Nanoemulsions comprising glycerol in aqueous phase

Abstract

The present invention relates to novel oil-in-water nanoemulsions. The oil phase contains oil selected from the group consisting of triglyceride oil and/or petrolatum as well as C8 to C18 fatty acid; and the aqueous phase contains specific N-acyl derivatives having specific counterions of amino acid salt as emulsifier, glycerol, and water. When (i) there is defined ratio of glycerol to water; (ii) specific counterion for amino acid surfactant and (iii) fatty acid in oil phase. Nanoemulsions are processed in a one-step process yielding droplets of size 20 to 400 nm. In one embodiment, droplets of size 20 to 400 nm can be made using rotor-stator device (in one-step process) and in the absence of pressure based homogenizer. This saves in energy and cost. Compositions prepared according to this processes are also contemplated.

Claims

1. A nanoemulsion composition comprising: a) an internal phase comprising (1) 40 to 75% by wt. of total nanoemulsion composition of oils selected from the group consisting of triglyceride, petrolatum and mixtures thereof, wherein the melting point of the petrolatum is 30 to 60° C.; and (2) 1.5 to 10% by wt. nanoemulsion of a C.sub.8 to C.sub.18 fatty acid; and b) an external aqueous phase comprising: i. 2 to 12% by wt. as active of total nanoemulsion composition of a surfactant or surfactants which are N-acyl derivatives of amino acid salt; wherein the surfactant of (i) comprises 65% or greater of trialkanolamine or potassium salts or mixtures thereof of said surfactant; ii. glycerol, and iii. water wherein the weight ratio of glycerol to water in aqueous phase is 3:1 to 1:3; and wherein the volume average diameter of droplets of (a) is 20 to 400 nanometers.

2. The nanoemulsion composition according to claim 1, wherein said surfactant or surfactants are selected from the group consisting of i. salt of N-acyl derivatives of dicarboxylic amino acid, wherein greater than 65% to 100% of the acyl group has chain length of C.sub.14 or less; and ii. salt of N-acyl derivatives of monocarboxylic amino acid, wherein greater than 65% of the acyl group to 100% of the acyl group has chain length C.sub.14 or less; and iii. mixtures thereof.

3. The nanoemulsion composition according to claim 2, wherein the salt of N-acyl derivative of dicarboxylic amino acid is a salt of acylglutamic acid, salt of acylaspartic acid or mixture thereof.

4. The nanoemulsion composition according to claim 2, wherein the salt of N-acyl derivative of monocarboxylic amino acid is a salt of acylglycine, salt of acylalanine or mixture thereof.

5. The nanoemulsion composition according to claim 1, wherein volume average diameter of the droplets is 20 to 250 nm.

6. The nanoemulsion composition according to claim 1, where the oil is a triglyceride oil and said triglyceride oil is selected from the group consisting of soybean oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, grape seed oil, fish oil and mixtures thereof.

7. The nanoemulsion composition according to claim 1, where the oil is petrolatum and the melting point of the petrolatum is 30 to 60° C.

8. The nanoemulsion composition according to claim 1, where the oil is an oil mixture comprising triglyceride oil and petrolatum.

9. The nanoemulsion composition according to claim 1, wherein said fatty acid having a chain length C.sub.8-C.sub.18 is selected from the group consisting of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, coconut fatty acid and mixtures thereof.

10. The nanoemulsion composition according to claim 9, wherein the fatty acid is present at a level of 2 to 7% by wt.

11. The nanoemulsion composition according to claim 1, wherein the nanoemulsion is prepared using conventional rotor/stator high shear devices.

12. The nanoemulsion composition according to claim 1, wherein the nanoemulsion is prepared in the absence of high pressure homogenization.

13. The nanoemulsion composition according to claim 11, wherein the rotor speed of said conventional rotor/stator is 3000 to 7000 RPM.

14. The nanoemulsion composition according to claim 1, wherein the surfactant of (b), prior to formation of the nanoemulsion, is a powder or liquid surfactant.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(1) Except in the examples, or where otherwise explicitly indicated, all numbers in this description indicating amounts of material or conditions of reaction, physical properties of materials and/or use are to be understood as modified by the word “about.” All amounts are by weight of the final composition, unless otherwise specified.

(2) It should be noted that in specifying any range of concentration or amount, any particular upper concentration can be associated with any particular lower concentration or amount.

(3) For the avoidance of doubt, the word “comprising” is intended to mean “including” but not necessarily “consisting of” or “composed of.” In other words, the listed steps or options need not be exhaustive.

