Tunable Lenses with Enhanced Performance Features

Abstract

Optical apparatus (38) includes an electro-optical layer (46), contained within a transparent envelope (43, 44) and having an effective local index of refraction at any given location that is determined by a voltage waveform applied across the electro-optical layer at the location. An array of excitation electrodes (50) is disposed over a surface of the transparent envelope. Control circuitry (42) is configured to apply voltage waveforms to the excitation electrodes so as to generate across at least a part of the active area of the electro-optical layer a phase modulation profile (60, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70) comprising spatially alternating peaks (61) and troughs (62) separated by phase transitions chosen so as to emulate a Fresnel lens. The troughs have respective phase modulation depths that vary by at least one quarter wavelength at a nominal wavelength of 500 nm across at least the part of the active area of the electro-optical layer that emulates the Fresnel lens.

Claims

1. Optical apparatus, comprising: a transparent envelope; an electro-optical layer, contained within the envelope and having an effective local index of refraction at any given location that is determined by a voltage waveform applied across the electro-optical layer at the location; an array of excitation electrodes disposed over a surface of the transparent envelope; and control circuitry, which is configured to apply voltage waveforms to the excitation electrodes so as to generate across at least a part of the active area of the electro-optical layer a phase modulation profile comprising spatially alternating peaks and troughs separated by phase transitions chosen so as to emulate a Fresnel lens, while the troughs have respective phase modulation depths that vary by at least one quarter wavelength at a nominal wavelength of 500 nm across at least the part of the active area of the electro-optical layer that emulates the Fresnel lens.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the respective phase modulation depths of the troughs vary by at least one half wavelength at the nominal wavelength across the part of the active area of the electro-optical layer that emulates the Fresnel lens.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the phase transitions have respective amplitudes that increase monotonically from a central zone of the Fresnel lens outward toward a periphery of the part of the active area of the electro-optical layer that emulates the Fresnel lens.

4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the phase modulation depths at the troughs in at least a central zone of the Fresnel lens are at least four wavelengths of light at the nominal wavelength.

5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the peaks have respective peak phase modulations that vary across the part of the active area of the electro-optical layer that emulates the Fresnel lens by at least one quarter wavelength at the nominal wavelength.

6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the array of excitation electrodes has an average pitch, and the peaks in the phase modulation profile are spaced apart by integer multiples of a value that is at least three times the average pitch.

7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the phase modulation profile comprises a phase modulation over at least 90% of the part of the active area emulating the Fresnel lens that is less than 70% of an available dynamic phase modulation range of the electro-optical layer.

8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the excitation electrodes comprise parallel conductive stripes extending across a first surface of the transparent envelope, and the apparatus comprises a transparent common electrode on a second surface of the transparent envelope, opposite the first surface, and wherein the control circuitry is configured to apply the voltage waveforms to the excitation electrodes so that the phase modulation profile emulates a cylindrical Fresnel lens.

9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control circuitry is configured to modify the voltage waveforms so as to change a focal power of the Fresnel lens emulated by the phase modulation profile.

10. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control circuitry is configured to modify the voltage waveforms so as to shift an optical center of the Fresnel lens emulated by the phase modulation profile.

11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the control circuitry is configured to apply the voltage waveforms so that outside the part of the active area that is in proximity to the optical center of the Fresnel lens, the electro-optical layer applies a constant phase modulation to light that is incident on the apparatus.

12. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the electro-optical layer comprises a liquid crystal.

13. An augmented reality (AR) system, comprising: an AR display configured to project an image with a given linear polarization toward an eye of a viewer while allowing the viewer to view a scene through the display; an electrically-tunable lens comprising an optical phase modulator configured to focus light only of the given linear polarization and positioned between the display and the eye; and a controller coupled to identify a location of an item of interest in the projected image, and to drive the optical phase modulator to apply a refractive correction within an area of the electrically-tunable lens surrounding an axis running from the eye to the identified location, while applying no refractive correction by the optical phase modulator outside the area.

14. The system according to claim 13, wherein there is no polarizer interposed between the scene and the eye.

15. The system according to claim 13, wherein there is no further electrically-tunable lens interposed between the scene and the AR display.

16. The system according to claim 13, wherein the controller is configured to adjust the refractive correction responsively to a virtual distance to the location of the item of interest in the image that is projected toward the eye.

17. The system according to claim 13, wherein the controller is configured to identify a change in the location or in the item of interest, and to shift the area within which the refractive correction is applied responsively to the identified change.

18. The system according to claim 13, and comprising an eye tracker, which is configured to identify a direction of gaze of the eye, wherein the controller is configured to identify the location of the item of interest responsively to the direction of gaze.

19. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the area over which the refractive correction is applied by the optical phase modulator has an angular width, relative to the eye, that is no greater than 20°.

