 8.12-fold change of p21 mRNA expression, 74 (16.9%) saRNAs exhibited a suppressing effect (0.99-fold to 0.66-fold change), and 4 (0.9%) saRNAs did not change p21 mRNA level (1.0-fold).

[0086] Among the 439 screened saRNAs, 132 saRNAs (30.1%) could induce at least a 2-fold change, and 229 saRNAs (52.4%) could induce at least a 1.5-fold change in p21 mRNA level. The targets for these functional saRNAs were scattered in the entire p21 promoter region. However, 8 discrete regions showed enrichment for saRNA targets and these regions are considered as saRNA “hotspots”. The hotspot is defined as a region containing targets at least for 10 corresponding saRNAs, wherein at least 60% of them can induce a 1.5-fold or more change in the mRNA expression of p21 (FIG. 2A and FIG. 3). The target sequences for hotspots 1 to hotspot 8 and their corresponding saRNA sequences are listed in Table 3 and Table 4 respectively.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Target sequences of hotspot regions of p21 promoter Length Hotspot Sequence No. DNA Sequence (5′-3′) Range (bp) Hotspot 1 SEQ ID NO: 93 ggctatgtggggagtattcaggagacagacaactcact −893~−801 92 cgtcaaatcctccccttcctggccaacaaagctgctgca accacagggatttct Hotspot 2 SEQ ID NO: 94 ggtagtctctccaattccctccttcccggaagcatgtgac −717~−632 86 aatcaacaactttgtatacttaagttcagtggacctcaattt cctc Hotspot 3 SEQ ID NO: 95 ctttgttggggtgtctaggtgctccaggtgcttct −585~−551 35 Hotspot 4 SEQ ID NO: 96 ttctgggagaggtgacctagtgagggatcagtgggaat −554~−504 51 agaggtgatattg Hotspot 5 SEQ ID NO: 97 aggtgatattgtggggcttttctggaaatt −514~−485 30 Hotspot 6 SEQ ID NO: 98 attaatgtcatcctcctgatcttttcagctgcattggg −442~−405 38 Hotspot 7 SEQ ID NO: 99 tctaacagtgctgtgtcctcctggagagtgccaactcatt −352~−313 40 Hotspot 8 SEQ ID NO: 100 gtgccaactcattctccaagtaaaaaaagccagatttgtg −325~−260 66 gctcacttcgtggggaaatgtgtcca

