Method and system for manufacturing coiled tubing

Abstract

A system includes a feeder configured to feed a continuous length of a tube at a predefined rate, a speed sensor configured to determine a feed rate of the continuous length of the tube, a first geometry sensor configured to determine one or more geometric dimensions of a portion of the continuous length of the tube, a first treatment station comprising a first entrance, a first exit, and a first heat treatment zone therebetween, the first heat treatment zone comprising at least one first zone heating element, and a controller configured to power the first zone heating element at a first heat treatment power level based on a first heat treatment target value, the feed rate, one or more of the geometric dimensions, and a first heating element value of the first zone heating element. The system may also include additional heat treatment and cooling stations.

Claims

1. A method for heat treatment of tubing, the method comprising: receiving a continuous length of a tube having a varying wall thickness; feeding, in a continuous process, the continuous length of the tube at a predetermined feed rate; measuring, periodically or continuously, by a thickness sensor, a tubular wall thickness of a moving portion of the continuous length of the tube; measuring a first temperature of the moving portion proximal to a first entrance of a first treatment station also having a first exit and a first heating element therebetween; determining a first heat treatment target temperature value for the moving portion based on the feed rate and the measured tubular wall thickness; calculating a first treatment station power level based on the first heat treatment target temperature value, the feed rate, the first temperature of the moving portion, and a first heating element value of the first heating element; powering the first heating element at the first treatment station power level; feeding the moving portion through the first treatment station; and heating the moving portion of the tube to a first heat treatment target temperature based on the first heat treatment target temperature value prior to the moving portion exiting the first treatment station.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: measuring, after heating, a second temperature of the moving portion; determining a second heat treatment station power level based on the first temperature, the second temperature, the first heat treatment target temperature, the feed rate, and the first heating element value of the first heating element; powering the first heating element at the second heat treatment station power level; and heating the moving portion of the tube to a second heat treatment target temperature based on the first heat treatment target temperature value prior to the moving portion exiting the first treatment station.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving one or more tube chemistry values, wherein determining the first treatment station power level is also based on the one or more of the tube chemistry values.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring a second temperature of the tube at the first exit, wherein the first treatment station power level is further based on the second temperature of the tube.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising quenching the tube to cool the portion to a predetermined quenching temperature after the moving portion exits the first treatment station.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a heat treatment target value for the tube; calculating a second heat treatment target temperature value for the moving portion based on the second heat treatment temperature target value for the tube; measuring, by a second sensor, a second temperature of the portion proximal a second entrance of a second treatment station also having a second exit and a second heating element therebetween; calculating a second heat treatment target temperature value for the moving portion based on the second heat treatment target value for the tube, the feed rate, and the measured tubular wall thickness; calculating a second treatment station power level based on the second heat treatment target temperature value, the feed rate, the second temperature of the moving portion, and a second heating element value of the second heating element, and; powering the second heating element at the second treatment station power level; and heating the moving portion of the tube to a second heat treatment target temperature based on the second heat treatment target temperature value prior to the moving portion exiting the second treatment station.

7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: measuring, after heating the moving portion of the tube to the second heat treatment target temperature, a third temperature of the tube; determining a third heat treatment station power level based on the second temperature, the third temperature, the second heat treatment target temperature, the feed rate, and the second heating element value; powering the second heating element at the third heat treatment station power level; and heating the moving portion of the tube to a third heat treatment target temperature prior to the moving portion exiting the second treatment station.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising cooling the moving portion of the tube to a predetermined temperature.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein said cooling comprises: receiving a cooling treatment target value for a cooling treatment temperature; determining a cooling treatment temperature based on the cooling treatment target value; feeding the tube through a third treatment station comprising a second entrance, a second exit, and at least one cooling treatment zone therebetween; and cooling the moving portion of the tube to the cooling treatment target temperature prior to the moving portion exiting the third treatment station.

10. The method of claim 1, further comprising a straightening a coil of the tube prior to the moving portion entering the first treatment station.

11. The method of claim 1, further comprising bending the continuous length of the tube into a coil.

12. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining an actual feed rate for the continuous length of the tube, wherein the first treatment station power level is further based on the actual feed rate.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a block diagram that shows an example of a system heat treating straightened coiled tubing.

