Method for Applying a Coating to an External Surface of a Man-Made Object to Be at Least Partly Immersed in Water

Abstract

The disclosure relates to a method of applying a coating to an external surface of a man-made object to be at least partly immersed in water (e.g. a vessel or an offshore drilling station) for a time period wherein there is relative movement between the immersed object and the water. The applied coating has a minimal resistance rating for a set of coatings. The method comprises a computer-implemented coating selection process, which comprises a first steps of obtaining, for each coating in the set of coatings, a total roughness value of the external surface based on a fouling roughness value, a macro roughness value and a micro roughness value associated with each coating. The coating selection process comprises in a second step selecting a coating from the set of coatings, wherein the selected coating has a minimal resistance rating associated with the obtained total roughness value for the time period. The method further comprises applying the selected coating to the external surface of the man-made object.

Claims

1-13. (canceled)

14. A computer program or suite of computer programs comprising at least one software code portion or a computer program product storing at least one software code portion, the software code portion, when run on a computer system, being configured for executing a coating selection process comprising the steps of: obtaining, for each coating in the set of coatings, a total roughness value of the external surface based on a fouling roughness value, a macro roughness value and a micro-roughness value associated with each coating, and selecting a coating from the set of coatings, wherein the selected coating has a minimal resistance rating associated with the obtained total roughness value for the time period.

15. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing at least one software code portion, the software code portion, when executed or processed by a computer, configured to perform executable operations comprising the steps of a coating selection process comprising obtaining, for each coating in the set of coatings, a total roughness value of the external surface based on a fouling roughness value, a macro roughness value and a micro-roughness value associated with each coating, selecting a coating from the set of coatings, wherein the selected coating has a minimal resistance rating associated with the obtained total roughness value for the time period.

16. A method for selecting from a set of coatings a coating having a minimal resistance rating, wherein the coating is to be applied to an external surface of a manmade object to be at least partly immersed in water for a time period wherein there is relative movement between the immersed object and the water, the method comprising the steps of: obtaining, for each coating in the set of coatings, a total roughness value of the external surface based on a fouling roughness value, a macro roughness value and a micro-roughness value associated with each coating, selecting a coating from the set of coatings, wherein the selected coating has a minimal resistance rating associated with the obtained total roughness value for the time period.

17. The computer program according to claim 14, wherein the external surface of the man-made object to be at least partly immersed in water comprises a hull of a vessel.

18. The computer program according to claim 17, wherein the external surface is segmented in a Boot Top part, a Vertical Side part and a flat Bottom part.

19. The computer program according to claim 18, wherein the minimal resistance rating is calculated by a Computational Fluid Dynamics model based on at least one of the total roughness value, a shape and size of the man-made object, and an operational speed of the man-made object

20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium according to claim 15, wherein the external surface of the man-made object to be at least partly immersed in water comprises a hull of a vessel.

21. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium according to claim 20, wherein the minimal resistance rating is calculated by a Computational Fluid Dynamics model based on at least one of the total roughness value, a shape and size of the man-made object, and an operational speed of the man-made object

22. The computer program according to claim 18, wherein a calculation of the fouling roughness value associated with each coating comprises: accessing a roughness database that associates combinations of each coating and a geographical region where the man-made object is expected to be located during the time period with a respective static fouling roughness value; retrieving the static fouling roughness value; converting the static fouling roughness value to a dynamic fouling roughness value by accounting for an expected activity of the man-made object during the time period; calculating the fouling roughness value based on the dynamic fouling roughness value and based on an expected change in the fouling roughness value with time.

23. The method according to claim 16, wherein the external surface of the manmade object to be at least partly immersed in water comprises a hull of a vessel.

24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the external surface is segmented in a Boot Top part, a Vertical Side part and a flat Bottom part.

