METHOD OF PRODUCING THIN PLATE-SHAPED GRAPHITE PRODUCT, FLAKY GRAPHITE, AND METHOD OF PRODUCING FLAKY GRAPHITE

Abstract

A thin plate-shaped graphite product is produced by applying a current to an electrochemical reaction system including a graphite-containing anode, a cathode optionally containing graphite, and an electrolyte solution containing tetrafluoroboric acid or hexafluorophosphoric acid as an electrolyte. Flaky graphite is produced by subjecting the thin plate-shaped graphite product to delamination.

Claims

1. A method of producing a thin plate-shaped graphite product, comprising applying a current to an electrochemical reaction system, wherein the electrochemical reaction system includes: a graphite-containing anode; a cathode optionally containing graphite; and an electrolyte solution containing tetrafluoroboric acid or hexafluorophosphoric acid as an electrolyte.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein tetrafluoroboric acid anions or hexafluorophosphoric acid anions are intercalated between layers constituting graphite of the anode to obtain the thin plate-shaped graphite product.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the graphite-containing anode is an anode made by thermal treatment of a polycondensation polymer compound.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the graphite-containing anode is an anode made by thermal treatment of an aromatic polyimide.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the graphite-containing anode is an anode made by pressing of expanded graphite resulting from immersion of natural graphite in a strong acid and subsequent heating treatment of the natural graphite.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte solution contains a polar protic solvent or a polar aprotic solvent.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte solution contains water and a polar aprotic solvent.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte solution contains a solvent consisting of water.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte solution contains water and a polar protic solvent other than water.

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the polar protic solvent other than water is an alcoholic solvent.

11. A method of producing a thin plate-shaped graphite product, comprising applying a current to an electrochemical reaction system, wherein the electrochemical reaction system includes: an anode containing graphite obtained by thermal treatment of a polycondensation polymer compound or graphite obtained by pressing of expanded graphite resulting from immersion of natural graphite in a strong acid and subsequent heating treatment of the natural graphite; a cathode optionally containing graphite; and an electrolyte solution containing sulfuric acid or nitric acid as an electrolyte.

12. A method of producing flaky graphite, comprising: obtaining a thin plate-shaped graphite product by the method according to claim 1; and subjecting the thin plate-shaped graphite product to delamination to obtain the flaky graphite.

13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the delamination is delamination by ultrasonication, mechanical delamination, or delamination by heating.

14. The method according to claim 12, wherein the flaky graphite has a thickness of 100 nm or less.

15. The method according to claim 12, wherein the flaky graphite contains oxygen.

16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the flaky graphite has a carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) of 20 or less.

17. The method according to claim 15, wherein the flaky graphite further contains fluorine.

18. A flaky graphite containing fluorine and oxygen, the flaky graphite having a manganese content of 0.002 mass % or less, and a sulfur content of 0.1 mass % or less.

19. The flaky graphite according to claim 18, having a fluorine content of 0.5 to 40 mass %, a carbon content of 40 to 80 mass %, and an oxygen content of 1.0 to 50 mass %.

20. A flaky graphite containing oxygen, the flaky graphite having a carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) of 0.8 to 5, wherein Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of the flaky graphite gives a chart in which a peak at a wavelength of around 3420 cm.sup.−1 has a width at half maximum of 1000 cm.sup.−1 or less.

21. The flaky graphite according to claim 20, wherein in the chart of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, a ratio of a height of a peak at a wavelength of around 1720 to 1740 cm.sup.−1 to a height of a peak at a wavelength of around 1590 to 1620 cm.sup.−1 is less than 0.3.

22. The flaky graphite according to claim 20, wherein X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the flaky graphite gives a chart in which a ratio of a height of a peak at a binding energy of around 288 to 289 eV to a height of a peak at a binding energy of around 284 to 285 eV is less than 0.05.

23. The flaky graphite according to claim 20, wherein in the chart of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, a ratio of a height of a peak at a wavelength of around 1720 to 1740 cm.sup.−1 to a height of a peak at a wavelength of around 1590 to 1620 cm.sup.−1 is 0.3 or more.

24. The flaky graphite according to claim 20, wherein X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the flaky graphite gives a chart in which a ratio of a height of a peak at a binding energy of around 288 to 289 eV to a height of a peak at a binding energy of around 284 to 285 eV is 0.05 or more.

25. A flaky graphite containing oxygen, the flaky graphite having a carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) of 0.8 to 5, wherein solid .sup.13C NMR of the flaky graphite gives a chart in which a ratio of a height of a peak at a chemical shift of around 70 ppm to a height of a peak at a chemical shift of around 130 ppm is 1.0 or less.

26. The flaky graphite according to claim 25, wherein in the chart of the solid .sup.13C NMR, a ratio of a height of a peak at a chemical shift of around 60 ppm to the height of the peak at the chemical shift of around 70 ppm is less than 2.2.

27. The flaky graphite according to claim 25, wherein in the chart of the solid .sup.13C NMR, a ratio of a height of a peak at a chemical shift of around 60 ppm to the height of the peak at the chemical shift of around 70 ppm is 2.2 or more.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0058] FIG. 1 is a photograph showing the exterior appearance of an as-reacted anode, namely a thin plate-shaped graphite product, in Example 1.

[0059] FIG. 2 is an EDX analysis chart showing the proportions of elements contained in flaky graphite obtained in Example 1.

[0060] FIG. 3 is a SEM analysis histogram showing the particle size of the flaky graphite obtained in Example 1.

[0061] FIG. 4 is a SEM image of the flaky graphite obtained in Example 1.

[0062] FIG. 5a and FIG. 5b show an AFM analysis result indicating the minimum thickness of the flaky graphite obtained in Example 1.

[0063] FIG. 6 is a photograph showing the exterior appearance of an as-reacted anode in Example 12.

[0064] FIG. 7 is a photograph showing the exterior appearance of an as-reacted anode in Example 13.

[0065] FIG. 8a and FIG. 8b are photographs showing the exterior appearance of a graphite foil (EGO.sup.W) having undergone electrolysis using an aqueous solution of tetrafluoroboric acid and the exterior appearance of a graphite foil (EGO.sup.M) having undergone electrolysis using a methanol/water solution of tetrafluoroboric acid.

[0066] FIG. 9 shows results of linear scan voltammetry (LSV) performed for systems for production of EGO.sup.W (curve (i)), EGO.sup.M (curve (ii)), and EGO.sup.S (an electrolysis reaction using an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid; curve (iii)).

[0067] FIG. 10a, FIG. 10b, and FIG. 10c respectively show the relationships of the electrolysis time, current density, and tetrafluoroboric acid concentration with the C/O of the resulting product in EGO.sup.W synthesis, and FIG. 10d shows the relationship of tetrafluoroboric acid concentration with the C/O of the resulting product in EGO.sup.M synthesis.

[0068] FIG. 11 shows a chart obtained through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of EGO.sup.M, EGO.sup.W, and CGO (chemically synthesized graphene oxide).

[0069] FIG. 12a shows XRD patterns of EGO.sup.M, EGO.sup.W, and CGO, FIG. 12b shows Lambert-Beer coefficients of EGO.sup.M, EGO.sup.W, CGO, and highly oxidized CGO (HCGO), FIG. 12c shows results of Raman spectroscopy of graphite, EGO.sup.M, EGO.sup.W, and CGO, FIG. 12d shows results of FT-IR analysis of EGO.sup.M, EGO.sup.W, and CGO, FIG. 12e shows results of solid .sup.13C NMR of EGO.sup.M, EGO.sup.W, and CGO, and FIG. 12f shows results of TGA-MS of EGO.sup.M, EGO.sup.W, and CGO.

