Journal Device and rotary machine

Abstract

A journal bearing includes: a carrier ring; a plurality of bearing pads disposed on a radially inner side of a lower half region of the carrier ring, and configured to support a rotor shaft from below; and a guide metal disposed in an upper half region of the carrier ring, in center with respect to an axial direction of the rotor shaft, so as to cover an upper region of an outer peripheral surface of the rotor shaft.

Claims

1. A journal bearing, comprising: an upper and lower pair of carrier rings; a plurality of bearing pads disposed on a radially inner side of a lower half region of the upper and lower pair of carrier rings, configured to support a rotor shaft from below, and lubricant oil is supplied between an outer peripheral surface of the rotor shaft and the plurality of bearing pads; a pair of side plates disposed on both sides of the plurality of bearing pads with respect to an axial direction of the rotor shaft; and, a single guide metal disposed in center with respect to the axial direction of the rotor shaft in a semi-circular space formed by an upper half region of the carrier ring and the pair of side plates, restricting backlash of the rotor shaft by contact with the rotor shaft, and extending in the circumferential direction of the carrier ring in the upper half region of the carrier ring, wherein a first gap is provided between an inner peripheral surface of each of the side plates and the outer peripheral surface of the rotor shaft, for bringing into communication outside and the semi-circular space, and wherein the first gap is greater than a second gap provided between an inner peripheral surface of the guide metal and the outer peripheral surface of the rotor shaft.

2. The journal bearing according to claim 1, further comprising a dam which is disposed on a downstream side of the guide metal and which has a greater width than the guide metal along the axial direction.

3. The journal bearing according to claim 2, wherein the guide metal and the dam are formed integrally.

4. The journal bearing according to claim 2, wherein, provided that W.sub.P1 is a width of a first bearing pad on a most upstream side of the plurality of bearing pads with respect to the axial direction, a width W.sub.G_TE along the axial direction of a downstream end of the dam satisfies W.sub.G_TE≥0.8×W.sub.P1.

5. The journal bearing according to claim 2, wherein the dam includes a pair of flow guide portions which form both ends of the dam with respect to the axial direction, and which are configured to guide carried-over oil from an upstream side outward with respect to the axial direction.

6. The journal bearing according to claim 5, wherein a leading edge of each of the flow guide portions is inclined from a rotational direction of the rotor shaft outward with respect to the axial direction with distance toward a downstream side.

7. The journal bearing according to claim 1, wherein the guide metal includes at least one oil-supply port formed to have an opening on a surface of the guide metal which faces the rotor shaft, the guide metal being configured to supply lubricant oil to the surface of the guide metal.

8. A rotary machine, comprising: the journal bearing according to claim 1; and a rotor shaft supported by the journal bearing.

9. A journal bearing, comprising: a carrier ring; a plurality of bearing pads disposed on a radially inner side of a lower half region of the carrier ring, and configured to support a rotor shaft from below; a guide metal disposed in an upper half region of the carrier ring, in center with respect to an axial direction of the rotor shaft, so as to cover an upper region of an outer peripheral surface of the rotor shaft; and a dam which is disposed on a downstream side of the guide metal and which has a greater width than the guide metal along the axial direction, wherein the guide metal and the dam are formed integrally.

10. A journal bearing, comprising: an upper and lower pair of carrier rings; a plurality of bearing pads disposed on a radially inner side of a lower half region of the upper and lower pair of carrier rings, configured to support a rotor shaft from below, and lubricant oil is supplied between an outer peripheral surface of the rotor shaft and the plurality of bearing pads; a pair of side plates disposed on both sides of the plurality of bearing pads with respect to an axial direction of the rotor shaft; and a single guide metal disposed in center with respect to the axial direction of the rotor shaft, in a semi-circular space formed by an upper half region of the carrier ring and the pair of side plates, restricting backlash of the rotor shaft by contact with the rotor shaft, and extending in the circumferential direction of the carrier ring in the upper half region of the carrier ring, wherein the guide metal includes at least one oil-supply port formed to have an opening on a surface of the guide metal which faces the rotor shaft, the guide metal being configured to supply lubricant oil to the surface of the guide metal, and wherein the at least one oil-supply port is positioned on a most upstream portion of the guide metal or downstream of the most upstream portion.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a journal bearing according to an embodiment, taken along its axial direction.

(2) FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line II-II in FIG. 1.

(3) FIG. 3 is an arrow view taken along line III-III in FIG. 1.

