Abstract
A honeycomb for curved surface lightweight components includes a plurality of elongate ribbons and connecting regions. The connecting regions are provided, respectively, between opposing ribbons to connect the ribbons together in a portion-wise manner in a firmly bonded relationship in a transverse direction. The connecting regions are arranged at regular spacings along the longitudinal direction of a ribbon. Honeycomb-like cells form cavities between the ribbons. With respect to three successive ribbons, a displacement of the connecting regions between first and second ribbons relative to the connecting regions between second and third ribbons toward a first side of the longitudinal direction is lesser than toward a second side of the longitudinal direction. Consequently, at least a part of the cells in cross-section in the longitudinal direction/transverse direction plane have at least one longer limb corresponding to the greater displacement and at least one shorter limb corresponding to the lesser displacement.
Claims
1. A honeycomb for lightweight components, the honeycomb comprising: a plurality of elongate ribbons made from sheet-like or film-like material, having a longitudinal direction and arranged in an areal mutually opposite relationship in a transverse direction, transverse to the longitudinal direction, a plurality of connecting regions, each being provided between two mutually opposite ribbons, connecting the ribbons together in a portion-wise manner in a firmly bonded relationship in the transverse direction, the connecting regions being arranged at regular spacings, identical between all connecting regions along the longitudinal direction, and honeycomb-cells forming cavities between the ribbons, wherein, with respect to three successive ribbons, a displacement of the connecting regions between first and second ribbons relative to the connecting regions between second and third ribbons toward a first side of the longitudinal direction is lesser than toward a second side of the longitudinal direction; and at least a part of the cells in cross-section in a longitudinal direction/transverse direction plane have at least one longer limb corresponding to a greater displacement and at least one shorter limb corresponding to a lesser displacement.
2. The honeycomb of claim 1, wherein each eccentric lesser displacement is provided toward the first side.
3. The honeycomb of claim 1, wherein each eccentric lesser displacement is provided alternately toward the first side and the second side.
4. The honeycomb of claim 1, wherein at least a majority of the honeycomb-like cells have a substantially identical shape in plan, in cross-section in the L/W plane, with the at least one longer limb and the at least one shorter limb.
5. The honeycomb of claim 1, wherein at least a majority of the honeycomb-like cells are in the form of an irregular polygon in cross-section in the longitudinal direction/transverse direction plane.
6. The honeycomb of claim 1, wherein at least one of (i) a ratio of the lesser displacement to the greater displacement <0.45, and (ii) a ratio of the lesser displacement to the center spacing <0.40.
7. The honeycomb of claim 1, wherein the connecting regions extend strip-like perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction in a direction of a honeycomb thickness and are of a width which is identical throughout in the longitudinal direction.
8. The honeycomb of claim 7, wherein the lesser displacement is greater than the width of the connecting regions, wherein the width of the connecting regions relative to the center spacing is within the range of ⅛ and ⅓.
9. The honeycomb of claim 7, wherein at least one of (i) a ratio of the greater displacement to the width of the connecting regions is within the range of 2 and 4, and (ii) a ratio of the lesser displacement to the width of the connecting regions is within the range of 1.5 and 2.5.
10. The honeycomb of claim 5, wherein the cross-section is substantially cup-shaped and has six limbs in the form of an irregular hexagon.
11. The honeycomb of claim 10, wherein spacing of successive connecting regions in the transverse direction is less than a dimension of the lesser displacement in the longitudinal direction.
12. The honeycomb of claim 1, wherein the ribbons are made from a plastic material, a thermoplastic material, a thermosetting material or a combination thereof, and the longer limb extends in a curved configuration.
13. The honeycomb of claim 1, wherein the ribbons are made from metal film, and the longer limb extends in a straight line.
14. The honeycomb of claim 1, wherein a thickness of the honeycomb is less than six times the longer limb.
15. The honeycomb of claim 1, wherein the lesser displacement is of greater dimension than a thickest material used for the ribbons by at least two times.