25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the minimal resistance rating is calculated by a Computational Fluid Dynamics model based on at least one of the total roughness value, a shape and size of the man-made object, and an operational speed of the man-made object

26. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium according to claim 20, wherein a calculation of the fouling roughness value associated with each coating comprises: accessing a roughness database that associates combinations of each coating and a geographical region where the man-made object is expected to be located during the time period with a respective static fouling roughness value; retrieving the static fouling roughness value; converting the static fouling roughness value to a dynamic fouling roughness value by accounting for an expected activity of the man-made object during the time period; calculating the fouling roughness value based on the dynamic fouling roughness value and based on an expected change in the fouling roughness value with time.

27. The method according to claim 24, wherein a calculation of the fouling roughness value associated with each coating comprises: accessing a roughness database that associates combinations of each coating and a geographical region where the man-made object is expected to be located during the time period with a respective static fouling roughness value; retrieving the static fouling roughness value; converting the static fouling roughness value to a dynamic fouling roughness value by accounting for an expected activity of the man-made object during the time period; calculating the fouling roughness value based on the dynamic fouling roughness value and based on an expected change in the fouling roughness value with time.

28. The computer program according to claim 14, wherein at least one static fouling roughness value associated with a combination of a coating in the set of coatings and the geographical region has been derived by: retrieving from a fouling database parameters relating to fouling of a plurality of man-made objects to be at least partly immersed in water that have been in the geographical region and to which the coating was applied; calculating a fouling score based on the parameters for each man-made object in the plurality of man-made objects, yielding fouling scores; calculating a representative value of the fouling scores; obtaining the static fouling roughness value from a table associating the calculated representative value of the fouling scores with the static fouling roughness value.

29. The computer program according to claim 28, wherein the plurality of manmade objects is divided into at least two subgroups, wherein each of the at least two subgroups is associated with a respective range of fouling scores, wherein the respective ranges do not overlap and wherein each subgroup comprises only man-made objects that have fouling scores within the respective range of each subgroup; and wherein for each subgroup a separate average is calculated, and subsequently a separate static fouling roughness value, a separate dynamic fouling roughness value, a separate fouling roughness value and a separate total roughness value.

30. The computer program according to claim 14, wherein the macro roughness value is derived by: calculating a macro roughness score based on at least one of an initial substrate macro roughness score , a coating macro roughness score-, and a time-dependent macro roughness score; calculating the macro roughness value based on the macro roughness score.

31. The computer program according to claim 30, wherein the micro roughness value is derived by: calculating a micro roughness score based on an initial micro roughness score and a time-dependent micro roughness score; calculating the micro roughness value based on the micro roughness score.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0067] Aspects of the invention will be explained in greater detail by reference to exemplary embodiments shown in the drawings, in which:

[0068] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram depicting steps of the disclosed method.

[0069] FIG. 2 is a flow diagram depicting the derivation of a resistance rating.

[0070] FIG. 3 is a flow diagram depicting the calculation of the fouling roughness.

[0071] FIG. 4 is a flow diagram depicting the derivation of the macro-scale roughness.

[0072] FIG. 5 is a flow diagram depicting the derivation of the micro-scale roughness.

[0073] FIG. 6 is a flow diagram depicting data-entry into a roughness database.

[0074] FIG. 7 depicts an example of a roughness database.

[0075] FIG. 8 depicts an example of a fouling database.

[0076] FIG. 9 depicts an example of a table.

[0077] FIG. 10 is a diagram comprising three total roughness values.

[0078] FIG. 11 is a diagram showing resistance ratings.

[0079] FIG. 12 is a diagram showing three total roughness values.

[0080] FIG. 13 depicts a computing system, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0081] FIG. 1 shows a schematic flow diagram of an embodiment of the disclosed method. Herein the set of coatings comprises three different coatings, coating 1, coating 2 and coating 3. For each coating a total roughness value of an external surface is obtained in step S1. Obtaining this total roughness value involves a fouling roughness value, a macro roughness value and a micro roughness value. Step S1 yields for each coating 1-3 a total roughness value. A resistance rating is associated with each total roughness value and in step S2 the coating with the minimal resistance rating is selected. In this embodiment coating 3 has the total roughness value that is associated with the minimal resistance rating. Subsequently in step S3, the selected coating, coating 3, is applied to an external surface of a man-made object to be at least partly immersed in water.