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 functional saRNAs located in hotspot regions of p21 promoter Title Sequence No. Sequence (5′-3′) Length Hotspot 8 RAG-278 SEQ ID NO: 101 UCGUGGGGAAAUGUGUCCA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 102 UGGACACAUUUCCCCACGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-279 SEQ ID NO: 103 UUCGUGGGGAAAUGUGUCC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 104 GGACACAUUUCCCCACGAA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-280 SEQ ID NO: 105 CUUCGUGGGGAAAUGUGUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 106 GACACAUUUCCCCACGAAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-281 SEQ ID NO: 107 ACUUCGUGGGGAAAUGUGU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 108 ACACAUUUCCCCACGAAGU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-282 SEQ ID NO: 109 CACUUCGUGGGGAAAUGUG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 110 CACAUUUCCCCACGAAGUG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-283 SEQ ID NO: 111 UCACUUCGUGGGGAAAUGU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 112 ACAUUUCCCCACGAAGUGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-284 SEQ ID NO: 113 CUCACUUCGUGGGGAAAUG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 114 CAUUUCCCCACGAAGUGAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-285 SEQ ID NO: 115 GCUCACUUCGUGGGGAAAU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 116 AUUUCCCCACGAAGUGAGC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-286 SEQ ID NO: 117 GGCUCACUUCGUGGGGAAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 118 UUUCCCCACGAAGUGAGCC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-287 SEQ ID NO: 119 UGGCUCACUUCGUGGGGAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 120 UUCCCCACGAAGUGAGCCA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-288 SEQ ID NO: 121 GUGGCUCACUUCGUGGGGA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 122 UCCCCACGAAGUGAGCCAC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-289 SEQ ID NO: 123 UGUGGCUCACUUCGUGGGG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 124 CCCCACGAAGUGAGCCACA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-291 SEQ ID NO: 125 UUUGUGGCUCACUUCGUGG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 126 CCACGAAGUGAGCCACAAA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-292 SEQ ID NO: 127 AUUUGUGGCUCACUUCGUG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 128 CACGAAGUGAGCCACAAAU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-293 SEQ ID NO: 129 GAUUUGUGGCUCACUUCGU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 130 ACGAAGUGAGCCACAAAUC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-294 SEQ ID NO: 131 AGAUUUGUGGCUCACUUCG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 132 CGAAGUGAGCCACAAAUCU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-295 SEQ ID NO: 133 CAGAUUUGUGGCUCACUUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 134 GAAGUGAGCCACAAAUCUG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-296 SEQ ID NO: 135 CCAGAUUUGUGGCUCACUU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 136 AAGUGAGCCACAAAUCUGG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-297 SEQ ID NO: 137 GCCAGAUUUGUGGCUCACU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 138 AGUGAGCCACAAAUCUGGC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-298 SEQ ID NO: 139 AGCCAGAUUUGUGGCUCAC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 140 GUGAGCCACAAAUCUGGCU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-299 SEQ ID NO: 141 AAGCCAGAUUUGUGGCUCA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 142 UGAGCCACAAAUCUGGCUU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-300 SEQ ID NO: 143 AAAGCCAGAUUUGUGGCUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 144 GAGCCACAAAUCUGGCUUU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-301 SEQ ID NO: 145 AAAAGCCAGAUUUGUGGCU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 146 AGCCACAAAUCUGGCUUUU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-321 SEQ ID NO: 147 CAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 148 UUACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-322 SEQ ID NO: 149 CCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGUA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 150 UACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-323 SEQ ID NO: 151 GCCAACUCAUUCUCCAAGU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 152 ACUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-324 SEQ ID NO: 153 UGCCAACUCAUUCUCCAAG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 154 CUUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-325 SEQ ID NO: 155 GUGCCAACUCAUUCUCCAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 156 UUGGAGAAUGAGUUGGCAC[dT][dT] 21 nt Hotspot 7 RAG-331 SEQ ID NO: 157 UGGAGAGUGCCAACUCAUU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 158 AAUGAGUUGGCACUCUCCA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-332 SEQ ID NO: 159 CUGGAGAGUGCCAACUCAU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 160 AUGAGUUGGCACUCUCCAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-333 SEQ ID NO: 161 CCUGGAGAGUGCCAACUCA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 162 UGAGUUGGCACUCUCCAGG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-334 SEQ ID NO: 163 UCCUGGAGAGUGCCAACUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 164 GAGUUGGCACUCUCCAGGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-335 SEQ ID NO: 165 CUCCUGGAGAGUGCCAACU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 166 AGUUGGCACUCUCCAGGAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-336 SEQ ID NO: 167 CCUCCUGGAGAGUGCCAAC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 168 GUUGGCACUCUCCAGGAGG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-337 SEQ ID NO: 169 UCCUCCUGGAGAGUGCCAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 170 UUGGCACUCUCCAGGAGGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-338 SEQ ID NO: 171 GUCCUCCUGGAGAGUGCCA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 172 UGGCACUCUCCAGGAGGAC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-341 SEQ ID NO: 173 UGUGUCCUCCUGGAGAGUG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 174 CACUCUCCAGGAGGACACA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-342 SEQ ID NO: 175 CUGUGUCCUCCUGGAGAGU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 176 ACUCUCCAGGAGGACACAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-343 SEQ ID NO: 177 GCUGUGUCCUCCUGGAGAG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 178 CUCUCCAGGAGGACACAGC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-344 SEQ ID NO: 179 UGCUGUGUCCUCCUGGAGA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 180 UCUCCAGGAGGACACAGCA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-345 SEQ ID NO: 181 GUGCUGUGUCCUCCUGGAG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 182 CUCCAGGAGGACACAGCAC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-346 SEQ ID NO: 183 AGUGCUGUGUCCUCCUGGA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 184 UCCAGGAGGACACAGCACU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-348 SEQ ID NO: 185 ACAGUGCUGUGUCCUCCUG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 186 CAGGAGGACACAGCACUGU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-349 SEQ ID NO: 187 AACAGUGCUGUGUCCUCCU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 188 AGGAGGACACAGCACUGUU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-350 SEQ ID NO: 189 UAACAGUGCUGUGUCCUCC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 190 GGAGGACACAGCACUGUUA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-351 SEQ ID NO: 191 CUAACAGUGCUGUGUCCUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 192 GAGGACACAGCACUGUUAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-352 SEQ ID NO: 193 UCUAACAGUGCUGUGUCCU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 194 AGGACACAGCACUGUUAGA[dT][dT] 21 nt Hotspot 6 RAG-423 SEQ ID NO: 195 UCUUUUCAGCUGCAUUGGG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 196 CCCAAUGCAGCUGAAAAGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-424 SEQ ID NO: 197 AUCUUUUCAGCUGCAUUGG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 198 CCAAUGCAGCUGAAAAGAU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-425 SEQ ID NO: 199 GAUCUUUUCAGCUGCAUUG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 200 CAAUGCAGCUGAAAAGAUC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-426 SEQ ID NO: 201 UGAUCUUUUCAGCUGCAUU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 202 AAUGCAGCUGAAAAGAUCA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-427 SEQ ID NO: 203 CUGAUCUUUUCAGCUGCAU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 204 AUGCAGCUGAAAAGAUCAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-428 SEQ ID NO: 205 CCUGAUCUUUUCAGCUGCA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 206 UGCAGCUGAAAAGAUCAGG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-429 SEQ ID NO: 207 UCCUGAUCUUUUCAGCUGC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 208 GCAGCUGAAAAGAUCAGGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-430 SEQ ID NO: 209 CUCCUGAUCUUUUCAGCUG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 210 CAGCUGAAAAGAUCAGGAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-431 SEQ ID NO: 211 CCUCCUGAUCUUUUCAGCU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 212 AGCUGAAAAGAUCAGGAGG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-432 SEQ ID NO: 213 UCCUCCUGAUCUUUUCAGC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 214 GCUGAAAAGAUCAGGAGGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-433 SEQ ID NO: 215 AUCCUCCUGAUCUUUUCAG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 216 CUGAAAAGAUCAGGAGGAU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-434 SEQ ID NO: 217 CAUCCUCCUGAUCUUUUCA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 218 UGAAAAGAUCAGGAGGAUG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-435 SEQ ID NO: 219 UCAUCCUCCUGAUCUUUUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 220 GAAAAGAUCAGGAGGAUGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-436 SEQ ID NO: 221 GUCAUCCUCCUGAUCUUUU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 222 AAAAGAUCAGGAGGAUGAC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-437 SEQ ID NO: 223 UGUCAUCCUCCUGAUCUUU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 224 AAAGAUCAGGAGGAUGACA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-438 SEQ ID NO: 225 AUGUCAUCCUCCUGAUCUU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 226 AAGAUCAGGAGGAUGACAU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-439 SEQ ID NO: 227 AAUGUCAUCCUCCUGAUCU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 228 AGAUCAGGAGGAUGACAUU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-440 SEQ ID NO: 229 UAAUGUCAUCCUCCUGAUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 230 GAUCAGGAGGAUGACAUUA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-441 SEQ ID NO: 231 UUAAUGUCAUCCUCCUGAU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 232 AUCAGGAGGAUGACAUUAA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-442 SEQ ID NO: 233 AUUAAUGUCAUCCUCCUGA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 234 UCAGGAGGAUGACAUUAAU[dT][dT] 21 nt Hotspot 5 RAG-503 SEQ ID NO: 235 UGGGGCUUUUCUGGAAAUU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 236 AAUUUCCAGAAAAGCCCCA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-504 SEQ ID NO: 237 GUGGGGCUUUUCUGGAAAU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 238 AUUUCCAGAAAAGCCCCAC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-505 SEQ ID NO: 239 UGUGGGGCUUUUCUGGAAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 240 UUUCCAGAAAAGCCCCACA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-506 SEQ ID NO: 241 UUGUGGGGCUUUUCUGGAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 242 UUCCAGAAAAGCCCCACAA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-507 SEQ ID NO: 243 AUUGUGGGGCUUUUCUGGA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 244 UCCAGAAAAGCCCCACAAU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-508 SEQ ID NO: 245 UAUUGUGGGGCUUUUCUGG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 246 CCAGAAAAGCCCCACAAUA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-509 SEQ ID NO: 247 AUAUUGUGGGGCUUUUCUG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 248 CAGAAAAGCCCCACAAUAU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-510 SEQ ID NO: 249 GAUAUUGUGGGGCUUUUCU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 250 AGAAAAGCCCCACAAUAUC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-511 SEQ ID NO: 251 UGAUAUUGUGGGGCUUUUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 252 GAAAAGCCCCACAAUAUCA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-512 SEQ ID NO: 253 GUGAUAUUGUGGGGCUUUU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 254 AAAAGCCCCACAAUAUCAC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-513 SEQ ID NO: 255 GGUGAUAUUGUGGGGCUUU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 256 AAAGCCCCACAAUAUCACC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-514 SEQ ID NO: 257 AGGUGAUAUUGUGGGGCUU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 258 AAGCCCCACAAUAUCACCU[dT][dT] 21 nt Hotspot 4 RAG-522 SEQ ID NO: 259 GGGAAUAGAGGUGAUAUUG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 260 CAAUAUCACCUCUAUUCCC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-523 SEQ ID NO: 261 UGGGAAUAGAGGUGAUAUU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 262 AAUAUCACCUCUAUUCCCA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-524 SEQ ID NO: 263 GUGGGAAUAGAGGUGAUAU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 264 AUAUCACCUCUAUUCCCAC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-525 SEQ ID NO: 265 AGUGGGAAUAGAGGUGAUA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 266 UAUCACCUCUAUUCCCACU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-526 SEQ ID NO: 267 CAGUGGGAAUAGAGGUGAU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 268 AUCACCUCUAUUCCCACUG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-527 SEQ ID NO: 269 UCAGUGGGAAUAGAGGUGA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 270 UCACCUCUAUUCCCACUGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-528 SEQ ID NO: 271 AUCAGUGGGAAUAGAGGUG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 272 CACCUCUAUUCCCACUGAU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-529 SEQ ID NO: 273 GAUCAGUGGGAAUAGAGGU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 274 ACCUCUAUUCCCACUGAUC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-530 SEQ ID NO: 275 GGAUCAGUGGGAAUAGAGG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 276 CCUCUAUUCCCACUGAUCC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-531 SEQ ID NO: 277 GGGAUCAGUGGGAAUAGAG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 278 CUCUAUUCCCACUGAUCCC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-532 SEQ ID NO: 279 AGGGAUCAGUGGGAAUAGA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 280 UCUAUUCCCACUGAUCCCU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-533 SEQ ID NO: 281 GAGGGAUCAGUGGGAAUAG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 282 CUAUUCCCACUGAUCCCUC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-534 SEQ ID NO: 283 UGAGGGAUCAGUGGGAAUA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 284 UAUUCCCACUGAUCCCUCA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-535 SEQ ID NO: 285 GUGAGGGAUCAGUGGGAAU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 286 AUUCCCACUGAUCCCUCAC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-536 SEQ ID NO: 287 AGUGAGGGAUCAGUGGGAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 288 UUCCCACUGAUCCCUCACU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-537 SEQ ID NO: 289 UAGUGAGGGAUCAGUGGGA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 290 UCCCACUGAUCCCUCACUA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-538 SEQ ID NO: 291 CUAGUGAGGGAUCAGUGGG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 292 CCCACUGAUCCCUCACUAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-540 SEQ ID NO: 293 ACCUAGUGAGGGAUCAGUG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 294 CACUGAUCCCUCACUAGGU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-541 SEQ ID NO: 295 GACCUAGUGAGGGAUCAGU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 296 ACUGAUCCCUCACUAGGUC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-542 SEQ ID NO: 297 UGACCUAGUGAGGGAUCAG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 298 CUGAUCCCUCACUAGGUCA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-543 SEQ ID NO: 299 GUGACCUAGUGAGGGAUCA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 300 UGAUCCCUCACUAGGUCAC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-544 SEQ ID NO: 301 GGUGACCUAGUGAGGGAUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 302 GAUCCCUCACUAGGUCACC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-545 SEQ ID NO: 303 AGGUGACCUAGUGAGGGAU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 304 AUCCCUCACUAGGUCACCU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-546 SEQ ID NO: 305 GAGGUGACCUAGUGAGGGA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 306 UCCCUCACUAGGUCACCUC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-549 SEQ ID NO: 307 GGAGAGGUGACCUAGUGAG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 308 CUCACUAGGUCACCUCUCC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-550 SEQ ID NO: 309 GGGAGAGGUGACCUAGUGA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 310 UCACUAGGUCACCUCUCCC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-551 SEQ ID NO: 311 UGGGAGAGGUGACCUAGUG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 312 CACUAGGUCACCUCUCCCA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-552 SEQ ID NO: 313 CUGGGAGAGGUGACCUAGU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 314 ACUAGGUCACCUCUCCCAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-553 SEQ ID NO: 315 UCUGGGAGAGGUGACCUAG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 316 CUAGGUCACCUCUCCCAGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-554 SEQ ID NO: 317 UUCUGGGAGAGGUGACCUA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 318 UAGGUCACCUCUCCCAGAA[dT][dT] 21 nt Hotspot 3 RAG-569 SEQ ID NO: 319 AGGUGCUCCAGGUGCUUCU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 320 AGAAGCACCUGGAGCACCU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-570 SEQ ID NO: 321 UAGGUGCUCCAGGUGCUUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 322 GAAGCACCUGGAGCACCUA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-574 SEQ ID NO: 323 UGUCUAGGUGCUCCAGGUG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 324 CACCUGGAGCACCUAGACA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-576 SEQ ID NO: 325 GGUGUCUAGGUGCUCCAGG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 326 CCUGGAGCACCUAGACACC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-577 SEQ ID NO: 327 GGGUGUCUAGGUGCUCCAG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 