[0070] FIG. 13a is a SEM image of EGO.sup.W, FIG. 13b is a SEM image of EGO.sup.M, FIG. 13c is an AFM image of EGO.sup.W, FIG. 13d is an AFM image of EGO.sup.M, FIG. 13e, FIG. 13f, and FIG. 13g are respectively photographs of CGO, EGO.sup.W, and EGO.sup.M taken two months after CGO, EGO.sup.W, and EGO were each dispersed in water, and FIG. 13h, FIG. 13i, and FIG. 13j are respectively photographs of CGO, EGO.sup.W, and EGO.sup.M taken one week after CGO, EGO.sup.W, and EGO were each dispersed in methanol.

[0071] FIG. 14a shows XRD patterns measured for EGO.sup.M, EGO.sup.W, and CGO having undergone reduction (thermal reduction t or chemical reduction hy), FIG. 14b shows XPS C1s patterns, FIG. 14c shows results of interlayer distance determination, and FIG. 14d shows results of XPS atomic composition analysis.

[0072] FIG. 15 shows results of conductivity measurement for EGO.sup.M, EGO.sup.W, and CGO having undergone reduction (chemical reduction hy or thermal reduction t).

[0073] FIG. 16a shows results of capacity measurement for lithium-ion batteries in which graphite, thermally reduced CGO, thermally reduced EGO.sup.W, or thermally reduced EGO.sup.M was used as an electrode active material, and FIG. 16b shows results of measurement of the dye molecule retention of filtration membranes made using EGO.sup.M, EGO.sup.W, and CGO.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0074] Hereinafter, one or more embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail.

[0075] In one or more embodiments of the present invention, an electrochemical reaction using a specified electrolyte is carried out, and thereby graphite used in the form of an anode is converted to a thin plate-shaped graphite product.

[0076] In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the anode is not limited to a particular material, and may be made of any electrically conductive material containing layered graphite that can form an interlayer compound with (or, in other words, undergo intercalation of) the electrolyte specified in one or more embodiments of the present invention. The anodic material can be selected from a wide range of choices. Examples of the material include natural graphite and synthetic graphite and further include graphite obtained by thermal treatment of a polycondensation polymer compound and highly orientated pyrolytic graphite (HOPG).

[0077] Examples of the polycondensation polymer compound include, but are not limited to, aromatic polyimides, aromatic polyamides, polyoxadiazole, and polyparaphenylene-vinylene. Among these, aromatic polyimides are preferred.

[0078] A specific example of the graphite is one obtained by thermal treatment of an aromatic polyimide. Such graphite has a structure in which planar graphite crystals are stacked in layers. The graphite with this structure allows the intercalation of tetrafluoroboric acid anions or hexafluorophosphoric acid anions to proceed very easily and is so resistant to intercalation-induced peeling or separation of tiny pieces from the graphite that the resulting product is likely to retain the form of the anode as a whole. Thus, with the use of the above graphite, a higher-quality thin plate-shaped graphite product or flaky graphite can be produced more efficiently.

[0079] The anode may be one formed by high-pressure pressing of expanded graphite resulting from immersion of natural graphite in a strong acid such as concentrated sulfuric acid or nitric acid and the subsequent heating treatment of the natural graphite in an expanding furnace. Also with the use of such an anode, a higher-quality thin plate-shaped graphite product or flaky graphite can be produced more efficiently.

[0080] The anode is not limited to a particular form, and a suitable form of the anode can be selected as desired from a wide range of choices. The anode may be, for example, in the form of a rod, plate, cake, sheet, foil, or roll.

[0081] The cathode used in the method of one or more embodiments of the present invention for producing a thin plate-shaped graphite product is an electrode paired with the anode described above, but is not directly involved in the production of the thin plate-shaped graphite product. Thus, the cathode is not limited to a particular material, and may be made of any material having the function of donating electrons to cations resulting from the anodic reaction and able to contribute to establishment of an electrochemically stable system. The cathodic material can be selected as desired from a wide range of choices. For example, the material can be selected from metal materials such as platinum, stainless steel, copper, zinc, and lead and carbon materials such as graphite. The form of the cathode can be selected as desired, and the cathode may be in the form of a wire, plate, or mesh (net).

[0082] When the cathodic reaction involves gas generation, the area of the cathode may be increased as much as possible for purposes such as to prevent decrease in efficiency of the cathodic reaction and avoid unnecessary increase in electrical resistance of the electrolysis system.

[0083] In the production method of one or more embodiments of the present invention, an ion-exchange membrane or a spacer may be placed between the anode and cathode to prevent the occurrence of an undesired reaction at the anode and/or cathode or prevent a short circuit between the two electrodes.

[0084] The electrode system in the production method of one or more embodiments of the present invention may consist of the anode and cathode described above. Alternatively, a reference electrode may be used in addition to the anode and cathode to accomplish more precise potential control. The reference electrode can be a commonly used electrode such as an Ag/AgCl electrode.

[0085] In one or more embodiments of the present invention, tetrafluoroboric acid or hexafluorophosphoric acid is used as the electrolyte. The two acids may be used together. Anions of these acids can be intercalated very quickly between the layers constituting graphite. The use of the acids therefore ensures very high current efficiency and time efficiency of the electrochemical reaction, leading to efficient production of a high-quality thin plate-shaped graphite product. Tetrafluoroboric acid and hexafluorophosphoric acid are available in pure form. Alternatively, a commercially-available 40 to 50% aqueous solution of tetrafluoroboric acid or hexafluorophosphoric acid may be used. The solution may, if necessary, be diluted by adding an appropriate solvent.

[0086] The electrolyte solution contains the electrolyte and a solvent in which the electrolyte is dissolved. The solvent used can be selected as desired from solvents that are miscible with tetrafluoroboric acid, hexafluorophosphoric acid, or aqueous solutions of these acids and that are electrochemically stable during production of the thin plate-shaped graphite product.

[0087] Solvents may include: polar protic solvents such as water and lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and propanol; and polar aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, dimethoxyethane, dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, and dimethyl sulfoxide. One of these solvents may be used alone, or two or more thereof may be used in combination.

[0088] The electrolysis solution may contain water as the solvent. Water may be used alone as the solvent. Alternatively, the solvent may contain water and a polar protic solvent other than water or contain water and a polar aprotic solvent. Flaky graphite obtained using a water-containing solvent has the advantage of having high affinity for water and being highly dispersible in water. Tetrafluoroboric acid anions and hexafluorophosphoric acid anions are considered to have a relatively high lipophilicity, and the combined use of water with a polar protic solvent other than water or a polar aprotic solvent can be expected to support the penetration of the lipophilic anions between the graphite-constituting layers. Additionally, the increased choices for the solvent of the electrolyte solution lead to widening the range of electrolysis conditions advantageous for efficiently producing the thin plate-shaped graphite product.

[0089] When an alcoholic solvent, which is a polar protic solvent, is used as the solvent of the electrolyte solution, the resulting thin plate-shaped graphite product or flaky graphite can have alkoxy and/or alkyl groups derived from the alcoholic solvent used. Flaky graphite obtained using an alcoholic solvent has the advantage of having high affinity for the alcoholic solvent and being highly dispersible in the alcoholic solvent.

[0090] The concentration of the electrolyte in the electrolyte solution is such that the electrical resistance of the electrochemical reaction system is sufficiently low and that tetrafluoroboric acid anions or hexafluorophosphoric acid anions are quickly supplied to the anodic graphite to obtain the thin plate-shaped graphite product. The concentration of the electrolyte may be from 1.0 to 50 mass % or from 5.0 to 50 mass %.

[0091] In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a DC voltage is applied to an electrochemical reaction system made up of the anode, cathode, and electrolyte solution which have been described above. The applied voltage is such as to achieve at least a potential required for insertion of tetrafluoroboric acid anions or hexafluorophosphoric acid anions between the graphite-constituting layers of the anode. An overvoltage may be applied to quickly obtain the thin plate-shaped graphite product. In practice, the applied voltage may be set so as to overcome voltage-decreasing factors governing the electrical resistance of the electrolysis system, such as the concentration of the electrolyte, the solvent composition of the electrolyte solution, the distance between the anode and cathode, and the electrolysis temperature. To be specific, the applied voltage may be in the range of 1.5 to 50 V or in the range of 2.0 to 25 V.

