Abstract
Methods and systems for modifying tissue use a pressurized fluid stream carrying coherent light energy. The methods and systems may be used for resecting and debulking soft and hard biological tissues. The coherent light is focused within a stream of fluid to deliver energy to the tissue to be treated.
Claims
1. A tissue resection device comprising: a shaft having a proximal end and a distal end; at least one energy source positioned in an energy delivery region on the shaft configured to deliver energy radially outwardly; an aspiration lumen on the shaft configured to remove resected tissue; a lumen in the shaft for flushing with a fluid to help remove tissue resection products; and motors and control circuitry operatively coupled to the energy source for controlling movements of the energy source relative to the shaft.
2. The tissue resection device of claim 1, wherein the shaft has a width in the range from 1 mm to 10 mm and a length in the range from 15 cm to 25 cm.
3. The tissue resection device of claim 1, wherein the energy source is movable relative to the shaft to selectively direct the energy at different regions of the tissue.
4. The tissue resection device as in claim 1, wherein the control circuitry is configured to translate and rotate the energy source relative to the shaft.
5. The tissue resection device of claim 1, further comprising an expandable anchor near the distal end for anchoring in a bladder.
6. The tissue resection device of claim 5, wherein the expandable anchor comprises a balloon adopted to expand to occupy substantially an entire interior of the bladder when it is inflated.
7. The tissue resection device of claim 1, wherein the energy source comprises a laser energy source.
8. The tissue resection device of claim 7, wherein the energy source further comprises a mirror for reflecting laser energy from the laser energy source.
9. The tissue resection device of claim 1, wherein the energy source comprises a conductive fluid source and a radiofrequency energy source.
10. The tissue resection device of claim 1, wherein the energy source comprises an electrode.
11. The tissue resection device of claim 10, wherein the electrode comprises a laterally projecting electrode configured to engage against tissue and deliver radio frequency energy to ablate the tissue.
12. The tissue resection device of 10, wherein the electrode projects laterally from a tube.
13. The tissue resection device of claim 10, wherein the electrode is configured to ablate tissue and to cauterize tissue after ablation by changing a radiofrequency energy.
14. The tissue resection device of claim 10, wherein the electrode is configured to deliver electrical energy in either a monopolar or bipolar mode.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0021] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a device suitable for performing intraurethral prostatic tissue debulking in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
[0022] FIG. 2 is a detailed illustration of the pressurized fluid/coherent light delivery mechanism used in the device of FIG. 1.
[0023] FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate two alternative arrangements for focusing coherent light from a waveguide into a pressurized liquid stream in the mechanism of FIG. 2.
[0024] FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate use of the device of FIG. 1 in performing prostatic tissue debulking.
[0025] FIGS. 4A-4E illustrate an alternative design for the tissue debulking device of the present invention, illustrating specific components and features for delivering fluids, inflating balloons, rotating and reciprocating the fluid and light delivery mechanism, and the like.
[0026] FIG. 5 is a detailed, cross-sectional view of a portion of the rotating and reciprocating fluid and light delivery mechanism of FIGS. 4A-4E.
[0027] FIG. 6 illustrates use of the device of FIGS. 4A-4E in debulking tissue.
[0028] FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a device constructed in accordance with the present invention suitable for performing tissue cutting or other procedures where an axial pressurized liquid stream is delivered from a distal tip of the device and carries focused coherent light from a waveguide.
[0029] FIG. 8 illustrates another handheld device constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention, where the pressurized liquid stream carrying the coherent light is directed laterally from the shaft of the device.
[0030] FIG. 9 illustrates a robotically deployed pressurized fluid/coherent light delivery mechanism.
[0031] FIG. 10 illustrates use of the device of FIG. 7 as a scalpel for cutting tissue.
[0032] FIG. 11 illustrates the use of the device of FIG. 8 for drilling a tooth.
[0033] FIG. 12 illustrates a system for deploying a tissue debulking device similar to that illustrated in FIGS. 4A-4E and including a tissue stabilization sheath and schematically illustrating the various drive mechanisms in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
[0034] FIG. 13 illustrates a specific prostatic tissue treatment device incorporating the use of a radiofrequency saline plasma for performing prostatic tissue debulking.