328 CUGGAGCACCUAGACACCC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-578 SEQ ID NO: 329 GGGGUGUCUAGGUGCUCCA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 330 UGGAGCACCUAGACACCCC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-579 SEQ ID NO: 331 UGGGGUGUCUAGGUGCUCC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 332 GGAGCACCUAGACACCCCA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-580 SEQ ID NO: 333 UUGGGGUGUCUAGGUGCUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 334 GAGCACCUAGACACCCCAA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-583 SEQ ID NO: 335 UUGUUGGGGUGUCUAGGUG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 336 CACCUAGACACCCCAACAA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-584 SEQ ID NO: 337 UUUGUUGGGGUGUCUAGGU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 338 ACCUAGACACCCCAACAAA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-585 SEQ ID NO: 339 CUUUGUUGGGGUGUCUAGG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 340 CCUAGACACCCCAACAAAG[dT][dT] 21 nt Hotspot 2 RAG-650 SEQ ID NO: 341 AGUGGACCUCAAUUUCCUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 342 GAGGAAAUUGAGGUCCACU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-651 SEQ ID NO: 343 CAGUGGACCUCAAUUUCCU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 344 AGGAAAUUGAGGUCCACUG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-652 SEQ ID NO: 345 UCAGUGGACCUCAAUUUCC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 346 GGAAAUUGAGGUCCACUGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-653 SEQ ID NO: 347 UUCAGUGGACCUCAAUUUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 348 GAAAUUGAGGUCCACUGAA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-654 SEQ ID NO: 349 GUUCAGUGGACCUCAAUUU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 350 AAAUUGAGGUCCACUGAAC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-655 SEQ ID NO: 351 AGUUCAGUGGACCUCAAUU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 352 AAUUGAGGUCCACUGAACU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-656 SEQ ID NO: 353 AAGUUCAGUGGACCUCAAU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 354 AUUGAGGUCCACUGAACUU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-657 SEQ ID NO: 355 UAAGUUCAGUGGACCUCAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 356 UUGAGGUCCACUGAACUUA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-658 SEQ ID NO: 357 UUAAGUUCAGUGGACCUCA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 358 UGAGGUCCACUGAACUUAA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-659 SEQ ID NO: 359 CUUAAGUUCAGUGGACCUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 360 GAGGUCCACUGAACUUAAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-660 SEQ ID NO: 361 ACUUAAGUUCAGUGGACCU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 362 AGGUCCACUGAACUUAAGU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-661 SEQ ID NO: 363 UACUUAAGUUCAGUGGACC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 364 GGUCCACUGAACUUAAGUA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-662 SEQ ID NO: 365 AUACUUAAGUUCAGUGGAC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 366 GUCCACUGAACUUAAGUAU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-682 SEQ ID NO: 367 GUGACAAUCAACAACUUUG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 368 CAAAGUUGUUGAUUGUCAC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-685 SEQ ID NO: 369 CAUGUGACAAUCAACAACU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 370 AGUUGUUGAUUGUCACAUG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-686 SEQ ID NO: 371 GCAUGUGACAAUCAACAAC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 372 GUUGUUGAUUGUCACAUGC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-687 SEQ ID NO: 373 AGCAUGUGACAAUCAACAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 374 UUGUUGAUUGUCACAUGCU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-688 SEQ ID NO: 375 AAGCAUGUGACAAUCAACA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 376 UGUUGAUUGUCACAUGCUU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-689 SEQ ID NO: 377 GAAGCAUGUGACAAUCAAC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 378 GUUGAUUGUCACAUGCUUC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-690 SEQ ID NO: 379 GGAAGCAUGUGACAAUCAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 380 UUGAUUGUCACAUGCUUCC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-691 SEQ ID NO: 381 CGGAAGCAUGUGACAAUCA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 382 UGAUUGUCACAUGCUUCCG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-692 SEQ ID NO: 383 CCGGAAGCAUGUGACAAUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 384 GAUUGUCACAUGCUUCCGG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-693 SEQ ID NO: 385 CCCGGAAGCAUGUGACAAU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 386 AUUGUCACAUGCUUCCGGG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-694 SEQ ID NO: 387 UCCCGGAAGCAUGUGACAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 388 UUGUCACAUGCUUCCGGGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-695 SEQ ID NO: 389 UUCCCGGAAGCAUGUGACA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 390 UGUCACAUGCUUCCGGGAA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-696 SEQ ID NO: 391 CUUCCCGGAAGCAUGUGAC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 392 GUCACAUGCUUCCGGGAAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-697 SEQ ID NO: 393 CCUUCCCGGAAGCAUGUGA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 394 UCACAUGCUUCCGGGAAGG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-698 SEQ ID NO: 395 UCCUUCCCGGAAGCAUGUG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 396 CACAUGCUUCCGGGAAGGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-699 SEQ ID NO: 397 CUCCUUCCCGGAAGCAUGU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 398 ACAUGCUUCCGGGAAGGAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-700 SEQ ID NO: 399 CCUCCUUCCCGGAAGCAUG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 400 CAUGCUUCCGGGAAGGAGG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-701 SEQ ID NO: 401 CCCUCCUUCCCGGAAGCAU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 402 AUGCUUCCGGGAAGGAGGG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-702 SEQ ID NO: 403 UCCCUCCUUCCCGGAAGCA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 404 UGCUUCCGGGAAGGAGGGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-704 SEQ ID NO: 405 AUUCCCUCCUUCCCGGAAG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 406 CUUCCGGGAAGGAGGGAAU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-705 SEQ ID NO: 407 AAUUCCCUCCUUCCCGGAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 408 UUCCGGGAAGGAGGGAAUU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-710 SEQ ID NO: 409 UCUCCAAUUCCCUCCUUCC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 410 GGAAGGAGGGAAUUGGAGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-711 SEQ ID NO: 411 CUCUCCAAUUCCCUCCUUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 412 GAAGGAGGGAAUUGGAGAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-712 SEQ ID NO: 413 UCUCUCCAAUUCCCUCCUU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 414 AAGGAGGGAAUUGGAGAGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-713 SEQ ID NO: 415 GUCUCUCCAAUUCCCUCCU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 416 AGGAGGGAAUUGGAGAGAC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-714 SEQ ID NO: 417 AGUCUCUCCAAUUCCCUCC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 418 GGAGGGAAUUGGAGAGACU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-715 SEQ ID NO: 419 UAGUCUCUCCAAUUCCCUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 420 GAGGGAAUUGGAGAGACUA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-716 SEQ ID NO: 421 GUAGUCUCUCCAAUUCCCU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 422 AGGGAAUUGGAGAGACUAC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-717 SEQ ID NO: 423 GGUAGUCUCUCCAAUUCCC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 424 GGGAAUUGGAGAGACUACC[dT][dT] 21 nt Hotspot 1 RAG-820 SEQ ID NO: 425 UGCAACCACAGGGAUUUCU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 426 AGAAAUCCCUGUGGUUGCA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-821 SEQ ID NO: 427 CUGCAACCACAGGGAUUUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 428 GAAAUCCCUGUGGUUGCAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-822 SEQ ID NO: 429 GCUGCAACCACAGGGAUUU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 430 AAAUCCCUGUGGUUGCAGC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-823 SEQ ID NO: 431 UGCUGCAACCACAGGGAUU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 432 AAUCCCUGUGGUUGCAGCA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-824 SEQ ID NO: 433 CUGCUGCAACCACAGGGAU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 434 AUCCCUGUGGUUGCAGCAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-825 SEQ ID NO: 435 GCUGCUGCAACCACAGGGA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 436 UCCCUGUGGUUGCAGCAGC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-826 SEQ ID NO: 437 AGCUGCUGCAACCACAGGG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 438 CCCUGUGGUUGCAGCAGCU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-828 SEQ ID NO: 439 AAAGCUGCUGCAACCACAG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 440 CUGUGGUUGCAGCAGCUUU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-829 SEQ ID NO: 441 CAAAGCUGCUGCAACCACA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 442 UGUGGUUGCAGCAGCUUUG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-830 SEQ ID NO: 443 ACAAAGCUGCUGCAACCAC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 444 GUGGUUGCAGCAGCUUUGU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-831 SEQ ID NO: 445 AACAAAGCUGCUGCAACCA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 446 UGGUUGCAGCAGCUUUGUU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-832 SEQ ID NO: 447 CAACAAAGCUGCUGCAACC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 448 GGUUGCAGCAGCUUUGUUG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-833 SEQ ID NO: 449 CCAACAAAGCUGCUGCAAC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 450 GUUGCAGCAGCUUUGUUGG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-834 SEQ ID NO: 451 GCCAACAAAGCUGCUGCAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 452 UUGCAGCAGCUUUGUUGGC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-835 SEQ ID NO: 453 GGCCAACAAAGCUGCUGCA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 454 UGCAGCAGCUUUGUUGGCC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-836 SEQ ID NO: 455 UGGCCAACAAAGCUGCUGC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 456 GCAGCAGCUUUGUUGGCCA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-837 SEQ ID NO: 457 CUGGCCAACAAAGCUGCUG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 458 CAGCAGCUUUGUUGGCCAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-838 SEQ ID NO: 459 CCUGGCCAACAAAGCUGCU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 460 AGCAGCUUUGUUGGCCAGG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-840 SEQ ID NO: 461 UUCCUGGCCAACAAAGCUG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 462 CAGCUUUGUUGGCCAGGAA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-841 SEQ ID NO: 463 CUUCCUGGCCAACAAAGCU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 464 AGCUUUGUUGGCCAGGAAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-843 SEQ ID NO: 465 CCCUUCCUGGCCAACAAAG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 466 CUUUGUUGGCCAGGAAGGG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-844 SEQ ID NO: 467 CCCCUUCCUGGCCAACAAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 468 UUUGUUGGCCAGGAAGGGG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-845 SEQ ID NO: 469 UCCCCUUCCUGGCCAACAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 470 UUGUUGGCCAGGAAGGGGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-846 SEQ ID NO: 471 CUCCCCUUCCUGGCCAACA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 472 UGUUGGCCAGGAAGGGGAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-848 SEQ ID NO: 473 UCCUCCCCUUCCUGGCCAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 474 UUGGCCAGGAAGGGGAGGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-849 SEQ ID NO: 475 AUCCUCCCCUUCCUGGCCA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 476 UGGCCAGGAAGGGGAGGAU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-853 SEQ ID NO: 477 UCAAAUCCUCCCCUUCCUG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 478 CAGGAAGGGGAGGAUUUGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-854 SEQ ID NO: 479 GUCAAAUCCUCCCCUUCCU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 480 AGGAAGGGGAGGAUUUGAC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-855 SEQ ID NO: 481 CGUCAAAUCCUCCCCUUCC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 482 GGAAGGGGAGGAUUUGACG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-856 SEQ ID NO: 483 UCGUCAAAUCCUCCCCUUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 484 GAAGGGGAGGAUUUGACGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-857 SEQ ID NO: 485 CUCGUCAAAUCCUCCCCUU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 486 AAGGGGAGGAUUUGACGAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-858 SEQ ID NO: 487 ACUCGUCAAAUCCUCCCCU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 488 AGGGGAGGAUUUGACGAGU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-860 SEQ ID NO: 489 UCACUCGUCAAAUCCUCCC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 490 GGGAGGAUUUGACGAGUGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-861 SEQ ID NO: 491 CUCACUCGUCAAAUCCUCC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 492 GGAGGAUUUGACGAGUGAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-862 SEQ ID NO: 493 ACUCACUCGUCAAAUCCUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 494 GAGGAUUUGACGAGUGAGU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-864 SEQ ID NO: 495 CAACUCACUCGUCAAAUCC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 496 GGAUUUGACGAGUGAGUUG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-865 SEQ ID NO: 497 ACAACUCACUCGUCAAAUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 498 GAUUUGACGAGUGAGUUGU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-866 SEQ ID NO: 499 GACAACUCACUCGUCAAAU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 500 AUUUGACGAGUGAGUUGUC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-867 SEQ ID NO: 501 AGACAACUCACUCGUCAAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 502 UUUGACGAGUGAGUUGUCU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-868 SEQ ID NO: 503 CAGACAACUCACUCGUCAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 504 UUGACGAGUGAGUUGUCUG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-869 SEQ ID NO: 505 ACAGACAACUCACUCGUCA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 506 UGACGAGUGAGUUGUCUGU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-870 SEQ ID NO: 507 GACAGACAACUCACUCGUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 508 GACGAGUGAGUUGUCUGUC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-871 SEQ ID NO: 509 AGACAGACAACUCACUCGU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 510 ACGAGUGAGUUGUCUGUCU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-872 SEQ ID NO: 511 GAGACAGACAACUCACUCG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 512 CGAGUGAGUUGUCUGUCUC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-873 SEQ ID NO: 513 GGAGACAGACAACUCACUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 514 GAGUGAGUUGUCUGUCUCC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-874 SEQ ID NO: 515 AGGAGACAGACAACUCACU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 516 AGUGAGUUGUCUGUCUCCU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-875 SEQ ID NO: 517 CAGGAGACAGACAACUCAC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 518 GUGAGUUGUCUGUCUCCUG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-876 SEQ ID NO: 519 UCAGGAGACAGACAACUCA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 520 UGAGUUGUCUGUCUCCUGA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-877 SEQ ID NO: 521 UUCAGGAGACAGACAACUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 522 GAGUUGUCUGUCUCCUGAA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-878 SEQ ID NO: 523 AUUCAGGAGACAGACAACU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 524 AGUUGUCUGUCUCCUGAAU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-879 SEQ ID NO: 525 UAUUCAGGAGACAGACAAC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 526 GUUGUCUGUCUCCUGAAUA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-880 SEQ ID NO: 527 GUAUUCAGGAGACAGACAA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 528 UUGUCUGUCUCCUGAAUAC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-881 SEQ ID NO: 529 AGUAUUCAGGAGACAGACA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 530 UGUCUGUCUCCUGAAUACU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-882 SEQ ID NO: 531 GAGUAUUCAGGAGACAGAC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 532 GUCUGUCUCCUGAAUACUC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-883 SEQ ID NO: 533 GGAGUAUUCAGGAGACAGA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 534 UCUGUCUCCUGAAUACUCC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-884 SEQ ID NO: 535 GGGAGUAUUCAGGAGACAG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 536 CUGUCUCCUGAAUACUCCC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-885 SEQ ID NO: 537 GGGGAGUAUUCAGGAGACA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 538 UGUCUCCUGAAUACUCCCC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-886 SEQ ID NO: 539 UGGGGAGUAUUCAGGAGAC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 540 GUCUCCUGAAUACUCCCCA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-887 SEQ ID NO: 541 GUGGGGAGUAUUCAGGAGA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 542 UCUCCUGAAUACUCCCCAC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-888 SEQ ID NO: 543 UGUGGGGAGUAUUCAGGAG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 544 CUCCUGAAUACUCCCCACA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-889 SEQ ID NO: 545 AUGUGGGGAGUAUUCAGGA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 546 UCCUGAAUACUCCCCACAU[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-890 SEQ ID NO: 547 UAUGUGGGGAGUAUUCAGG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 548 CCUGAAUACUCCCCACAUA[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-891 SEQ ID NO: 549 CUAUGUGGGGAGUAUUCAG[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 550 CUGAAUACUCCCCACAUAG[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-892 SEQ ID NO: 551 GCUAUGUGGGGAGUAUUCA[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 552 UGAAUACUCCCCACAUAGC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-893 SEQ ID NO: 553 GGCUAUGUGGGGAGUAUUC[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 554 GAAUACUCCCCACAUAGCC[dT][dT] 21 nt RAG-894 SEQ ID NO: 555 GGGCUAUGUGGGGAGUAUU[dT][dT] 21 nt SEQ ID NO: 556 AAUACUCCCCACAUAGCCC[dT][dT] 21 nt