(4) The disclosure of the invention as found herein is to be considered to cover all embodiments as found in the claims as being multiply dependent upon each other irrespective of the fact that claims may be found without multiple dependency or redundancy.

(5) In one aspect, the present invention provides novel nanoemulsions containing a specific selection of oils, surfactants (having minimum required amounts of specific counterions) and specific ratio of glycerin to water. Applicants have surprisingly found that nanoemulsions of droplet size 20 to 400 nm can be prepared in a one-step process. In one embodiment, nanoemulsions of droplet size 20 to 400 nm, preferably 20 to 250 nm can be made in one-step using only a conventional rotor-stator mixer. Use of expensive and high energy homogenizer devices, operated in the high pressure range (1500 to 5000 psi), such as used in EP Application No. 16166487.5 relating to nanoemulsion with fatty acid, is thus avoided. Even in the broader composition aspect (with droplet size as small as 20 to 400 nm), it is the use of specific counterions and glycerol to water ratios which permits easier one-step processing. Both novel nanoemulsions which permit easier production of 20 to 400 nm droplets and the process of using only rotor-stator mixer (while still permitting production of droplets of size 20 to 400 nm) are claimed.

(6) The novel nanoemulsions are ideally suited for use in soap bars or liquid cleansing compositions, for example, structured (e.g., micellar or lamellar structured) liquid cleansing compositions.

(7) The N-acyl derivatives of amino acid surfactants (e.g., acylglutamate, acylaspartate, acylglycinate, acylalanate surfactants) of this invention preferably have greater than 65%, preferably greater than 75%, preferably greater than 80% of C.sub.14 or shorter acyl chain (preferably they have greater than 75% acyl chain which are C.sub.12, C.sub.14 and mixtures thereof). The chosen surfactants provide multiple advantages when final nanoemulsions are mixed into fully formulated soap bars or liquid personal cleansing compositions. First, the amino acid surfactants used are known to be less irritating than harsher surfactants typically used such as sodium lauryl sulphate and sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES). Also, as noted, the chain length is selected so the surfactants are suitable for use in structured personal cleansing liquids while providing minimal interference with such structuring. Further, the selected predominantly shorter chain lengths ensure the surfactants will provide good foam.

(8) In one co-pending application (EP Application No. 16166486.7), applicants claim similar nanoemulsions which comprise N-acyl derivatives of di-carboxylic acids and which are not specifically directed to those containing fatty acid emulsifier. In this co-pending application, small size droplets are obtained using high pressure (e.g. 5000 psi) homogenizer devices; and multiple passes are needed for petrolatum droplets of less than 200 nanometers (volume average diameter) to be made. Our formulations permit rotor-stator devices (less energy and cheaper) to be used to make nanoemulsions with droplet size as small as 20 to 250 nm and which can be prepared in one-step. It is thus far more convenient and offer great cost savings.

(9) In a second co-pending application (EP Application No. 16166487.5), unexpectedly applicants found that using fatty acid as co-emulsifier yielded significantly smaller droplets, and that these smaller droplet nanoemulsions were obtained more efficiently using high pressure homogenization (e.g., single pass). Furthermore, using fatty acid as co-emulsifier permitted use of N-acyl derivatives of amino acid surfactants which are in liquid format, contain high amount of inorganic salts and have pH as high as 10 (which were not used in the first co-pending case). The co-emulsifier permits production of small droplets whether the amino acid surfactants are derivatives of dicarboxylic or mono-carboxylic amino acids. In the present application, applicants have found a way to obtain all the advantages of nanoemulsions having fatty acid as noted (e.g., using industrial liquid amino acid surfactant); and the further advantage (using glycerol in aqueous phase at defined ratios) of providing droplets as small as 20 to 400 nm, preferably 20 to 200 nm, and wherein this can be done using a rotor-stator device. As indicated, this provides cost savings on energy and investment on equipment, removing a barrier of mass production of nanoemulsions in the cosmetic industry. It is, as indicated a one-step process.

(10) In short, use of glycerol in defined ratios with water (in aqueous phase) in combination with fatty acids and select amino acid surfactants having at least certain levels of defined counterions permits small droplet nanoemulsions to be obtained even more efficiently (without using high capital cost and high energy consuming high pressure homogenization process.). Even further, because glycerol is used in place of water, there is lowered water activity. This level water activity is within the ranges to inhibit bacteria growth, and potentially allows use of only fungicide or even no preservatives in nanoemulsions either as an intermediate raw material or as a final product.