[0035] FIG. 14 illustrates an energy source suitable for use in the devices of the present invention, wherein the energy source delivers a high pressure fluid for tissue resection.
[0036] FIG. 15 illustrates an energy source suitable for use in devices of the present invention, wherein the energy source comprises a deflected optical waveguide for delivering laser energy to the prostatic tissue.
[0037] FIG. 16 illustrates a device similar to that shown in FIG. 5, except the optical waveguide directs laser energy at a mirror which laterally deflects the laser energy.
[0038] FIG. 17 illustrates an energy source suitable for use in the devices of the present invention, wherein the energy source comprises a laterally projecting electrode which can engage the urethral wall and prostatic tissue to deliver radiofrequency energy for tissue ablation.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0039] Referring to FIG. 1, an exemplary prostatic tissue debulking device 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention comprises a catheter assembly generally including a shaft 12 having a distal end 14 and a proximal end 16. The shaft 12 will typically be a polymeric extrusion including one, two, three, four, or more axial lumens extending from a hub 18 at the proximal end 16 to locations near the distal end 14. The shaft 12 will generally have a length in the range from 15 cm to 25 cm and a diameter in the range from 1 mm to 10 mm, usually from 4 mm to 8 mm. The shaft will have sufficient column strength so that it may be introduced upwardly through the male urethra, as described in more detail below.
[0040] The shaft will include a fluid/coherent light energy source 20 positioned near the distal end 14 of the shaft 12. The source 20, in turn, is connected to an external light source 22 and light transmissive fluid source 28. Distal to the energy source 20, an inflatable anchoring balloon 24 will be positioned at or very close to the distal end 14 of the shaft. The balloon will be connected through one of the axial lumens to a balloon inflation source 26 connected through the hub 18. In addition to the light source 22, fluid pump 28, and balloon inflation source 26, the hub will optionally further include connections for an aspiration (a vacuum) source 30, and/or an insufflation (pressurized CO.sub.2 or other gas) source 32. In the exemplary embodiment, the fluid pump 28 can be connected through an axial lumen (not shown) to one or more port(s) 34 on an inner fluid delivery tube 35. The aspiration source 30 can be connected to a window or opening 38, usually positioned proximally of the energy source 20, while the insufflation source 32 can be connected to a port 36 formed in the wall of shaft 12. The energy will be directed through the window 38 as described in more detail below.
[0041] Referring now to FIG. 2, the fluid/coherent light energy source 20 is defined by window 38 in the wall of shaft 12. The inner fluid delivery tube 35 is reciprocatably and rotatably mounted within a central lumen of the shaft 12 so that the port 34 may be rotated and/or axially advanced and retracted within the window relative to the shaft. The inner fluid delivery tube 35 has a central passage 40 which is attachable to the transmissive fluid pump 28 through the hub 18 to carry the transmissive fluid under pressure and emit a fluid or jet stream through the port 34 in a lateral direction. An optical waveguide 42 is also positioned within the central passage 40 of the inner fluid delivery tube 35.
[0042] As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the light transmissive fiber 42 includes an element 44 (FIG. 2A) or 46 (FIG. 2B) for transversely or laterally reflecting light transmitted through the fiber so that it may be emitted through the port 34 and into the flowing fluid stream passing therethrough. It will be desirable that the light emitted from the optical waveguide 42 be focused at a point F within the flowing fluid stream so that the light may then be transmitted and propagated through the stream by total internal reflection. Reflective element 44 may have a parabolic or other shaped surface to effect the desired focusing. In contrast, the reflective element 46 may have a flat, non-focusing surface that passes the light through a focusing lens 48, as shown in FIG. 2B.