[0082] FIG. 2 is a flow diagram depicting for one embodiment the derivation of the resistance rating for a coating. In this embodiment the external surface of the man-made object to be at least partly immersed in water is a hull of a ship. It should be appreciated that the same derivation steps may be used for other man-made objects to be at least partly immersed in water, such as an offshore drilling station. Looking at the right hand side of FIG. 2, it can be seen that the resistance rating is a result of a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling step S4. Inputs that are used for this modeling are the shape and size of the vessel, an operational speed of the vessel and the total roughness value of the external surface. The CFD modeling in step S4 provides the resistance rating associated with the total roughness value. In addition, and based on the total roughness value, the CFD modeling may predict the power consumption of a vessel in the time period (not shown). Subsequently, other parameters based on this power consumption may be calculated, such as fuel consumption, fuel costs, amount of emitted greenhouse gases, etcetera.

[0083] In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the hull of the vessel is segmented into three segments: a boot top (BT) segment, which is the area of the hull between the water lines of the vessel when fully loaded and when unloaded, a vertical side (VS) segment, which vertical, curved or sloping area from the bilge to the bottom of the boot top segment, and a flat bottom (FB) segment, which is the bottom area of the hull from bilge to bilge. Typically, the bilge is the rounded portion of the hull forming the transition between the bottom and the vertical sides. As shown in FIG. 2, the total roughness value may be calculated by combining a total roughness value of the boot top segment, a total roughness value of the vertical side segment and a total roughness value of the flat bottom segment, and weighing each total roughness value with a specific weighting factor.

[0084] FIG. 2 shows an embodiment where the total roughness value of the VS segment is obtained based on the fouling roughness value (of the VS segment), the macro roughness value (of the VS segment), and based on the micro roughness value (of the VS segment). It should be understood that the total roughness value of the BT segment and the total roughness value of the FB segment may also be obtained based on the fouling roughness values, macro roughness values and micro-roughness values of the BT segment and the FB segment respectively. It should be appreciated that the fouling roughness value, the macro roughness value and the micro roughness value may all be expressed in terms of an equivalent sandgrain roughness height, k.sub.s, which enables a simple addition of the three parameters to arrive at the total roughness value. The equivalent sandgrain roughness height for a specific roughness value is the height of uniform, closely-packed sands which give the same roughness function as the specific roughness in a fully rough flow regime.

[0085] FIG. 3 is a flow diagram depicting the calculation of the fouling roughness value in one embodiment, that is associated with coating 1, depicted on the left hand side of FIG. 3. Further note that the Geo region in the figure, is the geographical region where a man-made object to be at least partly immersed in water is expected to be located during the time period. It may be that the man-made object is a container vessel that has a three year dry dock cycle. It may further be that the container vessel is scheduled to only sail between the ports of Boston, United States and Rotterdam, The Netherlands during the upcoming three years. The geographical region may then be the North Atlantic Ocean. Coating 1 and Geo region are the inputs in the depicted calculation of the fouling roughness. In step S5 a roughness database is accessed and from the roughness database a static fouling roughness value is retrieved that is associated with the combination of coating 1 and Geo region. It should be appreciated that the roughness database is an important aspect in calculating the fouling roughness value and thus in performing the disclosed method. A more detailed description of the generation of the roughness database is provided below with respect to FIG. 6.

[0086] After the static fouling roughness value has been obtained, in step S6 it is converted to a dynamic fouling roughness value. This conversion is based on an activity factor and an expected activity. The activity factor may reflect the risk that a vessel at 0% activity will foul more severely than a vessel at 100% activity. The expected activity may indicate a ratio between the time that a vessel is sailing, and the time that a vessel is lying still in the water. Hereby the activity of the vessel is accounted for in the calculation of the fouling roughness. Generally a vessel that is sailing most of the time is at lower risk of fouling settlement than a vessel that is lying still most of the time. After the dynamic fouling roughness value has been obtained, in step S7, the fouling roughness value is calculated. In this last step S7 an expected change with time of the fouling roughness value is taken into account. The dynamic fouling roughness value may be one value indicating one particular value of the fouling roughness at the end of a time period, such as a dry dock cycle. By basing the calculation S7 of the fouling roughness value on an expected change with time, a plurality of values of the fouling roughness values may be calculated, e.g. one value for each particular time in the time period. The expected change with time may be, as described above, an exponential increase of the fouling roughness value with time.