(2) FIG. 2 is graph that shows an example of time-temperature variations during coiled tubing heat treatment.

(3) FIG. 3 is a block diagram that shows an example control flow for the production of coiled steel tubing.

(4) FIG. 4 is a block diagram that shows example variables used in an example control process for the production of coiled steel tubing.

(5) FIG. 5 is a chart that shows an example fatigue test.

(6) FIG. 6 is a chart that shows example changes in temperature under controlled and uncontrolled austenitizing process.

(7) FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of an example process for the production of coiled steel tubing.

(8) Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(9) Generally speaking, the goal of the heat treatment control provided by the processes described herein is to produce a coiled tubing with substantially uniform properties within a very narrow range of tolerances. In some implementations, the value of the resulting product can be increased by narrowing the range of resulting mechanical properties (e.g., yield strength along the length of the tube), since the mechanical properties can define certain tube/pipe performance traits of value.

(10) A process 100 of dynamic heat treatment is illustrated in FIG. 1. In general, the process 100 processes a tube 102 by unspooling a coiled section 104 of the tube 102 from a spool 11 into a straightened section 19 that passes through a collection of heat treatment process stages in a substantially continuous process, and the treated portion of the tube 102 is re-spooled onto a spool 18 as a coiled section 106.

(11) During the process 100, the tube 102 is uncoiled from the spool 11 through a tube straightener 12 to form a first end of the straightened section 19. The tube 102 is then passed sequentially through a tube heating station 13 (e.g., an austenitizing stage), a tube quenching station 14, and a tube tempering station 15. Each of the stations 13-15 includes an entrance where the tube 102 enters the station, and an exit where the tube 102 leaves the station. For example, the tube heating station 13 includes an entrance 110 and an exit 112, with a heating element (not shown) in between. Small pipe distortions (e.g., caused by the heat treatment process) in the tube 102 is then adjusted by a tube sizing station 16 before passing through a tube cooling station 17. The heat-treated and cooled tube 102 is then re-coiled onto the spool 18 in the coiled section 106.

(12) Although there are a number of potential configurations of the stations 12-17 that are possible, the processes performed by the tube austenitizing station 13, the tube quenching station 14 and the tube tempering station 15 could be generalized with a schematic in terms of temperature-time variations as shown in FIG. 2.

(13) FIG. 2 is a schematic 200 of time-temperature variations during coiled tubing heat treatment by a process such as the example process 100 of FIG. 1. In this example, the process may be an austenitizing process followed by quenching and tempering. In FIG. 2 the initial “green pipe” is treated through a series of heating stations (e.g., two in this example although this number could change) and other stations (e.g., quenching stations, tempering stations), that can be separated by gaps that provide a short period of cooling between heating stations. In some embodiments, the number and arrangement of the stations 12-17, sizes and quantity of gaps could be modified to alter the process (e.g., between heating stations, between heating and cooling stations and between cooling stations at different cooling rates).

(14) At a stage 202, the tube is in a pre-treated, “green pipe” condition with regard to various variable properties, chemistry and wall thickness, that can be relevant for subsequent processing steps. At a stage 204, the tube 102 is heated to a predetermined temperature of austenitization (e.g., in case the heat treatment process requires this before quenching) and held at this temperature for a predetermined holding time during a holding stage 206 at this temperature. In some implementations, this holding stage 206 could hold the tube 102 at a substantially constant temperature or at a slow cooling rate, provided the initial transformation is not started before a fast cooling process is applied during a quenching stage 208. In some implementations, the stages 202-206 could be performed in the heating station 13 of FIG. 1. In the example schematic 200, the stage 204 is illustrated with the heating being performed in three stages. In some implementations, the stages 202-206 could be performed multiple times within the heating station 13. For example, the heating station 13 can include three or any other appropriate number of heating zones (e.g., each having one or more heating elements) to heat the tube 102 in two, three, or more increments before being processed through the quenching stage 208.

