YARN FOR REINFORCING COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Abstract

A yarn for reinforcing composite material includes carbon nanotubes. The yarn has also been treated to promote interaction with a resinous matrix.

Claims

1. A method for manufacturing a composite material, said method comprising forming carbon nanotubes, spinning said carbon nanotubes into a yarn, treating said yarn with a pre-treatment resin selected from an epoxy and a thermoplastic, passing said yarn through a plurality of layers having interstitial spaces filled with a resinous matrix and allowing the pre-treatment resin to fuse with the resinous matrix.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said yarn is also pre-treated with sizing prior to passing said yarn through the plurality of layers.

3. (canceled)

4. The method of claim 1, wherein said yarn is pre-treated with spalling prior to passing said yarn through the plurality of layers.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein said yarn is pre-treated with a friction-reducing film prior to passing said yarn through the plurality of layers.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein said yarn is pre-treated with the epoxy.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein said yarn is pre-treated with the thermoplastic.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the thermoplastic is selected from the group consisting of PEEK and PEI.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein the thermoplastic is a urethane-based plastic.

10. (canceled)

11. The method of claim 7, wherein the thermoplastic is a polyimide.

12. (canceled)

13. The method of claim 1, wherein forming carbon nanotubes comprises forming said carbon nanotubes at a temperature higher than 1000° C.

14.-20. (canceled)

21. The method of claim 1, wherein the yarn is passed through the plurality of layers in a direction normal to a horizontal plane defined by the plurality of layers.

22. The method of claim 1, wherein the yarn is passed through the plurality of layers at an angle to a horizontal plane defined by the plurality of layers.

23. The method of claim 1, wherein the pre-treatment resin penetrates all the way through the yarn.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] FIG. 1 shows a composite material reinforced with a yarn; and

[0027] FIG. 2 shows steps in the manufacture of the composite material shown in FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] FIG. 1 shows a reinforced composite material 10 having a plurality of layers 12 oriented parallel to a material plane. The layers have been stitched together by a yarn 14 that passes through all the layers 12. In the particular embodiment shown, the yarn 14 passes through the layers in a direction normal to the material plane. However, this need not be the case. In other embodiments, the yarn 14 passes through the layers at an angle. In either case, the presence of this yarn 14 tends to suppress the possibility of delamination in response to an impulsive force acting in this normal direction.

[0029] A suitable yarn 14 is one made of carbon nanotubes that are long enough to spin into a fiber that can then be used to make the yarn 14. In some cases, these nanotubes have one wall. In others, they have two or more coaxial walls. Unlike conventional nanotubes, which are formed at lower temperatures of 600-700 C, the nanotubes to be spun into a fiber are formed at higher temperatures, typically above 1000 C, and preferably at or around 1100 C. This results in formation of nanotubes that are longer and thinner than those formed at lower temperatures and that are therefore more suitable for spinning into a fiber.

[0030] In some embodiments, the yarn 14 is made of four strands of carbon nanotube fibers that have been twisted together to form helices having a particular pitch. Preferably, the helical pitch is such that the helical angle is around 15 degrees.

[0031] The resulting yarn 14 is then treated to promote inter-tubal interactions and to increase load transfer between nanotubes, thereby increasing bulk tensile strength. One such treatment is to densify the nanotubes. Another treatment is to cross-link the nanotubes.

[0032] Carbon nanotubes are particularly useful because they are inherently flexible. Therefore a yarn made from such carbon nanotubes will not be stiff, but will in fact have considerable flexibility. Such a yarn can therefore easily be passed through a conventional stitching machine.

[0033] In many composite materials 10, a resinous matrix 16 fills interstitial spaces between the various structural elements of the material. As a result, it is particularly useful to pre-treat the yarn 14 to promote bonding between the yarn 14 and this resinous matrix 16. This can be carried out in several ways.

[0034] One way to promote bonding between the yarn 14 and the resinous matrix 16 is to infiltrate the yarn 14 itself with B-stage epoxy.

