Supplement for animal feed for sucking pigs

Abstract

The present invention relates to a supplement for animal feed for pigs, comprising a mixture of glycerol tri butyrate and glycerol mono laurate, deposited on an inert carrier, in a weight amount comprised between 2 and 6 kg per ton of feed and zinc oxide in an amount comprised between 50 and 200 gr per ton of feed in feed. The invention also relates to an animal feed comprising such supplement The supplement, respectfully the animal feed, enhances the immunity system of pigs, in particular sucking pigs.

Claims

1. A supplement for animal feed for pigs, comprising: a mixture of glycerol tri butyrate and glycerol mono laurate in a weight amount of between 2 and 6 kg per ton of the animal feed, and zinc oxide in a weight amount of between 50 and 200 gr per ton of the animal feed.

2. The supplement according to claim 1, whereby the weight ratio of glycerol tri butyrate to glycerol mono laurate in the mixture is comprised between 1.5 and 0.667.

3. The supplement according to claim 1 for use as immunity enhancing means for pigs.

4. The supplement according to claim 1 for animal feed for sucking pigs.

5. The supplement according to claim 1, wherein the amount of glycerol mono laurate equals or exceeds 90% of the total amount of glycerol mono, di and tri laurate in the mixture.

6. The supplement according to claim 1, not comprising an emulsifier.

7. An animal feed for pigs, comprising: glycerol tri butyrate and glycerol mono laurate, in a weight amount, of between 2 and 6 kg per ton of the animal feed and zinc oxide in a weight amount of between 50 and 200 gr per ton of the animal feed.

8. An animal feed according to claim 7, wherein the weight ratio of glycerol tri butyrate to glycerol mono laurate is comprised between 1.5 and 0.667.

9. An animal feed according to claim 7 for use as immunity enhancing means for pigs, more in particular sucking pigs.

10. The supplement according to claim 1, wherein the glycerol tri butyrate is deposited on an inert carrier.

11. The supplement according to claim 10, wherein the inert carrier is silica.

12. (canceled)

13. The supplement according to claim 1, wherein the glycerol tri butyrate and glycerol mono laurate are deposited on an inert carrier.

14. The supplement according to claim 13, wherein the inert carrier is silica.

15. The supplement according to claim 13, wherein the weight amount of the inert carrier is between 10 and 40% of the mixture of glycerol tri butyrate and glycerol mono laurate.

16. Supplement of claim 13, wherein the weight amount of the inert carrier accounts for between 20 and 30% of the mixture of glycerol tri butyrate and glycerol mono laurate.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0028] The following is a detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention.

[0029] It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, where considered appropriate, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the exemplary embodiments described herein. However, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments described herein may be practiced without these specific details. Indeed, this invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.

[0030] In other instances, well-known methods, procedures and components have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the embodiments described herein.

[0031] The inventors have performed various experiments and tests, whereby various components in varying amounts have been added to animal feeds. These tests in particular relate to animal feed that has been fed to sucking pigs.

[0032] The term ‘sucking pigs’ in the context of the present invention should be understood to relate to young pigs in or shortly after the transition from milk feeding to firm or non-liquid feeding.

[0033] From the experiments and tests described hereinafter, it has appeared that compositions comprising glycerol tri butyrate, glycerol mono laurate and zinc oxide are particularly effective and so can be added to animal feed for pigs, sucking pigs in particular.

[0034] Such a composition can also be added as a feed supplement for sucking pigs.

[0035] More in particular, from the experiments as described hereinafter, it has appeared that when sucking pigs are fed with an animal feed comprising such a supplement or composition, the health in general of the animals so fed improves in a similar manner as when these sucking pigs are fed with a feed comprising larger amounts of zinc oxide.

[0036] Notably, when the animal feeds according to the present invention are used, the problems of an ecological nature as described above, do not occur.

[0037] It appears that such a supplement or composition, added to a standard animal feed for sucking pigs, substantially enhances the immunity of these animals. More in particular, the immunity of the animals is increased in a similar manner as compared to the situation whereby the animals are fed on the basis of a feed comprising high amounts of zinc oxide as a supplement.

[0038] The advantage of the use of the supplement according to the invention is that the environment is not encumbered with the heavy metal zinc.

[0039] So as to obtain such effect, it is sufficient that the supplement or composition according to the invention is added to an animal feed in an amount comprised between 4 up to 6, preferably about 5 kg per ton of animal feed. Higher amounts are not required; they do not yield any additional beneficial effect.