[0043] Referring now to FIGS. 3A-3C, the prostatic tissue debulking device 10 is introduced through the male urethra U to a region within the prostate P which is located immediately distal to the bladder B. The anatomy is shown in FIG. 3A. Once the catheter 10 has been positioned so that the anchoring balloon 24 is located just distal of the bladder neck BN (FIG. 3B) the balloon can be inflated, preferably to occupy substantially the entire interior of the bladder, as shown in FIG. 3C. Once the anchoring balloon 24 is inflated, the position of the prostatic tissue debulking device 10 will be fixed and stabilized within the urethra U so that the energy source 20 is positioned within the prostate P. It will be appreciated that proper positioning of the energy source 20 depends only on the inflation of the anchoring balloon 24 within the bladder. As the prostate is located immediately proximal to the bladder neck BN, by spacing the distal end of the energy delivery region very close to the proximal end of the balloon, the delivery region can be properly located, typically being spaced by a distance in the range from 0 mm to 5 mm, preferably from 1 mm to 3 mm from the bladder neck. After the anchoring balloon 24 has been inflated, light and high fluid energy can be delivered into the prostate for debulking as shown by the arrows in FIG. 2, while simultaneously removing the debulked/destroyed tissue and residual fluid by aspiration, typically at both ends of the window, as shown by the arrows 49 in FIG. 3C. Alternatively, the prostate (urethra) can be insufflated or flushed at a pressure greater than that of the aspiration (exhaust) system to enhance tissue and debris collection. Once the energy has been delivered for a time and over a desired surface region, the energy region can be stopped.
[0044] As shown in FIG. 3C, the inner fluid delivery tube 35 may be axially translated and/or rotated in order to sweep the fluid/coherent light stream 47 over the interior of the urethra within the prostate P. The energy carried by the fluid/light stream both ablates the prostatic tissue and cauterizes the tissue to limit bleeding after debulking. Once a sufficient volume of tissue has been removed, the fluid stream and light source may be turned off, the balloon 24 deflated, the catheter 10 removed from the urethra.
[0045] Referring now to FIGS. 4A-4E, a device 60 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention comprises a central shaft 62 having a window 64 near a distal end thereof. A hypotube 66 is carried in a proximal bushing 68 (FIG. 4A) and a threaded region 70 of the hypotube 66 is received within internal threads of the bushing 68. Thus, rotation of the hypotube can axially advance and retract the hypotube relative to the bushing and central shaft 62. Typically, rotation and axial movement of the hypotube 66 relative to the bushing 68 and central shaft 62 is achieved by separately controlling the axial and rotational movement of the hypotube, thereby obviating the need for internal threads and allowing for more versatility of movement within the window 64.
[0046] The hypotube 66 carries a laser fiber 72 and includes a lumen 74 which can receive and deliver a water or other fluid jet as will be described in more detail below. The central shaft 62 further includes a balloon inflation lumen 76 and lumen 78 for the suction removal of ablated tissue.
[0047] When introduced through the urethra, the device 60 will typically be covered by a sheath 80 as illustrated in FIG. 4D (only a portion of the sheath 80 is shown in FIG. 4A). When fully covered with sheath 80, the window 66 is protected so that it reduces scraping and injury to the urethra as the device is advanced.
[0048] Once in place, the sheath 80 will be retracted, exposing the window, as illustrated in FIG. 4E. The hypotube 66 may then be rotated and advanced and/or retracted so that the fluid stream FS which carries the optical energy may be delivered through the delivery port 82. Additionally, a balloon 84 may be inflated in order to anchor the device 60 within the bladder as previously described.
[0049] The fiberoptic wave guide 72 is positioned within a lumen 86 of the hypotube 66, as best seen in FIG. 5. Fluid may be delivered through the lumen, surrounding the laser fiber 72 and ejected through the delivery port 82 in a lateral direction. Optical energy delivered through fiber 72 is also reflected laterally and focused by optional lens 88 so that the light is carried by the fluid with internal reflection, as described previously. In use, the hypotube 66 is axially translated within the window 64, as shown in FIG. 6. A fluid stream FS which carries the optical energy is thus directed radially outwardly and against a wall of the body lumen, for example of the urethra U. The energized fluid stream FS is able to ablate a desired depth of tissue T, where the depth can be controlled by the amount of energy delivered and the dwell time or scan time of the fluid stream FS against the tissue.