(11) In general, small size droplets help provide more efficient deposition in cleansing compositions. For example, cationic polymers typically used in fully formulated liquid cleanser more readily deposit the smaller droplets than larger droplets onto skin. Large oil droplets require stabilizers to suspend the large oil droplets. The small size oil droplets from the nanoemulsion, when incorporated into a cleansing liquid, also provide greater stability. Smaller droplets are also viewed as more aesthetically pleasing.

(12) The nanoemulsions of the invention are defined with more particularity below.

(13) Oil Phase

(14) Oils in the oil phase of the nanoemulsions may be triglyceride oil or oils (animal and/or vegetable oils); petrolatum; or mixtures of one or more triglyceride oil with petrolatum.

(15) Examples of triglyceride oils which may be used include soybean oil, sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, grape seed oil, shea butter, cocoa butter and fish oil. Soybean and sunflower seed oils are preferred triglycerides.

(16) The oil in the oil phase may also be petrolatum. The petrolatum preferably has a melting point ranging from 30° to about 60° C. Examples of such petrolatum jellys include Vaseline® Petrolatum Jelly from Unilever, WHITE PETROLATUM USP from Calumet Penreco, Petrolatum G2212 and White Protopet® 1S from Sonneborn.

(17) Also suitable are the vegetable oils gelled with beeswax or vegetable wax. Examples of such gelled vegetable oils include NaturalAtum from Koster Keunen, Inc. and Unpetroleum Jelly from Camden-Grey Essential Oils, Inc.

(18) The oils can range from 40% to 75% by wt., preferably 50% to 65% by wt. of the total nanoemulsion composition. The preferred volume average diameter of the triglyceride oil or petrolatum droplets is 20 to 400 nm, preferably 20 to 300nm, more preferably 20 to 250 nm, or 20 to 200 nm. Lower level can be 20 or 30 or 40 or 50; upper level can be 300 or 250 or 200 or 175 or 150. In one aspect of the invention, oil droplets of size 20 to 400, preferably 20 to 250, or 20 to 200 are formed by a process in which conventional rotor-stator device is utilized (high pressure homogenizer device is avoided).

(19) The choice of triglyceride oils and petrolatum helps impart emolliency and occlusivity to skin when the triglyceride oils and/or petrolatum deposit onto skin after the skin is washed with fully formulated cleansing compositions into which the nanoemulsions of this invention have been incorporated.

(20) In addition to the triglyceride oil (or oils) and/or petrolatum, the oil phase may comprise oil soluble skin beneficial actives such as, for example, Vitamin A, Vitamin E, sun screen, fragrances, retinol palmitate, 12-hydroxy stearic acid, conjugated linoleic acid; antibacterial agents; mosquito repellents etc. at level of 0.01 to 5%.

(21) Another ingredient which might be found in the oil phase is an oil phase stabilizer. For example, small amounts (0.01 to 2%, preferably 0.1-1% by wt. nanoemulsion) of antioxidant may be used. When the oil used is triglyceride, a preferred antioxidant which may be used is butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). This is often used as a food grade antioxidant.

(22) In addition to oils, the oil phase contains C.sub.8 to C.sub.18, preferably C.sub.10 to C.sub.14 fatty acids in an amount ranging from 1.5 to 10% by wt. total nanoemulsion. More specifically, the ratio of fatty acid and oil ranges from 1:40 to 1:6. Examples of fatty acid which may be used include lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, coconut fatty acid and mixtures thereof. Preferably, lauric acid is used. The fatty acid is used as a co-emulsifier.

(23) Aqueous Phase

(24) The aqueous phase contain salts of N-acyl derivatives of amino acids (e.g., di- or mono-carboxylic acid) as primary emulsifier. Preferred di-carboxylic amino acid emulsifiers are acylglutamate and acylaspartate surfactants. Preferred mono-carboxylic amino acid emulsifiers are acylglycinate and acylalanate. Preferably, these are triethanolamine and potassium salts of N-acyl derivatives of amino acids, wherein greater than 65% of the acyl chains have chain length C.sub.14 or less, e.g., C.sub.8 to C.sub.14 (e.g., derived from coconut fatty acid). The acyl chains preferably have greater than 75%, more preferably greater than 80% C14 or less chain length. Preferably, greater than 75%, most preferably greater than 80% of the chain length are C.sub.12, C.sub.14 or mixtures thereof. These predominantly short chain acyl groups (relative to longer chain C.sub.18 and C.sub.18, for example) ensure that, when nanoemulsions of the invention are incorporated into fully formulated liquid cleansing compositions (especially structured liquid cleansing compositions), they help maintain or enhance foaming capacity.