20. The system according to claim 19, wherein the angular width of the area over which the refractive correction is applied is no greater than 5°.

21. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the area over which the refractive correction is applied defines a viewing aperture of the electrically-tunable lens, and wherein the controller is configured to drive the display to blur a part of the image that is projected outside the viewing aperture.

22. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the electrically-tunable lens comprises: a transparent envelope; an electro-optical layer, contained within the envelope and having an effective local index of refraction at any given location that is determined by a voltage waveform applied across the electro-optical layer at the location; an array of excitation electrodes disposed over a surface of the transparent envelope; and control circuitry, which is configured to apply voltage waveforms to the excitation electrodes so as to generate in the area of the electro-optical layer surrounding the axis a phase modulation profile corresponding to the refractive correction.

23. The system according to claim 22, wherein the phase modulation profile comprises spatially alternating peaks and troughs separated by phase transitions chosen so as to emulate a Fresnel lens.

24. A method for optical correction, comprising: providing an electro-optical modulator comprising a transparent envelope containing an electro-optical layer having an effective local index of refraction at any given location that is determined by a voltage waveform applied across the electro-optical layer at the location, with an array of excitation electrodes disposed over a surface of the transparent envelope; and applying voltage waveforms to the excitation electrodes so as to generate across at least a part of the active area of the electro-optical layer a phase modulation profile comprising spatially alternating peaks and troughs separated by phase transitions chosen so as to emulate a Fresnel lens, while the troughs have respective phase modulation depths that vary by at least one quarter wavelength at a nominal wavelength of 500 nm across at least the part of the active area of the electro-optical layer that emulates the Fresnel lens.

25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the respective phase modulation depths of the troughs vary by at least one half wavelength at the nominal wavelength across the part of the active area of the electro-optical layer that emulates the Fresnel lens.

26. The method according to claim 24, wherein the phase transitions have respective amplitudes that increase monotonically from a central zone of the Fresnel lens outward toward a periphery of the part of the active area of the electro-optical layer that emulates the Fresnel lens.

27. The method according to claim 24, wherein the phase modulation depths at the troughs in at least a central zone of the Fresnel lens are at least four wavelengths of light at the nominal wavelength.

28. The method according to claim 24, wherein the peaks have respective peak phase modulations that vary across the part of the active area of the electro-optical layer that emulates the Fresnel lens by at least one quarter wavelength at the nominal wavelength.

29. The method according to claim 24, wherein the array of excitation electrodes has a predefined pitch, and the peaks in the phase modulation profile are spaced apart by integer multiples of the pitch.

30. The method according to claim 24, wherein the phase modulation profile comprises a phase modulation over at least 90% of the part of the active area emulating the Fresnel lens that is less than 70% of an available dynamic phase modulation range of the electro-optical layer.

31. The method according to claim 24, wherein the excitation electrodes comprise parallel conductive stripes extending across a first surface of the transparent envelope, and wherein the electro-optical modulator comprises a transparent common electrode on a second surface of the transparent envelope, opposite the first surface, and wherein applying the voltage waveforms comprises selecting the voltage waveforms so that the phase modulation profile emulates a cylindrical Fresnel lens.

32. The method according to claim 24, wherein applying the voltage waveforms comprises modifying the voltage waveforms so as to change a focal power of the Fresnel lens emulated by the phase modulation profile.

33. The method according to claim 24, wherein applying the voltage waveforms comprises modifying the voltage waveforms so as to shift an optical center of the Fresnel lens emulated by the phase modulation profile.

34. The method according to claim 33, wherein applying the voltage waveforms comprises setting the voltage waveforms so that outside the part of the active area that is in proximity to the optical center of the Fresnel lens, the electro-optical layer applies a constant phase modulation to light that is incident on the moth d electro-optical modulator.

35. The method according to claim 24, wherein the electro-optical layer comprises a liquid crystal.

36. A method for vision correction, comprising: projecting an image with a given linear polarization from an augmented reality (AR) display toward an eye of a viewer while allowing the viewer to view a scene through the display; positioning an electrically-tunable lens, comprising an optical phase modulator configured to focus light only of the given linear polarization, between the display and the eye; identifying a location of an item of interest in the projected image; and driving the optical phase modulator to apply a refractive correction within an area of the electrically-tunable lens surrounding an axis running from the eye to the identified location, while applying no refractive correction by the optical phase modulator outside the area.

37. The method according to claim 36, wherein there is no polarizer interposed between the scene and the eye.

38. The method according to claim 36, wherein there is no further electrically-tunable lens interposed between the scene and the AR display.

39. The method according to claim 36, wherein driving the optical phase modulator comprises applying the refractive correction responsively to a virtual distance to the location of the item of interest in the image that is projected toward the eye.