(4) FIG. 4 is an exploded view of an upper half region of a journal bearing according to an embodiment (exploded view of the journal bearing shown in FIG. 1 seen in the direction C).

(5) FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a guide metal and an oil-supply port according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(6) Embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is intended, however, that unless particularly identified, dimensions, materials, shapes, relative positions and the like of components described in the embodiments shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

(7) First, with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3, the overall configuration of a journal bearing 10 according to some embodiments will be described.

(8) FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a journal bearing 10 according to an embodiment, taken along its axial direction. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line II-II in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is an arrow view taken along line III-III in FIG. 1.

(9) In the description of the present embodiment, “axial direction” refers to the direction of the center axis O of the rotor shall 2 supported by the journal bearing 10, and “radial direction” refers to the direction of the radius of the rotor shaft 2, and “circumferential direction” refers to the circumferential direction of the rotor shaft 2. The “circumferential direction” may be the circumferential direction of the carrier rings 12, 13, or the circumferential direction of the side plates 17, 18. Furthermore, in the present embodiment, “upstream side” or “downstream side” refers to the upstream side or the downstream side in the rotational direction of the rotor shaft 2.

(10) In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, the journal bearing 10 uses the direct lubrication method, as a lubrication method (oil supply method), and includes a first bearing pad 30 and a second bearing pad 32 disposed in the lower half region of the carrier ring 11. For instance, the journal bearing 10 is a tilting-pad bearing. The leading edge 30a of the first bearing pad 30 is positioned on the upstream side, and the trailing edge 30b is positioned on the downstream side. Furthermore, the leading edge 32a of the second bearing pad 32 is positioned on the upstream side, and the trailing edge 32b is positioned on the downstream side.

(11) Hereinafter, the journal bearing 10 shown in the drawings will be described as an example. Nevertheless, the journal bearing 10 according to the present embodiment is not limited to this configuration. For instance, in another embodiment, three or more bearing pads may be attached to the lower half region of the carrier ring 11.

(12) In some embodiments, the journal bearing 10 includes a carrier ring 11, a plurality of bearing pads 30, 32 disposed in the radially inner side of the lower half region of the carrier ring 11 and configured to support the rotor shaft 2 from below and a pair of side plates 17, 18 disposed on both sides of the plurality of bearing pads 30, 32 with respect to the axial direction of the rotor shaft 2.

(13) Hereinafter, the specific configuration example of each component in the journal bearing 10 will be described specifically.

(14) The carrier ring 11 is supported by a bearing casing (not shown), and includes an upper half section carrier ring 12 and a lower half section carrier ring 13. The upper half section carrier ring 12 and the lower half section carrier ring 13 each include an inner peripheral surface and an outer peripheral surface having a semi-circular cross section in a direction perpendicular to the axial direction. In the example shown in the drawings, the carrier ring 11 is divided into the upper half section carrier ring 12 and the lower half section carrier ring 13. Nevertheless, the carrier ring 11 may have an integrated structure, or may be divided into three pieces or more. Furthermore, also in a case where the carrier ring 11 has another configuration (not shown), a region above a horizontal plane passing through the center axis O is referred to as an upper region, and a region below the horizontal plane is referred to as a lower region.

(15) On both end sides of the carrier ring 11 with respect to the axial direction, a pair of side plates 17, 18 are disposed along the outer periphery of the rotor shaft 2. The side plates 17, 18 are forayed to have a disc shape, and have a hole formed in the center, through which the rotor shaft 2 is inserted. As shown in FIG. 3, the side plates 17, 18 may have a halved structure including upper half section side plates 17A, 18A and lower half section side plates 17B, 18B.

(16) These side plates 17, 18 suppress outward leakage of lubricant oil supplied from the oil-supply units 25 to 29 described below, to a suitable extent.

(17) The upper half section carrier ring 12 and the lower half section carrier ring 13 include at least one oil-supply units 25 to 29. For instance, the oil-supply units 25 to 29 are oil-supply nozzles.

(18) In the example shown in FIG. 2, in a case where the rotor shaft 2 rotates clockwise as indicated by the arrow S in the drawing, five oil-supply units are disposed from the upstream side with respect to the rotational direction S of the rotor shaft 2, including: the first oil-supply unit 25, the second oil-supply unit 26, the third oil-supply unit 27, the fourth oil-supply unit 28, and the fifth oil-supply unit 29.