[0050] As shown in FIG. 7, a handheld device 100 may comprise a shaft 102 having a distal end with a nozzle 104 oriented to deliver a pressurized fluid in an axial stream or water jet FS. A laser fiber 106 is disposed axially within the shaft 102 and terminates in a lens 108 which focuses light into the axial water jet FS. Water or other fluid is delivered under pressure in an annular region 110 of the shaft 102 which surrounds the laser fiber 106 and is enclosed by an outer perimeter of the shaft. The handheld device 100 is capable of delivering an axial water jet or other pressurized fluid stream and is useful for the manual cutting of tissue or bone, as shown in FIG. 10. The handheld device 100 is connected to a pressurized fluid source 120, a light source 122, and control circuitry 124, typically by a connecting cord 126. The user can thus control the fluid pressure, the amount of light energy being introduced into the fluid stream, movement of the nozzle (velocity, direction, limits, etc.) and other aspects of the treatment protocol in addition to the axial and rotational movement parameters using the control circuitry. Optionally, although not illustrated, the nozzle 104 will be adjustable in order to adjust the width and focus of the fluid stream FS in order to allow further flexibility for the treatment. When used for cutting tissue, it can be manipulated much as a scalpel.
[0051] FIG. 8 illustrates another handheld device 140 where a principle difference with the device of FIG. 7 is that the water jet or other pressurized fluid stream FS is directed in a lateral direction from shaft 142, illustrated as a right angle relative to an axis of the shaft 142. Light is delivered through a laser fiber 144 and reflected, typically by an air mirror 146, or side firing optical fiber, laterally near a distal end 148 of the shaft 142 so that light enters the lateral water jet or other pressurized fluid stream FS, as described previously. The pressurized fluid stream FS is created through a fixed or adjustable nozzle 150 on the side of the shaft 142, where the fluid is delivered under pressure through a lumen or other conduit 152 formed within the shaft 142. As with previous embodiments, a focusing lens 154 is optionally provided to deliver the coherent light from the laser fiber 144 into the water jet or other pressurized fluid stream FS. The device of FIG. 8 may be used for a variety of procedures, such as tooth drilling as illustrated in FIG. 11. The lateral flow handheld device 140 can be held and manipulated by the dentist in a manner similar to conventional dental drills. The distal end 148 of the shaft will be held in the mouth so that the stream FS is directed against the dental surface to be treated. The shaft 142, laser fiber 144, and flow lumen 152 will be connected to a water or other fluid source 160, a suitable laser light source 162, and control circuitry 164 by connecting cable 166.
[0052] As illustrated in FIG. 9, a scalpel-type device 180 may be attached to a programmable machine arm 182 so that the systems can be used in robotic or other automatic, programmable systems. The programmable machine arm 182 may be suspended over tissue T to be treated, and the water jet or other pressurized fluid stream FS carrying the coherent light is used to cut or incise the tissue, as illustrated. The programmable machine arm may be moved in any of the X, Y, and/or Z directions, where the control is provided by computer or by a manual control system, for example, guided by a joystick or other manipulator.
[0053] A system 200 for the automatic deployment of the light fluid delivery device 60 of FIGS. 4A-4E is illustrated in FIG. 12. The central shaft 62, hypotube 66, and sheath 80 of the device are connected to a control shaft 202 which in turn is connected to a base unit 204 which includes motors and control circuitry (not shown) for controlling the relative movements of the shaft, hypotube, and sheath. The base unit 204 in turn will be connected to a pressurized fluid source 210, a laser or other optical energy source 212, and an external console or controller 214 which provides an interface for programming and/or manipulating the device 60. In addition to the device 60, the system 200 may include an external anchor frame 230 which can be automatically (or manually) advanced and retracted coaxially over the device 60. The anchor frame 230 typically includes an atraumatic ring 232 for engaging and anchoring the system against tissue after the device has been introduced and the balloon expanded to allow the device to be tensioned.
[0054] The apparatus and systems of the present invention may include a number of other optional features. For example, blades or other cutting elements could be included within the waste lumen(s) 78 of the device 60 in order to macerate tissue and other debris as it is being aspirated/evacuated and removed. The device 60 or any of the other configurations of the present invention may optionally be provided with imaging and illumination fibers, cameras, or the like, in order to provide for visual monitoring during the procedure. Optical fibers or cameras may be placed anywhere on the device, optionally within the treatment windows as described before. Means may be provided for keeping the cameras, fibers, lenses, or the like, clean so that good images may be obtained. In all of the above embodiments, instead of employing mirrors, the light may be directed into the fluid stream by bending the light fiber. Additionally, depending on the size of the light fiber and proximity of the fluid nozzle, a focusing lens may or may not be necessary.