[0087] These hotspots include: hotspot 1 having a corresponding target sequence from −893 bp to −801 bp in the p21 promoter sequence, shown as SEQ ID NO: 93, wherein 44 functional saRNAs (Table 4, FIG. 3A) were discovered in this region, comprising RAG-834, RAG-845, RAG-892, RAG-846, RAG-821, RAG-884, RAG-864, RAG-843, RAG-854, RAG-844, RAG-887, RAG-838, RAG-858, RAG-835, RAG-876, RAG-870, RAG-853, RAG-881, RAG-828, RAG-872, RAG-841, RAG-831, RAG-829, RAG-820, RAG-822, RAG-868, RAG-849, RAG-862, RAG-865, RAG-893, RAG-848, RAG-824, RAG-866, RAG-840, RAG-875, RAG-880, RAG-871, RAG-888, RAG-885, RAG-894, RAG-833, RAG-825, RAG-889, and RAG-823;

hotspot 2 (Table 4, FIG. 3B) having a corresponding target sequence from −717 bp to −632 bp in the p21 promoter sequence, shown as SEQ ID NO: 94, wherein 31 functional saRNAs were discovered in this region, comprising RAG-693, RAG-692, RAG-688, RAG-696, RAG-694, RAG-687, RAG-691, RAG-690, RAG-689, RAG-682, RAG-686, RAG-662, RAG-695, RAG-654, RAG-658, RAG-685, RAG-704, RAG-714, RAG-705, RAG-661, RAG-656, RAG-698, RAG-697, RAG-657, RAG-715, RAG-652, RAG-651, RAG-650, RAG-716, RAG-717, and RAG-711;
hotspot 3 (table 4, FIG. 3C) having a corresponding target sequence from −585 bp to −551 bp in the p21 promoter sequence, shown as SEQ ID NO: 95, wherein 9 functional saRNAs were discovered in this region, comprising RAG-580, RAG-577, RAG-569, RAG-576, RAG-570, RAG-574, RAG-585, RAG-579, and RAG-584;
hotspot 4 (Table 4, FIG. 3D) having a corresponding target sequence from −554 bp to −505 bp in the p21 promoter sequence, shown as SEQ ID NO: 96, wherein 17 functional saRNAs were discovered in this region, comprising RAG-524, RAG-553, RAG-537, RAG-526, RAG-554, RAG-523, RAG-534, RAG-543, RAG-525, RAG-535, RAG-546, RAG-545, RAG-542, RAG-531, RAG-522, RAG-529, and RAG-552;
hotspot 5 (Table 4, FIG. 3E) having a corresponding target sequence from −514 bp to −485 bp in the p21 promoter sequence, shown as SEQ ID NO: 97, wherein 9 functional saRNAs were discovered in this region, comprising RAG-503, RAG-504, RAG-505, RAG-506, RAG-507, RAG-508, RAG-509, RAG-510, RAG-511, RAG-512, RAG-513, and RAG-514;
hotspot 6 (table 4, FIG. 3F) having a corresponding target sequence from −442 bp to −405 bp in the p21 promoter sequence, shown as SEQ ID NO: 98, wherein 12 functional saRNAs were discovered in this region, comprising RAG-427, RAG-430, RAG-431, RAG-423, RAG-425, RAG-433, RAG-435, RAG-434, RAG-439, RAG-426, RAG-428, and RAG-442;
hotspot 7 (Table 4, FIG. 3G) having a corresponding target sequence from −352 bp to −313 bp in the p21 promoter sequence, shown as SEQ ID NO: 99, wherein 13 functional saRNAs were discovered in this region, comprising RAG-335, RAG-351, RAG-352, RAG-331, RAG-344, RAG-342, RAG-341, RAG-333, RAG-345, RAG-346, RAG-336, RAG-332, and RAG-343;
and hotspot 8 (Table 4, FIG. 3H) having a corresponding target sequence from −325 bp to −260 bp in the p21 promoter sequence, shown as SEQ ID NO: 100, wherein 18 functional saRNAs were discovered in this region, comprising RAG-294, RAG-285, RAG-286, RAG-292, RAG-291, RAG-284, RAG-279, RAG-280, RAG-325, RAG-293, RAG-322, RAG-321, RAG-281, RAG-289, RAG-278, RAG-283, RAG-282, and RAG-295.