(15) The cooling rate of stage 208 is identified as a cooling rate that is greater than a predetermined critical value for the material (e.g., to promote the desired transformation). In some implementations the cooling rate can be constant, or it may be variable. In some implementations, the temperature at the exit of quenching may be substantially equal to the ambient temperature, or it may be a different temperature. In some implementation, the stage 208 may be performed in the quenching station 14 of FIG. 1.

(16) Similar processes may be applied to subsequent tempering cycles, although the predetermined temperature may be lower (e.g., no austenitization). For example, the tube can be re-heated during a tempering stage 210 until a predetermined tempering temperature is reached and maintained for a predetermined time at a stage 212. In the example schematic 200, the stage 210 is illustrated with the heating being performed in multiple stages by multiple heating zones. At the exit of the tempering stage 212, the tube is cooled during a stage 214 at a controlled rate until a predetermined temperature is reached at a stop point 216. In some implementations, the controlled cooling rate can affect the resulting mechanical properties of the tube. In some implementations, the stages 210-216 can be performed by the tube tempering stations 15 and 17 of FIG. 1. In some implementations, the heat treatment process 100 could require a combination of one or more quenching (Q) and tempering (T) configurations, such as Q+T, Q+Q+T, Q+T+Q+T, Q+T+T, etc.

(17) In some implementations, there may be certain metallurgical characteristics that can define the final mechanical properties of the tube based on this thermal cycle. For example, one of the metallurgical properties affected by the configuration of the process 100 can be the austenitic grain size that results from the austenitization process (e.g., a combination of soaking temperature and time, the heating rate, and/or the cooling rate). A narrow control of this process can result in a well-defined material going into the quenching and subsequent tempering stages. In another example, another one of the metallurgical properties affected by the configuration of the process 100 can be the starting microstructure and properties of the tube before tempering, which can be affected by the degree of quenching. In another example, the characteristics of the tempering cycle can be based on a combination of the heating rate, the soaking temperature and time, and the cooling rate (e.g., as in the case of austenitizing).

(18) In some implementations, the relationship between the starting material properties after quenching and the final mechanical properties after tempering with a certain tempering cycle can be predicted. For example, the actual time-temperature cycle may be determined by using a Hollomon-Jaffe type of equation. In some implementations, the knowledge used to apply this concept industrially may require an understating of the complexities of the particular heating technology (e.g., induction or gas fired furnace, continuous or batch) as well as the tube's characteristics (e.g., chemistry, diameter, wall thickness) that may affect the thermal cycle and/or the material response to such cycles.

(19) Referring now to FIGS. 3 and 4, the continuous nature of a coiled tubing product can be addressed by using continuous heat treating process, such as the example process 100 of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 shows a process control flow chart 300 for a heating element (e.g., a heating element within the heating station 13) of a continuous heat treating process (e.g., the process 100). FIG. 4 shows a process control flow chart for a continuous heat treating process 400 for a tube heating or tempering station having multiple heating elements (e.g., the multiple heating increments of stage 204 of FIG. 2). In some implementations, the process 400 can be implemented as part of the process 100. For example, the process 400 can be implemented by moving the coiled tubing through a series of heating zones within heating stations such as the heating station 13 and/or the tempering station 15, as illustrated by the example process 100 of FIG. 1. In another example, the process 400 can be performed by one or more than one of the stations of FIG. 1 (e.g., process 400 could be performed by the heating station 13 and again by the tempering station 15). The process 400 includes a number of heating zones (e.g., each having one or more heating elements), and in some implementations, the number of heating zones (“n”) can vary and can be based on the power capabilities, the heating efficiency desired, and/or the process control strategy. In the case of the coiled tubing 102, a number of treatment zones (e.g., at least 2) are used in order to provide opportunities for early detection of tube 102 metallurgical properties that can provide feedback for adjusting heat set points in subsequent heating zones to obtain the desired mechanical properties of the coiled tubing 102.

(20) Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, the disclosed control flow chart 300 and the process 400 are based on a collection of input variables. A collection of steel chemistry (SC) input values 302 and a collection of geometry input values 304 (e.g., diameter, wall thickness) of the strip used to build the coiled tubing string are received. A line speed input value 306 (e.g., the speed at which the tube passes through the process 100) and a collection of heating product input values 308 (e.g., the final product type, a desired final mechanical property, a description of the temperature set points, heater types, heater geometries used in the process 100) can be combined to describe and/or determine the lengths of time of each heating-cooling stage.

