Abstract
A branchline coupler structure having a pair of main transmission lines disposed on different horizontal levels of a support structure and a pair of shunt transmission lines, vertically disposed and laterally spaced, and disposed in the support structure. A first one of the pair of shunt transmission lines is coupled between: one region of a first one of the pair of main transmission lines and a first end of a second one of the pair of main transmission line. A second one of the pair of shunt transmission lines is coupled between a second region of the first one of the pair of main transmission lines, laterally spaced from the first region, and a second end of the second one of the main transmission lines.
Claims
1. A branchline coupler structure, comprising: a support structure; a pair of main transmission lines disposed on different horizontal levels of the support structure; a pair of shunt transmission lines, vertically disposed and laterally spaced, and disposed in the support structure; wherein a first one of the pair of shunt transmission lines is coupled between: one region of a first one of the pair of main transmission lines and a first end of a second one of the pair of main transmission line; wherein a second one of the pair of shunt transmission lines is coupled between a second region of the first one of the pair of main transmission lines, laterally spaced from the first region, and a second end of the second one of the main transmission lines; and wherein the pair of shunt transmission lines propagate energy vertically with the electric field of such energy being disposed horizontally.
2. The branchline coupler structure recited in claim 1 including: a pair of phase adjusting sections, each one of the pair of phase shifting sections being coupled to a corresponding one of a pair of shunt transmission line sections through a corresponding one of pair phase shifter section transmission lines, the pair phase shifter section transmission lines being disposed on an upper surface of the support structure: a ground pad disposed on an upper surface of the support structure, separate from the signal strip conductors of the phase shifter section transmission lines by gaps; and a plurality of electrical conductors, bridging the gaps, disposed successive along over the gaps, each one of the plurality of electrical conductors having one end to connect the ground pad and a second end connected to one of the phase shifter transmission line sections.
3. The branchline coupler structure recited in claim 2 including: a second ground pad disposed on an upper surface of the support structure, separate from the signal strip conductors of the pair of phase shifter section transmission lines by a pair of gaps; a second plurality of electrical conductors, bridging the pair of gaps, disposed successive along over the pair of gaps, each one of the second plurality of electrical conductors having one end connect the second ground pad and a second end connected to the corresponding one of the phase shifter transmission line sections.
4. The branchline coupler structure recited in claim 3 wherein the first-mentioned plurality of electrical conductors and the second plurality of electrical conductors are staggered along the first mentioned gap and a corresponding one of the pair of gaps.
5. The branchline coupler structure recited in claim 1 wherein the pair of main transmission lines propagate energy horizontally with the electric field of such energy being disposed vertically.
6. A branchline coupler structure, comprising: a support structure; a pair of main transmission lines disposed on different horizontal levels of the support structure; a pair of shunt transmission lines, vertically disposed and laterally spaced, and disposed in the support structure; wherein a first one of the pair of shunt transmission lines is coupled between, one region of a first one of the pair of main transmission lines and a first end of a second one of the pair of main transmission line; wherein a second one of the pair of shunt transmission lines is coupled between a second region of the first one of the pair of main transmission lines, laterally spaced from the first region, and a second end of the second one of the main transmission lines; and wherein the pair of main transmission lines propagate energy horizontally with the electric field of such energy being disposed vertically.
7. A branchline coupler structure, comprising: a pair of main transmission lines; a pair of shunt transmission lines, a first one of the pair of shunt transmission lines is coupled between: one region of a first one of the pair of main transmission lines and a first end of a second one of the pair of main transmission line, a second one of the pair of shunt transmission lines is coupled between a second region of the first one of the pair of main transmission lines, laterally spaced from the first region, and a second end of the second one of the main transmission lines; a pair of phase adjusting sections, each one of the pair of phase shifting sections being coupled to a corresponding one of a pair of shunt transmission line sections through a corresponding one of pair phase shifter section transmission lines; a ground pad disposed on an upper surface of the support structure, separate from the signal strip conductors of the phase shifter section transmission lines by gaps; and a plurality of electrical conductors, bridging the gaps, disposed successive along over the gaps, each one of the plurality of electrical conductors having one end to connect the ground pad and a second end connected to one of the phase shifter transmission line sections.