16. A sandwich component including a core of honeycombs of claim 1, the honeycombs being closed on at least one side by a face sheet glued thereto, wherein the face sheet is made from a fiber composite material, a single-layer or multi-layer film material, or monolithically from metal.
17. A honeycomb block for the production of honeycomb for lightweight components having a curved surface, the honeycomb block comprising: a plurality of sheets made from sheet-like or film-like material, having a longitudinal direction and arranged in an areal mutually opposite relationship in a transverse direction, transverse to the longitudinal direction; a plurality of connecting regions, each being provided between two mutually opposite sheets, connecting the sheets together in a portion-wise manner in a firmly bonded relationship in the transverse direction, the connecting regions being arranged at regular spacings, identical between all connecting regions along the longitudinal direction of a sheet; wherein, with respect to three successive sheets, a displacement of the connecting regions between first and second sheets relative to the connecting regions between second and third sheets toward a first side of the longitudinal direction is lesser than toward a second side of the longitudinal direction.
18. A method of producing honeycomb having a stack-like deposit of sheets of thin sheet-like or film-like material, stacked in an areal relationship upon each other in a transverse direction transverse to a longitudinal direction of the sheets, the method comprising: connecting the sheets, via a plurality of connecting regions, in a firmly bonded relationship in the transverse direction to form a block, the plurality of connecting regions connecting the sheets together in a portion-wise manner in a firmly bonded relationship in the transverse direction, the connecting regions being arranged at regular spacings, identical between all connecting regions along the longitudinal direction of a sheet; expanding the block in the transverse direction to form honeycomb-like cells with cavities between the sheets; and dividing the block into a plurality of individual honeycombs by cutting substantially along separation planes parallel to a longitudinal direction/transverse direction plane, wherein with respect to three successive sheets, a displacement of the connecting regions between first and second sheets relative to the connecting regions between second and third sheets toward a first side of the longitudinal direction is less than toward a second side of the longitudinal direction.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the eccentric displacement of the connecting regions is lesser toward the first side.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein the eccentric displacement of the connecting regions is smaller alternately toward the first side and the second side.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0056] Further details, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the more detailed description hereinafter of preferred embodiments by way of example with reference to the accompanying Figures. In the Figures which are diagrammatic and not true to scale:
[0057] FIG. 1A shows a diagrammatic plan view of a honeycomb according to the invention of a first particularly preferred embodiment,
[0058] FIG. 1B shows an enlarged partial region of FIG. 1A,
[0059] FIG. 1C shows a diagrammatically illustrated deposit procedure in the production process for the production of a honeycomb as shown in FIGS. 1A-1B,
[0060] FIG. 2A shows a diagrammatic plan view of a honeycomb according to the invention of a second embodiment,
[0061] FIG. 2B shows an enlarged partial region of FIG. 2A,
[0062] FIG. 2C shows a diagrammatically illustrated deposit stacking procedure for a honeycomb as shown in FIGS. 2A-2B,
[0063] FIG. 3A shows a diagrammatic plan view of a variant of the second embodiment,
[0064] FIG. 3B shows a diagrammatically illustrated deposit stacking procedure for a honeycomb as shown in FIG. 3A,
[0065] FIG. 4A shows a diagrammatic plan view of a honeycomb according to the invention of a third embodiment,
[0066] FIG. 4B shows a diagrammatically illustrated deposit stacking procedure for a honeycomb as shown in FIG. 4A,
[0067] FIG. 5A shows a roll of material provided for production of a honeycomb; FIG. 5B shows adhesive strips or lines printed on the roll; FIG. 5C shows sheets of identical format cut to size from the roll; FIG. 5D shows expansion into a honeycomb block; FIG. 5E shows impregnating of the honeycomb block with synthetic resin; FIG. 5F shows hardening of the resin;
[0068] FIG. 5G shows cutting of the honeycomb block into individual honeycomb slices; and FIG. 5H shows the honeycomb of the desired geometry,
[0069] FIGS. 6A-6D show photographic snapshots illustrating the production of a honeycomb according to the invention from aluminum foil during expansion in the W direction (see FIG. 5D),
[0070] FIG. 7 shows a photograph of a honeycomb according to the invention comprising aluminum foil with a geometry as shown in FIG. 1, purely by way of example, deformed in three dimensions, here approximately spherically, and
[0071] FIG. 8A shows a previously known hexagonal honeycomb; FIG. 8B shows a previously known reinforced hexagonal honeycomb; FIG. 8C shows a previously known overexpanded hexagonal honeycomb; FIG. 8D shows a previously known square honeycomb;
[0072] FIG. 8E shows a previously known underexpanded hexagonal honeycomb; and FIG. 8F shows a previously known so-called FLEX-CORE® honeycomb.
DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0073] FIGS. 1A-1B show a partial region of a deformable honeycomb 120 as a plan view on to the L/W plane, that is to say the plane formed by the L-direction (longitudinal direction) and the W-direction (transverse direction), corresponding to the plane in FIG. 1A.
[0074] The honeycomb comprises a plurality of elongate ribbons 122 which considered roughly extend in the L-direction and are in mutually opposite relationship with the main surface extending in the L-direction and the T-direction (honeycomb thickness, that is to say perpendicularly to FIGS. 1A-1B).
[0075] In the W-direction, a respectively plurality of adhesive strips 123 provided between two mutually opposite ribbons 122 connect the ribbons 122 to form an interconnected honeycomb-like structure forming the honeycomb 120. As described in greater detail hereinafter the adhesive strips 123 which are arranged continuously in strip form in the T-direction respectively connect adjacent ribbons 122 portion-wise to each other. For that purpose the adhesive strips 123 are arranged at regular spacings in the L-direction of a ribbon 122, that is to say with a periodic center spacing I between adjacent adhesive strips 123.
[0076] Between the ribbons 122 extending sinuously or in meander fashion in the L-direction honeycomb-like cells 124 form the cavities of the honeycomb 120, that have a weight-saving action.
[0077] As can be seen from FIGS. 1A-1B, in relation to three successive ribbons, for example 122-1, 122-2, 122-3 in FIG. 1B, a displacement of the connecting regions 123A connecting the first and second ribbons 122-1 and 122-2 in relation to the connecting regions 123B connecting the second and third ribbons 122-2 and 122-3 is markedly smaller towards the one side D1 of the L-direction, than towards the other side D2. As a result, as shown in FIGS. 1A-1B, this results in the cells 124 being shaped in the manner of an irregular polygon in cross-section in the L/W plane. In the example shown here all cells 124 are of an identical basic shape in plan similar to the elevational view of a champagne glass. The honeycomb 120 is similar in the lattice or grid pattern to a fish scale pattern. In cross-section parallel to the L/W plane the cells 124 have honeycomb walls including at least one longer limb S2 corresponding to the greater displacement and at least one shorter limb S1 corresponding to the lesser displacement.
[0078] In the embodiment illustrated here the cells 124, considered in themselves, in cross-section, are technically of mirror-image symmetrical configuration relative to the L-direction and, considered from a row in relation to the next row, are arranged in mirror-reversed relationship in relation to the W-direction. This means that the honeycomb 120 is overall of a regular pattern with honeycombs 124 which are of substantially the same cup-shaped cross-section or plan configuration. In this example each cell 124 has two short limbs S1, two long limbs S2 and two further limbs S3. Provided at the limbs S3 are the adhesive strips 123 and accordingly the limbs S3 are of the length of the width B of the adhesive strips 123, that approximately corresponds to the dimension of the shorter limb S2. In one configuration, the second ribbon 122-2 includes first, second, third and fourth portions arranged successively. In one example, the limbs S3 may correspond to the first and third portions of the second ribbon 122-2, with the short limb S1 corresponding to the second or fourth portion of the second ribbon 122-2 and the long limb S2 corresponding to the other of the second or fourth portion of the second ribbon 122-2.