(19) Specifically, the first oil-supply unit 25 and the second oil-supply unit 26 are disposed aligned in the circumferential direction, on the upstream side of the first bearing pad 30 positioned most upstream. The third oil-supply unit 27 and the fourth oil-supply unit 28 are disposed aligned in the circumferential direction, between the first bearing pad 30 and the second bearing pad 32 disposed on the downstream side of the first bearing pad 30. The fifth oil-supply unit 29 is disposed downstream of the second bearing pad 32. As shown in FIG. 4, the fifth oil-supply unit 29 may include a first injection nozzle 29a and a second injection nozzle 29b configured to inject lubricant oil in different directions. In this case, the first injection nozzle 29a may be configured to inject lubricant oil to the upstream side toward the second bearing pad 32, in order to cool the second bearing pad (most downstream pad) 32. Furthermore, the second injection nozzle 29b is configured to inject lubricant oil downstream toward the guide metal 20, in order to maintain the lubrication property when the guide metal 20 and the rotor shaft 2 make contact.

(20) Referring to FIGS. 1 to 3 again, a lubricant oil supply passage (not shown) is disposed through the carrier ring 11. Lubricant oil supplied to the lubricant oil supply passage is sent to each of the oil-supply units 25 to 29, and is injected from each of the oil-supply units 25 to 29 to the vicinity of the bearing pads 30, 32.

(21) The first bearing pad 30 and the second bearing pad 32 are disposed on the radially inner side of the lower half section carrier ring 13, and are configured to support the rotor shaft 2 from below.

(22) The first bearing pad 30 is disposed along the outer periphery of the rotor shaft 2, on the radially inner side of the lower half section carrier ring 13.

(23) The second bearing pad 32 is disposed along the outer periphery of the rotor shaft 2, on the radially inner side of the lower half section carrier ring 13, downstream of the first bearing pad 30 with respect to the rotational direction S of the rotor shaft 2.

(24) Accordingly the first bearing pad 30 and the second bearing pad 32 are disposed in the lower half section carrier ring 13, and thus it is possible to support the rotor shaft 2 appropriately with the first bearing pad 30 and the second bearing pad 32.

(25) In a case where the carrier ring 11 has an integrated structure instead of a structure divided into the upper half section carrier ring 12 and the lower half section carrier ring 13, or has a structure divided into three pieces or more, it is sufficient if the first bearing pad 30 and the second bearing pad 32 are disposed in the lower half region of the carrier ring 11.

(26) Next, with reference to FIGS. 1, 2, 4 and 5, the specific configuration of the guide metal 20 and its peripheral structure will he described. FIG. 4 is an exploded view of an upper half region of a journal bearing 10 according to an embodiment (exploded view of the journal bearing 10 shown in FIG. 1 seen in the direction C). FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a guide metal 20 and an oil-supply port 60 according to an embodiment.

(27) As shown in FIGS. 1, 2, and 4, in some embodiments, the journal bearing 10 includes a guide metal (semi-circular bearing portion) 20 disposed on the center part with respect to the axial direction of the rotor shaft 2, so as to cover an upper region of the outer peripheral surface of the rotor shaft 2 in the upper half region of the carrier ring 11 (in the example shown in the drawings, the upper half section carrier ring 12).

(28) For instance, the journal bearing 10 includes one guide metal 20 extending in the circumferential direction, disposed in the center with respect to the axial direction of the rotor shaft 2. The width of the guide metal 20 (length in the axial direction of the rotor shaft 2) is not particularly limited, and it is sufficient if it is possible to support the load in case of backlash of the rotor shaft 2. The guide metal 20 may be formed to have a semi-circular shape, as shown in FIG. 2. It is possible to restrict backlash of the rotor shaft 2 with the guide metal 20, and to prevent breakage or the like of a component due to backlash of the rotor shaft 2.

(29) Further, as described above, in a case where the journal bearing 10 includes a pair of side plates 17, 18 disposed on both sides of the plurality of bearing pads 30, 32 with respect to the axial direction, a gap (side plate gap) 42 is provided between the inner peripheral surfaces of the respective side plates 17, 18 and the outer peripheral surface of the rotor shaft 2, for bringing, into communication the outside and a bearing interior space surrounded by the pair of side plates 17, 18.

(30) As a result of intensive research by the present inventors, it was found that a cause of shortage in the pressure of the oil film between the first bearing pad 30 positioned most upstream and the rotor shaft 2 may be air incorporated into the lubricant oil carried over to the first bearing pad 30.