[0092] The density of the current supplied to the anode is controlled depending on the applied voltage and the surface area of the electrode. In one or more embodiments of the present invention which uses tetrafluoroboric acid or hexafluorophosphoric acid as the electrolyte, anions of the acid can be intercalated between the graphite-constituting layers very quickly, and the distances between the graphene layers can be increased uniformly. Thus, the current density can be set in a wide range from very low to high values, and the thin plate-shaped graphite product can be obtained regardless of the magnitude of the current density. The current density may be from 1 to 2,000 mA/cm.sup.2 or from 10 to 1,000 mA/cm.sup.2.

[0093] In one or more embodiments of the present invention, it is preferable that the current supplied to the electrochemical reaction system be set to a constant value. In this case, the constant current value may be chosen such that the current density falls within the range described above. The range of the voltage applied to the electrochemical reaction system in this case is the same as the applied voltage range previously described, although the applied voltage may vary depending on the degree of reaction progress or the resistance value of the system.

[0094] The quantity of electricity (F/mol, F: Faraday constant) supplied to the electrochemical reaction system may be 0.2 F/mol or more, from 0.8 to 3.0 F/mol, or from 1.0 to 2.0 F/mol based on the number of moles of the carbon atoms of the graphite subjected to the electrolysis reaction. The supply of this quantity of electricity leads to effective production of the thin plate-shaped graphite product or flaky graphite.

[0095] The temperature of the electrolyte solution at the time of voltage application to the electrochemical reaction system may vary depending on the type of the solvent in which the electrolyte is dissolved or on the concentration of the electrolyte solution. In effect, however, the lower limit of the electrolyte solution temperature at the time of voltage application is a temperature at or above which the electrolyte solution is not frozen, and the upper limit is the boiling point of the electrolyte solution. The voltage application may be performed with the temperature of the electrolyte solution in the range of 0 to 100° C. The voltage application may be performed with the temperature of the electrolyte solution in the range of 0 to 80° C.

[0096] In one or more embodiments of the present invention, in theory, tetrafluoroboric acid or hexafluorophosphoric acid used as the electrolyte is not consumed in the reaction. Thus, the electrolyte solution used for production of the thin plate-shaped graphite product may be reused repeatedly. In this case, the reaction system may, if necessary, be supplemented with the electrolyte to compensate for a decrease in the electrolyte amount which is due to, for example, adhesion of the electrolyte to the thin plate-shaped graphite product taken out of the electrolyte solution.

[0097] In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the electrolyte solution containing tetrafluoroboric acid or hexafluorophosphoric acid is trapped in and adheres to the thin plate-shaped graphite product that has just undergone the reaction. The electrolyte solution components carried on the thin plate-shaped graphite product can be recovered. Such recovery can become more effective as the scale of production of the thin plate-shaped graphite product increases. Specific examples of the recovery method include a method in which the thin plate-shaped graphite product carrying the electrolyte solution is subjected to the action of a centrifuge, a method in which the thin plate-shaped graphite product is subjected to pressure filtration, and a method in which the electrolyte solution is continuously collected on a belt press.

[0098] After the thin plate-shaped graphite product is taken out of the electrolyte solution, the electrolyte solution components can, regardless of whether the above recovery process is performed, be removed from the product by washing the product with an excess amount of deionized water until the washings become neutral.

[0099] The thin plate-shaped graphite product obtained through the above steps may remain wet when subjected to the subsequent steps of producing the flaky graphite. Alternatively, the plate-shaped graphite product may, if necessary, be subjected to a drying step and then subjected to the steps of producing the flaky graphite. The drying is not limited to a particular method. For example, the plate-shaped graphite product may be dried by a thermostatic oven or a vacuum dryer at a temperature of 80° C. or lower.

[0100] In one or more embodiments of the present invention, as described above, a current is applied to an electrochemical reaction system employing a graphite-containing anode and an electrolyte solution containing tetrafluoroboric acid or hexafluorophosphoric acid as an electrolyte. Upon the current application, tetrafluoroboric acid anions or hexafluorophosphoric acid anions are intercalated between the graphite-constituting layers quickly and uniformly, with the result that a thin plate-shaped graphite product can be obtained in which the distances between the graphene layers constituting the graphite have been uniformly increased.

[0101] In the method of one or more embodiments of the present invention for producing a thin plate-shaped graphite product, the anode used may be an anode containing graphite obtained by thermal treatment of a polycondensation polymer compound or graphite obtained by pressing of expanded graphite resulting from immersion of natural graphite in a strong acid and subsequent heating treatment of the natural graphite, and in this case sulfuric acid or nitric acid may be used as the electrolyte. Also in such an embodiment, a high-quality thin plate-shaped graphite product or flaky graphite can be produced efficiently. In this embodiment, an aqueous sulfuric acid solution may be used as the electrolyte solution. The concentration of the aqueous sulfuric acid solution is not limited to a particular range, and may be, for example, from 1 to 60 wt %. The other conditions are as described above for the embodiment in which tetrafluoroboric acid or hexafluorophosphoric acid is used as the electrolyte.

[0102] Flaky graphite which may have a thickness of 100 nm or less can be produced by delamination of the thin plate-shaped graphite product obtained by one or more embodiments of the present invention.

[0103] Examples of the delamination include, but are not limited to, delamination by ultrasonication, delamination by application of a mechanical delamination force, and delamination by heating. Specific examples of the delamination method include a method consisting of dispersing the thin plate-shaped graphite product in an appropriate amount of deionized water and subjecting the resulting dispersion to the action of an ultrasonicator and a method consisting of processing the thin plate-shaped graphite product with a mixer or a device capable of applying a shear force. The processed product resulting from the delamination may be freeze-dried. Alternatively, the processed product may be subjected to filtration or centrifugation to obtain a cake, and the cake may be subjected to a drying process similar to the above-described drying process for the thin plate-shaped graphite product.

[0104] Through the above procedures, flaky graphite having a thickness of 100 nm or less can be effectively produced. The thickness of the flaky graphite may be 50 nm or less or 10 nm or less. The flaky graphite that has a thickness of 1 nm or less is particularly preferred. The average particle size of the flaky graphite can be varied in a range from nanometers to millimeters. The average particle size may be in the range of 30 nm to 1 mm, in the range of 50 nm to 100 m, or in the range of 100 nm to 50 m. The flaky graphite obtained may be made of graphene oxide (graphene containing oxygen). In the graphene oxide, the carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) may be 20 or less, 15 or less, 10 or less, 5 or less, or 3 or less. The flaky graphite may be made of fluorinated graphene oxide (graphene containing fluorine and oxygen).

[0105] The fluorine-containing flaky graphite, which is suitably produced by one or more embodiments of the present invention, is characterized by having a high purity and a low impurity content which are attributed to the features of the production method of one or more embodiments of the present invention. In particular, the fluorine-containing flaky graphite is marked by low contents of heavy metal and sulfur components. To be specific, the fluorine-containing flaky graphite may have a manganese content of 0.002 mass % or less and a sulfur content of 0.1 mass % or less, or may have a manganese content of 0.001 mass % or less and a sulfur content of 0.01 mass % or less.

[0106] Further, the fluorine-containing flaky graphite may have a fluorine content of 0.5 to 40 mass %, a carbon content of 40 to 80 mass %, and an oxygen content of 1.0 to 50 mass %, or may have a fluorine content of 1.0 to 15 mass %, a carbon content of 45 to 75 mass %, and an oxygen content of 15 to 45 mass %.

[0107] The oxygen-containing flaky graphite, which is suitably produced by one or more embodiments of the present invention, may have a carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) of 0.8 to 5. Further, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of the oxygen-containing flaky graphite may give a chart in which a peak at a wavelength of around 3420 cm.sup.−1 has a width at half maximum of 1000 cm.sup.−1 or less. The width at half maximum may be 700 cm.sup.−1 or less, 500 cm.sup.−1 or less, or 400 cm.sup.−1 or less. The carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) may be in the range of 0.9 to 3, in the range of 0.9 to 2, or in the range of 0.9 to 1.5.