(21) The material (e.g., steel) chemistry input values 302 are known prior to processing (e.g., they can be provided by the tubing supplier). In some implementations, the material chemistry of the tube 102 may be specified to fall within a predetermined range, and the variations within this range could result in a product with a 16 or more ksi range of yield strength from the lower accepted range of the steel chemistry to the upper accepted range of the steel chemistry. In some implementations, the material chemistry input values 302 can include a description of the chemistry of alternative parameters such as carbon equivalent, Ti/N ratio, and any other appropriate chemical characteristics of the steel. This chemistry information can be used to define a target power reference for the heating system (e.g., with one or more sections/zones), and this power reference can be modified using a scaling factor from the line speed input value 306 and geometry input values 304.

(22) The geometric property input values 304 describe geometric values of the tube 102 (e.g., length, diameter, tube wall thickness). The geometric property input values 304 are generally known prior to the start of the heat treatment process 100, and these geometry values are used as the geometry input values 304 to the process control logic. In some implementations, the actual geometric dimensions of the tube 102 can be determined explicitly. For example, the actual wall thickness of the tube 102 can be measured using ultrasonic technology, Hall Effect sensors, or any other appropriate contacting or non-contacting process for measuring the geometric properties of the tube 102. In some implementations, such devices may be left offline if desired (e.g., depending on the effect of such measurement on final pipe properties), and a predetermined value may be used instead (e.g., manufacturer's specifications). In some implementations, the geometry input 304 can be updated periodically or continuously, and can be used to update the control system on a periodic or continuous basis.

(23) In some embodiments, the wall thickness in a typical coiled tube may vary by several thousandths of an inch. This variation is generally increased substantially more when a taper transition is considered, for example, from 0.190 in to 0.204 in (4.826 mm to 5.182 mm). Such wall thickness variations do not cause the target temperature, which is based on a tempering model that uses accepted techniques to achieve the desired mechanical properties in the output product, to vary substantially. For example, in the case of a taper transition from 0.190 to 0.204 in (4.826 mm to 5.182 mm), the target temperature for a 110 ksi grade (759 kPa) product may only vary up to 2 degrees C. In some implementations, significant impact on the product properties may not come mainly from the target temperature, but rather from the response of the thinner or thicker material to the heating process. For example, if all variables remain constant and the thicker material is heated in the same equipment with the same power output, the resulting temperature of the CT will be lower. This lower temperature can cause a higher yield strength in the coiled tubing at the taper transition. For example, the mechanical properties of steel after tempering can increase as temperature decreases. Hence a thicker section, heated to a lower temperature, can have a higher yield strength.

(24) In some embodiments, the process of welding bias welds along the coiled tubing string can change the material chemistry and wall thickness, sometimes significantly, for example in the case of a tapered string. Such changes are accounted for in the process 300 detailed herein. For example, in the case of a wall thickness change within a predetermined expected tolerance range for a straight-walled tube, the bias weld will be detected prior to entering the tube heating station 13 of FIG. 1. The wall thickness measurement can be used as part of the geometry input values 304 to adjust the amount of power applied to a subsequent heating stage. A feed-forward control system will also adjust the power references of subsequent heating zones to compensate for the wall thickness's effect on the resulting temperature. The temperature will stabilize to the target temperature quickly while the bias weld is passing through the heating zone. Similar control will be executed when changes in material chemistry are experienced.

(25) Referring now to FIG. 4, the wall thickness and/or other variables of the geometry input values 304 of the tube 102 are determined during a geometric measurement process 404. The geometric measurement process 404 is performed in real time at the entrance to a first heating (austenitizing) zone 406 (e.g., at or near the entrance of the tube heat treatment station 13 and/or the entrance of the tube tempering station 15) as part of determining the geometry input values 304. This live wall thickness reading, including weld thickness, is used as part of a process to update a power reference value (P.sub.reffN) 414 for the heating zone 406. The combination of the material chemistry input values 302, the line speed value 308, and the product geometry input values 304 are fed into a model that calculates a target temperature for the tube 102. The reference power value 414 is calculated using the model-derived target temperature and the line speed input value 306.