40. The method according to claim 36, wherein identifying the location comprises detecting a change in the location or in the item of interest, and wherein driving the optical phase modulator comprises shifting the area within which the refractive correction is applied responsively to the identified change.

41. The method according to claim 36, wherein identifying the location comprises tracking a direction of gaze of the eye, and identifying the location of the item of interest responsively to the direction of gaze.

42. The method according to claim 36, wherein the area over which the refractive correction is applied by the optical phase modulator has an angular width, relative to the eye, that is no greater than 20°.

43. The method according to claim 42, wherein the angular width of the area over which the refractive correction is applied is no greater than 5°.

44. The method according to claim 36, wherein the area over which the refractive correction is applied defines a viewing aperture of the electrically-tunable lens, and wherein projecting the image comprises driving the display to blur a part of the image that is projected outside the viewing aperture.

45. The method according to claim 36, wherein the optical phase monitor comprises: a transparent envelope; an electro-optical layer, contained within the envelope and having an effective local index of refraction at any given location that is determined by a voltage waveform applied across the electro-optical layer at the location; and an array of excitation electrodes disposed over a surface of the transparent envelope, wherein driving the optical phase modulator comprises applying voltage waveforms to the excitation electrodes so as to generate in the area of the electro-optical layer surrounding the axis a phase modulation profile corresponding to the refractive correction.

46. The method according to claim 45, wherein the phase modulation profile comprises spatially alternating peaks and troughs separated by phase transitions chosen so as to emulate a Fresnel lens.

47. Optical apparatus, comprising: a transparent envelope; an electro-optical layer, contained within the envelope and having an effective local index of refraction at any given location that is determined by a voltage waveform applied across the electro-optical layer at the location, having an available dynamic phase modulation range determined by a thickness and a range of effective local index of refraction of the electro-optical layer; an array of excitation electrodes disposed over a surface of the transparent envelope; and control circuitry, which is configured to apply voltage waveforms to the excitation electrodes so as to generate across at least a part of the active area of the electro-optical layer a phase modulation profile comprising spatially alternating peaks and troughs separated by phase transitions chosen so as to emulate a Fresnel lens, while applying a phase modulation over at least 90% of the part of the active area emulating the Fresnel lens that is less than 70% of the available dynamic phase modulation range of the electro-optical layer.

48. The apparatus according to claim 47, wherein the phase modulation applied over at least 90% of the part of the active area emulating the Fresnel lens is less than 50% of the dynamic phase modulation range of the electro-optical layer.

49. The apparatus according to claim 47, wherein the voltage waveforms are chosen so that an unused lower part of the available dynamic phase modulation range below the troughs has an extent that is larger than an unused upper part of the available dynamic phase modulation range above the peaks.

50. The apparatus according to claim 49, wherein the extent of the unused lower part of the available dynamic phase modulation range below the troughs is larger than twice the unused upper part of the available dynamic phase modulation range above the peaks.

51. A method for optical correction, comprising: providing an electro-optical modulator comprising a transparent envelope containing an electro-optical layer having an effective local index of refraction at any given location that is determined by a voltage waveform applied across the electro-optical layer at the location, with an array of excitation electrodes disposed over a surface of the transparent envelope, the electro-optical modulator having an available dynamic phase modulation range determined by a thickness and a range of effective local index of refraction of the electro-optical layer; and applying voltage waveforms to the excitation electrodes so as to generate across at least a part of the active area of the electro-optical layer a phase modulation profile comprising spatially alternating peaks and troughs separated by phase transitions chosen so as to emulate a Fresnel lens, while applying a phase modulation over at least 90% of the part of the active area emulating the Fresnel lens that is less than 70% of the available dynamic phase modulation range of the electro-optical layer.

52. The method according to claim 51, wherein the phase modulation applied over at least 90% of the part of the active area emulating the Fresnel lens is less than 50% of the dynamic phase modulation range of the electro-optical layer.

53. The method according to claim 51, wherein the voltage waveforms are chosen so that an unused lower part of the available dynamic phase modulation range below the troughs has an extent that is larger than an unused upper part of the available dynamic phase modulation range above the peaks.