[0108] In an embodiment, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the oxygen-containing flaky graphite may give a chart in which the ratio of the height of a peak at a wavelength of around 1720 to 1740 cm.sup.−1 to the height of a peak at a wavelength of around 1590 to 1620 cm.sup.−1 is less than 0.3. The peak height ratio may be 0.25 or less or 0.2 or less. In this embodiment, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the oxygen-containing flaky graphite may give a chart in which the ratio of the height of a peak at a binding energy of around 288 to 289 eV to the height of a peak at a binding energy of around 284 to 285 eV is less than 0.05. The peak height ratio may be 0.04 or less or 0.03 or less. The flaky graphite according to this embodiment has high affinity for water and is highly dispersible in water. This flaky graphite can be suitably produced when water is used alone as the solvent of the electrolyte solution in the production method of the thin plate-shaped graphite product.

[0109] In another embodiment, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the oxygen-containing flaky graphite may give a chart in which the ratio of the height of a peak at a wavelength of around 1720 to 1740 cm.sup.−1 to the height of a peak at a wavelength of around 1590 to 1620 cm.sup.−1 is 0.3 or more. The peak height ratio may be 0.4 or more, or 0.5 or more. In this embodiment, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the oxygen-containing flaky graphite may give a chart in which the ratio of the height of a peak at a binding energy of around 288 to 289 eV to the height of a peak at a binding energy of around 284 to 285 eV is 0.05 or more. The peak height ratio may be 0.06 or more, or 0.07 or more. The flaky graphite according to this embodiment has high affinity for alcoholic solvents and is highly dispersible in alcoholic solvents. This flaky graphite can be suitably produced when an alcoholic solvent is used as the solvent of the electrolyte solution in the production method of the thin plate-shaped graphite product.

[0110] The oxygen-containing flaky graphite, which is suitably produced by one or more embodiments of the present invention, may have a carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) of 0.8 to 5, and solid .sup.13C NMR of this flaky graphite may give a chart in which the ratio of the height of a peak at a chemical shift of around 70 ppm to the height of a peak at a chemical shift of around 130 ppm is 1.0 or less. The peak height ratio may be 0.8 or less, 0.6 or less, or 0.5 or less. The carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) may be in the range of 0.9 to 3, in the range of 0.9 to 2, or in the range of 0.9 to 1.5.

[0111] In an embodiment, solid .sup.13C NMR of the oxygen-containing flaky graphite may give a chart in which the ratio of the height of a peak at a chemical shift of around 60 ppm to the height of a peak at a chemical shift of around 70 ppm is less than 2.2. The peak height ratio may be 1.9 or less, or 1.7 or less. The flaky graphite according to this embodiment has high affinity for water and is highly dispersible in water. This flaky graphite can be suitably produced when water is used alone as the solvent of the electrolyte solution in the production method of the thin plate-shaped graphite product.

[0112] In another embodiment, solid .sup.13C NMR of the oxygen-containing flaky graphite may give a chart in which the ratio of the height of a peak at a chemical shift of around 60 ppm to the height of a peak at a chemical shift of around 70 ppm is 2.2 or more. The peak height ratio may be 2.5 or more, or 2.8 or more. The flaky graphite according to this embodiment has high affinity for alcoholic solvents and is highly dispersible in alcoholic solvents. This flaky graphite can be suitably produced when an alcoholic solvent is used as the solvent of the electrolyte solution in the production method of the thin plate-shaped graphite product.

EXAMPLES

[0113] Hereinafter, one or more embodiments of the present invention will be described in more detail based on examples. It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the examples given below.

[0114] Method of Measuring Carbon/Oxygen Mass Ratio (C/O) of Flaky Graphite

[0115] The carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) of the flaky graphite was measured using the principle of energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). Specifically, the flaky graphite was formed into dry powder by a given process, and the dry powder was attached evenly over a carbon tape and subjected to the measurement using JSM IT-100 manufactured by JEOL Ltd.

[0116] Method of Measuring Average Particle Size and Maximum Particle Size of Flaky Graphite

[0117] The average particle size and maximum particle size of the flaky graphite were measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Specifically, a diluted dispersion of the flaky graphite was applied to a silicon substrate, and a SEM image of the flaky graphite was obtained using S-5200 manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd. at an accelerating voltage of 30 kV. The average particle size was determined by randomly selecting a given number of (e.g., 200) particles on the SEM image, measuring the particle size of each particle, and dividing the sum of the measured values by the number of the particles. The maximum particle size is the size of the largest particle among the particles observed on the SEM image.

[0118] Method of Measuring Minimum Thickness of Flaky Graphite

[0119] The minimum thickness of the flaky graphite was measured using an atomic force microscope (AFM). Specifically, a diluted dispersion of the flaky graphite was applied to a mica substrate, and the minimum thickness of the flaky graphite was measured using SPM-9700 HT manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation in a tapping mode.

[0120] Method of Measuring Manganese Content and Sulfur Content of Flaky Graphite

[0121] The manganese content and sulfur content of the flaky graphite were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Specifically, a diluted dispersion of the flaky graphite was analyzed using 7700c manufactured by Agilent Technologies, Inc.

Example 1

[0122] A glass reactor was prepared and charged with 100 ml of a 5% aqueous tetrafluoroboric acid solution as the electrolyte solution. A commercially-available graphite foil manufactured by Kaneka Corporation (a foil resulting from thermal graphitization of an aromatic polyimide which is a polycondensation polymer compound) was used as the anode and fixed in such a way that a 15-cm.sup.2 portion (equivalent to 65 mg of graphite) of the foil was immersed in the electrolyte solution. A platinum wire electrode was set as the cathode. The electrodes were connected to a DC power supply, and electrolysis was carried out at room temperature and a constant current of 0.7 A for 10 minutes. In the course of the reaction, the electrolyte solution-immersed portion of the graphite foil used as the anode showed a smooth increase in thickness and a slight degree of surface browning. A photograph of the as-reacted anode is shown in FIG. 1. After the reaction, the anode kept the sheet form intact almost without suffering from peeling or falling off into the electrolyte solution, while the thickness of the electrolyte solution-immersed portion was obviously greater than before the reaction. This indicates that tetrafluoroboric acid anions were quickly intercalated into the graphite foil and consequently a thin plate-shaped graphite product was formed.

[0123] The reacted graphite foil was drawn out of the electrolyte solution and washed with deionized water until the washings became neutral. As a result, an undried, blackish-brown thin plate-shaped graphite product was obtained. A small amount of deionized water was added, and the product was subjected to ultrasonication for 15 minutes followed by freeze-drying to give 110 mg of flaky graphite. The EDX analysis of this material revealed that it consisted of flaky graphite containing oxygen atoms with a carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) of 1.10 and further containing 3 mass % fluorine (FIG. 2). The SEM analysis revealed that the average particle size was 450 nm (FIG. 3) and the maximum particle size was 10 m (FIG. 4). The AFM analysis revealed that the minimum thickness was 1.0 nm (FIG. 5a and FIG. 5b). The ICP analysis revealed that the manganese content was 0.1 ppm or less and the sulfur content was 0.1 ppm or less.

Example 2

[0124] 124 mg of flaky graphite was obtained by performing an electrolysis reaction and subsequent procedures under conditions identical to those employed in Example 1, except that 100 ml of a 50% aqueous tetrafluoroboric acid solution was used as the electrolyte solution. The analyses of this material revealed that it consisted of flaky graphite containing oxygen atoms with a carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) of 0.98 and further containing 8 mass % fluorine and that the average particle size was 150 nm, the maximum particle size was 50 m, and the minimum thickness was 0.8 nm. The ICP analysis revealed that the manganese content was 0.1 ppm or less and the sulfur content was 0.1 ppm or less.

