Semifluorinated compounds

Abstract

The present invention is directed to certain semifluorinated compounds and to compositions comprising such compounds. The invention further provides the use of the compounds and of the compositions as medicaments for topical administration to the eye.

Claims

1. An ophthalmic composition comprising
CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.2—CH.sub.3 and CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—(CH.sub.2).sub.4—CH.sub.3.

2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition consists of the CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.2—CH.sub.3 and the CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—(CH.sub.2).sub.4—CH.sub.3.

3. The composition according to claim 1, being in liquid form and comprising at least 1 wt % of said compound CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.2—CH.sub.3 or from 1 wt % to 5 wt % of said compound CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.2—CH.sub.3, based on the total weight of the composition.

4. The composition according to claim 1, being formulated as a clear liquid solution.

5. The composition according to claim 1 being substantially free of: (a) a polymer, (b) a perfluorinated compound, and/or (c) a dissolved pharmacologically active ingredient which is not a semifluorinated alkane.

6. The composition of according to claim 1, wherein the composition is in liquid form and consists essentially of the compound CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.2—CH.sub.3 in an amount from 1 wt % to 5 wt % and the compound CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—(CH.sub.2).sub.4—CH.sub.3 in an amount up to 95 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition.

7. The composition according to claim 1, being in liquid form and comprising from 1 wt % to 5 wt % of CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.2—CH.sub.3 and up to 95 wt % of CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—(CH.sub.2).sub.4—CH.sub.3, based on the total weight of the composition.

8. The composition according to claim 7, being formulated as a clear liquid solution.

9. The composition according to claim 8 being substantially free of: (a) a polymer, (b) a perfluorinated compound, and/or (c) a dissolved pharmacologically active ingredient which is not a semifluorinated alkane.

10. The composition of according to claim 9, wherein the composition consists essentially of the CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.2—CH.sub.3 and the CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—(CH.sub.2).sub.4—CH.sub.3, and optionally one or more lipophilic liquid constituents.

11. A kit comprising an ophthalmic composition according to claim 1 and a container for holding the composition, wherein said container comprises a dropper which dispenses droplets having a volume of 8 to 15 μL topically to a lacrimal sac, lower eyelid, eye surface, or other ophthalmic tissue.

12. A method of treating a disease or condition of a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering the composition according to claim 1 to the patient.

13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the disease or condition is dry eye disease (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) or a symptom or condition associated therewith; and/or Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD), or a symptom or condition associated therewith.

14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the composition is topically administered into the lacrimal sac, into the lower eyelid, to an eye surface or to an ophthalmic tissue.

15. The method according to claim 12, wherein the disease or condition is corneal damage.

16. A method of treating a disease or condition of a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering the composition according to claim 10 to the patient.

17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the disease or condition is dry eye disease (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) or a symptom or condition associated therewith; and/or Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD), or a symptom or condition associated therewith.

18. The method according to claim 16, wherein the disease or condition is corneal damage.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a graph depicting the relative evaporation time of compositions consisting of the compounds CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5(CH.sub.2).sub.7CH.sub.3 and CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 as a function of the percentage of the latter compound in the composition (indicated by the solid circle and dotted line in the graph), and the relative evaporation time of compositions consisting of the compounds CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.4CH.sub.3 and CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.2—CH.sub.3 as a function of the percentage of the latter compound in the composition (indicated by the transparent circle and dashed line in the graph).

(2) FIG. 2 is a graph depicting the refractive index determined for compositions consisting of the compounds CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5(CH.sub.2).sub.7CH.sub.3 and CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 as a function of the percentage of the latter compound in the composition.

(3) FIG. 3 is a graph depicting the refractive index determined for compositions consisting of the compounds CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.4CH.sub.3 and CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.2—CH.sub.3 as a function of the percentage of the latter compound in the composition.

(4) FIG. 4 is a graph representing the corneal erosion size measurements (mm.sup.2) over the course of three days of an Ex vivo Eye Irritation Test (EVEIT) comparison of compositions comprising CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5(CH.sub.2).sub.7CH.sub.3 and CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3, a hyaluronic standard reference and 0.01% BAC positive control.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(5) In a first aspect, the invention relates to a semifluorinated compound characterized by the general formula CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.n—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.m—CH.sub.3 wherein n is an integer selected from 3 to 5 and m is an integer selected from 1 to 5.