(31) That is, in a case where the journal bearing 10 includes a side plate gap 42 (see FIGS. 1 and 3) between the inner peripheral surfaces of the respective side plates 17, 18 and the outer peripheral surface of the rotor shaft 2, for bringing into communication the outside and a bearing interior space surrounded by the pair of side plates 17, 18, air sucked in from the gap 42 may enter lubricant oil in a region from the second bearing pad 32 on the downstream side to the first bearing pad 30. Thus, the lubricant oil carried over to the first bearing pad 30 may contain a considerable amount of air and a substantially reduced amount of lubricant oil. Thus, even if the oil-supply units 25, 26 immediately upstream of the first bearing pad 30 and the oil-supply units 27, 28 immediately upstream of the second bearing pad 32 discharge the same amount of oil, the lubricant oil is likely to become insufficient at the first bearing pad 30 compared to the second bearing pad 32. Furthermore, while the lubricant oil is a non-compressive fluid, air contained in the lubricant oil is a compressive fluid. Thus, air bubbles contained in the lubricant oil are squashed at the first bearing pad 30 on the upstream side (particularly, in the vicinity of the leading edge), which makes it less likely for a dynamic pressure to be generated near the leading edge 30a of the first bearing pad 30.

(32) Accordingly, the load capacity of the first bearing pad 30 decreases, which makes it difficult to maintain an appropriate balance of the load capacity between the plurality of bearing pads 30, 32. Thus, the trajectory of the axial center of the rotor shaft 2 deviates from the vertical line as the rotation speed increases, which may lead to occurrence of abnormal vibration and deterioration of the bearing performance.

(33) As a result of further intensive research by the inventors, it was found that, in a configuration in which a pair of guide metals are disposed in the upper half region of the carrier ring, a semi-circular space held between the pair of guide metals gains a negative pressure as the rotor shaft rotates, taking in outside air through the minute gap between the guide metals and the outer peripheral surface of the rotor shaft, which may become a cause of incorporation of air into the carried-over oil. That is, carried-over oil containing air is produced by outside air flowing into the semi-circular space between the pair of guide metals in the upper half region of the carrier ring, and being incorporated with oil that exists in the minute gap (adhering to the outer peripheral surface of the rotor shaft or the inner peripheral surface of a guide metal).

(34) Thus, in the journal bearing 10 according to the above embodiment, a guide metal is disposed in the center, with respect to the axial direction of the rotor shaft 2, so as to cover the upper region of the outer peripheral surface of the rotor shaft 2, in the upper half region of the carrier ring 11. Thus, unlike the case in which a pair of guide metals are provided, there is no negative-pressure space (semi-circular space between the pair of guide metals) that may cause incorporation of air into the carried-over oil, and thus it is possible to suppress generation of carried-over oil that contains a large volume of air.

(35) Thus, even in a case where a side plate gap 42 is provided to bring into communication the outside and the bearing interior space like the above embodiment, it is possible to maintain an appropriate balance of the load capacity between the plurality of bearing pads 30, 32, thus preventing occurrence of abnormal vibration in the journal bearing 10 and improving the bearing performance.

(36) In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4, the journal bearing 10 further includes a dam 50 disposed on the downstream side of the guide metal 20, having a width greater than that of the guide metal 20 in the axial direction.

(37) According to the above embodiment, the dam 50 can effectively suppress a downstream flow of carried-over oil sent through the space on each side of the guide metal 20.

(38) In an embodiment, the guide metal 20 and the dam 50 are formed integrally.

(39) According to this embodiment, the guide metal 20 and the dam 50 are formed integrally, and the guide metal 20 and the dam 50 are provided continuously. Thus, there is no space where incorporation of air into the carried-over oil may occur, on the downstream side of the guide metal 20 and the upstream side of the dam 50. Thus, it is possible to prevent occurrence of carried-over oil containing air effectively.

(40) In another embodiment, although not illustrated, the guide metal 20 and the dam 50 may be formed separately.

(41) In some embodiments, the width W.sub.G_TE of the downstream end of the dam 50 with respect to the axial direction satisfies W.sub.G_TE≥0.8×W.sub.P1, provided that W.sub.P1 is the width of the first bearing pad 30, with respect to the axial direction, on the most upstream side of the plurality of bearing pads 30, 32.