Example 3

[0125] 154 mg of flaky graphite was obtained by performing an electrolysis reaction and subsequent procedures under conditions identical to those employed in Example 1, except that the current applied in the 10-minute electrolysis was a constant current of 1.0 A. The analysis of this material revealed that it consisted of flaky graphite containing oxygen atoms with a carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) of 1.00 and further containing 8 mass % fluorine. The ICP analysis revealed that the manganese content was 0.1 ppm or less and the sulfur content was 0.1 ppm or less.

Example 4

[0126] 100 mg of flaky graphite was obtained by performing an electrolysis reaction and subsequent procedures under conditions identical to those employed in Example 1, except that 100 ml of a 20% aqueous hexafluorophosphoric acid solution was used as the electrolyte solution. The element analysis of this material revealed that it consisted of flaky graphite containing oxygen atoms with a carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) of 1.25 and further containing 2 mass % fluorine. The average particle size was 140 nm, the maximum particle size was 35 m, and the minimum thickness was 0.8 nm. The ICP analysis revealed that the manganese content was 0.1 ppm or less and the sulfur content was 0.1 ppm or less.

Example 5

[0127] 40 ml of a 50% aqueous tetrafluoroboric acid solution was prepared, and ethanol was added to the solution to a volume of 100 ml. 85 mg of flaky graphite was obtained by performing an electrolysis reaction and subsequent procedures under conditions identical to those employed in Example 1, except that the water/methanol solution of tetrafluoroboric acid was used. The element analysis of this material revealed that it consisted of flaky graphite containing oxygen atoms with a carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) of 1.50 and further containing 10 mass % fluorine. The ICP analysis revealed that the manganese content was 0.1 ppm or less and the sulfur content was 0.1 ppm or less.

Examples 6 to 8

[0128] Flaky graphite was obtained by performing an electrolysis reaction and subsequent procedures under conditions identical to those employed in Example 5, except that ethanol was replaced by a polar aprotic solvent listed in Table 1-1. For each example, the amount of the flaky graphite obtained, the carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O), the fluorine content, the manganese content, and the sulfur content are shown in Table 1-1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1-1 Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Conditions Anode Graphite foil Graphite foil Graphite foil Graphite foil Cathode Platinum wire Platinum wire Platinum wire Platinum wire Electrolyte 5% aqueous 50% aqueous 5% aqueous 20% aqueous solution HBF.sub.4 solution HBF.sub.4 solution HBF.sub.4 solution HPF.sub.6 solution Process conditions Current A 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.7 Electrolysis time minutes 10 10 10 10 Flaky graphite Form Flakes Flakes Flakes Flakes Obtained amount mg 110 124 154 100 Carbon/oxygen 1.10 0.98 1.00 1.25 mass ratio (C/O) Fluorine content mass % 3 8 8 2 Average particle size nm 450 150 — 140 Maximum particle size μm 10 50 — 35 Minimum thickness nm 1.0 0.8 — 0.8 Manganese content ppm <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Sulfur content ppm ≤0.1 ≤0.1 ≤0.1 ≤0.1 Example 5 Example 6 Example 7 Example 8 Conditions Anode Graphite foil Graphite foil Graphite foil Graphite foil Cathode Platinum wire Platinum wire Platinum wire Platinum wire Electrolyte 50% aqueous 50% aqueous 50% aqueous 50% aqueous solution HBF.sub.4 solution + HBF.sub.4 solution + HBF.sub.4 solution + HBF4 solution + ethanol dimethoxyethane dimethyl acetonitrile carbonate Process conditions Current A 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 Electrolysis time minutes 10 10 10 10 Flaky graphite Form Flakes Flakes Flakes Flakes Obtained amount mg 85 125 110 102 Carbon/oxygen 1.50 1.04 0.96 0.94 mass ratio (C/O) Fluorine content mass % 10 6 5 3 Average particle size nm — — — — Maximum particle size μm — — — — Minimum thickness nm — — — — Manganese content ppm <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Sulfur content ppm ≤0.1 ≤0.1 ≤0.1 ≤0.1

Example 9

[0129] 40 ml of a 5% aqueous tetrafluoroboric acid solution was prepared as the electrolyte solution. A commercially-available sheet made by high-pressure pressing of expanded graphite (PF-HP manufactured by Toyo Carbon Co., Ltd.) was used as the anode and fixed in such a way that a portion of the foil was immersed in the electrolyte solution (the electrolyte solution-immersed portion had an area of 1 cm.sup.2, which was equivalent to 150 mg of graphite). A platinum wire electrode was set as the cathode. The electrodes were connected to a DC power supply, and electrolysis was carried out at room temperature and a constant current of 0.7 A for 10 minutes. After the reaction, the anode retained the sheet form, while the thickness of the electrolyte solution-immersed portion was obviously greater than before the reaction. This anode was subjected to subsequent procedures under conditions identical to those employed in Example 1, and thus 192 mg of flaky graphite was obtained. The analysis of this material revealed that it consisted of flaky graphite containing oxygen atoms with a carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) of 3.20 and further containing 1.5 mass % fluorine. The ICP analysis revealed that the manganese content was 0.1 ppm or less and the sulfur content was 4 ppm.

Example 10

[0130] 40 ml of a 5% aqueous tetrafluoroboric acid solution was prepared as the electrolyte solution. A common isotropic graphite sheet was used as the anode and fixed in such a way that a portion of the sheet was immersed in the electrolyte solution (the electrolyte solution-immersed portion had an area of 1 cm.sup.2, which was equivalent to 125 mg of graphite). A platinum wire electrode was set as the cathode. The electrodes were connected to a DC power supply, and electrolysis was carried out at room temperature and a constant current of 0.7 A for 10 minutes. After that, subsequent procedures were performed under conditions identical to those employed in Example 1, and thus 95 mg of flaky graphite was obtained. The analyses of this material revealed that it consisted of flaky graphite containing oxygen atoms with a carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) of 3.80 and further containing 1 mass % fluorine and that the average particle size was 180 nm, the maximum particle size was 55 m, and the minimum thickness was 0.8 nm. The ICP analysis revealed that the manganese content was 0.1 ppm or less and the sulfur content was 0.03 mass % (300 ppm).

Example 11

[0131] 82 mg of flaky graphite was obtained by performing an electrolysis reaction and subsequent procedures under conditions identical to those employed in Example 1, except that the current application time was changed to 5 minutes. The analysis of this material revealed that it consisted of flaky graphite containing oxygen atoms with a carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) of 3.00 and further containing 2 mass % fluorine. The ICP analysis revealed that the manganese content was 0.1 ppm or less and the sulfur content was 0.1 ppm or less.

Example 12

[0132] An electrolysis reaction was performed under conditions identical to those employed in Example 1, except that 100 ml of a 50% aqueous sulfuric acid solution was used as the electrolyte solution. In the course of the reaction, a smooth increase in the thickness of the graphite foil used as the anode was not observed, but instead there was visually observed a phenomenon in which bubbles were significantly generated from the anodic surface and additionally black particulate pieces peeled off from the anodic surface and fell into the electrolyte solution. A photograph of the as-reacted anode is shown in FIG. 6. This result implies that sulfuric acid used as the electrolyte in Example 12 was intercalated between the graphite-constituting layers much more slowly than the electrolyte used in Example 1 and therefore that concentration of the electrical energy on the surface and edge portion of the anode occurred preferentially over the formation of the thin plate-shaped graphite product and induced decomposition of water and the electrolyte. It is inferred that in consequence of the decomposition, oxygen- and sulfur-derived gas components which were collaterally generated caused rapid destruction of the graphite surface texture.

[0133] The reacted graphite foil was taken out of the electrolyte solution and washed with deionized water until the washings became neutral. The washed foil was freeze-dried to obtain 36 mg of a black semi-solid material. The analysis of this material revealed that it had a carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) of 13.60.

[0134] The above results demonstrate that the method of one or more embodiments of the first aspect of the present invention, which uses tetrafluoroboric acid or hexafluorophosphoric acid as an electrolyte to produce a thin plate-shaped graphite product or flaky graphite through an electrochemical reaction, is considerably superior to other methods using sulfuric acid as the electrolyte in terms of industrial utility, in particular current efficiency, time efficiency, and product quality.

