Abstract
A method of manufacture of a shaft including positioning a prefabricated wedge member onto a cylindrical mandrel, winding a fibre material onto the mandrel, the fibre material extending over at least a part of the wedge member, allowing a matrix material impregnated into the fibre material to cure, and machining away at least part of the fibre material in the region of the wedge member to expose fibres thereof.
Claims
1. A method of manufacture of a shaft comprising; positioning a prefabricated metallic material annular wedge member onto a cylindrical mandrel, winding a fibre material onto the mandrel so that the fibre material extends over at least a part of the wedge member, allowing a matrix material impregnated into the fibre material to cure, machining away at least part of the fibre material to expose fibres thereof, and pushing an end fitting onto and around an end part of the shaft thereby applying a compressive load to the annular wedge member.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the annular wedge member is held captive by the fibre and matrix material of the shaft.
3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of introducing a plug into the annular wedge member.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the plug is of tubular form.
5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the end fitting is of internally splined form, the splines of which cut into the material of the shaft upon the fitting of the end component to the shaft, the plug providing support for the end part of the shaft.
6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of introducing part of the end fitting into the end part of the shaft such that the said part of the end fitting engages with an outer surface of the end part of the shaft.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
(1) The invention will further be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
(2) FIG. 1 is a sectional view illustrating part of a shaft in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
(3) FIG. 2 is a view similar to FIG. 1 illustrating an alternative embodiment of the invention;
(4) FIGS. 3 and 4 are views illustrating further alternative embodiments of the invention;
(5) FIGS. 5a and 5b illustrate steps in the manufacture of another embodiment;
(6) FIG. 6a is a diagrammatic illustration of a typical winding process;
(7) FIG. 6b is a view similar to FIG. 6a illustrating another embodiment of the invention;
(8) FIG. 7 illustrates a shaft incorporating the arrangement shown in FIG. 6b; and
(9) FIG. 8 illustrates another embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
(10) Referring firstly to FIG. 1, an end part of a shaft 10 is illustrated, the shaft 10 being intended for use as a drive shaft, transmitting torque between end components (not shown in FIG. 1) fitted to the ends of the shaft 10. The shaft 10 is of composite material form and is manufactured by positioning an annular member 12 of wedge shaped cross section (referred to hereinafter as a wedge member 12) onto a mandrel M as shown in FIG. 2. Once positioned upon the mandrel M in a desired position, a suitable fibre material is wound onto the mandrel, the fibre material extending over both the mandrel and at least part of the radially outer surface of the wedge member 12. It will be appreciated that the presence of the wedge member 12 results in the parts of the shaft defined by the fibre material wound upon the wedge member 12 being of increased diameter compared to the remainder of the shaft 10. The orientation of the fibres in this region is governed by the shape of the wedge member 12, and so is accurately controlled by accurate control over the shape of the wedge member 12.
(11) After winding has been completed, the fibre material is impregnated with a suitable matrix material which is subsequently allowed to cure to form a solid composite 14. Alternatively, fibres that are pre-impregnated with the matrix material may be used. Once cured, at least part of the increased diameter part of the shaft 10 is machined away to expose at least some of the fibres thereof, forming the shaft 10 with an end part of cylindrical form and of a desired diameter.
(12) As illustrated in FIG. 1, a plug 16 of tubular or hoop like form is pushed into the end of the shaft 10 once removed from the mandrel M, and the aforementioned end fitting is then pushed onto the end part of the shaft 10, cooperating with the exposed fibres, the plug 16 bearing the compressive loads applied as a result of the presence of the end fitting 18 shown in FIGS. 3 and 4.
(13) By manufacturing the shaft 10 in this manner, it will be appreciated that the wedge member 12 can be accurately manufactured to a desired shape and size, and then accurately positioned upon the mandrel before winding commences, thereby ensuring that the fibre material wound onto the mandrel and over the wedge member 12 adopts a desired configuration and position. Increased manufacturing accuracy, and hence reduced scrap levels can thus be achieved. Furthermore, the material of the wedge member 12 can be of greater stiffness than is achievable when a wedge shaped layer of fibre material is used to in the formation of the increased diameter shaping of the end part of the shaft. As a result, winding of the fibre material does not need to be compromised by the need to take into account the stiffness of the wedge shaped layer.
(14) FIG. 2 illustrates an arrangement that is very similar to that of FIG. 1 but in which rather than provide a separate plug 16, the wedge member 12 is of increased thickness and provides, in use, the additional strength otherwise provided by the plug, thereby obviating the need to use a separate plug. The shape of the wedge member 12 may be chosen to achieve a desired ‘plug’ length and to achieve a desired wedge angle and length.
(15) FIG. 3 illustrates a variant to the arrangement shown in FIG. 2, also showing the end component 18 fitted in position. As shown in FIG. 3, an annular groove 20 is cut into the outer surface of the shaft 10, in this case in a part of the shaft 10 axially aligned with part of the wedge member 12, although this is not critical to the invention. The purpose of the groove 20 is to define a region of the shaft 10 of controlled torque transmitting capacity. The torque transmitting capacity is controlled, by appropriate control over the dimensions and materials used in the manufacture of the shaft 10 and the dimensions of the groove 20, to ensure that the shaft 10 is capable of transmitting the torque that is expected to be carried in use, but to fail in the event that the applied torque exceeds this level by a predetermined amount. By arranging for the shaft 10 to fail in a controlled manner in the event that the applied torque is excessive it will be appreciated that damage to parts of the equipment to which the shaft is connected, in the event of an equipment failure, can be reduced.
(16) The depth of the groove 20 may be such that it is located only in an outer layer of the shaft. Alternatively, it may extend into two or more layers of a multi-layered shaft.