54. The method according to claim 53, wherein the extent of the unused lower part of the available dynamic phase modulation range below the troughs is larger than twice the unused upper part of the available dynamic phase modulation range above the peaks.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0030] FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic front and sectional views, respectively, of an augmented reality system that incorporates electrically-tunable lenses, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

[0031] FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view of an electrically-tunable optical phase modulator, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

[0032] FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C are plots that schematically illustrate phase modulation profiles applied by an electrically-tunable lens, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

[0033] FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C are plots that schematically illustrate phase modulation profiles applied by an electrically-tunable lens, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention;

[0034] FIG. 5 is a plot that schematically illustrate a phase modulation profile applied by an electrically-tunable lens, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; and

[0035] FIG. 6 is a schematic pictorial illustration of the operation of an augmented reality system incorporating an electrically-tunable lens, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Overview

[0036] Tunable lenses offer major advantages over conventional static lenses in ophthalmic use. For example, tunable spectacle lenses can dynamically adjust their focal lengths for different object distances, as an aid to individuals who have lost their natural ability to accommodate for distance due to presbyopia or aphakia. Tunable spectacle lenses can also adjust their optical power to compensate for eye fatigue and different lighting conditions and can even be shared by different people with different prescriptions. The above-mentioned PCT International Publications WO 2014/049577 and WO 2015/186010, for example, describe technological means that can be applied in producing such lenses and in controlling their focal properties.

[0037] The above-mentioned PCT Patent Application PCT/IB2018/054957 (published as WO 2019/012385) describes the use of electrically-tunable lenses for dynamic vision correction, particularly in virtual reality and augmented reality systems. In these augmented reality (AR) systems, one or more electrically-tunable lenses are positioned in line with an AR projection display. A controller receives information on the direction and the distance to an item of interest projected by the AR system (based on the virtual content, eye tracking information or other methods), as well as information on the distance-accommodation capability of the viewer's eyes. Based on this information, the controller sets and varies the refractive power and optical center of the dynamic lens or lenses. The viewer is thus able to view comfortably both the projected AR display and the real-world scene on which it is superimposed, with minimal eye strain.

[0038] Electrically-tunable lenses that use a liquid crystal (LC) as their electro-optical medium are generally polarization-dependent, meaning that the lens will refract light of one linear polarization but will have no effect on the orthogonal polarization. PCT/IB2018/054957 describes various solutions to this limitation, such as using a pair of electrically-tunable lenses with orthogonal polarizations, or using a polarizer with the same polarization as the electrically-tunable lens, in line with the display, to filter out light of the orthogonal polarization. As still another alternative, a pair of electrically-tunable lenses with the same polarization and complementary refractive powers may be used, with one lens between the display and the eye and the other lens between the display and the real-world scene that is viewed through the display.

[0039] These solutions, although effective, can be cumbersome, since they require multiple optical elements and may reduce the amount of light reaching the viewer's eye. Some embodiments of the present invention address this problem by providing an AR system that requires only a single electrically-tunable lens, without a polarizer, to facilitate optical accommodation by the viewer. In these embodiments, an AR display projects an image with a given linear polarization toward the eye of a viewer while allowing the viewer to view a scene through the display. An electrically-tunable lens configured to focus light only of the same linear polarization as the display is positioned between the display and the eye. (In a binocular AR system, electrically-tunable lenses of this sort can be placed in front of both eyes.) A controller identifies the location of an item of interest in the projected image and thus defines an axis running from the eye to this location. The controller then drives the electrically-tunable lens to apply a refractive correction within an area of the electrically-tunable lens surrounding this axis, while applying no refractive correction outside the area. The area over which the refractive correction is applied is typically narrow, and thus defines a viewing aperture with a narrow angular width relative to the field of view of the eye, for example no greater than 20°, or even less, for example only in the foveal are of vision, which is typically no more than 5° wide. Therefore, the item of interest will appear to the viewer to be in focus, while light passing through the display and lens outside the area of the item will be unaffected by the refractive correction, regardless of polarization. When the refractive correction is applied over only a small part of the area of the electrically-tunable lens, however, optical artifacts can occur in the region of transition between the refracting and non-refracting areas of the lens. PCT/IB2018/054957 describes waveforms that can be applied to the excitation electrodes in the transition region in order to provide a gradual transition of optical power and suppress these artifacts. Parts of the AR display that fall within these transition regions, however, may appear to the viewer to be distorted and thus cause visual distraction to the viewer. To mitigate this sort of distortion, in some embodiments the controller drives the display to blur parts of the AR image that are projected outside the viewing aperture of the electrically-tunable lens. Because these areas are, in any case, outside the viewer's area of sharp foveal vision, the viewer will not be aware that they are blurred.

[0040] When there are changes in the virtual distance and the direction to the location of the item of interest in the AR display, the controller in the AR system detects these changes and adjusts the area of refractive correction accordingly. (The detection may be based on eye tracking, for example, and/or on the content of the image projected by the AR display.) It is highly desirable for this purpose that the electrically-tunable lens be capable of changing its phase modulation profile rapidly (as noted in the above-mentioned PCT International Publication WO 2017/182906).