Example 13

[0135] An electrolysis reaction was performed under conditions identical to those employed in Example 1, except that 100 ml of a 60% aqueous nitric acid solution was used as the electrolyte solution. In the course of the reaction, a smooth increase in the thickness of the graphite foil used as the anode was scarcely observed. Significant generation of bubbles from the surface of the anode and slight expansion of the edge portion of the anode were found already at the beginning of the reaction; however, a major portion of the anode did not show any obvious change in exterior appearance. A photograph of the as-reacted anode is shown in FIG. 7. This result leads to the inference that nitric acid used as the electrolyte in Example 13 was intercalated between the graphite-constituting layers much more slowly than the electrolyte used in Example 1 and therefore the electrical energy concentrated on the surface and edge portion of the anode to induce decomposition of water and the electrolyte, in consequence of which most of the electrolyte solution-contacting portion of the anode remained unchanged from raw graphite while the edge portion slightly expanded.

[0136] The reacted graphite foil was taken out of the electrolyte solution and washed with deionized water until the washings became neutral. The washed foil was freeze-dried to obtain 5.7 mg of a black powder material from the edge portion of the anode. The analysis of this material revealed that it had a carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) of 7.80.

[0137] The above results demonstrate that the method of one or more embodiments of the first aspect of the present invention, which uses tetrafluoroboric acid or hexafluorophosphoric acid as an electrolyte to produce a thin plate-shaped graphite product or flaky graphite through an electrochemical reaction, is considerably superior to other methods using nitric acid as the electrolyte in terms of industrial utility, in particular current efficiency, time efficiency, and product quality.

Comparative Example 1

[0138] An electrolysis reaction was performed under conditions identical to those employed in Example 12, except that a common isotropic graphite sheet was used as the anode. The reacted isotropic graphite sheet was taken out of the electrolyte solution and washed with deionized water until the washings became neutral. The washed sheet was freeze-dried to obtain a black semi-solid material. The analysis of this material revealed that it had a carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) of more than 20. It is seen from this result that the graphite obtained in Example 12 had a higher oxygen content than that obtained in Comparative Example 1.

Comparative Example 2

[0139] An electrolysis reaction was performed under conditions identical to those employed in Example 13, except that a common isotropic graphite sheet was used as the anode. The reacted isotropic graphite sheet was taken out of the electrolyte solution and washed with deionized water until the washings became neutral. The washed sheet was freeze-dried to obtain a black semi-solid material. The analysis of this material revealed that it had a carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) of more than 20. It is seen from this result that the graphite obtained in Example 13 had a higher oxygen content than that obtained in Comparative Example 2.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1-2 Example 9 Example 10 Example 11 Example 12 Conditions Anode Expanded Isotropic Graphite foil Graphite foil graphite graphite Cathode Platinum wire Platinum wire Platinum wire Platinum wire Electrolyte solution 5% aqueous 5% aqueous 5% aqueous 50% aqueous HBF.sub.4 solution HBF.sub.4 solution HBF.sub.4 solution H.sub.2SO.sub.4 solution Process Current A 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 conditions Electrolysis time minutes 10 10 5 10 Flaky graphite Form Flakes Flakes Flakes Black semi-solid Obtained amount mg 192 95 82 36 Carbon/oxygen mass 3.20 3.80 3.00 13.60 ratio (C/O) Fluorine content mass % 1.5 1 2 — Average particle size nm — 180 — — Maximum particle size μm — 55 — — Minimum thickness nm — 0.8 — — Manganese content ppm <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 — Sulfur content ppm 4 300 ≤0.1 — Comparative Comparative Example 13 Example 1 Example 2 Conditions Anode Graphite foil Isotropic Isotropic graphite graphite Cathode Platinum wire Platinum wire Platinum wire Electrolyte solution 60% aqueous 50% aqueous 60% aqueous HNO.sub.3 solution H.sub.2SO.sub.4 solution HNO.sub.3 solution Process Current A 0.7 0.7 0.7 conditions Electrolysis time minutes 10 10 10 Flaky graphite Form Black powder Black semi-solid Black powder Obtained amount mg 5.7 — — Carbon/oxygen mass 7.80 >20 >20 ratio (C/O) Fluorine content mass % — — — Average particle size nm — — Maximum particle size μm — — Minimum thickness nm — — Manganese content ppm — — — Sulfur content ppm — — —

Examples 14 to 16

[0140] A commercially-available graphite foil manufactured by Kaneka Corporation (a foil resulting from thermal graphitization of an aromatic polyimide which is a polycondensation polymer compound and having a size of 5 cm×4 cm×20 m) was used as the anode, a platinum wire electrode was used as the cathode, and a 20% aqueous tetrafluoroboric acid solution (water: 80%), a 20% methanol/water solution of tetrafluoroboric acid (water: 30%, methanol: 50%), or a 20% aqueous sulfuric acid solution (water: 80%) was used as the electrolyte solution. The electrodes were connected to a DC power supply, and electrolysis was carried out at room temperature and a constant current density (180 mA.Math.cm.sup.−2) for 6 minutes, with the cutoff voltage set to 14 V.

[0141] During the electrolysis in the system using tetrafluoroboric acid as the electrolyte, the graphite foil was not destroyed and showed a 400-fold thickness increase from 20 m to 8 mm. FIG. 8a and FIG. 8b show the exterior appearance of the graphite foil having undergone the electrolysis in the system using tetrafluoroboric acid as the electrolyte. In contrast, in the system using sulfuric acid as the electrolyte, the layers of the graphite peeled off and were destroyed.

[0142] The reacted graphite foil was collected by filtration and washed with deionized water until the washings became neutral. As a result, a thin plate-shaped graphite product was obtained. This product was dispersed in water and then subjected to ultrasonication for 30 minutes followed by freeze-drying for 48 hours to obtain flaky graphite.

[0143] In the following description, a thin plate-shaped graphite product or flaky graphite obtained using a 20% aqueous tetrafluoroboric acid solution as the electrolyte solution is referred to as “EGO.sup.W” (Example 14), a thin plate-shaped graphite product or flaky graphite obtained using a 20% methanol/water solution of tetrafluoroboric acid is referred to as “EGO.sup.M” (Example 15), and a thin plate-shaped graphite product or flaky graphite obtained using a 20% aqueous sulfuric acid solution is referred to as “EGO.sup.S” (Example 16).

[0144] LSV

[0145] The systems for producing the EGO materials were subjected to linear scan voltammetry (LSV) under the conditions as previously described. The results are shown in FIG. 9. The LSV curve of EGO.sup.W (curve (i) in FIG. 9) shows four continuous reaction stages. The four stages include graphite ionization at 0.3 to 1.6 V, intercalation at 1.7 V, functionalization at 2.2 to 2.7 V, and gas generation in a voltage range above 2.7 V.

[0146] For the LSV curve of EGO.sup.M (curve (ii) in FIG. 9), the voltages at which ionization and intercalation proceeded were the same as those for EGO.sup.W. However, the voltage range over which functionalization proceeded was wider and in particular from 2.0 to 3.0 V, and gas generation did not occur until the voltage increased above 3.0 V.

[0147] In contrast to the above two LSV curves, the LSV curve of EGO.sup.S (curve (iii) in FIG. 9) shows only three reaction stages. The three stages include ionization at 0.5 to 1.5 V, intercalation at 1.6 V, and gas generation in a voltage range above 2.0 V. The absence of the functionalization reaction reflects the fact that decomposition of HSO.sup.4− ions into gas competed with the intercalation of the ions and thus the layers of the graphite were destroyed before completion of oxidation.