[0055] Referring now to FIGS. 13-17, a number of representative energy delivery regions will be described. Referring now to FIG. 13, a first exemplary prostate resection device 1310 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention comprises a shaft 112 having a proximal end 114 and a distal end 116. A plurality of nozzles 118 are mounted on the shaft 112 at a location spaced proximally from the distal end 116 by distance in the range from 1 cm to 5 cm. The nozzles, which are typically ceramic cores capable of generating a plasma or ports capable of directing a radially outward stream of electrically conductive fluid, may be mounted on structure 1320, which allows the nozzles 118 to be moved radially outwardly, as shown in broken line in FIG. 3. An anchor 1322, shown as an inflatable balloon is mounted on the distal end 116 of the shaft 112 at a location between the nozzles 118 and the distal tip 124. The expandable structure 1322 will be capable of being expanded within the bladder to anchor the shaft 112 so that the nozzle array 118 lies within the prostate, as described in more detail below. The shaft 112 will include lumens, passages, electrically conductive wires, and the like, in order to deliver energy and materials from the proximal end 114 to the distal end 116 of the shaft. For example, an RF energy source 1326 will be connected to the shaft 112, usually to the nozzles 118, in order to deliver RF energy to an electrically conductive fluid delivered from source 128 to the nozzles 118, typically through a lumen within the shaft 112. Other lumens, channels, or conduits will be provided in order to allow aspiration to a vacuum source 130 which is typically connected to one or more aspiration ports 132. Other conduits may be provided within the shaft 112 in order to permit introduction of a flushing fluid, such as saline, from a source 134 to ports 136. In other instances, it will be possible to connect the aspiration and flushing sources 130 and 134 to a common port so that aspiration and flushing may be conducted sequentially rather than simultaneously. Further optionally, internal lumens, conduits, or the like, may be provided in order to connect a source of insufflation 1340 to one or more insufflation ports 1342 on the shaft in the region of the array 118. Finally, internal lumens, conduits, or the like, may be provided for connecting balloon 122 to a balloon inflation source 1344.
[0056] As shown in FIG. 14, an exemplary energy delivery region 1401 can be formed by a high pressure nozzle 1400 which is carried on a delivery tube 1402 which is disposed within the shaft 12. Carrier tube 1402 may be axially translated as shown by arrow 1404 and/or rotated as shown by arrow 1406 so that the high pressure stream 1408 emanating from the nozzle 1400 can be scanned or rastered over all or a selected portion of the urethra within the prostate. Specific pressures and other details for such high pressure water treatment are described, for example, in Jian and Jiajun, supra.
[0057] Referring now to FIG. 15, the energy source within the energy delivery region 1401 may comprise a fiberoptic waveguide or fiber bundle 1420 carried on the rotating and translating shaft 1402. The optical waveguide 1420 transmits laser or other coherent optical energy in a beam 1422 which may be scanned or rastered over the urethral wall and prostatic tissue by rotating and/or translating the carrier tube 202.
[0058] As shown in FIG. 16, laser energy from an optical waveguide or fiber bundle 1430 may be directed axially against a mirror 1432, where the waveguide and mirror are both carried on the rotating and axially translating carrier tube 1402. Again, by rotating and/or translating the carrier tube 1402, the emanating beam 1434 can be scanned or rastered over the urethral wall.
[0059] Referring now to FIG. 17, in yet another embodiment, the rotating and axially translating tube 1402 may carry an electrode 1440 which projects laterally from the tube. The electrode 240 will be adapted for connection to a radiofrequency energy source so that, when the electrode contacts the urethral wall and prostatic tissue, radiofrequency energy can be delivered, either in a monopolar or bipolar mode. The radiofrequency energy can thus ablate the tissue over selected volumes and regions of the prostatic tissue. Optionally, by changing the nature of the radiofrequency energy, the electrode 1440 could also be used to cauterize the tissue after it has been treated.
[0060] While the above is a complete description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, various alternatives, modifications, and equivalents may be used. Therefore, the above description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention which is defined by the appended claims.