(6) Particularly preferred compounds of the formula CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.n—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.m—CH.sub.3 are those in which n is 5 and m is 5 (i.e. formula CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3), or wherein n is 3 or and m is 2 (i.e. formula CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.2—CH.sub.3). Other preferred compounds include CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.3—CH.sub.3, CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3, CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.1—CH.sub.3, and CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.3—CH.sub.3.

(7) Alternatively, the compounds of the invention may be also generally be referred to as 2-perfluoroalkylalkanes, for instance, the compound CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 may also be referred to as 2-perfluorohexyloctane, based on the hydrocarbon alkane as the root.

(8) The compounds feature a stereocenter at the 2-alkyl position. As understood herein, the general formula encompasses both enantiomers, enriched mixtures of the two enantiomers, as well as the racemic mixture.

(9) It has been found that compounds as defined above provide a number of unexpected advantages, as outlined below. They are particularly useful when provided as compositions such as for medical applications, in particular for topical administration, such as topical ophthalmic administration.

(10) The present invention relates to compositions comprising these semifluorinated compound characterized by the general formula CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.n—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.m—CH.sub.3 as defined above are preferably in the liquid form, for example formulated to be administered as a liquid solution. In optional embodiments, the compositions may be formulated to be administered as a gel, suspension, microemulsion, or a spray. Preferably, the compositions are provided in sterile form.

(11) In a particularly preferred embodiment, compositions comprising a semifluorinated compound characterized by the general formula CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.n—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.m—CH.sub.3 wherein n is an integer selected from 3 to 5 and m is an integer selected from 1 to 5 is in a liquid form and comprises at least 1 wt. % of the compound, in particular from 1 wt. % to 5 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. In other embodiments, the composition may comprise between about 3 wt. % to 5 wt. %, or about 5 wt. % to 10 wt. %, or up to 25 wt. % of the compound based on the total weight of the composition.

(12) In one of the preferred embodiments, the composition as defined above is formulated as a clear, liquid solution. In this context, clear means the absence of dispersed solid or liquid particles which cause turbidity. In other words, such clear solution is a purely monophasic liquid system, except that minor and technically irrelevant amounts of particulate impurities may be present.

(13) Moreover, the composition is preferably formulated as a liquid solution which exhibits a refractive index that is close to that of water which is 1.333 at room temperature (RT). In a particularly preferred embodiment, the refractive index of the liquid solution is in the range of from about 1.30 to about 1.35 at 20° C., as determined by refractometer.

(14) The compositions as defined above may also comprise further excipients as required or as useful, such as one or more acids, bases, electrolytes, buffers, solutes, antioxidants, stabilizers, and if required, preservatives. In one preferred embodiment, the compositions as defined above are substantially free of water and/or substantially free of a preservative, such as benzalkonium chloride.

(15) In another preferred embodiment, the composition of the invention is formulated as clear liquid solution that is substantially free of the following: (a) a polymer (b) a perfluorinated compound, and/or (c) a dissolved pharmacologically active ingredient which is not a semifluorinated alkane. In another embodiment, the composition as described herein may be substantially free of a pharmacologically active ingredient in any form and which is not a semifluorinated alkane.

(16) As understood herein, the term ‘substantially free’ in reference to a composition constituent refers to the presence of said constituent in no more than trace amounts and that if present in trace amounts the constituent provides no technical contribution to the composition.

(17) Examples of polymers which are preferably absent in the compositions of the invention include silicone polymers (polymerized siloxanes), polyether polymers and fluorinated or perfluorinated derivatives thereof.

(18) Examples of perfluorinated compounds, i.e. compounds in which all the hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluorine, and which are preferably absent in the compositions of the invention include perfluoroalkanes such as perfluorodecalin, as well as halogenated perfluoroalkanes such as perfluorooctylbromide.

(19) The compositions of the invention that are in the form of a clear liquid solution are also substantially free of a dissolved pharmacological active ingredient which is not a semifluorinated alkane. As used herein, the term “pharmacological active ingredient” refers to any type of pharmaceutically active compound or drug, i.e. one that produces a pharmacological effect and that may accordingly be useful in the prevention, diagnosis, stabilization, treatment, or generally speaking, the management of a condition or disease.

(20) The compounds of the invention as well as the compositions comprising these, even if free of other pharmacologically active ingredients, however have beneficial therapeutic effects at the site of administration.