(26) The heating zone 406 is set to the calculated reference power value 414 (P.sub.reffN). As the tube 102 passes through the heating zone 406, the tube 102 increases in temperature. In some implementations, the heating zone 406 can perform at least a portion of an austenitizing process. A temperature measurement process 408 monitors the temperature of the tube 102 at the exit of the heating zone 406 (e.g., by pyrometers, thermal imagers, thermocouples). The temperature reading is used to backwardly close the control loop (e.g., a feedback line 410) by comparing the tube temperature measured at 408 with the target temperature for the heating zone 406. The measured temperature is compared with the model-derived target temperature, and the control loop uses the difference between the target and measured temperatures to modify the power reference value 414 in accordance with the austenitizing process. This difference closes the control loop by adjusting the first zone's power reference value 414 (P.sub.reffN).

(27) In some embodiments, the temperature that corresponds to the modified power reference value 414 can be achieved quickly, and variations in the material of the tube 102 can be compensated for, yielding a homogeneous high-quality product. In some implementations, this can reduce the chances of a single section of the tube 102 being heat treated to an incorrect temperature. The nature of the product is such that a section with incorrect properties might concentrate deformation (e.g., if yield strength is relatively lower than in surrounding sections) or result in a relatively stiff section that can concentrate deformation in an adjacent zone (e.g., if yield strength is relatively higher than in surrounding sections).

(28) The temperature measured at 408 is also fed forward (e.g., a line 412) to the next heating zone, illustrated in FIG. 4 as a heating zone 420. In some implementations, the heating zone 420 can perform a treatment process or be part of a treatment zone (e.g., heating zone 13 or tempering zone 15). A power reference value 424 (P.sub.reffN+1) for the heating zone 420 is determined based on the input values 302-308, the wall thickness measured at 404, and the temperature measured at 408. The difference between the target and measured temperature at the exit of the heating zone 406 (e.g., heating zone N) is used as an input to set the reference power of the heating zone 420 (e.g., heating zone N+1). As during the austenitic heating process, the steel chemistry, product geometry, feed rate, tube temperature, and heater parameters are used to determine the initial power reference for the first heating zone. In some implementations, by using a feed forward approach, the target temperature is reached and variations in temperature due to different chemistry, wall thickness, etc. can be compensated for quickly.

(29) A temperature measurement process 409 monitors the temperature of the tube 102 at the exit of the heating zone 420 (e.g., by pyrometers, thermal imagers, thermocouples). The temperature reading is used to backwardly close the control loop (e.g., a feedback line 413) by comparing the tube temperature measured at 409 with the target temperature for the heating zone 420. The measured temperature is compared with the model-derived target temperature, and the control loop uses the difference between the target and measured temperatures to modify the power reference value 424 in accordance with the austenitizing process. This difference closes the control loop by adjusting the first zone's power reference value 424 (P.sub.reffN+1).

(30) In some implementations, the measurement that is fed forward via line 412 may be a value measured by another temperature sensor. After the tube 102 is heated by the heating zone 406, the tube 102 then enters the heating zone 420. A temperature measurement of the tube may be taken at a point between the exit of the heating zone 406 and the entrance to the heating zone 420, and that measurement may be fed forward to determine a power level for heating the heating zone 420.

(31) As the tube 102 is processed through the heat treatment process 400, there may be variations in the line speed input value 306 (e.g., linear speed of the coiled tubing) due to electrical fluctuations on drive motors, tension in the tubing, etc. Such variations in speed can cause variations in actual and target temperature, however, the target temperature does not vary substantially. Line speed variations cause changes in the resulting temperature of the tube 102. For example, with all heating variables held constant (e.g., power, frequency, equipment) a drop in linear speed may cause an increased temperature (e.g., due to increased time exposed to the heating equipment) which can result in a lower yield strength in the final product (e.g., in general, higher temperatures can lower the yield strength properties after tempering, although some steels can exhibit different behaviors).