[0088] In order to verify the QuantiGene 2.0 assay results, the 439 saRNAs were divided into four bins according to their activity in inducing p21 mRNA expression, and 5 saRNAs were randomly selected from each bin and transfected into Ku-7-luc2-GFP cells at a concentration of 10 nM. 72 hours after transfection, total cellular RNA was extracted from the transfected cells and reverse transcribed into cDNA which was amplified by RT-qPCR to determine p21 mRNA level. p21 mRNA expression levels for cells transfected with each of the saRNA determined by the two methods showed a significant correlation (R.sup.2=0.82) (FIG. 4). All selected functional saRNAs obtained through the QuantiGene 2.0 method were verified as real functional saRNAs by the RT-qPCR method, and some of them exhibited even a stronger p21 mRNA induction ability by RT-qPCR (Table 5).

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Verification for QuantiGene 2.0 method Relative p21 mRNA level saRNA group saRNA Quantigene 2.0 RT-qPCR Bin 1 RAG-693 8.12 48.20 RAG-834 8.07 9.64 RAG-692 7.69 29.53 RAG-845 6.67 7.15 RAG-688 6.55 42.91 Bin 2 RAG-531 2.06 3.11 RAG-705 2.05 11.33 RAG-322 2.04 7.53 RAG-840 2.03 7.01 RAG-741 2.02 5.45 Bin 3 RAG-883 1.00 1.76 RAG-177 1.00 0.31 RAG-530 1.00 1.41 RAG-879 1.00 0.98 RAG-527 0.99 1.06 Bin 4 RAG-830 0.72 0.45 RAG-419 0.71 0.41 RAG-420 0.71 0.93 RAG-700 0.69 0.32 RAG-589 0.66 0.80

[0089] Taken together, the above data indicates that saRNAs can be designed to target selected regions in the p21 promoter to induce p21 expression with some regions being more sensitive and containing higher percentages of functional saRNA targets.

Example 2: saRNAs Induce p21 mRNA Expression and Inhibit Cancer Cell Proliferation

[0090] In order to further evaluate the effect of p21 saRNAs in inducing p21 mRNA expression and suppressing cancer cell proliferation, the saRNAs (RAG1-431, RAG1-553 and RAG1-688) screened by QuantiGene 2.0 were transfected into cancer cell lines including Ku-7-luc2-GFP (bladder cancer), HCT116 (colon cancer) and HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma). The result showed that in the aforementioned cell lines, all saRNAs could induce at least a two-fold change in the p21 mRNA expression levels and suppress cell proliferation, indicating functional activation of p21 protein. Specifically, RAG-431, RAG-553, and RAG-688 were individually transfected into Ku-7-luc2-GFP cells, caused a 14.0, a 36.9, and a 31.9-fold change in the mRNA expression of p21, and exhibited a 71.7%, 60.7% and 67.4% cell survival rate respectively relative to blank control (Mock) (FIG. 5). RAG-431, RAG-553 and RAG-688 were transfected into the HCT116 cells, resulted in a 2.3, a 3.5, and a 2.4-fold change in the mRNA expression of p21, and exhibited a survival rate of 45.3%, 22.5% and 38.5% respectively relative to blank control (Mock) (FIG. 6). RAG-431, RAG-553, and RAG-688 were transfected into the HepG2 cells, resulted in a 2.2, 3.3, and a 2.0-fold change in the mRNA expression of p21, and exhibited a survival rate of 76.7%, 64.9%, and 79.9% respectively relative to blank control (Mock) (FIG. 7).

Example 3: Further Screening and Optimizing saRNAs in a Hotspot Region

[0091] In order to screen and validate p21 activating saRNAs, a more focused screen was performed against hotspot 7 which is a 40 bp region from −332 to −292 relative to the TSS of p21. This region contains 17 overlapping 19-bp saRNA target sites after a short polyadenosine repetitive sequence was excluded (FIG. 8). Seventeen saRNAs with standard structure (19 nt symmetric duplex region with 3′ dTdT overhangs) corresponding to each of the 17 targets were synthesized and named, according to their target positions relative to the TSS, as P21-297, P21-298, P21-299, P21-325, and so on. All the duplex sequences are listed in Table 1. Each of the duplexes was transfected into Ku-7-luc2-GFP (bladder urothelial carcinoma) cells individually, and 72 hours after transfection, p21 mRNA expression levels were detected. As shown in FIG. 9, multiple duplexes (i.e. P21-321, P21-322, and P21-331) are strong activators for p21, resulting in about 4- to 6-fold changes in p21 expression level, while the other duplexes did not significantly upregulate p21 expression. These data showed that the gene activation effect of a saRNA highly depends on the target location and/or their sequence thereof and a small shift of the target position (for example, one bp shift) can make a functional saRNA unfunctional.

Example 4: Duplex saRNAs with 3′ Natural Overhang or 2-Nucleotide Uracil Overhang

[0092] In addition, the potency of a specific saRNA can be further improved by optimizing the design of the saRNA structure. Supporting data are as follows:

[0093] P21-322 (referred to as Rag1-0 hereinafter) was selected for further development with novel sequences and structures to improve its drug-like properties. First, duplex saRNA with different overhangs were tested including replacing dTdT overhang on each strand by a natural nucleotide overhang (i.e. homologous to the corresponding nucleotides on the target) or a UU overhang, resulting in two new saRNA variants (named as Rag1-1 and Rag1-2 respectively) (FIG. 10). Each of the two duplex saRNAs was transfected into three different types of cell lines, including Ku-7-luc2-GFP, PC3 (prostate cancer), and Bel-7402 (hepatocellular carcinoma) cells. 72 hours after transfection, p21 mRNA expression levels were evaluated. As shown in FIGS. 11A-11C, in Ku-7-luc2-GFP cells, the p21 induction effect of Rag1-1 and Rag1-2 was slightly higher than that of Rag1-0; and in PC3 and Bel-7402 cells, the p21 induction effect of Rag1-2 is stronger than that of Rag1-0. The cell viability data as measured by the CCK-8 assay showed that the suppressing effects of both Rag1-1 and Rag1-2 against Bel7402 cell proliferation were enhanced compared with that of Rag1-0 (FIG. 12). These data indicated that saRNA duplexes with different overhang structures, i.e. natural nucleotide overhangs and UU overhangs, were not functionally inferior to Rag1-0, and had a better effect in inducing p21 expression and suppressing cell proliferation than Rag1-0 for certain cell types. This also suggested that in certain cancer cell types, the natural nucleotide overhang and the UU overhang structure improved the activity of a saRNA in gene induction and cell growth suppression. Duplex saRNAs with a natural overhang are 100% complementary with the target sequence, and its entire sequence is derived from its target site, which differs from dTdT and UU overhangs. This design provided a better target specificity and complementarity compared with saRNAs containing unnatural or mispaired overhangs.