(21) In a further preferred embodiment, the compositions of the invention essentially consist of a compound characterized by the general formula CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.n—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.m—CH.sub.3 wherein n is an integer selected from 3 to 5 and m is an integer selected from 1 to 5, and optionally, one or more lipophilic liquid constituents. In a particular embodiment, the composition consists essentially of either the compound CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 or CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.2—CH.sub.3, or a mixture thereof, and optionally one or more lipophilic liquid constituents.

(22) As used herein, the term “essentially consisting of” is so-called closed language, meaning that only the mentioned constituents are present. In contrast, the terms “comprise”, “comprises” and “comprising” are used herein as so-called open language, meaning that further constituents may also be present.

(23) The optional lipophilic liquid constituents are preferably substantially non-water soluble and/or non-water miscible excipients, for example oily excipients such as lipids, triglyceride oils and any other oils that are physiologically tolerated by the eye, or other semifluorinated alkanes such as in the class belonging to the general formula CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.n(CH.sub.2).sub.mCH.sub.3, wherein n and m are integers independently selected from the range of 3 to 8, for example, CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.4CH.sub.3 or CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5(CH.sub.2).sub.7CH.sub.3.

(24) Such lipophilic liquid constituents may be present in the composition in amounts up to about 25 wt. % or up to about 50 wt. %, or 75 wt. % or 90 wt. %, 95 wt. % or 97 wt. % of the composition, based on total weight of the composition.

(25) In a further preferred embodiment, the composition according to the present invention comprises or essentially consists of CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 and CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.5—(CH.sub.2).sub.7—CH.sub.3; or of CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.2—CH.sub.3 and CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—(CH.sub.2).sub.4—CH.sub.3

(26) The compositions as defined above are preferably formulated to have a dynamic viscosity of not more than 10 mPa.Math.s, and preferably not more than 4 mPa.Math.s, as determined under standard ambient temperature and pressure (25° C., 1 atm). Preferably, the compositions have a dynamic viscosity of between 1 and 4 mPa.Math.s. The viscosity of the compositions may be determined using any standard viscometer device known in the art, such as a glass tube or capillary viscometer.

(27) The compounds characterized by the general formula CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.n—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.m—CH.sub.3 wherein n is an integer selected from 3 to 5 and m is an integer selected from 1 to 5 and compositions thereof as described herein may be used in medical applications, in particular for use in ophthalmology, in particular in the topical administration to the eye, such as to the lacrimal sac, into the lower eyelid, to an eye surface or to any ophthalmic tissue or anatomy associated with the eye that may be made available for topical administration.

(28) In particular, the compounds of the invention are beneficial for use in the treatment of diseases and conditions which would benefit from stabilization of the tear film and tear film lipid layer and lubrication of the eye surface. Thus, the compositions of the present invention are especially suited in the treatment of dry eye disease (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) and/or Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD) and any symptoms thereof or associated therewith.

(29) Dry eye disease, also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, can be distinguished into two categories, namely aqueous deficient dry eye disease and evaporative dry eye disease. These conditions are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Aqueous deficient dry eye is typically observed in patients suffering from Sjö gren syndrome, or those suffering from a lacrimal gland insufficiency, lacrimal duct obstruction or reflex hyposecretion. Evaporative dry eye disease on the other hand has diverse root causes and is associated with increased/abnormal evaporative loss of the tear film, for example as a result of meibomian gland disorders, eyelid aperture disorders, blinking disorders, or ocular surface disorders.

(30) Symptoms of dry eye disease include dry, scratchy, gritty, sandy or foreign body sensations in the eye; pain, soreness, stinging or burning; itching, increased need for blinking, eye fatigue, photophobia, blurry vision, redness and inflammation of the eye tissue, excess mucus discharge and crusting/clotting, contact lens intolerance, and excess reflex tearing.

(31) Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD) refers to a condition where the meibomian glands do not secrete enough oil, or when the oily secretion is of poor or abnormal quality. Often, the oil gland openings may become plugged up and obstructed so that less oil is secreted from the glands. The oil that is secreted from the glands can be granular (crusty) or otherwise abnormal, and can cause irritation to the eye. In the early stages, patients are often asymptomatic, but if left untreated, MGD can cause or exacerbate dry eye symptoms and eyelid inflammation. The oil glands become blocked with thickened secretions. Chronically clogged glands eventually become unable to secrete oil, which may result in permanent changes in the tear film and dry eyes.

(32) Symptoms of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction include dryness, burning, itching, stickiness/crustiness, watering, light sensitivity, red eyes, foreign body sensation, chalazion/styes or intermittent blurry vision.