[0148] For EGO.sup.M and EGO.sup.W, synthesis of the flaky graphite was accomplished by non-destructive intercalation, and this led to an unexpected phenomenon, in particular oxidation of the graphite foil outside the electrolyte solution. First, in the period from 0 to 5 minutes, the intercalation and functionalization proceeded. The graphite foil in the electrolyte solution underwent the intercalation, which immediately increased the thickness of the graphite foil. Finally, the thickness increase reached into the upper portion of the graphite foil which was outside the electrolyte solution. This phenomenon is due to capillary absorption of the electrolyte solution by the layers of the graphite during the intercalation and functionalization, and was not observed for EGO.sup.S.

[0149] Influences of Electrolysis Time, Current Density, and Concentration

[0150] Subsequently, CHN element analysis was conducted to determine the carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) of each of the EGO materials produced under different electrolysis conditions and thereby evaluate the degree of functionalization of each EGO material.

[0151] The influence of the electrolysis time on the EGO.sup.W synthesis at a constant current will first be discussed. As seen from FIG. 10(a), an increase in electrolysis time from 5 to 10 minutes resulted in a decrease in C/O from 2.85 to 1.46. However, a further increase in electrolysis time did not give rise to further oxidation.

[0152] As for the influence of the current density on the EGO.sup.W synthesis, an increase in current density from 6 to 90 mA.Math.cm.sup.−2 resulted in a decrease in C/O from 6.14 to 1.38 as seen from FIG. 10(b). Increasing the current density above 180 mA.Math.cm.sup.−2 did not provide any evident improvement. The current density is desirably 180 mA.Math.cm.sup.−2 in order to enhance the production rate of EGO.sup.W.

[0153] The influence of the tetrafluoroboric acid concentration on the EGO.sup.W synthesis will next be discussed. As seen from FIG. 10(c), the best result was obtained at a tetrafluoroboric acid concentration of 42%, and in this case the C/O was 0.99. An increase in water content of the electrolyte solution was accompanied by an increase in C/O. This can be explained by a decrease in the amount of intercalated BF.sup.4− ions and an increase in the amount of gas generated due to water decomposition.

[0154] As seen from FIG. 10(d), the same trend was observed for EGO.sup.M; specifically, an increase in tetrafluoroboric acid concentration resulted in a decrease in C/O. However, the C/O at a tetrafluoroboric acid concentration of 10% was 1.82 for EGO.sup.W and 1.42 for EGO.sup.M. This implies that the presence of methanol reduced the gas generation and the destruction of the graphite foil and brought about uniform and complete functionalization.

[0155] The samples used in the procedures described below were those prepared under the optimum conditions. Specifically, for EGO.sup.W, the best-suited electrolyte solution is one containing 42% tetrafluoroboric acid and 58% water. A sample prepared using this electrolyte solution will be referred to as “EGO.sup.W-42%”. For EGO.sup.M, the best-suited electrolyte solution is one containing 20% tetrafluoroboric acid, 30% water, and 50% methanol. A sample prepared using this electrolyte solution will be referred to as “EGO.sup.M-20%”.

Comparative Example: Preparation of CGO

[0156] 3.0 g of natural graphite flakes were added to 75 mL of 95% sulfuric acid, and 9.0 g of KMnO.sub.4 was further added slowly at a controlled temperature below 10° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at 35° C. for 2 hours. While the mixture was further stirred vigorously, the mixture was diluted with 75 mL of water. This dilution was conducted under cooling such that the temperature of the mixture did not exceed 50° C. The resulting suspension was treated with 7.5 mL of a 30% aqueous H.sub.2O.sub.2 solution. The resulting graphite oxide suspension was purified with water by centrifugation until the suspension became neutral. The purification was followed by freeze-drying to obtain CGO. Highly-oxidized CGO (HCGO) was produced by performing the procedures as described above using CGO instead of natural graphite.

[0157] XPS

[0158] X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to identify the atomic compositions of the surfaces of the as-produced samples. The XPS was performed using JPS-9030 at a pass energy of 20 eV. The results are shown in FIG. 11 and Table 2. All the samples showed C-1s and O-1s peaks, and each EGO sample further showed a small F-1s peak. For EGO.sup.W-42%, the oxygen content was 34.2 wt % and the carbon/oxygen mass ratio (C/O) was 1.8. For EGO.sup.M-20%, the oxygen content was 35.2 wt % and the C/O was 1.7. For CGO, the oxygen content was 40.5 wt %.

[0159] For EGO.sup.M and CGO, the peak at around 288 to 289 eV attributed to C═O and —COO— was observed, while for EGO.sup.W this peak was not observed. The ratio of the height of the peak at a binding energy of around 288 to 289 eV to the height of the peak at a binding energy of around 284 to 285 eV was 0.09 for EGO.sup.M and 0 for EGO.sup.W.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 CGO EGO.sup.W-42% EGO.sup.M-20% C (at %) 63.4 69.6 68.1 O (at %) 34.8 28.4 29.4 S (at %) 1.8 — — F (at %) — 2 2.5

[0160] XRD

[0161] FIG. 12a shows XRD patterns of EGO.sup.W-42%, EGO.sup.M-20%, and CGO (Comparative Example). The XRD was measured in a 20 range of 5 to 750 using X' part PRO (PANalytical Co.) which employs Cu-Kα radiation (λ=1,541 Å). The result was that EGO.sup.M and CGO exhibited similar patterns and that for EGO.sup.W the GO(002) diffraction peak was shifted to a greater angle. This result indicates that the inter-sheet distance of EGO.sup.W was smaller than those of EGO.sup.M and CGO.

[0162] FIG. 12b shows Lambert-Beer coefficients at 660 nm. Plotted in this figure is a value obtained by measuring the absorbance at 660 nm using V-670 spectrophotometer (JASCO) and dividing the measured absorbance by the cell length. The coefficient was 109.0 Lg.sup.−1m.sup.−1 for EGO.sup.W-42%, 586.5 Lg.sup.−1m.sup.−1 for EGO.sup.M-20%, 65.9 Lg.sup.−1m.sup.−1 for CGO, and 39.7 Lg.sup.−1m.sup.−1 for highly-oxidized CGO (HCGO). This result reveals that the degree of destruction of the conjugated electron structure was smaller in EGO than in CGO and that the conjugated electron structure of EGO.sup.M is more continuous than that of EGO.sup.W.

[0163] FIG. 12 c shows results of Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectra were measured using T-64000 (Horiba Jobin Yvon Inc.). Before the electrolysis, the graphite foil exhibited strong G- and 2D-band peaks at 1578 cm.sup.−1 and 2714 cm.sup.−1. After the electrolysis, a D-band peak additionally appeared at 1360 cm.sup.−1.

[0164] FIG. 12 d shows results of FT-IR analysis. The FT-IR spectra were measured using IR Tracer 100 (SHIMADZU). The samples showed similar spectrum patterns indicating O—H stretching vibration (3420 cm.sup.−1), C═O stretching vibration (1720 to 1740 cm.sup.−1), C═C stretching vibration (1590 to 1620 cm.sup.−1), and C—O vibration (1250 to 1000 cm.sup.−1). In addition, EGO.sup.M-20% showed a band characteristic of methoxy groups (2976, 1467, and 1056 cm.sup.−1).

[0165] For EGO.sup.M-20% and EGO.sup.W-42%, the peak attributed to O—H stretching vibration (3420 cm.sup.−1) was sharper than for CGO. The width at half maximum of this peak was 334 cm.sup.−1 for EGO.sup.M-20%, 257 cm.sup.−1 for EGO.sup.W-42%, and 1115 cm.sup.−1 for CGO.

[0166] For EGO.sup.M-20%, the peak attributed to C═O stretching vibration (1720 to 1740 cm.sup.−1) was stronger than for EGO.sup.W-42%. The ratio of the height of the peak at a wavelength of around 1720 to 1740 cm.sup.−1 to the height of the peak at a wavelength of around 1590 to 1620 cm.sup.−1 was 0.58 for EGO.sup.M-20% and 0.19 for EGO.sup.W-42%.