(42) According to the above embodiment, the width W.sub.G_TE along the axial direction of the downstream end of the dam 50 is not smaller than 0.8 times the width W.sub.P1 of the first bearing pad 30 on the most upstream side with respect to the axial direction. Thus, it is possible to reliably reduce carried-over oil that reaches the first bearing pad 30 through the space 5 on both sides of the guide metal 20.

(43) In some embodiments, the dam 50 forms both ends of the dam 50 in die axial direction, and has a pair of flow guide portions 52, 53 configured to guide carried-over oil from the upstream side outward in the axial direction.

(44) In the above embodiment, carried-over oil flowing along the rotational direction of the rotor shaft 2 through the space 5 on both sides of the guide metal 20 is turned toward outside the bearing with the pair of flow guide portions 52, 53, and thus it is possible to effectively suppress arrival of carried-over oil at the most upstream first bearing pad 30.

(45) In an embodiment, the leading edges 52a, 53a of the respective flow guide portions 52, 53 are inclined with respect to the rotational direction of the rotor shaft 2 toward outside in the axial direction, with distance toward the downstream side. That is, the leading edges 52a, 53a of the respective flow guide portions 52, 53 are inclined so that the center part with respect to the axial direction is positioned on the upstream side, and both end sides with respect to the axial direction are positioned on the downstream side. Further, the “leading edges” 52a, 53a refer to edge portions positioned upstream with respect to the rotational direction of the rotor shaft 2.

(46) If a flow of carried-over oil turns rapidly at the flow guide portions 52, 53, the carried-over oil may fail to be discharged smoothly outside the bearing.

(47) In this regard, with the above configuration, the leading edges 52a, 53a of the respective flow guide portions 52, 53 are inclined with respect to the rotational direction of the rotor shaft 2 toward outside in the axial direction, with distance toward the downstream side, and thereby the carried-over oil is turned smoothly along the flow guide portions 52, 53, and it is possible to discharge carried-over oil smoothly outside the bearing.

(48) The guide metal 20 is provided in order to prevent backlash of the rotor shaft 2 as described above, and thus normally disposed such that the inner peripheral surface of the guide metal 20 is positioned closer to the rotor shaft 2 than the inner peripheral surfaces of the side plates 17, 18. That is, the gap 42 (see FIGS. 1 and 3) between the inner peripheral surfaces of the side plates 17, 18 and the inner peripheral surface of the rotor shaft 2 is greater than the gap 40 (sees FIGS. 1 and 2) between the inner peripheral surface of the guide metal 20 and the outer peripheral surface of the rotor shaft 2. Thus, without providing a discharge passage for lubricant oil on the side plates 17, 18, the lubricant oil guided toward the side plates 17, 18 along the flow guide portions 52, 53 can be discharged outside the bearing through the gap 42 (see FIG. 1) between the inner peripheral surfaces of the side plates 17, 18 and the outer peripheral surface of the rotor shaft 2. Nevertheless, it will be naturally understood that discharge passages corresponding to the flow guide portions 52, 53 may be formed through the side plates 17, 18.

(49) In some embodiments shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the guide metal 20 has at least one oil-supply port 60 having an opening on the surface of the guide metal 20 that faces the rotor shall 2, and configured to supply lubricant oil to the surface of the guide metal 20.

(50) In FIG. 4, a plurality of oil-supply ports 60 are disposed in the axial direction. Further, in a case where the fifth oil-supply unit 29 includes the second injection nozzle 29b, the second injection nozzle 29b may be disposed in the center region, with respect to the axial direction, corresponding to the position of the guide metal 20. It is possible to ensure the lubrication property of the guide metal 20 on the upstream side of the oil-supply port 60, with the lubricant oil supplied from the second injection nozzle 29b.

(51) According to the above embodiment, lubricant oil is supplied to the surface of the guide metal 20 via the oil-supply port 60 disposed on the surface facing the rotor shaft 2 of the guide metal 20, and thus it is possible to maintain the lubrication property between the guide metal 20 and the rotor shaft 2 when the guide metal 20 and the rotor shaft 2 make contact.

(52) Further, it can be considered that lubricant oil supplied from the oil-supply port 60 to the minute gap 40 (see FIGS. 1 and 2) between the guide metal 20 and the outer peripheral surface of the rotor shaft 2 flows downstream through the minute gap 40 without making contact with air. Thus, lubricant oil from the oil-supply port 60 has a lower risk of incorporation of air into the carried-over oil, unlike carried-over oil flowing downstream by both sides of the guide metal 20. Thus, as in the above embodiment, by providing the oil-supply port 60 on the surface of the guide metal 20 and supplying lubricant oil from the oil-supply port 60, it is possible to supply lubricant oil with a low risk of incorporation of air to the first bearing pad 30 positioned on the downstream side of the guide metal 20.