(33) In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds and compositions thereof as described above are used for the topical ophthalmic treatment of evaporative dry eye disease and/or Meibomian Gland Dysfunction, and relief of any one of the symptoms associated therewith.

(34) In one embodiment of the invention, the ophthalmic composition comprising of a semifluorinated compound characterized by the general formula CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.n—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.m—CH.sub.3 wherein n is an integer selected from 3 to 5 and m is an integer selected from 1 to 5; or preferably, wherein n is 5 and m is 5 (i.e. formula CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3), or wherein n is 3 or and m is 2 (i.e. formula CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.2—CH.sub.3), are used for the treatment of dry eye disease (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) or a symptom associated therewith. In another embodiment, such composition may be used for the treatment of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction or a symptom associated therewith.

(35) In further embodiments, the treatment of these conditions is preferably carried out by a method of administering to a patient in need thereof, an effective amount of a composition essentially consisting of said semifluorinated alkane, and optionally one or more lipophilic liquid constituents that are preferably substantially non-water soluble and/or non-water miscible excipients, for example oily excipient such as lipids, triglyceride oils and any other oils that are physiologically tolerated by the eye, or other semifluorinated alkanes such as in the class belonging to the general formula CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.n(CH.sub.2).sub.mCH.sub.3, wherein n and m are integers independently selected from the range of 3 to 8, for example, CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.4CH.sub.3 or CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5(CH.sub.2).sub.7CH.sub.3.

(36) In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the compounds and compositions thereof as described above are used for the topical ophthalmic treatment of corneal damage. Thus, said compounds and compositions are actively supporting the corneal healing process of corneal damage, such as corneal erosions.

(37) The advantages of the compounds described above in the context of their use according to the present invention are believed to relate to their properties which are particularly suited for ophthalmic applications. The close proximity of the refractive indices of the compounds of the invention to that of water, means that there would be no or minimal impact of a patient's vision subsequent to administration, unlike ophthalmic compositions based on oily carriers which can confer blurry vision on administration. The generally low viscosity and low surface tension and in particular their high wetting and spreading capabilities of these compounds also ensures that they are rapidly accommodated and adapted on administration over the surface of the eye.

(38) As will be made clearer in the examples below, it was found that the compounds and compositions thereof are biocompatible and exhibit no apparent cytotoxic effects. Moreover, it has been established that said compounds and their compositions are not only well tolerated in the eye, but also provide a beneficial effect in terms of lubrication of the eye and stabilization of the tear film, in the form of relief in symptoms of patients having mild to moderate symptoms associated with dry eye disease and/or Meibomian Gland Dysfunction. Patients with dry eye disease and/or dysfunctional meibomian glands often express opaque and thicker meibum which can lead to an abnormal lipid layer in the tear film. Without wishing to be bound to theory, it is believed that the physico-chemical attributes of the compounds of the invention may play a role in stabilizing the lipid layer of the tear film, such as by solubilization of certain lipid components or improving the fluidity of the lipid layer.

(39) In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for treatment of dry eye disease and any symptoms or conditions associated thereof comprising administering the compositions of the present invention topically to the lacrimal sac, into the lower eyelid, to an eye surface or to an ophthalmic tissue. Preferably, said compositions can be administered to the eye or eye tissue up to four times per day.

(40) Furthermore, the invention provides a kit comprising any one of the compositions as described above, and a container for holding said composition. Said container preferably comprises a dispensing means adapted for topical administration of the composition to an eye sac, lower eyelid to an eye or ophthalmic tissue, such as an eye dropper.

(41) In a further preferred embodiment, the dispensing means comprises a dropper of dimensions such as to dispense droplets having a volume of about 8 to 15 μL, preferably having a volume of about 8-12 μl, more preferably having a volume of about 10 μl. With a small droplet volume, precise dosing to the eye can be achieved and an excess amount of discharge of a substantial fraction of the composition from the eye subsequent to administration can be avoided.

EXAMPLES

Preparation of CF.SUB.3.—(CF.SUB.2.).SUB.5.—CH(CH.SUB.3.)—(CH.SUB.2.).SUB.5.—CH.SUB.3 .(2-Perfluorohexyl-octane. C.SUB.14.F.SUB.13.H.SUB.17.)