[0167] FIG. 12 e) shows results of solid .sup.13C NMR. The solid .sup.13C NMR spectra were measured using an NMR system (an 11.7T magnet and a DD2 spectrometer; Agilent Technology Inc.) with the magic angle spinning (MAS) set to 10 kHz. For each EGO material, the presence of epoxy (60 ppm), hydroxy (72 ppm), and carboxyl (168 ppm) groups was observed. EGO.sup.M-20% further showed the presence of alkyl (16 ppm), fluorine (85 ppm), and alkoxide (60 ppm) groups.

[0168] For CGO, the peak attributed to hydroxy groups (72 ppm) was strong, while for EGO.sup.M-20% and EGO.sup.W-42%, this peak was hardly observed. Specifically, the ratio of the height of the peak at a chemical shift of around 70 ppm to the height of the peak at a chemical shift of around 130 ppm was 1.3 for CGO, while this ratio was 0.43 for EGO.sup.M-20% and 0.38 for EGO.sup.W-42%.

[0169] Additionally, the peak attributed to epoxy or alkoxide groups (60 ppm) was weaker for EGO.sup.W-42% than for EGO.sup.M-20%. Specifically, the ratio of the height of the peak at a chemical shift of around 60 ppm to the height of the peak at a chemical shift of around 70 ppm was 1.5 for EGO.sup.W-42% and 3.1 for EGO.sup.M-20%.

[0170] The functional groups contained in the GO materials can be removed by thermal treatment. CGO releases carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water typically at 130 to 200° C. FIG. 12f) shows results of TGA-MS of the GO materials. The TGA was conducted using TG 8121 (RIGAKU). The results of TGA-MS show that EGO.sup.W-42% released hydrogen fluoride at 200° C. and 320° C. and EGO.sup.M-20% released hydrogen fluoride and methane at 200° C. and 320° C. These results support the fact that EGO.sup.W-42% contained fluorine and EGO.sup.M-20% contained fluorine and further contained methoxy and/or methyl groups.

[0171] FIGS. 13(a) and 13(b) show results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For the SEM analysis, each EGO material was deposited on an SiO.sub.2/Si substrate. The longitudinal size distribution as calculated using 100 or more EGO flakes was 0.45±0.03 m (0.04 to 1.78 m) for EGO.sup.W-42% and 0.12±0.01 m (0.031 to 0.363 m) for EGO.sup.M-20%.

[0172] FIGS. 13(c) and 13(d) show results of atomic force microscopy (AFM) performed using SPM-9700 HT (SHIMADZU). For the AFM analysis, each EGO material was deposited on a mica substrate by spin coating. The analysis of 100 or more EGO flakes revealed that the average thickness of the flakes was 1.36 nm for EGO.sup.W-42% and 1.27 nm for EGO.sup.M-20%. It was also found that 62% or more of the EGO.sup.W-42% sheets consisted of a single layer (<1.5 nm) and 95% or more of the EGO.sup.W-42% sheets consisted of a single or two layers (up to 2 nm) and that 88% or more of the EGO.sup.M-20% sheets consisted of a single layer (<1.5 nm) and 97% or more of the EGO.sup.M-20% sheets consisted of a single or two layers (up to 2 nm).

[0173] FIGS. 13(e) to 13(j) show results of evaluation of the dispersibility of the as-prepared EGO and CGO. Each freeze-dried GO material was dispersed in water or methanol at a concentration of 0.33 mgmL.sup.−1. All the materials were well dispersed in water and exhibited the properties of a nematic liquid crystal for at least two months (FIGS. 13(e) to 13(g) are photographs of the post-two-month states). In contrast, in methanol, EGO.sup.W-42% and CGO were aggregated after one week (FIGS. 13(h) and 13(i) are photographs of the post-one-week states). Only EGO.sup.M-20% remained dispersed after one week (FIG. 13(j) is a photograph of the post-one-week state). This demonstrates that EGO.sup.M-20% had high affinity for methanol.

[0174] Post-Reduction Properties

[0175] EGO and CGO were subjected to chemical reduction and thermal reduction. In the chemical reduction, the as-prepared GO material was dispersed in water, then 0.4 mLg.sup.−1 of hydrazine was added, and thereafter the resulting solution was heated at 90° C. for 2 hours. Thermal reduction was carried out by holding the material in an oven at 220° C. for 2 hours and then at 600° C. for 1 hour. In both cases, the resulting product was dispersed in water, collected by filtration through filter paper, and then compressed into a palette. EGO.sup.W, EGO.sup.M, and CGO reduced with hydrazine will be referred to as “hyEGO.sup.W”, “hyEGO.sup.M”, and “hyCGO”, respectively. EGO.sup.W, EGO.sup.M, and CGO reduced thermally will be referred to as “tEGO.sup.W”, “tEGO.sup.M”, and “tCGO”, respectively.

[0176] FIGS. 14(a), 14(b), 14(c), and 14(d) respectively show XRD analysis results, XPS C1s analysis results, interlayer distance determination results, and XPS atomic composition analysis results obtained for the reduced GO materials. In the XRD, all the reduced GO materials displayed a diffraction peak shift to a greater angle. This shift is due to removal of functional groups from the graphene surface, and the functional group removal can be seen also from the XPS results.

[0177] FIG. 15 shows results of conductivity measurement performed for the reduced GO materials by a four-terminal method. These results prove that thermal reduction has a greater conductivity-improving effect than the chemical reduction and that the effect of the reduction is especially significant for EGO.sup.M.

[0178] Use as Negative Electrode of Lithium-Ion Battery

[0179] Each tGO material was used as an active material for a negative electrode of a lithium-ion battery. First, EGO or CGO was heated at 650° C. under N2 atmosphere to obtain tEGO or tCGO. A negative electrode was made using tEGO, tCGO, or graphite as an active material, acetylene black as a conductive additive, polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as a solvent, and a copper foil as a current collector. The active material:conductive additive:binder weight ratio was 7:2:1. A CR2032 coin cell battery was assembled using metallic lithium as a positive electrode and Whatman 1823-257 as a separator. The electrolyte solution used was a 1 ML.sup.−1 solution of LiPF.sub.6 in an ethylene carbonate (EC)-diethyl carbonate (DEC) mixture having an EC:DEC volume ratio of 3:7.

[0180] For each lithium-ion battery obtained, a charge-discharge cycling test was performed using a multi-channel battery tester (580 8 channel Battery Cycler) at a potential window of 0.01 to 3 V. The results are shown in FIG. 16 a). The batteries made using tEGO.sup.W, tEGO.sup.M, and tCGO exhibited similar performance, which was higher than that of the battery made using graphite. The capacity at a current density of 372 mAg.sup.−1 was 495 mAhg.sup.−1 for tEGO.sup.W, 554 mAhg.sup.−1 for tEGO.sup.M, and 513 mAhg.sup.−1 for tCGO. The capacity at a current density of 7440 mAg.sup.−1 was 163 mAhg.sup.−1 for tEGO.sup.W, 195 mAhg.sup.−1 for tEGO.sup.M, and 176 mAhg.sup.−1 for tCGO.

[0181] Use as Filtration Membrane

[0182] To make effective use of the two-dimensional form of EGO, thin EGO membranes were made through the following procedures. First, each GO powder material was dispersed in deionized water at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, and the dispersion was centrifuged twice at 6000 rpm for 5 minutes to remove the precipitate. Subsequently, 6 mL of the resulting GO solution was filtered through a polycarbonate membrane, and the filtration was followed by drying at room temperature for 1 day to give a thin membrane.

[0183] For the thin membranes obtained as above, the retention of dye molecules (10 μgmL.sup.−1 methyl orange) was evaluated at 35 kgfcm.sup.−2 and a flow rate of 0.1 mLmin.sup.−1. The results are shown in FIG. 16b). The membrane made using EGO.sup.W-42% removed 88% of the methyl orange molecules, and the membrane made using EGO.sup.M-20% removed 97% of the methyl orange molecules. This performance result was comparable to that obtained for the membrane made using CGO.

[0184] Although the disclosure has been described with respect to only a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that various other embodiments may be devised without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the scope of the disclosure should be limited only by the attached claims.