(25) There are typically two formats of amino acid surfactants commercially available. One is powder or flake format, which is typically more expensive and high in purity. Examples of solid dicarboxylic amino acid surfactants include: potassium N-cocoacyl_I-Glutamate (e.g., Amisoft® CK-11 by Ajinomoto) potassium N-myristoyl-L-glutamate (Amisoft® MK-11 by Ajinomoto) potassium N-lauroyl-L-glutamate (Amisoft® LK-11 by Ajinomoto).

(26) Sodium glutamates (e.g., sodium N-cocoyl-L-glutamate such as Amisoft® CS-11 from Ajinomoto) may be used, but must be used at levels of 35% or less of total amino acid salts.

(27) Examples of solid monocarboxylic amino acids surfactants include: potassium cocoyl glycinate (e.g., Amilite® GCK-11 by Ajinomoto)

(28) Liquid amino acid surfactants typically contains 20 to 35% surfactant active, high in pH and inorganic salt (e.g. from 3 to 6% KCl). Examples include: AMISOFT® CK-22: Potassium Cocoyl Glutamate (30% Aqueous Solution) AMISOFT® LT-12: TEA-Lauroyl Glutamate (30% Aqueous Solution) AMISOFT® CT-12 TEA-Cocoyl Glutamate (30% Aqueous Solution) AMILITE® ACT-12: TEA-Cocoyl Alaninate (30% Aqueous Solution) AMILITE® GCK-12/GCK-12K: Potassium Cocoyl Glycinate(30% Aqueous Solution) Aminosurfact™ ACDP-L: Potassium Cocoyl Glutamate(22%)+Sodium Cocoyl Glutamate(7%) Aminosurfact™ ACMT-L: TEA-Cocoyl Glutamate(30% Aqueous Solution)

(29) Again, sodium glutamate salts can be used, but can be used of levels of 35% maximum.

(30) In addition to the Amisoft® and Amilite® series from Ajinomoto, Aminosurfact™ from Asahi Kasei Chemical Corporation), other suppliers of liquid amino acid surfactants include Solvay (e.g., Gerapon® PCG Potassium Cocoyl Glutamate aqueous solution), Galaxy (Galsoft® KCGL Potassium Cocoyl Glutamate aqueous solution) and Sino Lion (Eversoft® USK-30K Potassium Cocoyl Glutamate aqueous solution).

(31) Triethanolamine or potassium salt of amino acid surfactants or mixtures thereof are the most preferred in this invention and they can be used as the only surfactant in the aqueous phase. The sodium salt of mono-carboxylic amino acid surfactant, such as sodium cocoyl glycinate, or sodium salt of di-carboxylic amino acid surfactant, e.g. sodium lauroyl glutamate, tends to yield larger droplet (greater than 400 nm), as shown in Comparisons A and E, compared with potassium salts, under similar processing conditions in this invention. Optionally, the sodium salt of mono-carboxylic amino acid surfactant, or sodium salt of di-carboxylic amino acid surfactant, may be used in this application when in combination with triethanolamine or potassium salt of amino acid surfactants at a level less than 35% of the sodium salt of all amino acid surfactants (as percent active).

(32) Furthermore, liquid form of amino acid surfactant is preferred, which is cost effective and convenient to use. Liquid amino acid surfactants typically contains 20 to 35% surfactant active, high in pH and inorganic salt (e.g. up to 6% or higher KCl or NaCl).

(33) Optionally, other mild anionic or amphoteric cleansing surfactants may be used in the aqueous phase. Anionic surfactants which may be used include sodium cocoyl isethionate, sodium cocoyl methyl isethionate, sodium trideceth sulphate, sodium lauryl ether sulfate-3EO, and other amino acid based surfactants, such as sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, sodium cocoyl sarcosinate and sodium methyl cocoyl taurate. Amphoterics such as coco betaine, cocamidopropyl betaine, sodium lauroamphoacetate, lauramidopropyl hydroxysultaine and cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine can also be used. These co-surfactants are typically present at a level of less than 35%, preferably less than 25%, more preferably less than 15% of total surfactants in the aqueous phase.