(42) The compound CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 may be prepared as follows: radical addition of perfluorohexyl iodide with 1-octene in the presence of a radical initiator (herein perfluorohexyl iodide is mixed with 1-octene and a radical initiator as AIBN and the obtained solution is maintained at 80° C. for 30 min and cooled down), followed by reduction of the resulting iodo adduct with hydride (i.e. LiALH.sub.4) or via hydrogenation (i.e. catalytic hydrogenation in presence of a catalyst such as Pd/C) to form 2-perfluorohexyl-octane, followed by purification by fractional distillation. Other compounds of formula CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.n—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.m—CH.sub.3 as defined above may be prepared analogously by this general method.

(43) CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3: .sup.1H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 400 MHz): 2.17-2.33 (m, 1H, CH), 1.67-1.77 (m, 2H, CH.sub.2), 1.25-1.40 (m, 8H, CH.sub.2), 1.15 (d, 3H, CH.sub.3), 0.90 (t, 3H, CH.sub.3).

Preparation of CF.SUB.3.—(CF.SUB.2.).SUB.3.—CH(CH.SUB.3.)—(CH.SUB.2.).SUB.2.—CH.SUB.3 .(2-Perfluorobutyl-pentane, C.SUB.9.F.SUB.9.H.SUB.11.)

(44) The compound CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.2—CH.sub.3 may be prepared according to the general method described above with perfluorobutyl iodide and 1-pentene as the starting materials.

(45) CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.2—CH.sub.3: .sup.1H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 400 MHz): 2.21-2.32 (m, 1H, CH), 1.68-1.74 (m, 2H, CH.sub.2), 1.45-1.55 (m, 2H, CH.sub.2), 1.12 (d, 3H, CH.sub.3), 0.92 (t, 3H, CH.sub.3).

(46) In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assay

(47) The cytotoxicity of a composition comprising 1.3 wt. % CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 and 95.8 wt. % CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5(CH.sub.2).sub.7CH.sub.3 was assessed by a cell growth inhibition test which predicts cytotoxic or necrotic effects with good correlation to animal experiments and high sensitivity.

(48) The composition was extracted by cell culture medium (DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS) under agitation for ˜24 hours. The resulting extract was then incubated with mouse cell line L929 cells for 68-72 hours, before the protein content was analyzed using a BCA (bicinchoninic acid) test as a measure for cytotoxicity. No inhibition of cell growth or cell lysis was observed.

(49) An analogous in vitro cytotoxicity assay is conducted for a composition comprising about 23.7 wt. % CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 and about 75.6 wt. % F6H8.

(50) Tear Film Analysis Studies

(51) A composition comprising 98.3 wt. % of CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5(CH.sub.2).sub.7CH.sub.3 and 1.2 wt. % of CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 was tested in an observational study in patients with mild to moderate evaporative dry eye disease. The clear colorless liquid composition was provided in a 5 ml bottle equipped with a dropper dimensioned to dispense droplets of ˜10 μl per drop into the eye sac. Patients wearing contact lenses were excluded from the study. After informed consent had been obtained, patients were advised to apply 3-4 drops, daily in both eyes, translating to a daily dose of 30-40 μl. Patients returned after 5-7 weeks for follow-up. Clinical data for 29 patients were collected at baseline and at the 5-7 week follow-up visit.

(52) a) Tear Film Analysis

(53) Tear film fluid and tear film stability improved over the study period, as can be seen in the increase in Schirmer I and the TFBUT. The retrospective statistical analysis is strengthening this observation, as the difference in TFBUT at baseline and follow-up is highly significant (paired two-sided t-test: p=0.0026 (right eyes) and p=0.0006 (left eyes)). No changes were detected in tear osmolarity.

(54) The subjective dry eye questionnaire (Ocular Surface Disease Index, OSDI) revealed that patient's subjective symptom severity decreased after the use of the composition comprising 98.3 wt. % of CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5(CH.sub.2).sub.7CH.sub.3 and 1.2 wt. % of CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 over a 5-7 week period, as can be seen in the lower scores at follow-up and the retrospective statistical analysis (paired two sided t-test: p<0.0001).

(55) TABLE-US-00001 Parameter Baseline Follow up Schirmer I (mm/5 min)/ 10.7 + 3.7 16.3 + 8.9 Right eye TFBUT (sec) Right eye: 5.7 + 2.6 Right eye: 7.9 + 5.1  Left eye: 5.7 + 2.6  Left eye: 8.6 + 6.0 Osmolarity 315.7 + 12.8 311.4 + 14.7 OSDI  53.9 + 22.5  35.8 + 22.9
b) Corneal Staining (Oxford Grading Scheme)

(56) Corneal fluorescein staining is an indicator of corneal damage (loss of cell-to-cell junctions). The data indicate a reduction of corneal damage after 5-7 weeks of treatment, as can be seen in the shift of numbers of patients diagnosed with Grade 1 or 2 at baseline towards Grade 0 at follow-up. This difference to the initial level of damage was statistically significant, as shown by Wilcoxon signed rank test: p=0.0013 (right eyes) and p=0.0041 (left eyes).