[0087] FIG. 4 is a flow diagram depicting the derivation of the macro roughness value in one embodiment. Inputs for this derivation are an initial substrate macro roughness score, a coating macro roughness score and a time dependent macro roughness score. A macro roughness score is calculated based on these parameters in a calculating step S8. In a further step S9, the macro roughness score is converted into a macro-roughness value. The initial macro roughness score may be dictated mainly by the profile of the external surface. Hence the preparation of the external surface prior to applying the coating is an important parameter in estimating the initial macro roughness score. Furthermore, research has shown that the coating product and/or the coating technology classification has an impact on the initial macro roughness score. Hence, the coating product or coating technology classification is also taken into account in the coating roughness score. The change in the macro roughness score during a dry dock cycle is determined by the time dependent macro roughness score and may be assumed to be a linear increase.

[0088] FIG. 5 is a flow diagram depicting the derivation of the micro roughness value. The derivation is based on an initial micro roughness score, and a time-dependent micro roughness score. A micro roughness score is calculated in a step S10, and subsequently the micro roughness value is derived in step S11. Numerous factors have an impact on the initial micro roughness value, such as application method/quality, batch age of the coating, etc. Therefore, it is desirable that the initial micro roughness value is derived from numerous replicate measurements of coating surfaces.

[0089] FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of the generation of an entry in the roughness database. The roughness database comprises, as described with reference to FIG. 3, a static fouling roughness value for the combination of coating 1 and Geo region. Starting point for the generation of an entry is the fouling database. The fouling database may comprise data on fouling measurements performed on a plurality of vessels, for example over 20,000 vessels. These measurements may have been performed during dry docks of the vessels. The data may also comprise which coating had been applied to the vessels and which geographical regions the vessels have sailed through, as well as speed and activity data for the vessel over the dry-dock cycle period. FIG. 8 shows a possible extract of the fouling database, which will be explained in more detail below. In the embodiment of FIG. 6, the fouling database comprises fouling parameters obtained through respective fouling measurements on four different vessels (not shown), to which coating 1 was applied and that have sailed through Geo region. The fouling parameters for a vessel may indicate which type of fouling was found and its extent, expressed as a percentage of the external surface. For example, the fouling parameters of one vessel may indicate that 10% of the external surface of the vessel was covered with light slime, that 20% was covered with heavy slime, that another 5% was covered with weed and that another 10% of the external surface was covered with heavy animal fouling. Based on the fouling parameters in steps S12-S15 a fouling score is calculated for each vessel. These fouling scores are combined in step S16 to calculate an average fouling score. In a next step S17, the static fouling roughness value is obtained by accessing a table that associates a static fouling roughness value with the calculated average fouling score. Once the static fouling roughness value has been obtained in step S17, it is added, together with coating 1 and Geo region, to the roughness database. Hence the roughness database comprises one entry associating a static fouling roughness value with the combination of Coating 1 and Geo region.

[0090] FIG. 7 depicts an example of an extract of the roughness database in one embodiment. As can be seen, for each combination of coating and geographical region an associated static roughness value is present in the roughness database. The dependency of the static fouling roughness value on the geographical region may arise from different circumstances in each geographical region. These circumstances may for example relate to composition of the water, temperature of the water, or weather circumstances. Each coating may of course react different to these circumstances leading to different coating performances per geographical region. It could for example be that coating 1 prevents fouling more effectively than coating 2 in the Atlantic Ocean, but coating 2 prevents fouling more effectively than coating 1 under the different circumstances found in the Indian Ocean.