(34) Overall surfactants in aqueous phase comprise 2 to 12% preferably 3 to 10% by wt. of total nanoemulsion. As indicated, triethanolamine or potassium salts of N-acyl derivatives of amino acid, preferably acylglutamate, acylaspartate, acylglycinate, acylalaninate or mixtures thereof are the principal surfactant of the nanoemulsion. They constitute 65% or greater, preferably 70% or greater of all surfactant in the aqueous phase. Preferably they constitute greater than 80%, more preferably greater than 90%. They may of course be the only surfactant present in the aqueous phase.

(35) Also included in the aqueous phase is glycerol, widely used as humectant in cosmetic applications. Preferably, the weight ratio of glycerol and water present in aqueous phase ranges from 3:1 to 1:3, more preferably, 2:1 to 1:2.

(36) A critical distinction between previous application in which fatty acids were incorporated into nanoemulsion (in oil phase) and the present invention is that the aqueous phase of the subject invention further comprises glycerol with the weight ratio of glycerol and water ranging from 3:1 to 1:3. Preferably 2:1 to 1:2. Lower level of glycerol may be 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13% by wt. Upper level may be 40 or 25 or 24 or 23 or 22 or 21 or 20% by wt. but amount of water falls within the defined ratios. Thus, if 9% glycerol is used, the level of water in the aqueous phase may range between 3% and 27% by wt. In general, glycerol may be present at levels ranging from 8 to 40% of total nanoemulsion. The inclusion of glycerol reduces the water level and binds water present in aqueous phase thus resulting in low water activity (a.sub.w). Water activity indicates the amount of free water within a cosmetic composition and is determined by comparing the vapor pressure of the composition containing water with the vapor pressure of pure water. AquaLab Water Activity Meter from Decagon is one of devices for such measurement. Reduced water activity is used in cosmetic and food industries to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. In the present invention, water activity is reduced from 0.96 (without glycerol) to as low as 0.68 (with glycerol). This range of water activity is within the ranges where bacteria growth is inhibited even without use of additional bactericide. Thus, this potentially allows use of only fungicide or even self-preservation (no bactericide or fungicide) in nanoemulsions either as an intermediate raw material or as a final product.

(37) Preparation of nanoemulsions

(38) Both aqueous and oil phases are heated up to 75 C or until the oil phase is melted in separate containers. The melted oil phase is gradually added to aqueous phase with agitation, followed by intensive mixing by a conventional rotor/stator device until the desired droplet size is reached.

(39) Surprisingly, and unexpectedly, it has been found that specific combination of (1) glycerol in the aqueous phase (in defined ratio to water), with (2) select salts of amino acid based surfactant (e.g., certain counterions forming 65% or more of all counterion on the surfactant) as well as (3) fatty acid as co-emulsifier, permit production of oil droplets of size 20 to 400 nm. In one embodiment, droplets may have size of 20 to 400 nm and are made by a process using conventional rotor-stator mixers. Typically, the mixer operates at rotor speed up to 7000 RPM (or rotor tip speed of 7 to 25 meter per second depending on the size of the rotor), i.e., without high energy consuming high pressure homogenization. Preferably, the rotor speed is 3000 to 7000 rpm. Oil droplets produced without glycerol are 3 to 6 times as large as those with glycerol produced using the same conventional rotor-stator high shear devices.

(40) Conventional rotor/stator mixers typically consist of a rotor rotating at high speed inside a close fitting stator. Widely used conventional rotor/stator high shear devices in cosmetic industry, such as Silverson® high shear in-line or in-tank mixer, are suitable for this application in large scale commercial production.

(41) In the examples, the following terms are determined as noted below:

(42) The volume average diameters, D[4,3], are determined by a Malvern Mastersizer. The water activity, a.sub.w, is measured at 26° C. by AquaLab Water Activity Meter from Decagon.

EXAMPLES 1-3 AND COMPARATIVES A-B

(43) Emulsions were prepared in a one liter ESCO mixer equipped with a rotor/stator high shear device (ESCO-LABOR AG, Switzerland). The aqueous phase, including liquid surfactant, glycerol, water, preservative were added to the ESCO mixer, mixed to uniformity and heated up to about 55 to about 75° C. The oil phase was combined and heated up to about 55 to about 75° C. or until melted in a separate container, gradually added to the aqueous phase in the ESCO mixer under agitation and was intensively mixed by the rotor/stator device. When the addition of all oil phase was completed, the mixture in the ESCO mixer was further intensively mixed by the rotor/stator device at either 3000 RPM or 7000 RPM (rotor speed) for up to 5 minutes. The mixture was then cooled and discharged. The oil droplet size was measured by a Malvern Mastersizer. The water activity, a.sub.w, is measured at 26° C. by AquaLab Water Activity Meter from Decagon.