(57) TABLE-US-00002 Baseline (n = 29) Follow up (n = 28) Grade 0 Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 0 Grade 1 Grade 2 Right eye (n) 8 (1) 16 4 25 2 1 Left eye (n) 8 (1) 16 4 19 9 0
c) Symptom Assessment by Physician

(58) Patients were asked by the physician whether they currently suffer from typical dry eye symptoms both at the baseline and at the follow-up visit. As can be seen in the table below, a lower number of DED-associated symptoms were reported after 5-7 weeks of treatment.

(59) TABLE-US-00003 Baseline Follow up Red eyes 25 9 Itching 21 10 Clotted eyes 9 2 Stringy mucous 4 1 Headache 2 1
d) Meibum Secretion Analysis

(60) In a healthy eye, meibum is secreted from the meibomian glands as a clear liquid. More opaque and thicker meibum is an indicator of dysfunctioning meibomian glands. Patients' meibum was descriptively examined at both the baseline and the follow-up visit. According to the data obtained, meibum quality improved in a number of cases. In seven cases, the treatment induced a reduction of expressible meibum (changing from clear meibum to none).

(61) TABLE-US-00004 Baseline Follow up Clear 20 17 Whitish 6 3 Thick 1 0 None 2 9
e) Safety Parameters

(62) No changes were seen in either visual acuity or intraocular pressure, indicating that the use of composition comprising 98.3 wt. % of CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5(CH.sub.2).sub.7CH.sub.3 and 1.2 wt. % of CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 over 5-7 weeks is safe and does not interfere with these ophthalmological parameters.

(63) TABLE-US-00005 Baseline Follow up Visual acuity 0.8 (0.7-1.0) 0.9 (0.8-1.0) Intraocular pressure (mm 14.9 ± 2.6 14.6 ± 3.2 HG)
Differential Scanning Calorimetry

(64) Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC 1, Mettler Toledo, Greifensee, Switzerland) is used to characterize structure and phase behavior of mixtures of CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 and CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5(CH.sub.2).sub.7CH.sub.3. DSC was employed to obtain data on transitions by temperature rising scans with heating rate of 1° C./min. Sealed standard aluminum crucibles (40 μl, Mettler Toledo) were used.

(65) TABLE-US-00006 wt % CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.5— Melting transition CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5— ΔH Onset Peak Endset CH.sub.3 (J/g) (° C.) (° C.) (° C.) 0 −36.57 −6.33 −4.53 −2.14 5.91 −33.36 −10.32 −7.99 −7.24 12.03 −29.42 −13.74 −10.44 −9.58 23.74 −24.09 −21.56 −15.38 −14.17 wt % Low temperature transition CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)— ΔH Onset Peak Endset (CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 (J/g) (° C.) (° C.) (° C.) 0 −0.69 −45.47 −40.37 −38.32 5.91 −0.56 −50.61 −45.77 −42.93 12.03 −0.44 −55.18 −48.58 −45.53 23.74 −0.19 −60.75 −54.39 −52

(66) The presence of CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 in a mixture of CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5—(CH.sub.2).sub.7—CH.sub.3(F6H8) resulted in a significant reduction in the melting temperature. The melting enthalpy is also decreased, which suggests that this semifluorinated alkane does not crystallize. Such differences will have a beneficial effect in respect of the application of this compound to the eye as a tear film substitute or lubricant; for example, in terms of its ability to mix with, and to modulate the tear film lipid layer. Such effects can moreover be advantageously tuned by varying the amounts of the compound which are added to ophthalmic compositions.

(67) DSC measurements of a series of mixtures of 23.74 wt. % of CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 and CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5(CH.sub.2).sub.7CH.sub.3 with tetradecane (C14) was also performed. Data on transitions were obtained with temperature rising scans (heating rates 0.2, 0.5 and 1° C./min). Extrapolation to a heating rate of 0° C./min was used to determine endset temperatures while average from the three measurements were used to determine onset temperatures. A decrease in the melting enthalpy was observed, compared to mixtures of tetradecane with pure CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5(CH.sub.2).sub.7CH.sub.3, suggesting that some of the tetradecane is dissolved in the liquid fraction of CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 and that this compound has a stronger solubilizing capacity compared to CF.sub.3 (CF.sub.2).sub.5 (CH.sub.2).sub.7CH.sub.3.