[0079] The long honeycomb walls or limbs S2 which are to be found with this geometry extend in a curved form in tangential relationship and by virtue of their excessive length make the crucial contribution to the deformability of the honeycomb 120. FIGS. 1A-1B show honeycomb 120 in a state of being nominally completely expanded in the W-direction, thereby affording the maximum weight saving. In this case the dimension of the cells 123 in the W-direction is precisely double the length of the shorter limb S1. Synclastic properties which are further improved are afforded if the short limbs S2 are not aligned in the W-direction, but are slightly angled with an obtuse angle, that is to say in plan view they represent an approximately rhombic irregular polygon. That can be achieved by a less pronounced expansion or enlargement A without increased expenditure and complication.
[0080] In such an embodiment which is also preferred the enlargement or dimension of the cells 123 in the W-direction is perceptibly less than double the length of the short limb S2, that is to say the spacing of successive connecting regions 123A, 123B in the W-direction is less than the dimension of the lesser displacement towards the one side D1 of the L-direction.
[0081] FIG. 1C shows a diagrammatic deposit stacking procedure for the production of a honeycomb according to the invention, for example as shown in FIGS. 1A-1B. Production is effected for the major part in per se known manner using the expansion process (see FIGS. 5A-5H), like for example in the case of a hexagonal honeycomb. For that purpose FIG. 1C only illustrates the initial step in the stacking of individual sheets 125 of thin sheet-like or film-like material. The adhesive strips 123 are applied by printing on one side of the sheets 125 in known manner, extending in a straight line in the T-direction at a periodic center spacing I. The sheets 125 are only shown in FIG. 1C as being displaced in the T-direction for illustration purposes.
[0082] A decisive difference in relation to the state of the art however is the displacement which is actually provided in the L-direction, namely that in the stacking procedure for the sheets 125, in relation to three successive sheets 125-1, 125-2, 125-3, a predetermined displacement of the connecting regions 123 between the first and second sheets 125-1 and 125-2 in relation to the connecting regions between the second and third sheets 125-2 and 125-3 is markedly smaller to one side D1 of the L-direction than to the other side D2. In that case the third sheet 125-3 is again deposited without displacement in precisely flush relationship with the first sheet 125-1. For illustration purposes only three sheets 125 are shown in FIG. 1C. It will be appreciated that in practice a multiplicity of some tens or hundreds of sheets will be stacked and glued.
[0083] Thus, without any other substantial change in the tried-and-tested operating procedure using the expansion principle (see FIGS. 5A-5H) a honeycomb 120 is produced, of a shape similar to FIGS. 1A-1B. A double displacement (alternately in one direction and the other), only one displacement provided region-wise within the honeycomb 20, or magnitudes varying in the W-direction of the unequal eccentric displacement are also in accordance with the invention as described in greater detail hereinafter.
[0084] Without limitation and just for the sake of better illustration the honeycomb 120 as shown in FIGS. 1A-1B can involve for example the following data:
[0085] A: about 4.6 mm
[0086] B: 3 mm
[0087] I: 16 mm
[0088] S1′: 5.33 mm
[0089] S2′: 10.66 mm
[0090] Length S1: about 2.3 mm (≈S1′−B)
[0091] Length S2: about 7.6 mm (≈S2′−B)
[0092] T: between 5 and 25 mm
[0093] Material of the sheets/ribbons: Aramid fiber paper (to be hardened after deformation), of a thickness of 0.08 mm.
[0094] FIGS. 2A-2B show in diagrammatic form a second embodiment of a deformable honeycomb 220 also in a partial region of the plan view on to the L/W plane corresponding to the plane in FIG. 2A. Corresponding or identical parts or features in comparison with FIGS. 1A-1B are denoted by corresponding references. Only relevant differences and points in common will be described in greater detail here for the avoidance of repetition.
