Abstract
A TRL calibration kit including THRU, REFLECT and a set of DELAY line standards and associated thread extension and holding device, allowing for employing more than one DELAY line standard without modifying the configuration, for higher wideband calibration accuracy. The thread extension allows inserting and securing multiple DELAY lines without removing the device by just inserting and releasing set screws in-situ. This provides for best repeatability of the connections.
Claims
1. A thread extension device of Through-Reflect-Line (TRL) coaxial calibration kit for vector network analyzer (VNA), comprising: a metallic cylinder having a front end and a rear end, and sets of holding screws, wherein the coaxial calibration kit includes: a THRU standard, a REFLECT standard, and at least one DELAY LINE standard, and wherein the metallic cylinder is divided into two sections, a first section towards the front end is threaded inside to match a thread of a female adapter, and a second section towards the rear end is formed to capture a hexagon body of a male adapter, wherein the hexagon body of the male adapter has a front edge towards the at least one DELAY LINE standard and a rear edge away from it, and wherein each set of holding screws for the DELAY LINE standards includes two screws with a conical tip, inserted radially diametrically on the perimeter of the second section at a distance from the front end of the metallic cylinder; and wherein the distance of each set of holding screws from the front end of the metallic cylinder is chosen to allow a flank of the conical tip of each of the two holding screws to catch on the rear edge of the hexagon body after the at least one DELAY LINE standard has been inserted between the male and female adapters.
2. The DELAY line standard of claim 1, a characteristic impedance.
3. The DELAY line standards of claim 1, wherein a characteristic impedance Zd=Zo=50 Ohm.
4. The thread extension device of TRL coaxial calibration kit as in claim 1, wherein, each set of holding screws for the DELAY LINE standards includes at least three screws with a conical tip, which are inserted radially at equal angles on the perimeter of the second section of the metallic cylinder at a distance from the front end of the metallic cylinder; and wherein the distance of each set of holding screws from the front end of the metallic cylinder is chosen to allow a flank of the conical tip of each of the at least three holding screws to catch on the rear edge of the hexagon body after the at least one DELAY LINE standard has been inserted between the male and female adapters.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
(1) The invention and its mode of operation will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description when read with the appended drawings in which:
(2) FIG. 1 depicts prior art, a typical TRL calibration setup of a vector network analyzer (VNA).
(3) FIG. 2A through 2B depict partly prior art, coaxial connectors; FIG. 2A depicts prior art female coaxial microwave connector; FIG. 2B depicts prior art male connector with newly introduced holding screws.
(4) FIG. 3A through 3B depict prior art, short coaxial DELAY line standard. FIG. 3A depicts the DELAY barrel. FIG. 3B depicts the DELAY center conductor pin.
(5) FIG. 4A through 4B depict prior art, long DELAY line standard, FIG. 4A depicts the barrel of the DELAY line; FIG. 4B depicts the center conductor pin of the DELAY line.
(6) FIG. 5A through 5B depict the DELAY line holder (Thread extender) for a single short DELAY line standard. FIG. 5A depicts the holder with inserted DELAY line standard. FIG. 5B depicts the anchoring detail of the holder on the male connector cap.
(7) FIG. 6A through 6B depict the DELAY line holder for a single long DELAY line standard. FIG. 6A depicts the holder with inserted DELAY line standard. FIG. 6B depicts front view of connector hexagon with engaging holding screws.
(8) FIG. 7 depicts cross section and front view of thread extender for two DELAY line standards with one set screws engaged and one withdrawn.
(9) FIG. 8A through 8B depict the holder of multiple DELAY line standards; FIG. 8A depicts front view. FIG. 8B depicts side cross section.
(10) FIG. 9A through 9B depict DELAY line standard embedded into actual machine drawings of the set of adapters; FIG. 9A depicts the creation of the gap caused by the DELAY line; FIG. 9B depicts the mechanism for assembling and securing the DELAY standard using the Thread Extension device (TED).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
(11) Thru-Reflect-Line (TRL) calibration of network analyzers requires the measurement of three known standards, to be able to solve three complex equations. By standard procedure those three are: 1) a THRU line, 2) a DELAY line and 3) a REFLECT. There are some limitations as per the nature of the standards. The DELAY line cannot be longer than one quarter long at the middle frequency of the calibration Fc=(Fmax/2); this is because, if the transmission phase of the DELAY exceeds 360 degrees at the maximum frequency, then the TRL equations yield multiple possible solutions. However, whereas the length of the DELAY does not have to be known, the characteristic impedance Zd of the DELAY must be known, as determined by the ratio of the inner diameter of the DELAY barrel to the diameter of the center pin, and serves as the normalization impedance of the calibration. It is therefore convenient to choose Zd=Zo, the characteristic impedance of the cables and the VNA hardware, without this beiong a requirement. The REFLECT must be high. It does not have to be an OPEN or a SHORT, but it must reflect enough power back into the VNA ports to secure jitter-less reading by the detectors above the unavoidable electronic noise. However, the real difficulty is the creation of the same (amplitude and phase) REFLECT standard at both ports if we use a sexed system, i.e. a system with one male and one female adapter (all connector systems, except APC-7 are sexed, including BNC (1 GHz), SMA, N, 7/16, 3.5, 2.9, 2.4 1.8 (67 GHz) and 1.0 (110 GHz) mm see ref. 5).