(53) As shown in FIG. 5, the at least one oil-supply port 60 may be positioned on the uppermost portion H of the guide metal 20, or in the region D on the downstream side of the uppermost portion H.

(54) In a typical journal bearing 10, upon rotation of the rotor shaft 2, the center axis O of the rotor shaft 2 is positioned below the center axis P of the carrier ring. Thus, in the upper half region of the carrier ring 11, the gap 40 between the guide metal 20 and the outer peripheral surface of the rotor shaft 2 widens gradually toward the downstream side from the upstream side with respect to the rotational direction of the rotor shaft 2, reaches its maximum at the uppermost portion H of the guide metal 20, and narrows gradually.

(55) Thus, with the above configuration, the oil-supply port 60 having an opening on the surface of the guide metal 20 is disposed on the uppermost portion H of the guide metal 20 or on the downstream side of the uppermost portion H. Accordingly, the oil-supply port 60 is disposed in the region D where the gap 40 between the guide metal 20 and the outer peripheral surface of the rotor shaft 2 gradually narrows toward downstream with respect to the rotational direction of the rotor shaft 2, and thereby it is possible to reduce the risk of incorporation of air into the carried-over oil from the oil-supply port 60 even further

(56) As described above, according to at least some embodiments of the present invention, since the guide metal 20 is disposed in the center with respect to the axial direction of the rotor shaft 2, there is no negative pressure space circular space between the pair of guide metals) that may cause incorporation of air into the carried-over oil, and thus it is possible to suppress generation of carried-over oil that contains a large volume of air.

(57) Thus, even in a case where a side plate gap 42 is provided to bring into communication the outside and the bearing interior space like the above embodiment, it is possible to maintain an appropriate balance of the load capacity between the plurality of bearing pads 30, 32, thus preventing occurrence of abnormal vibration, in the journal bearing 10 and improving the bearing performance.

(58) Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 1, the journal bearing 10 of the present embodiment may be applied to rotary machines including turbines such as gas turbines, steam turbines (steam turbines of nuclear power plants), and turbines for driving a machine, wind power machines such as wind turbine generators, blowers, turbochargers, and compressors, for instance.

(59) The rotary machine 1 includes the rotor shaft 2 to be rotary driven, a bearing housing (not shown) accommodating the rotor shaft 2, and the journal bearing 10 for supporting the rotor shaft 2.

(60) This rotary machine 1 includes the journal bearing 10 with a high bearing performance and a reduced risk of occurrence of abnormal vibration, and thus it is possible to provide a rotary machine 1 with a high reliability.

(61) Embodiments of the present invention were described in detail above, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and various amendments and modifications may be implemented.

(62) For instance, an expression of relative or absolute arrangement such as “in a direction”, “along a direction”, “parallel”, “orthogonal”, “centered”, “concentric” and “coaxial” shall not be construed as indicating only the arrangement in a strict literal sense, but also includes a state where the arrangement is relatively displaced by a tolerance, or by an angle or a distance whereby it is possible to achieve the same function.

(63) For instance, an expression of an equal state such as “same” “equal” and “uniform” shall not be construed as indicating only the state in which the feature is strictly equal, but also includes a state in which there is a tolerance or a difference that can still achieve the same function.

(64) Further, for instance, an expression of a shape such as a rectangular shape or a cylindrical shape shall not be construed as only the geometrically strict shape, but also includes a shape with unevenness or chamfered corners within the range in which the same effect can be achieved.

(65) On the other hand, an expression such as “comprise”, “include”, “have”, “contain” and “constitute” are not intended to be exclusive of other components. 1 Rotary machine 2 Rotor shaft 5 Space 10 Journal bearing 11 Carrier ring 12 Upper half section carrier ring 13 Lower half section carrier ring 17, 18 Side plate 20 Guide metal 25 First oil-supply unit 26 Second oil-supply unit 27 Third oil-supply unit 28 Fourth oil-supply unit 29 Fifth oil-supply unit 29a First injection nozzle 29b Second injection nozzle 30 First bearing pad 32 Second bearing pad 50 Dam 52, 53 Flow guide portion 52a, 53a Leading edge 60 Oil-supply port