[0095] As in FIGS. 1A-1B, here too in FIGS. 2A-2B each honeycomb cell 224 between the sinuous ribbons 222 extending roughly in the L-direction each have a respective cross-sectional shape which is asymmetric relative to the T/W plane, in the L/W plane. In FIGS. 2A-2B however the honeycomb cells 224 involve two different basic shapes 224A, 224B which are regularly repeated over the surface. The one shape 224A is repeated in the W-direction in each case in mirror-reversed relationship with the L/T plane, but the other shape 224B is mirror-reversed in relation to the T/W plane.
[0096] Those shapes 224A, 224B of the honeycomb cells 224 arise out of the deposit stacking procedure shown in FIG. 2C. In this case a predetermined eccentric displacement is respectively provided alternately or alternatingly towards the first side D1 and then towards the second side D2 and vice-versa. Accordingly, in any ribbon sequence, the connecting regions or adhesive lines 223 between the first ribbon 222-1 and the second ribbon 222-2 are displaced relative to the connecting regions between the second ribbon 222-2 and the third ribbon 222-3 in the one direction D1 and D2 respectively, while the connecting regions 223 between the second ribbon 222-2 and the third ribbon 222-3 are however displaced in the opposite direction D2 and D1 respectively, relative to the connecting regions 223 between the third ribbon 222-3 and the fourth ribbon 222-4. In addition the above-defined eccentric displacement is alternately intermittently repeated, that is to say the connecting regions 223, in relation to four ribbons 222-1 . . . 222-4 which follow each other in the transverse direction (W) are respectively undisplaced between the first and second ribbons 222-1 and 222-2 and between the third and fourth ribbons 222-3 and 222-4, that is to say they lie at substantially the same level in the L-direction. Here too the connecting regions 223 form the third limb S3 which can possibly be disposed inclinedly relative to the L-direction (as shown in FIGS. 2A-2B).
[0097] By virtue of a suitable larger displacement S2′ in comparison with the lesser displacement S1′, this arrangement also involves longer limbs S2 as honeycomb walls, which for the sake of improved clarity are shown in FIGS. 2A-2B with a configuration which is more greatly curved in comparison with a practical embodiment. The shorter limbs S1 in this embodiment as shown in FIGS. 2A-2B can also be of a dimension in the direction in which the ribbons 222 extend of less than 40% for example about 25% of the corresponding dimension of the longer limbs S2. In this case the lesser displacement S1′ is provided alternately towards the first side D1 and then the second side D2 and vice-versa.
[0098] FIG. 2C shows the stacking procedure for the embodiment shown in FIGS. 2A-2B. In this case, starting from a sheet 225-1, in the sequence of sheets 225-1 . . . 225-4, the next sheet 225-2 is deposited with a slight displacement S1′ in the one direction D1, the next-but-one sheet 225-3 is not displaced relative to the first sheet, and the third next sheet 225-4 is finally displaced with the same displacement S1′ but in the other direction D2. That procedure gives rise to the basic forms of the honeycombs 224 shown in FIGS. 2A-2B after partial or complete expansion insofar as the ratio of the lesser displacement S1′ relative to the width B of the connecting regions is perceptibly greater than 1. Preferably that ratio is in the range: 1.5<S1′/B<2.5, and is preferably about 2. The dimensioning of the greater displacement S2′ in the direction in which they extend corresponds to the difference between the dimension of the center spacing I and the dimension of the lesser displacement S1′, hence resulting in corresponding ratios between the values B, I, S1′ and S2′. In a preferred embodiment the center spacing I is an integral multiple of the width B, preferably at least 4 times.
[0099] Without limitation and only for the sake of better illustration the honeycomb 220 as shown in FIGS. 2A-2B can involve for example the following data:
Example 2
[0100] A: 3 mm
[0101] B: 3 mm
[0102] I: 12 mm
[0103] S1′: 5.33 mm
[0104] S2′: 10.66 mm
[0105] Length S1: about 2.3 mm (≈S1′−B)
[0106] Length S2: about 7.6 mm (≈S2′−B)
[0107] Material of the sheets/ribbons: Aramid fiber paper (to be hardened after deformation), of a thickness of 0.08 mm.