[0091] FIG. 8 depicts an example of an extract of a fouling database in one embodiment. Note that in this extract only the combination of coating 1 and geographical region “Atlantic Ocean” is present. Ten vessels are in this extract, ship A-J, that have all sailed through the Atlantic Ocean with coating 1 applied. The fouling parameters may have been measured during a dry dock cycle of each ship. Only two fouling parameters are shown here, the percentage of coverage of the hull with light slime, and the percentage of coverage of the hull with heavy slime. For each ship a fouling score has been calculated. Furthermore, the ships have been divided into subgroups, namely a subgroup with low fouling scores, Low, a subgroup with medium fouling scores, Medium, and a subgroup with high fouling scores, High. This enables the calculation of an average fouling score per subgroup and prevents a skew to high fouling scores, originating from one ship having a very high fouling score. In this embodiment, ship C with a fouling score of 8.3 would cause a skew to a higher value of the average fouling score.

[0092] It should be noted that each ship A-J, may have its own dry dock period, thus the time between application of coating 1 and measurement of the fouling parameters may have been different from ship to ship, which naturally influences the measured fouling parameters. Ships with longer dry dock cycle periods are generally at higher risk of fouling than ships with shorter dry-dock cycle periods. Furthermore, it may be that Ship J has been sailing much more than ship B (i.e. has had a higher activity), resulting in a lower fouling score for ship J. Such differences between the operating characteristics of the vessels in the fouling database are preferably taken into account as much as possible, for example by adjustment factors. The entries in the fouling database preferably take into account such differences in the operating characteristics of the vessels, for example by the application of adjustment factors, in order to arrive at a relevant average fouling score.

[0093] FIG. 9 is an illustrative example of a table, wherein static fouling roughness values are associated with a fouling score. The table may be based on scientific research.

[0094] FIG. 10 is a diagram depicting the respective total roughness values for coating 1, 2 and 3. The total roughness values are calculated for a period of three years. In this embodiment the values of the total roughness values at the end of this three year period are the respective dynamic fouling roughness values of coating 1, 2 and 3. In FIG. 10 the dynamic fouling roughness value of coating 1 is indicated by the dashed line. As explained above, based on each dynamic fouling roughness values the total roughness value curves have been calculated. In this embodiment, the expected change of the total roughness value with time was assumed to be an exponential increase, hence the exponential curves. As can be seen, due to these exponential increases, especially the total roughness values of the three coatings in the third year differ significantly. In general, higher total roughness values are associated with higher resistances, and thus for example with higher fuel costs for vessel owners.

[0095] FIG. 11 is a diagram depicting the respective resistance ratings that are associated with the total roughness values shown in FIG. 10. The resistance rating is a result of CFD modeling that uses as input, among others, the total roughness value. As expected, the resistance rating for coating 3 is the minimal resistance rating in this embodiment. Calculation of the resistance rating based on the total roughness value may involve an integration of the total roughness value over the time period, in this case over the three year time period depicted in FIG. 10. It should be appreciated that the resistance rating of for example a vessel may be an indication of the fuel costs for the vessel owner for the upcoming dry dock cycle.

[0096] FIG. 12 shows an example of resistance ratings for coating 3 wherein the vessels in the fouling database have been divided into three subgroups and wherein three average fouling scores have been obtained and subsequently three static fouling roughness values, three dynamic fouling roughness values, three fouling roughness values, three total roughness values and finally three resistance ratings, one for each subgroup. It may be that the subgroup High comprises the 10% of the vessels in the fouling database with the highest fouling scores, the subgroup Medium comprises 20 percent of the vessels with medium fouling scores, and the subgroup Low comprises 70% of the vessels in the fouling database with the lowest fouling scores. As such, the three curves in FIG. 12 may indicate a likelihood of different levels of total roughness values occurring for coating 3. The curve of subgroup Low is then the main prediction and represents the probable or expected total roughness value. The curve of subgroup Medium then represents a possible total roughness value, yet somewhat more unlikely than the total roughness value associated with subgroup Low. The curve of subgroup High represents an unlikely total roughness value.

[0097] FIG. 13 depicts a block diagram illustrating an exemplary data processing system that may be used in the computer-implemented coating selection process.