8. The branchline coupler structure recited in claim 7 including: a second ground pad disposed on an upper surface of the support structure, separate from the signal strip conductors of the pair of phase shifter section transmission lines by a pair of gaps; a second plurality of electrical conductors, bridging the pair of gaps, disposed successive along over the pair of gaps, each one of the second plurality of electrical conductors having one end connect the second ground pad and a second end connected to the corresponding one of the phase shifter transmission line sections.
9. The branchline coupler structure recited in claim 8 wherein the first-mentioned plurality of electrical conductors and the second plurality of electrical conductors are staggered along the first mentioned gap and a corresponding one of the pair of gaps.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
(1) FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a branchline coupler according to the PRIOR ART;
(2) FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a phase shifter using a branchline coupler according to the PRIOR ART;
(3) FIGS. 3A and 3B are perspective views of a phase shifter using a branchline coupler according to the PRIOR ART at various stages in the fabrication thereof according to the PRIOR ART;
(4) FIG. 4 is a perspective view, partially shown in phantom, of a branchline coupler according to the disclosure;
(5) FIG. 4A is the perspective of view, partially shown in phantom, of the branchline coupler of FIG. 4 with a portion thereof removed to show inner layers of the branchline coupler according to the disclosure, such inner portion being encircled by an arrow designated 7-7 and shown in FIG. 7;
(6) FIG. 4B shows the signal conductors used in the branchline coupler of FIG. 4 according to the disclosure;
(7) FIG. 5 is an exploded, perspective sketch showing each one of a plurality of vertically stacked printed circuit boards of the branchline coupler of FIG. 4 according to the disclosure;
(8) FIGS. 5A-5M are top views of each one of the printed circuit boards of FIG. 5 used to form the branchline coupler of FIG. 4 according to the disclosure;
(9) FIG. 6 is a simplified, exploded, diagrammatic schematic sketch of the branchline coupler of FIG. 4 useful in further understanding the arrangement of the printed circuit boards of FIG. 5A-5M of the branchline coupler of FIG. 4 according to the disclosure; and
(10) FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view of the inner portion designated as 7-7 in FIG. 4A of the branchline coupler of FIG. 4 according to the disclosure.
(11) Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
(12) Referring now to FIGS. 4, 4A, 4B and 5, a branchline coupler structure 10 is shown. The branchline coupler structure 10 incudes: a support structure 12 (FIG. 4A) here a dielectric structure comprising a plurality of, here thirteen, planar printed circuit boards 12.sub.1-12.sub.13, vertically stacked along the Z-axis, as shown in FIG. 6, the planar surfaces of the boards 12.sub.1-12.sub.13 being disposed in horizontal (X-Y) planes, the top view of each one of the plurality of printed circuit boards 12.sub.1-12.sub.13 being shown in FIGS. 5A-5M, respectively; the top one of the boards 12.sub.1-12.sub.13 being designated as 12.sub.1 and the bottom one of the boards 12.sub.1-12.sub.13 being labelled 12.sub.13. When the plurality of printed circuits boards 12.sub.1-12.sub.13 are bonded together with any conventional dielectric bonding material, not shown, the branchline coupler structure 10 forms, as shown diagrammatically in FIG. 5; the signal strip conductors 16.sub.1,16.sub.2, inner signal conductors 26.sub.1,26.sub.2 and signal strip conductors 38.sub.1,38.sub.2, of the branchline coupler 10, to be described in more detail below, being shown in FIG. 4B.