[0108] FIGS. 3A-3B show a modification or a special case of the embodiment of FIGS. 2A-2B with also alternately intermittent and direction-alternating displacement S1′ and S2′ respectively. The characteristic form of that honeycomb 320 as shown in FIGS. 3A-3B is achieved by the length of the shorter limbs S1 being vanishingly small or being technically reduced to zero, as shown in FIG. 3B. That is achieved if for example in the stacking procedure (FIG. 3B) or in the welding process the lesser displacement S1′ corresponds except for inevitable tolerance precisely to the width B of the connecting regions 323, for example adhesive strips or weld seams. Consequently, the greater displacement S2′ precisely corresponds to the regular center spacing or interval I of the connecting regions 323. Upon complete expansion, in particular in the case of metal films, like for example aluminum film, as the material for the ribbons 322, the honeycombs 324 are of a substantially consistently identical quadrangular shape in the L/W plane. Three mutually adjoining honeycombs 324 in this case respectively form regular hexagons, as shown in FIG. 3A (in a group of three with three basic shapes respectively rotated about the T-axis through 120o). Unlike the situation in FIGS. 1A-2A, in FIG. 3A the predominant proportion of or all honeycombs 324 in cross-section in the L/W plane are in a shape in the manner of a polygon, here for example a regular quadrangle or a rhombus (when S2′−B=B) or a parallelogram (when S2′−B≠B). The basic shape which is substantially identical within the honeycomb 320 however, unlike the case with the state of the art (FIGS. 8A-8F), is arranged predominantly, and in FIG. 3A in respect of a proportion of ⅔, non-symmetrically relative to the T/W plane. The embodiment of FIGS. 3A-3B exhibits good strength values.
[0109] Finally FIGS. 4A-4B show a further modification of the invention.
[0110] In the honeycomb 420 the ribbons 422 extend approximately in a wavy shape and slightly inclined relative to the L-direction, as shown in FIG. 4A. That is achieved with a stacking procedure as shown in FIG. 4B, in which connecting regions 423 which occur in succession in the W-direction are always displaced relative to each other and towards the same side, for example D2. In this case the lesser displacement S1′ is preferably so selected that S1′ is a divider of the center spacing I. As a result, after a succession of N=B/S1′ sheets 425-1 . . . 425-3, the next sheet 425-4 is again deposited parallel to the initial sheet in order to reduce the material expenditure and to facilitate the deposit process. A corresponding deposit process with B/S1′=3 is shown in FIG. 4B.
[0111] The wave-like basic shape for the honeycombs 424 in FIG. 4A, with in each case two short, approximately straight limbs S1, corresponding to the lesser displacement S1′, two widely curved longer limbs S2, corresponding to the greater displacement S2′, and approximately rectilinear third limbs S3, corresponding to the width B of the connecting regions 423, is arranged repetitively regularly and identically throughout.
[0112] The honeycomb 420 of the embodiment of FIGS. 4A-4B is deformable with relatively slight anticlastic characteristics appropriately for many uses and, with comparable dimensioning and choice of material, typically presents better compression and shearing strength values than for example the honeycomb of FIG. 1A.