[0035] Another way to promote bonding between the yarn 14 and the resinous matrix 16 is to infiltrate the yarn 14 with a pre-treatment resin that fuses with the resinous matrix 16. Preferably, the pre-treatment resin penetrates all the way through the fibers so that more than just the surface of the yarn interacts with the resinous matrix 16. The resulting yarn is preferably greater than 50% carbon nanotube by volume with the balance being taken up by the pre-treatment resin. Suitable pre-treatment resins for this application are thermoset materials, such as epoxy or a polyimide, both of which require curing as part of the manufacturing process. Other pre-treatment resins include thermoplastics, such as PEEK, PEI, urethanes, and thermoplastic polyimides.

[0036] A third way to promote such bonding avoids adding material to the yarn 14. Instead, this method involves conditioning the yarn 14 to promote absorption of resin from the resinous matrix 16 during reflow and curing. Such absorption will promote swelling of the yarn 14, thus creating a mechanical interlock between the composite material 10 and the yarn 14.

[0037] In a yarn 14 spun from carbon nanotubes, the spacing between nanotubes is very small. This promotes capillary action. In particular, for low surface-tension liquid, the resulting capillary pumping pressure can be quite high. As a result, when passed through an environment such as the resinous matrix 16, the yarn 14 can wick prodigious quantities of liquid from the surrounding resin, thus causing the yarn 14 to swell. The now swollen yarn 14 then forms mechanical interlocks with the resinous matrix 16 all along its length. This promotes resistance to delamination.

[0038] Moreover, since at the time of stitching the yarn 14 has not yet become swollen, the stitching process can proceed smoothly, without being hampered by the need to handle swollen yarn 14. It is only after the yarn 14 is safely in place within the composite material 10 that it begins to transition into a state that promotes mechanical interlocking with the surrounding resinous matrix 16.

[0039] The ability to mechanically interlock with its surroundings is not the only advantage of the swollen yarn 14. Such a yarn 14 also develops an advantageous stress-strain curve. Prior to wicking, the yarn's deformation encompasses a plastic range and an elastic range. Having a plastic range is disadvantageous because a yarn 14 that has been deformed to such an extent does not recover its original shape. On the other hand, after having become swollen, the yarn 14 has essentially no plastic state. Its deformation is primarily elastic. Moreover, the elastic response becomes far less non-linear than it was prior to becoming swollen.

[0040] Although the yarn 14 will ultimately spend most of its time bonded to the resinous matrix 16 of the composite material 10, it still has to be stitched into place. This is generally carried out with a stitching machine. As a result, it is useful for the yarn 14 to have properties that will enable it to interact smoothly with a typical stitching machine. One way to do this is to use a sizing agent on the yarn 14. Examples of such sizing agents include a friction-reducing film, which can be solid or liquid, and a coating of spalling, such as from graphite. Sizing agents preferably have the property that although they ease passage of the yarn 14 through the stitching equipment, they have little or no effect on the interaction between the yarn 14 and the resinous matrix 16 of the composite material 10.

[0041] FIG. 2 shows a procedure for manufacturing the reinforced composite material 10 shown in FIG. 1. The procedure begins with forming carbon nanotube fibers with lengths long enough to spin the fibers into yarn 14 (step 18). This can be carried out by forming them at elevated temperatures, such as temperatures above 1000 C, and in particular, at or substantially around 1100 C.

[0042] The next step is to then spin the yarn 14 (step 20). In principle, one could now proceed directly to stitching the yarn 14 through the composite material (step 32). However, to promote strength, it is useful to promote interaction between the yarn 14 and the resinous matrix 16 (step 22). This can be carried out in one of three ways: by infiltrating the yarn 14 with epoxy (step 24), by infiltrating it with thermoplastic (step 26), or by conditioning the yarn 14 for absorption of the resin (step 28).

[0043] For mass production, it is useful to also pre-treat the yarn 14 so that a commercial stitching machine can easily stitch it into the composite material (step 30). This involves application of a sizing agent. Finally, the yarn 14 is ready to actually be stitched through the composite material 10 (step 32).