Example 5: Effects of Duplex saRNA Sizes on saRNA's Activity in Inducing p21

[0094] In order to determine whether duplex saRNA length can influence saRNA activity in inducing p21 expression, 5 novel duplexes were designed by extending the Rag1-0 target, one nucleotide at a time from 19 nt to 24 nt toward the direction of the p21 TSS and named Rag1-3, Rag1-4, Rag1-5, Rag1-6, and Rag1-7, which are of 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26 nucleotides in size after adding dTdT overhangs to the 3′ end of each strand in the duplexes, (FIG. 10). As shown in FIG. 11A-11C, Rag1-3, which was 22 nucleotides in length, exhibited stronger activity in inducing p21 gene expression and inhibiting cell proliferation in Ku-7-luc2-GFP cells compared with Rag1-0 (FIG. 12). However, duplexes longer than 22 nucleotides lost their activity, suggesting that the duplex length of 21 to 22 nucleotides was preferable for gene induction.

[0095] Further, on the basis of P21-323 (also named as Rag1-8), a variant (Rag1-9) containing natural nucleotide overhangs and variants of 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26 nucleotides in length with 3′ dTdT overhangs (named as Rag1-10, Rag1-11, Rag1-12, Rag1-13, and Rag1-14, respectively) were designed and synthesized (FIG. 10). As shown in FIG. 11A-11C, Rag1-9, which is 21 nucleotides in length, and bears natural overhangs did not show improved activity, while Rag1-10, which is 22 nucleotides in length, exhibited higher activity compared to all other duplexes in the cell lines tested, and, therefore, was a strong p21 activator. Meanwhile, Rag1-11, which is 23 nucleotides in length, exhibited an activity in Ku-7-luc2-GFP and PC3 cells comparable to Rag1-10, but not in Bel-7402 cells (FIG. 11A-11C). Therefore, extending the length of a saRNA could transform an unfunctional one into a potent gene activator.

Example 6: Duplex saRNAs with Mispaired Bases

[0096] The applicants designed and synthesized variants of Rag1-0, wherein the adenine nucleotide (A) of the sense strand corresponding to the first nucleotide counted from the 5′ terminus of the antisense strand was mutated into a uracil and cytosine, but the antisense strand was kept unchanged, to obtain two new saRNA duplexes Rag1-15 and Rag1-16, respectively, which contained a single mispaired base pair at the last basepair of the duplex. In addition, the nucleotides of the sense strand corresponding to the first and second nucleotide counted from the 5′ terminus of the antisense strand were mutated into an adenosine nucleotide and a uracil nucleotide respectively to obtain a saRNA variant, Rag1-17, which contains two mispaired bases at the 3′ terminus of the duplex (FIG. 10). These saRNAs were transfected into Ku-7-luc2-GFP, PC3, or Bel-7402 cells and the result showed that all three saRNA variants had better or at least equivalent activity in inducing p21 expression compared with Rag1-0. However, saRNA variant Rag1-16 that contained a mispaired cytosine was the strongest activator in all three cell lines (FIG. 11A-11C).

Example 7: Duplex saRNAs with Asymmetrical Structures

[0097] Asymmetrically structured duplexes were also synthesized, including Rag1-18 (having a 3′ blunt-end instead of an overhang at the 3′ terminus of the sense strand), Rag1-20 (having a 3-nucleotide overhang at the 3′ terminus of the antisense strand due to the removal of the first nucleotide counted from the 5′ terminus of the sense strand), and Rag1-19 (containing a combination of the modifications in Rag1-18 and Rag1-20, i.e., an asymmetric duplex structure characteristic of a 5′ end 3-nucleotide overhang and a 3′ blunt end which was formed by removing the first nucleotide at the 5′ terminus and the dTdT overhang at the 3′ terminus of the sense strand) (FIG. 10). As shown in FIG. 11A-11C, Rag1-18 failed to activate p21 in all three cell lines, whereas Rag1-20 was capable of inducing p21 expression in all three cell lines to a similar extent as Rag1-0. Compared to Rag1-18, the combination of the two modifications in Rag1-19 led to the recovery of p21 inducing activity lost in Rag1-18. This data supports that these two structural optimizations does not impair gene induction activity while potentially offering an advantage of reduced off-target effects from the sense strand. An extra advantage is the reduced cost for oligonucleotide synthesis due to shortened nucleotides.

Example 8: saRNA Optimization by Different Combinations of Structural Features

[0098] 1. As shown in FIG. 13, Rag1-21, Rag1-22, Rag1-23, and Rag1-24 were derivatives of Rag1-10. [0099] (1) Rag1-21 contains UU overhangs and has the following structural formula: sense strand (S.sub.20+3U.sub.2) and antisense strand (AS.sub.20+3U.sub.2). [0100] (2) Rag1-22 contains 2-nt natural nucleotide overhangs, and its structural combination formula is: sense strand (S.sub.zo+3NO.sub.2) and antisense strand (AS.sub.20+3NO.sub.2). [0101] (3) Rag1-23 is a variant of Rag1-21 and contains a mismatch at the first base counted from the 3′ terminus of the duplex which was created by mutating the adenine of the sense strand at that position into a cytosine. The structural combination formula is: sense strand (S.sub.20+3U.sub.2), antisense strand (AS.sub.20+3U.sub.2), and duplex (MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C)). [0102] (4) Rag1-24 is a variant of Rag1-23, wherein the first nucleotide at the 5′ terminus of the sense strand was deleted, and the length of the overhang of the antisense strand was thus increased. The structural combination formula is: sense strand (S.sub.19+3U.sub.2), antisense strand (AS.sub.20+3U.sub.2NO.sub.2), and duplex (MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C)).

[0103] 2. Rag1-25 and Rag1-26 were variants of Rag1-16, wherein overhangs of the sense strand and the antisense strand were replaced by a UU overhang and a natural overhang respectively, wherein the first nucleotide at the 3′ terminus of the sense strand was mutated to a cytosine to create a mismatch. [0104] (1) The structural combination formula of Rag1-25 is: sense strand (S.sub.19+3U.sub.2), antisense strand (AS.sub.19+3U.sub.2), and duplex (MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C)). [0105] (2) The structural combination formula of Rag1-26 is: sense strand (S.sub.19+.sup.3NO.sub.2), antisense strand (AS.sub.19+3NO.sub.2), and duplex (MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C))).

[0106] 3. Rag1-27 and Rag1-28 were variants of Rag1-20, and in both variants, the first nucleotide at the 3′ terminus of the sense strand was mutated to a cytosine to create a mismatch and the first nucleotide at the 5′ terminus was deleted, resulting in a 3-nt overhang in the antisense strand. The sense and antisense strands are 20 and 21 nucleotides in length respectively. [0107] (1) Rag1-27 contains UU overhangs and its structural combination formula is: sense strand (S.sub.18+3U.sub.2), antisense strand (AS.sub.19+3U.sub.2), and duplex (MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C))). [0108] (2) Rag1-28 contains 2-nt natural nucleotide overhangs and its structural combination formula is: sense strand (S.sub.18+3NO.sub.2), antisense strand (AS.sub.19+3NO.sub.2), and duplex (MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C))).

[0109] These saRNA variants (Rag1-21 to Rag1-28) were transfected into Ku-7-luc2-GFP, UM-UC-3 (bladder transitional cell carcinoma), T24 (bladder cancer), J82 (bladder transitional cell carcinoma), or Bel-7402 cell lines, and 72 hours after transfection, p21 gene expression was evaluated. As shown in FIG. 14A-14E, all duplexes induced p21 expression to different extents, of which, Rag1-21, Rag1-23, and Rag1-26 performed better than other variants. Meanwhile, the proliferative capabilities of the transfected cells were analyzed by CCK-8 assay, and the results showed that these saRNA variants exhibited varying degrees of growth inhibition in all cells with Rag1-26 performing the best in Ku-7-luc2-GFP, UM-UC-3, and T24 cells (FIG. 15A-15E). These data were indicative of the benefits provided by the cytosine mismatch at the 3′ end of the duplexes and the natural overhang structure.