(68) Refractive Index and Evaporation Time

(69) The evaporation time of mixtures of the semifluorinated alkane CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.4CH.sub.3(F.sub.4H.sub.5) and CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.2—CH.sub.3 was evaluated. A droplet of 10 μL volume of each mixture was placed on a glass surface at room temperature. Time until evaporation was recorded by video-monitoring.

(70) TABLE-US-00007 CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.3 CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3— Relative (CH.sub.2).sub.4CH.sub.3/ CH(CH.sub.3)— Evaporation Evaporation Sample % (CH.sub.2).sub.2—CH.sub.3/% time/s Time 1 99.95 0.00 304 1.00 2 96.85 2.99 302 0.998 3 0.00 95.13 322 1.064

(71) It was observed that an increased amount of the compound CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.3—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.2—CH.sub.3 appears to increase the evaporation time of the mixture (see FIG. 1).

(72) The evaporation time of mixtures of the semifluorinated alkane CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5(CH.sub.2).sub.7CH.sub.3(F6H8) and CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 was evaluated analogously.

(73) TABLE-US-00008 CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5 CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5— Relative (CH.sub.2).sub.7CH.sub.3/ CH(CH.sub.3)— Evaporation Evaporation Sample % (CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3/% time/s Time 1 99.84 0.16 13260 1 2 96.53 3.05 12960 0.97 3 26.3 64.1 9960 0.75

(74) In contrast, it was unexpectedly observed that an increasing percentage of the semifluorinated alkane CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 significantly decreases the evaporation time of the mixtures (see FIG. 1).

(75) Thus, depending on the compound characterized by the general formula CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.n—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.m—CH.sub.3 wherein n is an integer selected from 3 to 5 and m is an integer selected from 1 to 5 and amount present in the mixture, it may feasible to adapt and fine-tune the composition to the requirements of the intended ophthalmic use, such as in terms of prolonging or reducing the residence time of the composition on the eye surface.

(76) The refractive index of the mixtures was also determined. For topically applied ophthalmic compositions, the refractive index of the composition should preferably be similar, or adapted to that of the eye and lens, for instance as close to that of physiological tear fluid as possible. If the refractive index of a composition is not similar, when applied to the surface of the eye, a patient may experience blurring or impaired vision. It is observed, that the amount of the compound CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 or has an effect on refractive index. FIG. 2 depicts an increasing refractive index value with increased content of the 2-perfluorohexyl-octane in a mixture with 1-perfluorohexyl-octane. FIG. 3 likewise depicts an increasing refractive index value with increasing content of 2-perfluorobutyl-pentane in a mixture with 1-perfluorobutylpentane.

(77) By varying the amount of these compounds, such as characterized by the general formula CF.sub.3—(CF.sub.2).sub.n—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.m—CH.sub.3 wherein n is an integer selected from 3 to 5 and m is an integer selected from 1 to 5 in the mixture, it may also be feasible to adapt the composition to the requirements of the intended ophthalmic use, for instance adapting to a patient with altered tear fluid composition and refractive index due to an eye condition and/or age.

(78) Ex vivo Eye Irritation Test (EVEIT)

(79) A comparison in respect of corneal healing process was conducted for two compositions comprising CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5(CH.sub.2).sub.7CH.sub.3, namely compositions consisting of a mixture of the semifluorinated alkane CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5(CH.sub.2).sub.7CH.sub.3 and CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 (Composition A with 0.17 wt. % of CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 and Composition B, with 64 wt. % of CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3) with hyaluronic acid (HYLO-COMOD®) as a reference and 0.01% BAC (benzalkonium chloride) as a positive control using an Ex Vivo Eye Irritation Test (EVEIT), similar to as described in M. Frentz et al, Altern. to Lab. Anim., 2008 (36) p 25-32; and N. Schrage et al, Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012 (250), 1330-1340).

(80) Method. Rabbit corneas were obtained and placed in an artificial anterior ocular chamber which was gently filled with serum-free minimal essential medium (Eagle's MEM) containing Earle's salts and HEPES buffer for nutrition. The medium was constantly replenished by a micropump to imitate the physiological condition of the eye. The culture chambers were held at 32° C. under normal air without supplementary CO.sub.2 and >95% relative humidity. Five corneas per test substance (n=5) were used except for the positive control with which two corneas (n=2) were tested.