(13) Referring also to FIGS. 5A-5M, a pair of main transmission lines 14.sub.1, 14.sub.2, (FIG. 5) here microstrip transmission lines, each one having a signal strip conductor 16.sub.1, 16.sub.2, respectively, formed on the upper surface of boards 12.sub.11 and 12.sub.1, respectively, as shown in FIGS. 5K and 5A, respectively, and a corresponding, underlying one a pair of ground plane conductors 18.sub.1,18.sub.2, respectively, formed by conductive sheet portions 12.sub.13metal/ground plane and 12.sub.3metal/ground plane on boards 12.sub.13 and 12.sub.3, respectively, as shown in FIGS. 5M and 5C, respectively, disposed in the X-Y horizontal plane to support an electric field along the vertical Z-axis disposed, each one of the main transmission lines 14.sub.1, 14.sub.2 being disposed on different horizontal levels of the support structure 12; and a pair of shunt transmission lines, 26.sub.1, 26.sub.2, (FIG. 5) here coaxial type transmission lines 22.sub.1, 22.sub.2, having: (a) grounded outer conductors formed by conductive sheet 24.sub.1, 24.sub.2, 24.sub.3, respectively, formed by conductive sheet portions 12.sub.5metal/ground plane, 12.sub.7metal ground plane, and 12.sub.9metal ground plane on boards 12.sub.5, 12.sub.7 and 12.sub.9, respectively (FIGS. 5E, 5G and 5I, respectively, the conductive sheets being spaced vertically less than a quarter wavelength at the nominal operating wavelength of the branchline coupler in order to appear electrically as a continuous conductor; and inner signal conductors 26.sub.1, 26.sub.2, respectively, formed by conductive signal vias 22.sub.1, and 22.sub.2 formed by conductive portions of conductive sheets on boards, respectively, 12.sub.2-12.sub.12 as shown in FIG. 5B through FIG. 5L, the coaxial type transmission lines 22.sub.1, 22.sub.2, extending vertically and laterally spaced, and disposed in the support structure 12 to support an electric field along the X-Y horizontal planes.
(14) A first one of the pair of shunt transmission lines 26.sub.1, 26.sub.2, (FIG. 5) here shunt transmission line 26.sub.1 is coupled between: one region 28.sub.1 on board 12.sub.11 (FIG. 5K) of a first one of the pair of main transmission lines 14.sub.1,14.sub.2, here main transmission line 14.sub.1 and a first end 30.sub.1 on board 12.sub.1 (FIG. 5A) of a second one of the pair of main transmission lines 14.sub.1, 14.sub.2, here main transmission line 14.sub.2. A second one of the pair of shunt transmission lines 26.sub.1, 26.sub.2, here shunt transmission line 26 is coupled between a second region 28.sub.2 on board 12.sub.11 (FIG. 5K) of the first one of the pair of main transmission lines 14.sub.1,14.sub.2, here main transmission line 14.sub.1 has a region 28.sub.1 laterally spaced from a second region 28.sub.2 on board 12.sub.11.
(15) Here the branchline coupler structure 10 includes: a pair of phase adjusting sections, 32.sub.1,32.sub.2, FIG. 5, each one of the pair of phase shifting sections 32.sub.1, 32.sub.2 being coupled to a corresponding one of a pair of shunt transmission line sections 26.sub.1,26.sub.2, respectively and a corresponding one of the second one of the pair of main transmission lines, respectively, at a corresponding one of the regions 28.sub.1,28.sub.2, respectively, as shown, through a corresponding one of pair phase shifter section transmission lines, 34.sub.1,34.sub.2, (FIG. 5) respectively, here microstrip transmission lines, as shown. More particularly, phase shifter section transmission lines, 34.sub.1,34.sub.2, each has a corresponding of a pair of signal strip conductors 38.sub.1,38.sub.2, respectively, disposed on an upper surface of the support structure 10 (board 12.sub.1, FIG. 5A) and extending along the Y-direction. Each one of the pair of signal strip conductors 38.sub.1, 38.sub.2, is disposed above a corresponding one of a pair of ground plane conductors 40.sub.1,40.sub.2, respectively, here provided by a common conductor 31 pattern as shown on board 12.sub.4 as shown in FIG. 5D) and positioned to support a vertical electric field along the Z-axis.