[0040] The supplement comprises between 50 and 200, more preferably between 100 and 150 g of zinc oxide.

[0041] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the relative weight amount of glycerol tri butyrate with respect to glycerol mono laurate is comprised within 40/60 up to 60/40%.

Glycerol Tri Butyrate:

[0042] Glycerol tri butyrate is known as a product as such and can be obtained for example by the esterification of glycerol with the corresponding organic carboxylic acid, butyric acid.

[0043] This synthesis step may be followed by a purification step in order to remove the excess of raw materials that were used.

[0044] The esterification of the alcohol, in this case glycerol, with the organic acid takes place according to the reaction mechanism set forth hereinbelow:

##STR00001##

[0045] The structural formula of butyric acid is as follows:

##STR00002##

[0046] Butyric acid is a carboxylic acid comprising four carbon atoms.

[0047] The structural chemical formula of glycerol tri butyrate is as follows:

##STR00003##

[0048] Glycerol tri butyrate is a low viscous product, insoluble in water, with a melting point below 40° C. It is available in liquid state or in solid state. In the latter case, it is often available as a 70% liquid placed on an inert carrier, in most cases silica.

[0049] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, glycerol tri butyrate is comprised as a solid product, placed on an inert carrier, for example silica, in the feed supplement of the present invention and as such added to the animal feed. In the feed supplement according to the invention, as well as in the animal feed according to the invention, the glycerol tri butyrate is used in combination with glycerol mono laurate.

[0050] When the glycerol tri butyrate is deposited solely on an inert carrier such as silica, the silica accounts for approximately 10% of the total weight. When apart from glycerol tri butyrate also glycerol mono laurate has been deposited, the silica accounts for approximately 30% of the total weight.

Glycerol Mono Laurate.

[0051] Glycerol mono laurate is the esterification product of glycerol with lauric acid. The latter is a carboxylic acid comprising twelve carbon atoms.

[0052] The structure of this compound is shown hereinafter:

##STR00004##

[0053] The synthesis of glycerol mono laurate follows a similar process as said forth above for glycerol tri butyrate, using lauric acid as starting material instead of butyric acid.

[0054] According to a preferred embodiment, the necessary steps and precautions are taken during the synthesis of the glycerol mono laurate for use in the supplement according to the present invention, that mainly, preferably at least 90%, of monolaurate is obtained as a result of the synthesis and purification by distillation, the amount of by-products such as glycerol di-laurate being 10% or less.

[0055] As will be apparent from the tests described hereinafter, surprisingly good results have been noted when highly reduced amounts of zinc oxide have been used in combination with limited amounts of glycerol tri butyrate and minor quantities of purified glycerol monolaurate, preferably without use of any additional emulsifier, in animal feed as a means for enhancing the immunity of sucking pigs.

Tests Performed

[0056] During the tests, sucking pigs have been fed with a traditional, state-of-the-art animal feed, to which on the one hand a control supplement and on the other hand the feed supplement according to the invention have been added.

[0057] A typical composition for a state-of-the-art animal feed is for example as follows: (the figures between brackets show the weight percentage of the respective compound in the total animal feed composition)

TABLE-US-00001 Corn gluten  5.00% Danish fish flour 26.00% Squid fish flour  2.00% Wheat 16.90% Wheat flour 25.00% Soybean flour 15.00% Soy lecithin  2.00% Fish oil  2.00% Wheat gluten  4.00% Premix  2.00% Cholesterol  0.10% Total   100%

[0058] The premix is a mixture of vitamins and minerals.

[0059] Soy lecithin acts as an emulsifier.

[0060] To this animal feed, the feed supplement according to the invention on the one hand, and according to the state of the art on the other hand (pure zinc oxide, control test) have been added.

[0061] The animal feed supplements that have been tested, are as follows: [0062] on the one hand, the control feed supplement, namely zinc oxide, added in an amount of 3 kg of Zinc oxide per ton of animal feed (=the control animal feed); [0063] on the other hand, the feed supplement according to the invention, namely 150 g of zinc oxide and 5 kg of glycerol tri butyrate and glycerol monolaurate (in a mutual weight ratio of 60/40% (=the feed supplement or additive composition, resp. the animal feed according to the invention), deposited on silica as inert carrier.

[0064] The glycerides can be added in amounts varying from 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 up to 8 kg per ton of animal feed.