[0041] This sort of fast response can be facilitated by using a thin liquid crystal layer as the electro-optical layer. Using a thin liquid crystal layer, however, limits the dynamic range of the phase modulation that can be achieved by the lens. (The dynamic phase modulation range, or equivalently, the phase modulation depth, expressed in wavelengths of light at a nominal wavelength, such as 500 nm, is proportional to the birefringence and the thickness of the liquid crystal.) Under these circumstances, the control circuitry of the electrically-tunable lens may advantageously drive the electro-optical medium to emulate a Fresnel lens, taking greater advantage of the limited modulation range. For this purpose, the control circuitry applies voltage waveforms to the excitation electrodes so as to generate, across at least a part of the active area of the electro-optical layer (i.e., the area excited by the electrodes), a phase modulation profile comprising spatially alternating peaks and troughs separated by phase transitions of appropriate amplitudes.

[0042] To accelerate changes in the phase modulation profile when they are required, it is further desirable that the control circuitry apply the voltage waveforms to the excitation electrodes in a narrow range of relatively high voltages. As a result, in the embodiments described below, the minimum voltages of the waveforms are sufficiently high, at least in the central zone of the Fresnel lens, so that even in the troughs, the electro-optical layer gives rise to a substantial phase modulation, relative to the dynamic range of phase modulation. As a result, for example, the phase modulation applied over at least 90% of the active area of the Fresnel lens may be less than 70% of the available dynamic phase modulation range of the electro-optical layer, or even less than 50% of the available dynamic phase modulation range. Because of these limitations, the phase transitions in the phase modulation profile of the Fresnel lens may be only one or two wavelengths, while the phase modulation depth in the troughs is at least four wavelengths.

[0043] This small range of the phase transitions can give rise to optical artifacts due to the high density of peaks and troughs across the area of the electro-optical layer. To overcome these difficulties, in some embodiments of the present invention, the control circuitry of the electrically-tunable lens applies waveforms of different voltages to the excitation electrodes, so that at least the respective phase modulation depths of the troughs vary by at least one quarter wavelength, and possibly one half wavelength or more, at a nominal wavelength of 500 nm across at least the part of the active area of the electro-optical layer that emulates the Fresnel lens. Additionally or alternatively, the peak modulation depths may vary in a similar fashion.

[0044] This arrangement enables operation of the electrically-tunable lens as a Fresnel lens with both good optical quality and fast response, for example when changes are needed in the focal power or optical center of the Fresnel lens. Furthermore, the locations of the peaks and troughs can be designed so that the distances between the peaks are integer multiples of a given minimal distance, so that when the lens is shifted laterally by multiples of the minimal distance, the locations of the peaks and troughs do not change much. This minimal distance may advantageously be at least three times the average pitch of the array of excitation electrodes that is used to create the phase modulation profile. Although the features of such electrically-tunable lenses are described herein, for the sake of concreteness and clarity of illustration, mainly in the context of AR systems, these sorts of lenses may alternatively be used as generic spectacle lenses, as well as in other optical applications. Conversely, although the AR systems described hereinbelow specifically use this sort of electrically-tunable Fresnel lenses, the principles of the present invention may alternatively be implemented using electrically-tunable lenses of other types.

AR System With Electrically-Tunable Lenses

[0045] FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic front and sectional views, respectively, of an AR system 20 that incorporates electrically-tunable lenses 32, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. System 20 comprises an AR display 22, which projects AR images toward one or both eyes 30 of a viewer 26, while allowing the viewer to view a scene through the display. In the pictured example, display 22 is mounted on a frame 24, which contains or otherwise supports one or more miniature image projectors 28 (typically one for each eye). Each projector 28 projects images of a given linear polarization toward display 22, which reflects the image beams toward eyes 30 without changing the polarization. (Alternatively or additionally, display 22 may have a polarizing effect.)

[0046] Display 22, typically comprises a transparent waveguide, into which the image projected by projector 28 is coupled by suitable optics. The surface of the waveguide facing viewer 26 comprises a structure, such as a hologram, a diffraction grating, or a beamsplitter with partially reflecting facets, to deflect the image toward the viewer. Displays of this sort include, for example, HoloLens, available from Microsoft Corporation (Redmond, Wash.), and the DK-Vision development kit available from Lumus (Ness Ziona, Israel).

[0047] Electrically-tunable lenses 32 are positioned between display 22 and eyes 30. As shown in FIG. 1B, lenses 32 may comprise compound lenses, including a static lens 40 and one or more optical phase modulators 38, which are chosen and configured to provide the corrections necessary for the ocular refraction and accommodation capabilities of viewer 26. Optical phase modulators 38, which are described in greater detail hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 2, are configured to focus light of the same linear polarization as is projected by projector 28. Details of the design and operation of such lenses are described in the above-mentioned PCT Patent Application PCT/IB2018/054957. In the present embodiment, however, in system 20 there is no polarizer interposed between the eyes 30 and the scene that can be viewed through display 22, nor is there any further electrically-tunable lens interposed between display 22 and the scene.