(44) TABLE-US-00001 Example Comp. Example Comp. Comp. Comp. Example 1 A 2 B C D 3 Ingredient Wt. % Wt. % Wt % Wt. % Wt % Wt % Wt. % Oil Phase Ultimate 76 Coconut — — — — — — 60 oil (Cargill) Soybean Oil 55 Petrolatum G2212 55 — 60 60 60 60 — Lauric acid 4 4 4.36 4.36 1.09 1.09 3.96 BHT Food Grade — 0.4 — — — — 0.4 Aqueous Phase Potassium Cocoyl 20 — 20 20 23.27 23.27 20 Glutamate (Galaxy, (6*) (6*) (6*) (7*) (7*) (6*) Galsoft KCGL, Active 30%) Sodium Lauroyl — 6 — — — — — Glutamate (AMISOFT ® LS-11) Deionized Water 9.6 23.2 0 15.24 0 15.24 0 Glycerin 11 11 15.64 0 15.64 0 15.64 Preservative 0.4 0.4 — 0.4 — 0.4 — D[4,3] nm@3000 rpm 697 3516 367 1646 — — 515 D[4,3] nm@7000 rpm 319 445 148 473 466 2587 159 pH 6.81 5.62 6.49 6.94 7.89 7.94 6.84 Water activity, a.sub.w 0.852 — 0.678 0.961 0.662 0.958 0.669 *number in parentheses indicates active level

(45) Examples 1-3 with 6% potassium cocoyl glutamate (active level) as primary emulsifier, 4.0 to 4.4% fatty acid as co-emulsifier and glycerol level ranging from 11 to 15.64%, yield final oil droplets ranging from 148 nm to 319 nm (at 7000 rpm), and water activity ranging from 0.669 to 0.852.

(46) In comparison A, sodium lauroyl glutamate was primary emulsifier (at levels exceeding 35% of total counterion), resulting in a droplet size larger than 400 nm (at 7000 rpm).

(47) The only difference between Example 2 and Comparison B is that the former contains glycerol and the later does not contain glycerol. The droplet sizes of Comparison B are 3.2 (at 7000 rpm) or 4.5 (at 3000 rpm) times of those of Example 2 respectively. It is seen that glycerol is critical to producing small droplet size. The water activity in Example 2 is 0.678, significantly lower than 0.961 of Comparison B.

(48) Comparison C shows that lower fatty acid level yield oil droplet larger than 400 nm (at 7000 rpm). Comparison D yields even larger oil droplets when fatty acid level is low and no glycerol is present, which demonstrates the importance of the levels of fatty acid and glycerol in low energy rotor/stator production of nanoemulsions.

EXAMPLE 4 AND COMPARATIVE E

(49) Examples 4 and Comparative E were prepared similarly as Examples 1-3.

(50) TABLE-US-00002 Example 4 Comparison E Ingredient Wt % Wt % Oil Phase Petrolatum G2212 60 — White petrolatum 60 Lauric acid 4.36 4.36 Aqueous Phase Potassium cocoyl glycinate (Amilite 20 (6*) — GCK-12K, active 30%) Sodium Cocoyl Glycinate (Galsoft, 20 (4*) Active 20%) Glycerin 15.64 15.64 D.sub.[4,3] nm@3000 rpm 452 — D.sub.[4,3] nm@7000 rpm 143 929 pH 6.51 6.23 Water activity 0.74 0.746 *number in parentheses indicates active level

(51) Potassium salt of mono-carboxylic amino acid surfactant, Potassium cocoyl glycinate, is used in Example 4, yielding a droplet size of 143 nm at 7000 RPM, similar to that of Example 2, where potassium salt of di-carboxylic amino acid surfactant is used.

(52) The sodium salt of mono-carboxylic amino acid surfactant, such as sodium cocoyl glycinate, tends to yield larger droplet (greater than 400 nm), as shown in Comparison E.

EXAMPLE 5. MOISTURIZING CLEANSER

(53) TABLE-US-00003 Ingredient Wt % Nanoemulsion from Example 2 93.8 MACKAM ™50-UL (37%, 4 (1.5 active) Cocamidopropyl Betaine) Jaguar ® C-13S 0.2 Fragrance, other additives 2

(54) Small amount of other surfactant, cationic polymer and fragrance can be post-added into nanoemulsion made in Example 2, yield a moisturizing cleanser with good lather.