(16) A plurality of, here three electrically connected ground pads 42.sub.1, 42.sub.2, and 42.sub.3, are disposed on an upper surface of the support structure 10 are formed by a patterned electrical conductor 19 formed on board 12.sub.1 (FIG. 5A), as indicted. The three ground pads 42.sub.1, 42.sub.2, and 42.sub.3, are separate from one another by gaps 44.sub.1 and 44.sub.2, as shown, with signal strip conductors 38.sub.1,38.sub.2, respectively, being disposed in gaps 44.sub.1, 44.sub.2, respectively, as shown. There are two sets 46a.sub.1, 46b.sub.1 and 46a.sub.2, 46b.sub.2 of electrical conductors, here bond wires, are staggered across gaps 44.sub.1,44.sub.2, respectively, as shown. One portion of set 46a.sub.1, 46b.sub.1, here set 46a.sub.1 has one end connected to ground pad 42.sub.1 and an opposite end connected to signal strip conductor 38.sub.1 and here set 46b.sub.1 has one end connected to ground pad 42.sub.2 and an opposite end connected to signal strip conductor 38.sub.1. It is noted that the electrical conductors in set 46a.sub.1 and set 46b.sub.1 are disposed successive along over the gap 44.sub.1 with each one the conductors in set 46a.sub.1 being staggered with respect to the each one of the conductors in set 46b.sub.1, as shown. To put it another way, each one of the conductors in set 46b.sub.1 is disposed between a pair of the conductors in set 46a.sub.1, as shown. Likewise, it is noted that the electrical conductors in set 46a.sub.2 and set 46b.sub.2 are disposed successive along over the gap 44.sub.2 with each one the conductors in set 46a.sub.2 being staggered with respect to the each one of the conductors in set 46b.sub.2, as shown. To put it another way, each one of the conductors in set 46b.sub.2 is disposed between a pair of the conductors in set 46a.sub.2, as shown.
(17) The ground plane conductors on printed circuit boards 12.sub.1, 12.sub.3, 12.sub.5, 12.sub.7, 12.sub.9, 12.sub.11 and 12.sub.13—(FIGS. 5A, 5C, 5E, 5G, 5I, 5K and 5M, respectively), and the three ground pads 42.sub.1, 42.sub.2, and 42.sub.3 on board 12.sub.1 (FIG. 5A), are connected together with conductive ground vias 21, as shown in FIGS. 5A-5M. Boards 12.sub.2, 12.sub.4, 12.sub.6, 12.sub.8, 12.sub.10, 12.sub.12 (FIGS. 5B, 5D, 5F, 5H, 5J, and 5L), have conductive vias 21 with boards 12.sub.4, 12.sub.6, 12.sub.8, 12.sub.10 and 12.sub.12 also having portions of the center signal conductor of the coaxial shunt transmission lines 22.sub.1, 22.sub.2 as shown in FIG. 7.
(18) The boards 12.sub.1-12.sub.13 are formed as shown above and described above in FIGS. 5A-M except for the ground vias 21 and inner signal conductors 26.sub.1, 26.sub.2. The formed boards 12.sub.1-12.sub.13 are then stacked and bonded together with any conventional dielectric bonding material, not shown. The ground vias 19 and conductive vias of the inner signal conductors 26.sub.1, 26.sub.2 are formed by first etching or drilling holes in the bonded structure from the bottom or backside of the bonded structure vertically through such structure starting from the back of board 12.sub.13 and then then filling the holes with a suitable electrically conductive material. In order to prevent the conductive material from electrically connecting the inner signal conductors 26.sub.1, 26.sub.2. To the ground plane conductor on board 12.sub.13, the portion of the inner signal conductors 26.sub.1, 26.sub.2, conductive material of the inner signal conductors 26.sub.1, 26.sub.2 making such connection are removed by back-drilling or by timed etching for example and removed conductive material is replaced with a dielectric material.
(19) Thus, in FIG. 5A, board 12.sub.1: numerical designation 19 is conductive sheet patterned to form pads 42.sub.1, 42.sub.2 and 42.sub.3; signal strip conductors 38.sub.1,38.sub.2, main transmission line signal 14.sub.2 strip conductor 16.sub.2; top portions of inner signal conductors 26.sub.1, 26.sub.2; a first and second ends of the main transmission line 14.sub.21 signal strip conductors 30.sub.1, 30.sub.2; exposed portion of the surface of the dielectric portions of board 12.sub.1 being designed 12.sub.1S.