(17) In the arrangement of FIG. 3, the groove 20 serves as a ‘fuse’, the shaft 10 failing at the location of the groove 20 in the event that the applied torque becomes excessive. Whilst the provision of a groove 20 represents one way of achieving such a ‘fuse’, other techniques may be used to form the fuse. One option may be to modify the way in which the shaft 10 is formed to result in the formation of the groove, rather than by machining the groove into the finished, cured shaft. As shown in FIG. 4, another option may be to modify the manner in which the shaft 10 is manufactured to include a first or main part 22, and a pair of second or end parts 24. The first and second parts 22, 24 differ from one another in that the fibre angles used in the first part 22 are different to those used in the end parts 24 with the result that the torsional strengths of the first part is different to that of the second parts 24. By appropriate control over the winding of the fibre during the manufacture of the shaft 10, the second parts 24 can be manufactured in such a manner as to have a lower, but controlled, torsional strength than that of the first part 22 such that, in normal use when the applied torque is lower than a predetermined level, the shaft 10 can serve to transmit the torque between the end components 18, but that in the event that the applied torque exceeds the level capable of being transmitted by the second parts 24, one or other of the second parts 24 will fail.
(18) In the arrangement illustrated, the second parts 24 are located at the ends of the shaft 10, and form the parts to which the components 18 are fitted. However, this need not always be the case, and other arrangements are possible without departing from the scope of the invention. Also, as illustrated, one of the second parts 24 is formed with a groove 20 serving as a fuse as described hereinbefore, but this need not be present. Furthermore, only a single second part 24 may be provided, if required.
(19) FIGS. 5a and 5b illustrate one way in which a shaft 10 of the general type shown in FIG. 4 may be manufactured. As shown in FIG. 5a, an elongate member 26 is manufactured by winding fibres onto a mandrel, the fibres being impregnated with a suitable matrix material that is allowed to cure to form an elongate composite tubular member. During the winding process, the winding angle is varied to as to form the elongate tubular member 26 with regions 28 of a relatively low winding angle separated by regions 30 with a relatively high winding angle. After formation of the member 26, a section 32 of the member 26 may be cut and used in the formation of a shaft 10 by securing end components 18 thereto. In the finished shaft 10, the regions 28 may form the first parts 22 of relatively high torsional strength, and the regions 30 may form the second parts 24 of relatively low torsional strength. It will be appreciated that the arrangement of FIGS. 5a and 5b may be used to form a shaft of substantially uniform outer diameter, rather than one having an increased outer diameter at its ends as in the arrangements of FIGS. 3 and 4.
(20) Conveniently, as shown in FIG. 5a, the second regions 30 are evenly spaced apart, and the locations of the cuts dividing the member 26 into individual shafts 10 are chosen to ensure that each shaft 10 includes at least one first part 22 and at least one second part 24, the haft 12 being of a desired length.
(21) One cause of failure of a composite material torque transmitting shaft arises from inter-lamina shear fatigue between the plies of the material that, in use, form the primary torque transmitting part of the shaft. In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, in order to reduce such failures, rather than form several plies with each ply having a single warp tow 32 interlaced with the weft tow 34 (see FIG. 6a), building up a plurality of such plies to achieve a desired thickness and strength, two or more partially or fully overlaid tows 32a, 32b are used to form warp tows 32 of increased thickness as shown in FIG. 6b. The increased thickness of the warp tows formed in this fashion result in the through thickness dimension d of the weft tow 34 being increased, and hence in the ply being of significantly greater thickness, thereby allowing a single ply to be used as the primary torque transmission layer. The increased thickness of the ply achieved in this manner does not require other winding parameters such as the fibre angle, material type or the like to be varied, and the increased ply thickness can be achieved without negatively impacting upon other properties of the shaft. As a single ply is used, it will be appreciated that issues arising from inter-lamina shear fatigue within the primary torque transmitting layer are overcome.
(22) As shown in FIG. 7, the increased thickness primary torque transmitting layer 36 formed in this fashion is conveniently directly engaged by the end component 18, the layer 36 thus carrying the operational, fatigue and limit loadings, in use. The shaft 10 additionally includes impact plies 38, ultimate load plies 40 and low angle plies 42, but the shear loads between these layers, in normal use, are relatively low.
(23) As mentioned hereinbefore, it is often desirable for the end parts of the shaft 10 to which the end components 18 are fitted to be of an increased outer diameter, and this may be achieved using, for example, a wedge member 12 as described hereinbefore or using the technique outlined in GB2424464. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the outer diameter of the shaft 10 may be increased by modifying the fibre angle in the regions of the shaft 10 that are required to be of increased outer diameter. By increasing the fibre angle, without changing other parameters of the winding process, the overall diameter of the shaft 10 will be increased, achieving the desired shape or profile as illustrated in FIG. 8. As the increased diameter is achieved without modifying any of the other fibre or winding parameters and without the use of a wedge member 12 or the like, it will be appreciated that manufacture is relatively straightforward.
(24) In the various arrangements described hereinbefore an end component is fitted to an end part of the shaft, the end component including a part that encircles part of the shaft and engages with the outer surface of the shaft. It is envisaged that in an alternative construction, an end component that includes a part located, in use, within an end part of the shaft may be used, the said part of the end component bearing against the inner surface of the shaft to allow the transmission of torque between the end component and the shaft, in use. It will be appreciated that where an end component that bears against the inner surface of the shaft is used, it may be preferred to modify the design of the shaft to ensure that the end component bears against the desired layer(s) of the shaft material for optimum torque transmission characteristics.
(25) Whilst specific embodiments of the invention are described hereinbefore, it will be appreciated that a wide range of modifications and alterations may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