(12) For all above cable sizes, using more than a single DELAY line and splitting the calibration frequency range in smaller segments yields better accuracy. This is because during matrix manipulations the information provided by a single DELAY line creates singularity behavior of the inversed matrices at the lower or the higher frequency end. Therefore, the requirement of being able to handle more than one DELAY line standard using the same support components.
(13) FIG. 2 depicts the typical male (FIG. 2B) and female (FIG. 2A) coaxial adapter defining the coaxial reference plane at which the VNA shall be calibrated. In the case of a THRU line standard those adapters are simply screwed tight one on each-other. The end of the female receptible defines the reference plane of the calibration. In the case of the male adapter the reference plane is defined as the step where the narrow section of the center pin begins. The hexagon body of the male adapter is screwed upon the female thread while the narrow segment of the pin of the male adapter is inserted and secured inside the hole of the female receptible. At the same time the rim of the ground cylinder of the male adapter makes perfect contact with the rim of the female adapter.
(14) To be able to secure a grip of the male adapter over the thread of the female adapter, since the own thread does not reach that far after DELAY line barrels of different lengths (FIG. 3 and FIG. 4) are inserted between the male and female adapters, the thread of the male adapter must be lengthened or extended. This is possible using the DELAY line holder device shown in several embodiments in FIGS. 5 to 8.
(15) The basic embodiment is illustrated for the case of a single DELAY standard in FIG. 5A. The thread extender is a metallic cylinder divided in two segments. A first segment is threaded inside to match the thread of the female adapter (FEMALE THREAD). The second segment, away from the female adapter is formed to capture the hexagon body of the male adapter and leave enough space for the DELAY barrel 50, including the associated center conductor pin to be inserted. The hexagon is stopped from moving backwards when the thread extender is screwed on the female adapter using the at least two screws 52, 53. The screws are inserted perpendicularly into the mantle of the thread extender in such a way that their conical head catches the back edge of the hexagon 54. The tip of the screws shall not attach to the flat surface of the hexagon, since this does not secure a non-sliding contact. Two screws placed at 180 degrees are enough. If three screws are used that should be placed at 120 degrees of each other equidistantly distributed. A min8imum number of screws is recommended, since their grip on the hexagon also determines the angle if the contact of the RIM (FIGS. 2A and 2B) on the lip of the DELAY barrel. Two screws at least allow for some self-alignment under pressure, whereas three or more screws will determine a fixed surface with the risk of some residual misalignment. It is obvious that assembly of the DELAY standard requires some skill. In case of misalignment adjusting the mutual insertion depth of the screws will change slightly the angle of the RIM and compensate for it, within certain limits.
(16) As can be seen from FIG. 9B the thread extension device (TED) cannot be too long and reach beyond the end of the female thread, because it will conflict with the body of the female adapter. The thread extension device can be longer only towards the male adapter since there the hexagon body is normally larger than the body of the male adapter.
(17) FIG. 6A depicts a DELAY line holder with a single DELAY line 60 inserted. Holding screw 64 and its opposite catch with their conical tips 62 behind the hexagon 65 and, as the Thread extension device (TED) 66 rotates the hexagon 61 in the male adapter body 63 and screws on the female thread and pushes the barrel 60 against the RIM of the female adapter 67, creating an extended transmission line, or a DELAY Line.
(18) A thread extension device (TED) for two DELAY line standards is shown, in cross section in FIG. 7. The cross section of FIG. 7 also demonstrates the basic idea of the device. It allows the hexagon body 72 of the male adapter to pass through. The engaged screws are 70 and its opposite, while screws 73 and its opposite are not engaged. The screws 70 reach over the edge and only prevent the hexagon from slipping back.
(19) FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate the embodiment of the thread extension device (TED) 85, for up to three DELAY standards. In the case of each standard, one set of screws at a time are engaged through the thread 80, leading to DELAY standard lengths L1, L2 or L3, whereas the two other sets of screws are not. As can be seen from FIG. 8B if screws 82 are engaged then this means the shortest DELAY line (L1) is used, when screws 81 are engaged then the medium length (L2) DELAY is used and when screws 83 are engaged then this means the longest (L3) DELAY is used. The associated lengths L1 and L2 are also shown in FIGS. 3A and 4A.