[0098] As shown in FIG. 13, the data processing system 100 may include at least one processor 102 coupled to memory elements 104 through a system bus 106. As such, the data processing system may store program code within memory elements 104. Further, the processor 102 may execute the program code accessed from the memory elements 104 via a system bus 106. In one aspect, the data processing system may be implemented as a computer that is suitable for storing and/or executing program code. It should be appreciated, however, that the data processing system 100 may be implemented in the form of any system including a processor and a memory that is capable of performing the functions described within this specification.

[0099] The memory elements 104 may include one or more physical memory devices such as, for example, local memory 108 and one or more bulk storage devices 110. The local memory may refer to random access memory or other non-persistent memory device(s) generally used during actual execution of the program code. A bulk storage device may be implemented as a hard drive or other persistent data storage device. The processing system 100 may also include one or more cache memories (not shown) that provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times program code must be retrieved from the bulk storage device 110 during execution.

[0100] Input/output (I/O) devices depicted as an input device 112 and an output device 114 optionally can be coupled to the data processing system. Examples of input devices may include, but are not limited to, a keyboard, a pointing device such as a mouse, or the like. Examples of output devices may include, but are not limited to, a monitor or a display, speakers, or the like. Input and/or output devices may be coupled to the data processing system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers.

[0101] In an embodiment, the input and the output devices may be implemented as a combined input/output device (illustrated in FIG. 13 with a dashed line surrounding the input device 112 and the output device 114). An example of such a combined device is a touch sensitive display, also sometimes referred to as a “touch screen display” or simply “touch screen”. In such an embodiment, input to the device may be provided by a movement of a physical object, such as e.g. a stylus or a finger of a user, on or near the touch screen display.

[0102] A network adapter 116 may also be coupled to the data processing system to enable it to become coupled to other systems, computer systems, remote network devices, and/or remote storage devices through intervening private or public networks. The network adapter may comprise a data receiver for receiving data that is transmitted by said systems, devices and/or networks to the data processing system 100, and a data transmitter for transmitting data from the data processing system 100 to said systems, devices and/or networks. Modems, cable modems, and Ethernet cards are examples of different types of network adapter that may be used with the data processing system 100.

[0103] As pictured in FIG. 13, the memory elements 104 may store an application 118. In various embodiments, the application 118 may be stored in the local memory 108, the one or more bulk storage devices 110, or apart from the local memory and the bulk storage devices. It should be appreciated that the data processing system 100 may further execute an operating system (not shown in FIG. 13) that can facilitate execution of the application 118. The application 118, being implemented in the form of executable program code, can be executed by the data processing system 100, e.g., by the processor 102. Responsive to executing the application, the data processing system 100 may be configured to perform one or more operations or method steps described herein.

[0104] In another aspect, the data processing system 100 may represent a client data processing system. In that case, the application 118 may represent a client application that, when executed, configures the data processing system 100 to perform the various functions described herein with reference to a “client”. Examples of a client can include, but are not limited to, a personal computer, a portable computer, a mobile phone, or the like.

[0105] In yet another aspect, the data processing system 100 may represent a server. For example, the data processing system may represent an (HTTP) server, in which case the application 118, when executed, may configure the data processing system to perform (HTTP) server operations.

[0106] Various embodiments of the invention may be implemented as a program product for use with a computer system, where the program(s) of the program product define functions of the embodiments (including the methods described herein). In one embodiment, the program(s) can be contained on a variety of non-transitory computer-readable storage media, where, as used herein, the expression “non-transitory computer readable storage media” comprises all computer-readable media, with the sole exception being a transitory, propagating signal. In another embodiment, the program(s) can be contained on a variety of transitory computer-readable storage media. Illustrative computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to: (i) non-writable storage media (e.g., read-only memory devices within a computer such as CDROM disks readable by a CD-ROM drive, ROM chips or any type of solid-state non-volatile semiconductor memory) on which information is permanently stored; and (ii) writable storage media (e.g., flash memory, floppy disks within a diskette drive or hard-disk drive or any type of solid-state random-access semiconductor memory) on which alterable information is stored. The computer program may be run on the processor 102 described herein.

[0107] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

[0108] The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of embodiments of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the implementations in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles and some practical applications of the present invention, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the present invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.