[0110] 3. On the basis of Rag1-26, novel variants Rag1-29 to Rag1-44 were designed (Table 1, FIG. 13), and these variants contained the different combinations of the following sequence and structural tweaks:

[0111] strand length variations: [0112] i. a sense strand of 17 to 22 nucleotides in length; [0113] ii. an antisense strand of 20 to 22 nucleotides in length;

[0114] duplex structure variations: [0115] iii. 5′ blunt end; [0116] iv. 3′ blunt end; [0117] v. mispairing;

[0118] overhang feature variations: [0119] vi. a 1- to 3-nucleotide overhang at the 3′ terminus of the antisense strand; [0120] vii. a 1- to 2-nucleotide overhang at the 5′ terminus of the antisense strand; [0121] viii. a 2-nucleotide (natural nucleotide or UU) overhang at the 3′ terminus of the sense strand.

[0122] (1) Rag1-29 had an asymmetric structure with a 5′ blunt end which was achieved by removing the overhang of the antisense strand, the purpose of which was to determine whether the overhang of the antisense strand was necessary for p21 induction, and the structural combination formula is: sense strand (S.sub.20+3NO.sub.2), antisense strand (AS.sub.20), and duplex (B.sub.5+MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C)).

[0123] (2) Rag1-30 had a sense strand with its first 5′ terminus nucleotide truncated and a UU overhang at the 3′ terminus, and an antisense strand with a 3-nt natural nucleotides overhang at the 3′ terminus. The structural combination formula is: sense strand (S.sub.18+3U.sub.2), antisense strand (AS.sub.18+3NO.sub.3), and duplex (MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C))).

[0124] (3) Rag1-31 was similar to Rag1-30 but had an asymmetric structure with a blunt end formed by removing the overhang of the sense strand. The structural combination formula is: sense strand (S.sub.18), antisense strand (AS.sub.18 3 NO.sub.3), and duplex (MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C)).

[0125] (4) Rag1-32 was similar to Rag1-29 but had a UU overhang at the 3′ terminus of the antisense strand, instead of a natural overhang. The structural combination formula is: sense strand (S.sub.20+3 NO.sub.2), antisense strand (AS.sub.20+3NO.sub.2), and duplex (MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C)).

[0126] (5) Rag1-33 was similar to Rag1-32, except that the mispaired cytosine nucleotide in the sense strand was replaced by a guanine nucleotide to test the effect of G:U “wobble” base pairing. The structural combination formula is: sense strand (S.sub.20+3NO.sub.2), antisense strand (AS.sub.20+3NO.sub.2), and duplex (MM.sub.(3′1S:A, G)).

[0127] (6) Rag1-34 was similar to Rag1-32 but had a nucleotide deletion at the 5′ terminus of the sense strand. The structural combination formula is: sense strand (S.sub.19+3NO.sub.2), antisense strand (AS.sub.19 3 NO.sub.3), and duplex (MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C)).

[0128] (7) Rag1-35 was a blunt-end derivative of Rag1-32, wherein the overhang of the sense strand was removed. The structural combination formula is: sense strand (S.sub.20), antisense strand (AS.sub.20+3NO.sub.2) and duplex (B3+MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C)).

[0129] (8) Rag1-36 was similar to Rag1-35, and had an asymmetric structure with a blunt end, formed by deleting a nucleotide at the 5′ terminus of the sense strand. The structural combination formula is: sense strand (S.sub.19), antisense strand (AS.sub.19 3 NO.sub.3), and duplex (B3+MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C)).

[0130] (9) Rag1-37 was similar to Rag1-36, except that the mispaired cytosine nucleotide was deleted from the sense strand, resulting in a single-nucleotide overhang at the 5′ terminus of the antisense strand. The structural combination formula is: sense strand (S.sub.18), antisense strand (5NO.sub.1+AS.sub.18+3NO.sub.3), and duplex (OH.sub.As5′).

[0131] (10) Rag1-38 was an unconventional derivative of Rag 1-27, wherein the antisense strand possessed a UU overhang at its 5′ terminus to match the 3′ overhang of the sense strand and a single-nucleotide overhang at the 3′ terminus. The structural combination formula is: sense strand (S.sub.18+3U.sub.2), antisense strand (5U.sub.2+AS.sub.18+3NO.sub.1), and duplex (OH.sub.AS5′+MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C)).

[0132] (11) Rag1-39 was a derivative of Rag1-33, wherein the mispaired cytosine nucleotide of the sense strand was replaced by a guanine nucleotide, and the duplex length was reduced by one base pair. The structural combination formula is: sense strand (S.sub.18+3NO.sub.2), antisense strand (AS.sub.18 3 NO.sub.3), and duplex (MM.sub.(3′1S:A, G)).

[0133] (12) Rag1-40 was a derivative of Rag1-26, wherein an asymmetric structure with a blunt end was introduced by removing the overhang of the sense strand. The structural combination formula is: sense strand (S.sub.19), antisense strand (AS.sub.19+3NO.sub.2), and duplex (B3+MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C)).

[0134] (13) Rag1-41 was similar to Rag1-40, except that the mispaired cytosine nucleotide of the sense strand was replaced by a guanine nucleotide. The structural combination formula is: sense strand (S.sub.19), antisense strand (AS.sub.19+3NO.sub.2), and duplex (B3+MM.sub.(3′1S:A, G)).

[0135] (14) Rag1-42 was also similar to Rag1-40, except that the mispaired nucleotide was deleted from the sense strand, leading to a single-nucleotide overhang at the 5′ terminus of the antisense strand. The structural combination formula is: sense strand (S.sub.18), antisense strand (5NO.sub.1+AS.sub.18+3NO.sub.2), and duplex (OH.sub.AS5′).

[0136] (15) Rag1-43 was also similar to Rag1-40, except that the duplex length was reduced by one base pair. The structural combination formula is: sense strand (S.sub.18), antisense strand (AS.sub.18+3NO.sub.2), and duplex (B3+MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C)).

[0137] (16) Rag1-44 was similar to Rag1-37, except that the duplex length was reduced by one base pair. The structural combination formula is: sense strand (S.sub.17), antisense strand (5NO.sub.1+AS.sub.18+3NO.sub.3), and duplex (OH.sub.AS5′).

[0138] The aforementioned duplex saRNAs (Rag1-29 to Rag1-44) were transfected into Ku-7-luc2-GFP, UM-UC-3, T24, J82, or PC3 cell lines, respectively, and 72 hours after transfection, p21 mRNA expression was evaluated. As shown in FIG. 16A-16E, Rag1-29 and Rag1-38 almost completely lost their activity in inducing p21 expression in all cell lines. These two duplexes did not have an overhang of at least two nucleotides on their antisense strands, indicating this feature is indispensable for p21 expression induction. In contrast, a 3′ overhang on the sense strand was totally dispensable, since Rag1-31, Rag1-35, Rag1-36, Rag1-40, Rag1-41, and Rag1-43 possessed strong activities. In addition, the presence of the nucleotide mispairing at the 3′ terminus of a duplex was critical for maximizing activity, because the removal of the mispaired nucleotide at the 3′ terminus of the sense strand of Rag1-37, Rag1-42, and Rag1-44 led to a decrease in p21 induction activity compared to other strong activators. Replacement of the cytosine mismatch on the sense strand by a guanine to form a G-U mispairing with the uracil on the antisense strand (for example, in Rag1-39 and Rag1-41) had an adverse impact on the activity of the saRNA with the exception for Rag1-33. A plausible explanation is that a positive influence resulted from the longer length of its duplex region (20 nucleotides, compared with 18 and 19 nucleotides of Rag1-39 and Rag1-40, respectively) offset the negative impact of the G-U mispairing. Nonetheless, this further supports a preference for cytosine mispairing over other nucleotides for enhanced gene induction activity of a saRNA.

[0139] The cell viability of each cell line (FIG. 17A-17E) was assayed by the CCK-8 method. It was discovered by a comprehensive analysis in combination with the gene-inducing activity (FIG. 16A-16E) that duplexes Rag1-30, Rag1-32, Rag1-35, and Rag1-40 all had a maximum gene-inducing activity and a strong suppressing effect against the proliferation of the cancer cells. Although Rag1-35 and Rag1-40 were variants of Rag1-23 and Rag1-26, respectively, and both have an asymmetric structure with a blunt end, a cytosine mispairing, and a natural nucleotide overhang, Rag1-40 showed significantly improved activity in gene induction and tumor cell growth suppression due to 100% complementarity of the full length of the antisense strand of its duplex with its target.

[0140] The duplex of Rag1-36 was a potent activator for p21 expression, but lost part or all of the cell proliferation-suppressing activity in the tested cell lines. It was the only duplex whose gene-inducing activity did not correlate to its cell proliferation-suppressing activity among all tested saRNA variants. This unique property could be related to the sequence and/or structural feature of Rag1-36 and have utility in a situation where only the induction of the target gene expression, but not inhibition of cell proliferation, is desired.