[0048] A controller 42 identifies the location of an item of interest in the projected image and drives optical phase modulators 38 in lenses 32 to apply an appropriate refractive correction, but only within an area of each lens surrounding an axis running from the eye to the identified location. Typically, the optical phase modulators apply no refractive correction outside the area (although static lens 40 may apply a fixed refractive correction over the entire field of view). The refractive correction applied by optical phase modulators 38 is chosen so as to adjust for the virtual distance from eyes 30 to the location of the identified item of interest. When controller 42 identifies a change in the location of the current item of interest, or a change in the item of interest itself (for example, because the viewer's attention has shifted to a different item in the display), controller 42 will drive optical phase modulators 38 to shift the areas within which they apply a refractive correction in response to the identified change. Further details of the operation of controller 42 and lenses 32 in applying these refractive corrections are described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 6.

[0049] Controller 42 may identify the direction to the item of interest, as well as the accommodation distance, based on a variety of possible inputs. In the pictured embodiment, for example, one or more eye trackers 34 built into or supported by frame 24 may detect the gaze angles of eyes 30. Controller 42 may then identify the location of the item of interest and the area in which to apply the refractive correction on this basis. The gaze angles of the two eyes may differ in viewing nearby objects, and controller 42 may detect and apply the convergence of the gaze angles in determining and accommodating for the distance at which eyes 30 are attempting to focus. Alternatively or additionally, controller 42 may receive an input, for example from projector 28, indicating the location of an item of interest in the images projected by display 22 and may use this information independently or in conjunction with the gaze angles indicated by eye trackers 34.

[0050] Controller 42 typically comprises a programmable processor, which is programmed in software and/or firmware to carry out the functions that are described herein. Alternatively or additionally, controller 42 comprises hard-wired and/or programmable hardware logic circuits, which carry out at least some of the functions of the controller. Although controller 42 is shown in the figures, for the sake of simplicity, as a single, monolithic functional block, in practice the controller may comprise a single chip or a set of two or more chips, with suitable interfaces for receiving and outputting the signals that are illustrated in the figures and are described in the text.

[0051] FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional view of optical phase modulator 38, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Optical phase modulator 38 comprises an electro-optical layer 46, contained in an envelope comprising an upper substrate 43 and a lower substrate 44, which comprise a transparent material, for example, glass. Layer 46 comprises a liquid crystal material, which is typically contained by suitable encapsulation, as is known in the art. Substrates 43 and 44 can be coated on their insides with a polyimide alignment layer 54 (for example PI-2555, produced by Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd., Japan), which contains linear alignment structures in contact with layer 46, which cause liquid crystal molecules 48 to line up in a desired parallel orientation. The linear alignment structures can comprise actual physical grooves in alignment layer 54, for example, or alternatively molecular structures in the alignment layer that exert electrical aligning forces on the liquid crystal molecules.

[0052] Conductive electrodes 50 and 52 are disposed over opposing first and second sides of electro-optical layer 46. Electrodes 50 and 52 comprise a transparent, conductive material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), as is known in the art, which is deposited on the surfaces of substrates 43 and 44, respectively. (Alternatively, non-transparent excitation electrodes may be used, as long as they are thin enough so that they do not cause disturbing optical effects.) Although for the sake of visual clarity, only a few electrodes are shown in FIG. 2, in practice, for good optical quality, optical phase modulator 38 will typically comprise at least 100 stripe electrodes for excitation, and possibly even 400 or more.

[0053] Electrodes 50 in the pictured embodiment are arranged as an array of parallel stripes. On the opposite side of layer 46, electrodes 52 may comprise stripes perpendicular to electrodes 50, which enable control circuitry (such as controller 42, together with suitable analog drive circuits) to apply two-dimensional voltage patterns across layer 46. Alternatively, electrode 52 may comprise a uniform layer on substrate 44, defining a common electrode capable of serving as an electrical ground plane. In this latter case, only one-dimensional voltage patterns can be applied across layer 46, which can be used to create phase modulation profiles that emulate cylindrical lenses (such as a cylindrical Fresnel lens in the embodiments of FIGS. 3A-C, 4A-C and 5). As shown in FIG. 1B, two such optical phase modulators 38 in series, with electrodes 50 oriented orthogonally one to the other, can be used in lens 32 to generate two-dimensional optical modulation patterns. Both optical phase modulators in this case are configured to focus light of the same linear polarization. Due to the behavior of liquid crystal molecules 48, electro-optical layer 46 has an effective local index of refraction at any given location within the active area of the layer that is determined by the voltage waveform that is applied across the electro-optical layer at that location. Controller 42 applies the appropriate control voltage waveforms to electrodes 50 and 52 so as to modify the optical phase modulation profile of electro-optical layer 46. When used in spectacles, such as in lens 32, the phase modulation profile is chosen to cause rays of optical radiation that are incident on optical phase modulator 40 to converge or diverge with a desired focal power. For strong focal power, the phase modulation profile may comprise a Fresnel profile, with sharp peaks and troughs alternating spatially across at least a part of the active area of electro-optical layer 46. Alternatively or additionally, the control voltage waveforms may be chosen so as to give rise to a smooth refractive phase modulation profile.