[0065] Each of these two animal feeds, namely the control animal feed and the animal feed according to the invention, have been added to approximately eighty sucking pigs, distributed over 8 cages of each approximately 10 pigs per cage.

[0066] The sucking pigs were 28 days old.

[0067] The tests ran over a period of four weeks after weaning, the animals being fed with the animal feeds as set forth above. Apart from the so-called reference or control composition (on the basis of 3 kg of zinc oxide per ton of feed) animals were also fed with an animal feed to which 150 g of zinc oxide per ton of feed and 5 kg of glycerol tri butyrate and glycerol monolaurate in a mutual weight ratio of 60/40% had been added.

[0068] The weight of the sucking pigs was measured at the start of the test (at the start of the weaning) and 14, resp. 28 days after weaning.

[0069] The consumption of animal feed was measured on a weekly basis per cage.

[0070] The increase in weight was measured for the first 2 and 4 weeks after weaning and for the total duration of the test.

[0071] The Feed Conversion Rate (FCR) was determined for the first 2 and 4 weeks after weaning, and for the total duration of the test.

[0072] Specimen of the faeces were investigated for microbiological analysis upon weaning and at day 14 and 28 after weaning.

[0073] At the end of the test period, eight pigs for each test (control and according to the invention) were subject of an histological evaluation of the health condition of the intestines. A number of issues were checked in this respect.

[0074] The surprising result of these tests is that no noticeable effect has been determined with respect to the growth or the weight increase of the animals as a function of the various feeds that were fed, namely the one according to the control and the one according to the invention.

[0075] Differently phrased, the growth and the increase in weight of the animals was not significantly different whether they were fed with the reference diet or the control diet, or with the diet comprising the composition according to the invention.

[0076] As an illustration of the above data, the results as obtained in these tests are shown in the following tables:

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Treatment effect on the weight and the coefficient of variation of the sucking pigs: Weight, in kg Control Invention At the start 6.75 6.80 After 14 days 9.64 9.75 After 28 days 14.73 14.65 Coefficient of variation, in % At the start 19.19 18.55 After 14 days 22.14 17.49 After 28 days 22.31 19.24

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 Effect of the treatment, average daily increase in weight Weight, in kg Control Invention  0-14 days 0.199 0.201 14-28 days 0.363 0.364  0-28 days 0.281 0.283

[0077] The figures mentioned above show the average daily increase in weight of the sucking pigs (ADG, Average Daily Gain), for the periods as mentioned, this is 0-14, resp. 14-28 and 0-28 days after weaning.

[0078] As is apparent from this table, the difference in weight increase for the sucking pigs fed with the control or the reference feed and these fed with the feed according to the invention is statistically not significant.

[0079] From this, one may conclude that the effect of the feed according to the invention practically equals the effect of the feed according to the reference.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 3 Treatment effect on sucking pigs, average daily feed intake ADFI, in kg Control Invention 0-7 days after weaning 0.229 0.236  7-14 days after weaning 0.445 0.385 14-21 days after weaning 0.677 0.655 21-28 days after weaning 0.791 0.761  0-28 days after weaning 0.536 0.509

[0080] The figures as abovementioned show the average daily feed intake of the sucking pigs (ADFI, Average Daily Feed Intake), for the periods as mentioned, this is 0-7, resp. 7-14, 14-21, 21-28 and 0-28 days after the start of weaning.

[0081] As is apparent from this table, the difference in average daily feed intake for the sucking pigs fed with the control or reference feed and those fed with the feed according to the invention, is statistically not significant.

[0082] From this, one may conclude that the effect of the feed according to the invention practically equals the effect of the reference feed.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 4 Effect of the treatment, feed conversion ratio (FCR) FCR Control Invention 0-14 days after weaning 1.72 1.56 14-28 days after weaning  2.04 1.95 0-28 days after weaning 1.88 1.76

[0083] The figures abovementioned show the feed conversion rate (FCR) for the periods as mentioned, this is 0-14, resp. 14-28 and 0-28 days after weaning. The term weaning should be understood as the practice whereby sucking pigs are made independent from suckling, or are separated from the breast of the sow. This happens suddenly, without transition. At the age of 3 to 5 weeks, the pigs are separated from the sow and kept in separate cages in groups of approximately ten pigs.

[0084] As is apparent from this table, the difference in numbers for sucking pigs fed with the control or reference feed and those fed with the feed according to the invention, is statistically not significant.