(81) After 12 h of stabilization in the culture chamber, the corneas were evaluated by microscopy and corneas with intact epithelium and without opacities were selected. Four small abrasions (2.3-4.3 mm.sup.2) were applied to the surface of the selected corneas with a cornea drill. All defects were monitored by fluorescein sodium staining (0.17% aq. solution) and microscopy.

(82) The test substances were administered one hour after induction of the corneal erosion and were applied six times daily onto the apex of the corneas (30-50 μL every four hours). A soft-tipped cannula, with continuous suction was placed on the lowest part of the corneoscleral region within the culturing chamber to remove any excess fluid. Experiments were terminated after 3 days of application. Biomicroscopic images of the corneas were taken daily to document the corneal healing process using a phase-contrast microscope integrated camera (KY-F1030U, JVC, (Bad Vilbel, Del.) mounted on a Z16 APO Microscope (Wetzlar, Del.)). All defects were monitored by fluorescein sodium stains (0.17% aq. solution) with yellow green fluorescence indicating the areas of epithelial defects. Erosion sizes were determined using a software tool of the microscope (DISKUS). At the end of the 3 days, the experiment was terminated and all corneas were fixed in 3.7% formaldehyde and stained with a hematoxylin-eosin dye for microscopic evaluation. To monitor the metabolic activity of the cornea, glucose and lactate concentrations were photometrically quantified in the outflow medium from the artificial anterior chambers.

(83) Results. Both mixtures of the semifluorinated alkanes (Composition A and B as referenced above) were observed to have a similar positive effect in respect of the corneal healing process after the induction of corneal erosion as compared with the standard reference hyaluronic acid composition (HYLO-COMOD®).

(84) Corneal Erosion Size Measurements/Mean mm.sup.2 (SD)

(85) TABLE-US-00009 Composition Day 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 A (n = 5) 12.8 (0.98) 3.018 (0.89) 0 (0) 0 (0) B (n = 5) 12.23 (1.46) 3.59 (0.53) 0 (0) 0 (0) HYLO 12.13 (1.29) 3.11 (0.76) 0.01 (0.02) 0 (0) COMOD ® 0.01% BAC 11.57 (0.86) 5.91 (0.28) 8.74 (7.6) 17.46 (6.43)
Day 3 Histological Observations

(86) TABLE-US-00010 Composition A (n = 5) Multilayered epithelium and dense stroma in all corneas. Keratocytes are well formed and arranged except if lost from initial erosion area. Descemet membrane appears intact, endothelial cells are present. B (n = 5) Healed epithelial layer with closed multilayer of epithelial cells. Dense stroma and regular formed keratocytes although typically reduced in number under the initial erosion area. Descemet membrane and endothelial layer present without structural defects Hylo Multilayered epithelium and dense stroma with regular Comod ® arranged and formed keratocytes except under the (reference) initial erosion areas where keratocytes are totally lost in the upper stroma. Descemet membrane and endothelial layer are present without any defects in structure. 0.01% BAC Severe alterations of the superficial cornea with (positive disintegration of whole corneal structures; observation of control) distinct edema Reduced staining of background substance indicating chemical alteration of collagen Severe reduction in number of keratocyte cells which also appear rounded and pycnotic. Descemet membrane is present with intact endothelium

(87) No significant differences in terms of a positive corneal healing was noted between composition B comprising 64 wt. %, based on total weight of the composition of semifluorinated alkane CF.sub.3(CF.sub.2).sub.5—CH(CH.sub.3)—(CH.sub.2).sub.5—CH.sub.3 and composition A. With both compositions, as with the reference composition, the mechanically induced epithelial erosions were found to be significantly reduced and essentially absent after day 2 of treatment. FIG. 3 depicts the corneal erosion size measurements of the tested compositions, reference and positive controls for days 0-3 of the EVEIT experiment.

(88) As noted in the table above, microscopic histological examination of the cross-sections of the corneas after termination of the experiment on day 3 revealed no significant remaining defects or differences in the corneas treated with compositions A, B and the reference HYLO-COMOD®.

(89) Furthermore, no corneal toxicity, based on the metabolic activity as indicated by the glucose/lactate measurements was observed for these compositions.

(90) In significant contrast, the positive control comprising 0.01% of the preservative BAC, a progressive increase of the induced epithelial lesions was observed over the course of the three days of the experiment.