[0054] Further details of a variety of electrode structures that can be used in electrically-tunable lenses, as well as the control voltage waveforms that may be applied to such electrodes in order to generate various sorts of phase modulation profiles, are described in the above-mentioned WO 2014/049577 and WO 2015/186010. These details are omitted here for the sake of brevity.

Emulation of Fresnel Lenses

[0055] FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C are plots that schematically illustrate Fresnel-type phase modulation profiles 60, 63 and 64, respectively, that are applied by an electrically-tunable lens, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Profiles 60, 63 and 64 may be applied, for example, by optical phase modulator 38, as shown and described above. The plots show the phase modulation of light at a nominal wavelength, for example λ=500 nm, as a function of distance X (in mm) from the optical center of the phase modulation pattern. (These plots and the subsequent plots show the absolute value of phase modulation; in general, in liquid crystal materials, the local refractive index, and hence the phase modulation, can either increase or decrease with increasing applied voltage, relative to the refractive index with no voltage applied, depending on the material type.) As noted earlier, controller 42 may modify the voltage waveforms applied to electrodes 50 so as to change the focal power and to shift the optical center of the lens.

[0056] Profiles 60, 63 and 64 are chosen so as to emulate a Fresnel lens, meaning that they comprise spatially alternating peaks 61 and troughs 62 of phase modulation, separated by phase transitions, which emulate the thickness variations of a conventional Fresnel lens. The phase modulation refers to the phase retardation of light at the nominal wavelength passing through the electro-optical layer when voltage is applied, relative to the phase retardation of light passing through the layer when zero voltage is applied. In this example the maximal modulation of the electro-active layer (when maximal voltage is applied) is nine wavelengths. In all of profiles 60, 63 and 64, the driving voltages are chosen so that only a part of the dynamic range of phase modulation is used. For example, profile 60 uses a range of 6-8 wavelengths; profile 63 uses a range of 5-8 wavelengths; and profile 64 uses a range of 2-8 wavelengths. In these example, the phase modulation applied by electro-optical layer 46 is less than 70% of the available dynamic phase modulation range of the electro-optical layer over at least 90% of the part of the active area emulating the Fresnel lens; and in profiles 60 and 62 the phase modulation applied by electro-optical layer 46 is less than 50% of the available dynamic phase modulation range of the electro-optical layer over at least 90% of the part of the active area emulating the Fresnel lens.

[0057] Reducing the range of modulation results in more Fresnel phase discontinuities. Switching between different phase modulation values within a smaller range, however, results in faster response times, especially if this range consists of relatively high voltages as in the examples shown in FIGS. 3A-C. Therefore it is beneficial to use less than 70% of the available dynamic phase modulation range of the phase modulator, or even less than 50%, as shown in the present examples.

[0058] The upper limit of the plots shown in FIGS. 3A-C represents the maximal phase modulation that can be provide by a liquid crystal layer of the given thickness, when driven at the maximal useful voltage. (Above this voltage level, no increase in phase modulation is achieved.) The figures thus show low and high unused modulation ranges that correspond respectively to driving voltages lower than the minimal voltage at troughs 62 and higher than the maximal voltage that is used in driving the excitation electrodes at peaks 61 to achieve the desired phase modulation profiles. As illustrated by plots 60, 63 and 64, it is beneficial that the extent of the low unused phase modulation range be larger than that of the high unused modulation range, or even more than twice the extent. For example, the extent of the unused low range in FIG. 3A is six wavelengths, while the extent of the high unused range is one wavelength.

[0059] FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C are plots that schematically illustrate phase modulation profiles 65, 66 and 67 applied by an electrically-tunable lens, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. These profiles may be generated and modified in a similar fashion to the profiles shown in FIGS. 3A-3C. In these examples (as well as those shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B), the troughs in at least the central zone of the Fresnel lens give rise to a phase modulation of at least four wavelengths, although the troughs may alternatively have larger or smaller modulation depths (for example as shown in FIG. 3C). The phase transition between each peak and the succeeding trough in profiles 65 and 66 is two wavelengths. This sort of behavior can be achieved, for example, by using a liquid crystal in layer 46 with a thickness of 25 μm and birefringence of Δn=0.18, and applying electrode voltages ranging between 2.7 V and 3.9 V. Alternatively, liquid crystals with other ranges of layer thickness and refractive characteristics may be used (with appropriate adjustment of the driving voltages), as well as other types of electro-optical materials. Because the phase transitions in profile 65 are all of equal amplitude, optical artifacts could arise due to consistent inaccuracies in the implementation of the phase modulation profile by the electrically-tunable lens. One way of overcoming these artifacts is to vary the phase modulation depths of the troughs, and possible the peaks, as well, as illustrated by profile 66. For example, in profile 66, the depth of phase modulation at the troughs (as well as the peaks) varies across the part of the active area of the electro-optical layer that emulates the Fresnel lens by at least one quarter wavelength of light at a wavelength of 500 nm, or even a half wavelength or more.