[0085] From this, one may conclude that the effect of the feed according to the invention practically equals the effect of the reference feed.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 5.1 Occurrence of diarrhea with sucking pigs, per cage, control feed Date 1 2 3 4 27/3/2018 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 28/3/2018 3/3 2/2 1/1 1/1 29/3/2018 3/2 2/1 1/1 1/2 30/3/2018 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/2 31/3/2018 2/2 1/1 1/1 2/2  1/4/2018 1/1 1/2 1/1 2/2  2/4/2018 1/2 1/2 1/1 1/2  3/4/2018 1/1  1/13 1/1  1/13  4/4/2018 1.5/1   1.5/1   1/1 1.5/1    5/4/2018 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1  6/4/2018 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 5.2 Occurrence of diarrhea with sucking pigs, per cage, fed according to the invention Date 1 2 3 4 27/3/2018 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 28/3/2018 2/2 2/2 2/2 1/1 29/3/2018 3/4 3/4 3/4 2/4 30/3/2018 3/3 2/2 2/3 4/4 31/3/2018 3/3 3/3 3/3 3/3  1/4/2018 2/2 2/2 2/2 2/2  2/4/2018 2/2 2/1 1/2 1/1  3/4/2018  1/13 1/1  1/13  1/13  4/4/2018 1.5/1   1/1 1.5/1   1.5/1    5/4/2018 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1  6/4/2018 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1

[0086] The above tables show the occurrence of diarrhea with sucking pigs in the various cages. The first figure shows the result for the day indicated in the morning, the second figure shows the result of the day mentioned in the afternoon. These figures indicate the degree of diarrhea on a qualitative scale ranging from 0 (normal state) up to 4 (heavy diarrhea).

[0087] Table 5.1 shows the results with respect to the reference or control feed; table 5.2 shows the results with respect to the feed according to the invention.

[0088] As is apparent from these tables, the difference in results for the sucking pigs fed with the control or reference feed, and those fed with the feed according to the invention, is statistically not significant.

[0089] From these results, one may conclude that the effect of the feed according to the invention practically equals the effects of the reference feed.

[0090] The result of these experiments is that the control on the occurrence of diarrhea with the sucking pigs fed with the feed according to the invention, in comparison with the situation when a high dose of zinc oxide is used, is similar. Differently phrased, a high dose of zinc oxide does not control the diarrhea better than the use of the composition according to the invention. A statistically significant difference has not been noted with respect to the results between both treatments.

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 6.1 Microbiological analysis, sucking pigs fed with the control feed E. coil Streptococcus Lactobacillus Clostridium perfringens Pseudomonas Ca.1 6.25 × 10.sup.6 4.45 × 10.sup.4  3.4 × 10.sup.4  8.4 × 10.sup.4  5.3 × 10.sup.7 Ca.2 1.45 × 10.sup.6    1 × 10.sup.3  6.4 × 10.sup.4 5.85 × 10.sup.4 7.75 × 10.sup.7 Ca.3  7.4 × 10.sup.6  4.1 × 10.sup.4 8.65 × 10.sup.4 6.05 × 10.sup.4 4.75 × 10.sup.7 Ca.4    8 × 10.sup.5 8.65 × 10.sup.4  4.3 × 10.sup.4   2 × 10.sup.4  6.4 × 10.sup.6 Cb.1  4.9 × 10.sup.6  5.5 × 10.sup.4 5.55 × 10.sup.4  5.8 × 10.sup.4  5.5 × 10.sup.6 Cb.2  7.2 × 10.sup.6  7.2 × 10.sup.4 1.31 × 10.sup.5 6.65 × 10.sup.4 4.25 × 10.sup.7 Cb.3  1.3 × 10.sup.6  0.5 × 10.sup.3 5.25 × 10.sup.4   5 × 10.sup.4  7.3 × 10.sup.7 Cb.4 7.05 × 10.sup.6 2.15 × 10.sup.4 3.85 × 10.sup.4  4.2 × 10.sup.4 5.05 × 10.sup.7 Cc.1  8.5 × 10.sup.5  2.7 × 10.sup.4 1.56 × 10.sup.5    5 × 10.sup.4   7 × 10.sup.6 Cc.2 5.25 × 10.sup.6  4.5 × 10.sup.4    5 × 10.sup.4 1.12 × 10.sup.5  5.6 × 10.sup.7 Cc.3  5.7 × 10.sup.6  7.4 × 10.sup.4 4.45 × 10.sup.4 6.15 × 10.sup.4 1.39 × 10.sup.8 Cc.4 2.25 × 10.sup.6    5 × 10.sup.3  7.3 × 10.sup.4  4.8 × 10.sup.4  5.8 × 10.sup.7

[0091] In the above table, the letter C represents the Control Feed, the letter a indicates the start of the weaning, the letter b indicates the time 14 days after the start of the weaning, the letter c indicates the time 28 days after the start of the weaning. The figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 indicate the cage wherein the sucking pigs reside.