(20) In FIG. 5B, board 12.sub.2: dielectric surface of board 12.sub.2S and conductive vias 12.sub.2signal for center signal conductors of coaxial shunt transmission 22.sub.1, 22.sub.2 exposed portions of the dielectric surface being designated 12.sub.2S.
(21) In FIG. 5C, board 12.sub.3: patterned conductor 12.sub.3ground plane serves as a ground plane conductor 18.sub.2 for signal strip conductor 16.sub.2 of the main transmission line 14.sub.2 and as the ground plane conductors 40.sub.2 for strip conductors 38.sub.2 of the phase shifter transmission line 34.sub.2; numerical designation 12.sub.3S is the dielectric exposed surface portions of the dielectric board 12.sub.3, numerical designation 12.sub.3metal/signal designating an outer portion of the inner signal conductors 26.sub.1, 26.sub.2.
(22) In FIG. 5D, board 12.sub.4: numerical designation 12.sub.4S is the exposed portions of the surface of board 12.sub.4.
(23) In FIG. 5E, board 12.sub.5: numerical designation 12.sub.5ground plane is patterned conductor providing a ground plane with exposed dielectric portions of the dielectric board 12.sub.5 being designated 12.sub.5S; numerical designation 12.sub.5metal/signal designates an outer portion of the inner signal conductors 26.sub.1, 26.sub.2.
(24) In FIG. 5F, board 12.sub.6: numerical designation 12.sub.6S being portions of the surface of dielectric board 12.sub.6.
(25) In FIG. 5G, board 12.sub.7: numerical designation 12.sub.7ground plane is patterned conductor providing a ground plane with exposed dielectric portions of the dielectric board 12.sub.7 being designated 12.sub.7S; numerical designation 12.sub.7metal/signal designates an outer portion of the inner signal conductors 26.sub.1, 26.sub.2.
(26) In FIG. 5H, board 12.sub.8: numerical designation 12.sub.8S being portions of the surface of dielectric board 12.sub.8.
(27) In FIG. 5I, board 12.sub.9: numerical designation 12.sub.9ground plane designates patterned conductor providing a ground plane with exposed dielectric portions of the dielectric board 12.sub.9 being designated 12.sub.9S; numerical designation 12.sub.9metal/signal designating an outer portion of the inner signal conductors 26.sub.1, 26.sub.2.
(28) In FIG. 5J, board 12.sub.10, numerical designation 12.sub.10S being portions of the surface of dielectric board 12.sub.10.
(29) In FIG. 5K, board 12.sub.11, numerical designation 12.sub.11ground plane designates patterned conductor providing a ground plane with exposed dielectric portions of the dielectric board 12.sub.11 being designated 12.sub.11S; numerical designation 12.sub.1metal/signal designating the signal strip conductor 16.sub.1 of the main transmission line 14.sub.1.
(30) In FIG. 5L, board 12.sub.12, numerical designation 12.sub.12S designates portions of the surface of dielectric board 12.sub.12.
(31) In FIG. 5M, board 12.sub.13, numerical designation 12.sub.13 designating the ground plane conductor 18.sub.1 of the main transmission line 14.sub.1.
(32) A number of embodiments of the disclosure have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. For example, the phase shifting section need not use bonding wires but techniques described in U.S. Pat. No. 10,243,246 Issued Mar. 26, 2019, entitled “Phase Shifter Including a Branchline Coupler Having Phase Adjusting Sections Formed By Connectable Conductive Pads”, Inventors Laighton et at., assigned to the same assignee as the present invention may be used. Further, the coaxial, vertical, shunt transmission line may be formed by arranging a plurality of vertical columns of conductor closely spaced circumferentially around a signal center conductor as described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,887,195 Issued Feb. 6, 2018, Inventors Drab et al., assigned to the same assignee as the present invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