[0060] In plot 67, shown in FIG. 4C, as in plot 66, each segment of the Fresnel profile uses a different range of phase modulation. In this example the voltage waveforms are chosen such that the distances between the peaks are integer multiples of a given minimal distance, 200 μm in this example. When the lens is shifted laterally in multiples of this distance, i.e., in steps of 200 μm in the present example, more peaks and troughs remain at the same locations compared to implementation that do not use this feature. It can therefore be advantageous to limit shifts of the Fresnel profile to such steps. As a result, the lens can be shifted more smoothly.

[0061] FIG. 5 is a plot that schematically illustrates a phase modulation profile 70 applied by an electrically-tunable lens, such as by optical phase modulator 38, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. In this case, controller 42 applies the voltage waveforms to electrodes 50 so that the respective amplitudes of the phase transitions between peaks 72 and successive troughs 74 increase monotonically from the central zone of the Fresnel lens outward toward the periphery of the lens area. The use of relatively high voltages in the central region of the lens facilitates rapid adjustment of the lens power, as in the preceding embodiment. At the same time, the larger phase transitions in the peripheral area of the lens spread the peaks and troughs farther apart, and thus improve the optical quality of the lens.

Matching Focal Area to Displayed Items

[0062] FIG. 6 is a schematic pictorial illustration of the operation of an augmented reality system incorporating an electrically-tunable lens, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. This figure shows elements of system 20 (FIG. 1) in an exploded arrangement that is useful in understanding how optical phase modulators 38 in lens 32 operate in conjunction with display 22 so as to enable the viewer to observe an item 84 of interest in the image projected by display 22 while viewing a scene 90 through the display. As noted earlier, modulators 38 provide this functionality without the addition of a polarizer or additional electrically-tunable lens interposed in the path between the viewer's eye 30 and scene 90.

[0063] As explained in reference to FIGS. 1A/B, modulators 38 focus light only of a certain, predefined linear polarization, for example a vertical polarization, as illustrated by an arrow 80.

[0064] Projector 28 projects light of this same polarization toward display 22, as illustrated by an arrow 82. Furthermore, controller 42 drives optical phase modulators 38 to generate a lens profile 86 (such as a Fresnel profile in the present example) only in a small area surrounding an axis 88 running from eye 30 to item 84. As noted above, controller 42 determines the angle of axis 88 and the refractive correction to be applied by lens profile 86 based on the content projected by display and/or the gaze direction indicated by eye tracker 34. Outside the limited area of lens profile 86, optical phase modulator 38 applies a constant phase modulation to the incident light, meaning that the optical phase modulator exerts no optical power over most of its area.

[0065] Most of the light coming from scene 90 will thus pass through optical phase modulators 38 unaffected: Optical phase modulator 38 has no effect at all on light of the polarization orthogonal to that indicated by arrow 80. Even light of the same polarization as that indicated by arrow 80 will be largely unaffected outside the area of lens profile 86. It is therefore desirable that the area of the lens profile be kept small, encompassing item 84 but extending only minimally beyond the bounds of the item of interest. For example, the area over which the refractive correction is applied may have an angular width, relative to the eye, that is no greater than 5°. Thus, when the viewer looks at item 84, he or she will see it in good focus, thanks to lens profile 86; whereas the viewer will see scene 90 clearly over all the remaining field of view.

[0066] In order to avoid optical artifacts at the edges of lens profile 86, it can be useful to drive optical phase modulator 38 to create a region in which the optical power is gradually reduced around the periphery of profile 86, for example as described in the above-mentioned PCT Patent Application PCT/IB2018/054957 (referring to FIGS. 9A-9E in that application). As a result, an item 92 falling in or around the periphery of profile 86 may appear distorted to the viewer, thus causing an undesirable visual distraction. To mitigate this sort of problem, controller 34 instructs projector 28 to digitally blur parts of the projected image, such as item 92, that are projected outside the viewing aperture of profile 86. Because item 92 falls outside the area of sharp foveal vision of eye 30, the viewer will not be disturbed by the blur. It will be appreciated that the embodiments described above are cited by way of example, and that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described hereinabove, as well as variations and modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not disclosed in the prior art.