[0092] The numbers indicated for these points in time and sucking pigs indicate the number of bacterial counts (cfu) resulting from the microbiological analyses for the indicated bacteria.

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 6.2 Microbiological analysis, sucking pigs fed with the feed according to the invention Ecoli Streptococcus Lactobacillus Clostridium perfringens Pseudomonas Pa.1   5.1 × 10.sup.6 6.35 × 10.sup.4  8.8 × 10.sup.4 2.75 × 10.sup.4 2.61 × 10.sup.8 Pa.2 1.35 × 10.sup.6  6.4 × 10.sup.4 6.45 × 10.sup.4 3 15 × 10.sup.4  5.8 × 10.sup.7 Pa.3 3.65 × 10.sup.6 3.37 × 10.sup.5  4.4 × 10.sup.4 7.75 × 10.sup.4  6.8 × 10.sup.7 Pa.4 8.55 × 10.sup.6 9.45 × 10.sup.4 5.35 × 10.sup.4  8.7 × 10.sup.4 3.58 × 10.sup.8 Pb.1 2.53 × 10.sup.7 4.35 × 10.sup.4  5.2 × 10.sup.6 3.75 × 10.sup.4 4.75 × 10.sup.7 Pb.2  9.6 × 10.sup.6  6.1 × 10.sup.4   8 × 10.sup.6  3.6 × 10.sup.4  5.2 × 10.sup.7 Pb.3  2.9 × 10.sup.6 1.71 × 10.sup.5  7.6 × 10.sup.6  3.4 × 10.sup.4 2.26 × 10.sup.8 Pb.4 6.05 × 10.sup.6  8.2 × 10.sup.4 3.25 × 10.sup.6 7.55 × 10.sup.4  5.4 × 10.sup.7 Pc.1  6.5 × 10.sup.5  5.6 × 10.sup.2  4.6 × 10.sup.6 6.55 × 10.sup.4 2.66 × 10.sup.8 Pc.2 7.75 × 10.sup.6 1.13 × 10.sup.4 6.05 × 10.sup.6 8.85 × 10.sup.4 4.55 × 10.sup.7 Pc.3   6 × 10.sup.5  3.4 × 10.sup.2 3.65 × 10.sup.6  2.2 × 10.sup.4 4.97 × 10.sup.8 Pc.4 1.05 × 10.sup.6 7.65 × 10.sup.2  3.4 × 10.sup.6  4.1 × 10.sup.4  6.5 × 10.sup.6

[0093] In the above table, the number P indicates the feed according to the invention; the characters a, b and c and the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 have the same meaning as in table 6.1.

[0094] The numbers cited for these points in time have the same meaning as the corresponding numbers in table 6.1.

[0095] As is apparent from these tables, the difference in numbers for the sucking pigs fed with the control or the reference feed and those fed with the feed according to the invention, is statistically not relevant.

[0096] From this, one may conclude that the effect of the feed according to the invention is not different from the effect of the reference feed.

GENERAL CONCLUSION

[0097] From the above tests is appears that by the addition of the composition according to the invention to the feed for pigs, sucking pigs in particular, an enhancement of the immunity has been realized, resulting in a more effective protection of the animals against the occurrence of infections.

[0098] The weight amount of zinc oxide in the feed is comprised between 50 and 200 g per ton of feed, more preferably between 100 and 150 g per ton of feed.

[0099] The weight amount of glycerol tri butyrate and glycerol mono laurate together in the feed is comprised between 2 and 6 kg per ton of feed.

[0100] According to a still more preferred embodiment, this amount is situated between 4 and 6 kg per ton of feed, both products being deposited on an inert carrier, namely silica.

[0101] By the use of the feed composition according to the invention, the health of sucking pigs, more in particular with respect to the occurrence of or the control on the presence of diarrhea, is comparable to the situation whereby only pure zinc oxide, but in a markedly higher amount, is being used.

[0102] The big advantage of the feed composition according to the invention is that the problems arising from the accumulation of the secreted redundant zinc oxide in the environment in case the feed composition according to the invention is used, do not occur.