Example 9: Validation of Optimized Combinations of Structural Features

[0141] saRNAs of conventional structures (i.e. RAG-431-0, RAG-553-0, RAG-688-0 and RAG-693-0) targeting the p21 gene promoter and three types of variants thereof were designed and synthesized. Their structural combination formulas are as follows (FIG. 18):

[0142] RAG-431-1: sense strand (S.sub.19), antisense strand (AS.sub.19+3NO.sub.2), and duplex (B3+MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C))

[0143] RAG-431-3: sense strand (S.sub.19+3T.sub.2), antisense strand (AS.sub.19), and duplex (B5+MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C))

[0144] RAG-553-1: sense strand (S.sub.19), antisense strand (AS.sub.19+3NO.sub.2), and duplex (B3+MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C))

[0145] RAG-553-3: sense strand (S.sub.19+3T.sub.2), antisense strand (AS.sub.19), and duplex (B5+MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C))

[0146] RAG-688-1: sense strand (S.sub.19), antisense strand (AS.sub.19+3NO.sub.2), and duplex (B3+MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C))

[0147] RAG-688-3: sense strand (S.sub.19+3T.sub.2), antisense strand (AS.sub.19), and duplex (B5+MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C))

[0148] RAG-693-1: sense strand (S.sub.19), antisense strand (AS.sub.19+3NO.sub.2), and duplex (B3+MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C)))

[0149] RAG-693-3: sense strand (S.sub.19+3T.sub.2), antisense strand (AS.sub.19), and duplex (B5+MM.sub.(5′1AS: U,C))

[0150] RAG-431-0 and the variants thereof were transfected into Ku-7-luc2-GFP cells, wherein RAG-431-0 induced a 9.37-fold change in p21 expression, and its variants of RAG-431-1 and RAG-431-3 induced an 18.35-fold change and a 12.26-fold change in p21 expression, respectively (FIG. 19).

[0151] RAG-553-0 and the variants thereof were transfected into Ku-7-luc2-GFP cells, wherein RAG-553-0 induced a 10.62-fold change in p21 expression, and its variants of RAG-553-1 and RAG-553-3 induced a 15.10-fold change and a 15.61-fold change in p21 expression, respectively (FIG. 19).

[0152] RAG-688-0 and the variants thereof were transfected into Ku-7-luc2-GFP cells, wherein RAG-688-0 induced a 14.03-fold change in p21 expression, and its variants of RAG-688-1 and RAG-688-3 induced an 18.28-fold change and a 6.36-fold change in p21 expression, respectively (FIG. 19).

[0153] RAG-693-0 and the variants thereof were transfected into Ku-7-luc2-GFP cells, wherein RAG-693-0 induced a 7.04-fold change in p21 expression, and its variants of RAG-693-1 and RAG-693-3 induced a 10.54-fold change and a 6.85-fold change in p21 expression, respectively (FIG. 19).

[0154] saRNAs (KLF4-0) targeting the KLF4 gene promoter and its variant KLF4-1 with structures similar to that of Rag1-40, were also designed and synthesized, and the structural combination formula for KLF4-1 is: sense strand (S.sub.19), antisense strand (AS.sub.19+3 NO.sub.2), and duplex (B3+MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C)) (FIG. 20). These saRNAs were transfected into PC3, Ku-7-luc2-GFP, and Bel-7402 cells, wherein KLF4-0 induced a 2.64-, 1.57-, and 1.31-fold change in KLF4 expression, respectively in those cells, while the variant KLF4-1 exhibited a higher activity in inducing KLF4 expression than did KLF4-0, and induced a 3.42-, 1.77-, and 1.43-fold change, respectively, in the PC3, Ku-7-luc2-GFP, and Bel-7402 cells (FIG. 21A-21C).

[0155] saRNAs (NKX3-1-0) targeting the NKX3-1 gene promoter and its variants NKX3-1-1, NKX3-1-2, and NKX3-1-3 were also designed and synthesized. The structures of these variants were similar to that of Rag1-40. The structural combination formula of NKX3-1-1 is: sense strand (S.sub.19), antisense strand (AS.sub.19 3 NO.sub.2) and duplex (B3+MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C)); the structural combination formula of NKX3-1-2 is: sense strand (S.sub.19), antisense strand (AS.sub.19+3NO.sub.2), and duplex (B3+MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C)); and the structural combination formula of NKX3-1-3 is: sense strand (S.sub.19), antisense strand (AS.sub.19 3 NO.sub.2), and duplex (B3+MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C)) (FIG. 20). These saRNAs were transfected into PC3 and Bel-7402 cells, wherein NKX3-1-0 induced a 2.7- and 1.67-fold change in NKX3-1 expression respectively in the two cell types, while the activities of all the variants (NKX3-1-1, NKX3-1-2, and NKX3-1-3) in inducing NKX3-1 expression were higher than that of NKX3-1-0 (FIG. 22A-22B).

[0156] saRNAs (VEGF-0) targeting the VEGFA gene promoter and its variant VEGF-1 with structures similar to that of Rag1-40, were also designed and synthesized, and the structural combination formula of VEGF-1 is: sense strand (S.sub.19), antisense strand (AS.sub.19+3NO.sub.2), and duplex (B3+MM.sub.(3′1S:A, C)) (FIG. 20). These saRNAs were transfected into HeLa, COS-1, or ARPE-19 cells, wherein VEGF-0 induced a 1.22-, 1.11-, and 1.51-fold change in VEGFA expression, respectively in the 3 types of cells, while the activity of the variant VEGF-1 in inducing VEGFA expression was higher than that of VEGF-0 (FIG. 23A-23C).

[0157] From the above analysis, it was concluded that saRNAs with a structure similar to Rag1-40 were superior than saRNAs with conventional structure in terms of gene-activating activity and the enhancement was independent of the sequence of the saRNAs. Specifically, the 3′ overhang of the antisense strand could be a natural nucleotide overhang (such as RAG-431-1, RAG-553-1, RAG-688-1, RAG-693-1, NKX3-1-1, NKX3-1-2, and NKX3-1-3) or a UU overhang (such as KLF4-1 and VEGF-1). The mutated nucleotides of the sense strand can be C (such as RAG-431-1, RAG-431-3, RAG-688-1, RAG-688-3, RAG-693-1, NKX3-1-1, KLF4-1, VEGF-1), A (RAG-553-1 and RAG-553-3), G (NKX3-1-2), and U (such as NKX3-1-3).

Example 10: Inhibition of the Growth of Subcutaneously Human Xenograft Tumors in Mice by p21 saRNA Rag1-40

[0158] Formulation of saRNA: In vivo-jetPEI (201-10G, Polyplus-transfection, France) was used to deliver saRNA, and the saRNA was formulated according to the preparation method provided by the manufacturer. Briefly, the saRNA was first diluted in 10% glucose solution to obtain solution A; a required amount of in vivo-jetPEI was diluted in the 10% glucose solution to obtain solution B; then equal volumes of solution A and solution B were combined and mixed well to give a formulation with a nitrogen-to-phosphorus (N:P) ratio of 8 and a final concentration of glucose at 5%. The mixture was incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes before injection into mice.

[0159] HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells at the logarithmic phase were harvested and counted to make a suspension of 3.5×10.sup.7 cells per milliliter (mL). The cell suspension (0.2 mL/mouse) was then subcutaneously inoculated into the right armpit of BALB/c nude mice. When tumors grew to about 100 mm.sup.3, the tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into two groups: a Vehicle (5% glucose) group and a Rag1-40-treated group, with 7 mice per group, and the saRNA formulation or vehicle control was injected into the tumors at a dose of 1 mg.Math.kg-1 saRNA on day 1, day 4, day 7 and day 10. The long and short diameters of the tumors were measured every two days with a Vernier caliper starting from the first administration (day 1), and the volumes of the tumors were calculated according to a formula: V=(L×W.sup.2)/2, wherein L represents the longest diameter of a tumor, and W represents a diameter parallel with the tumor surface and perpendicular to the long diameter. A tumor growth curve during administration, as well as weight and morphology of the tumors after harvest, were recorded.

[0160] As shown in FIG. 24, Rag1-40 treated tumors exhibited a slower growth from day 4 than vehicle treated tumors and appeared to shrink from day 7 of treatment. On day 10 of treatment, the mean volume of Rag1-40 treated tumors increased by 12.8% compared to the volume at the beginning of treatment, whereas the mean volume of the tumors in the Vehicle group increased by 119.8%. The difference in the final tumor volume between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.001), indicating that the saRNA capable of activating p21 expression had a significant in vivo antitumor effect.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0161] All disclosures of each patent literature and scientific literature cited herein are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

EQUIVALENCE

[0162] The present invention can be implemented in other specific forms without departing from its fundamental characteristics. Therefore, the aforementioned examples shall be considered as illustrative rather than restrictive to the present invention described herein. The scope of the present invention is represented by the appended claims rather than the above specification and is intended to cover all changes falling into the meanings and scopes of equivalents of the claims.