[0113] FIGS. 5A-5F show the various stages in the preferred method of expansion for honeycomb production. In step (a) a roll involving sheet-like or film-like material is provided, on to which in step (b) adhesive strips or adhesive lines which are parallel at regular or periodic spacings are printed in perpendicular relationship over the entire width. In step (c) sheets of identical format are cut to size from the roll, deposited one upon the other in predetermined fashion and then the stack of sheets, which is deposited in accordance with the desired stacking process, is processed by pre-hardening or final hardening of the adhesive strips, for example under the effect of pressure and/or temperature in a press, to give a coherent block. Instead of using adhesive in steps (b) and (c), it is possible, depending on the respective material, for the connecting regions to be produced for example by welding in accordance with a suitable procedure. In step (d), expansion is effected in the W-direction in per se known manner in such a way as to result in a honeycomb block 530 with honeycomb cells (FIGS. 5A-5F show the known hexagonal shape). The expanded block is then stabilized, for example by the action of temperature in a furnace. The block is then uniformly impregnated with synthetic resin in the (optional) step (e). In the (optional) step (f) initial hardening or final hardening of the resin is effected by suitable means so that for example this results in an FCP. Then in step (g) the block which is stable in shape in respect of the honeycomb shape is cut up or separated into individual honeycomb slices in a cutting or sawing apparatus by separation in the L/W plane. The honeycomb 520 of the desired geometry is then provided in step (h).
[0114] Honeycomb geometries according to the invention can be implemented in a particularly simpler fashion in that, in step (c), after a suitable procedure, in relation to adhesive connections, for example a stacking process as shown in FIG. 1C, FIG. 2C, FIG. 3B or FIG. 4B or for example in accordance with a congruent pattern of weld seams, a predetermined eccentric displacement of the connecting regions is produced. Otherwise there is no need for complicated and expensive adaptations in respect of the tried-and-tested expansion method.
[0115] FIGS. 6A-6D show different expansion steps during expansion of the honeycomb in the W-direction. In this case the limbs of differing length of the honeycomb geometry of a cell and the development of the honeycomb geometry towards a geometry shown in FIG. 1A is illustrated by means of the photograph of a prototype.
[0116] FIG. 7 shows purely by way of example and without limitation on the invention a possible configuration with honeycomb of metal film, for example aluminum film, which at the outside or in the basic state is of the geometry shown in FIG. 1A.
LIST OF REFERENCES
[0117] FIGS. 1A-4B: [0118] A expansion [0119] B width of adhesive strip [0120] I center spacing [0121] L L-direction (longitudinal direction) [0122] S1, S2, S3 limbs or honeycomb walls [0123] S1′ lesser displacement [0124] S2′ greater displacement [0125] D1, D2 first and second side direction [0126] T T-direction (honeycomb thickness or gauge) [0127] W W-direction (transverse direction)
[0128] FIGS. 1A-1C: [0129] 120 deformable honeycomb [0130] 122 ribbon [0131] 122-1, 122-2, 122-3 sequence of ribbons [0132] 123 adhesive strip [0133] 124 honeycomb cell [0134] 125 sheet [0135] 125-1, 125-2, 125-3 sequence of sheets
[0136] FIGS. 2A-2C: [0137] 220 deformable honeycomb [0138] 222 ribbon [0139] 222-1 . . . 222-4 sequence of ribbons [0140] 223 adhesive strip [0141] 224 honeycomb cell [0142] 224A, 224B basic shapes [0143] 225 sheet [0144] 225-1 . . . 225-4 sequence of sheets
[0145] FIGS. 3A-3B: [0146] 320 honeycomb [0147] 322 ribbon [0148] 323 weld seams/adhesive strips [0149] 324 honeycomb cell [0150] 325 sheet [0151] 325-1 . . . 325-4 sequence of sheets
[0152] FIGS. 4A-4B: [0153] 420 honeycomb [0154] 422 ribbon [0155] 422-1 . . . 422-4 sequence of ribbons [0156] 423 adhesive strip [0157] 424 honeycomb cell [0158] 425 sheet [0159] 425-1 . . . 425-4 sequence of sheets
[0160] FIGS. 5A-5H: [0161] process portions [0162] 520 honeycomb [0163] 530 honeycomb block
[0164] FIGS. 6A-6D [0165] snapshots of various expansion steps
[0166] FIG. 7: spatial geometry by way of example of a honeycomb (photograph)
[0167] FIGS. 8A-8F: [0168] previously known honeycomb geometries