(32) In some implementations, the line speed can be measured using an encoder, laser device, camera, or any other appropriate technique for determining the linear speed of the uncoiled portion of the tube 102. Such measurements provide live speed information that is used as the line speed input value 306 for the control of the reference power value of each of the heating zones 406, 420. As such, variations in geometry (e.g., wall thickness), line speed, and/or material chemistry can be actively compensated in order to reduce their effect upon the mechanical properties of the tube 102 along the full length of the string. In some implementations, similar process control methods may be carried out for other types of heat treatments, such as normalizing, annealing, etc., as described herein for the austenitizing and tempering processes.

(33) Referring again to FIG. 3, the control flow chart 300 illustrates an example control process for a single heating zone. For example, the control flow chart 300 can illustrate the process used to control the heating zone 406 and/or the heating zone 420 of FIG. 4.

(34) A target output temperature value 310 describes a predetermined temperature, for example, a temperature used to perform a selected heat treatment operation such as austenitizing, tempering, or any other appropriate heat treatment operation.

(35) A previous zone temperature value 312 describes the temperature of the tube 102 as it exited a previous treatment process (e.g., the measurement taken at 408 and fed forward to the heating zone 420). A reference power value 314 is determined based on the difference between the previous zone temperature 312 and the target output temperature value 310.

(36) The reference power value 314 is used to configure (e.g., set an applied power to) a heating element 320. In some embodiments, the heating element 320 can be an induction heater, an infrared heater, or any other appropriate device that can heat the tube 102 to the target output temperature value 312. In some embodiments, the heating element 320 can be located between the entrance 110 and the exit 112 of FIG. 1. As the tube 102 is heated by and then exits the heating element 320, a tube exit temperature value 322 is measured. The tube exit temperature value 322 is fed backward to modify the reference power value 314 in a closed control loop based on a temperature differential value 324 between the target temperature value 310 and the tube exit temperature 322. The tube exit temperature 322 is also provided as an output value 330 for use by other heat treatment processes. For example, the output value can be the value fed forward on the line 412.

(37) It will be understood that the feed forward control system as previously described with regards to treatment stations 13 and 15 (See FIG. 1) may also include one or more cooling stations configured for cooling (e.g., the quenching station 15 and/or the cooling station 17). The cooling stations may include cooling elements and/or ambient cooling. The cooling elements may be chillers, quenching tank(s), impingement spray fluid nozzles, and other cooling systems known in the art. In some implementations, the amount of cooling action provided by the cooling stations may be determined based on a predetermined target cooling temperature and a measured temperature (e.g., measured during the temperature measurement process 409).

(38) FIG. 5 is a chart 500 that shows the results of an example fatigue test. In the fatigue test, coiled tubing was subjected to fatigue testing under pressure. The number of cycles to failure is related, among other variables, to the hoop stress that is produced by the internal pressure for a given material used in the construction of the tube, or is related to the variations in yield strength when a tube is tested under a constant pressure since this will translate into varying hoop stresses relative to the actual yield strength of the tube. The chart 500 illustrates the variation of the number of cycles to failure as a function of specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) (e.g., for steel pipe manufactured in accordance with a listed specification). For example in a 110 ksi (759 kPa) pipe of having an outside diameter (OD) of 2 inches (50.8 mm), a wall thickness (WT) of 0.204 inches (5.182 mm), and a curvature radius of 48 inches (1.2192 m), the change in cycles to failures at an intermediate pressure, for example at 6000 psi (41368.5 kPa), is:
dN/dYS(YS=110 ksi)=2.5 cycles per psi

(39) As represented by a line 510.

(40) In examples in which the yield strength of the product is defined with a scatter of +/−15 ksi, then the average YS will be 125 ksi (862.5 kPa) (e.g., as indicated by the 110 (759 kPa)-140 ksi (966 kPa) range 520) and the cycles to failure can range from 175 to 250 cycles (e.g., as represented by the range 530), representing a +/−17% error on actual fatigue life.

(41) In some situations, if a producer of coiled tubing cannot not guarantee the properties to a sufficiently narrow range, the end user of the product may have to take a conservative approach for fatigue life, for example by retiring the product from operation prematurely. However, by using the heat treatment system and method of this disclosure it may be able to produce a product with the properties within a narrow range, the end user may be able to benefit by being able to use the product for its full, relatively longer fatigue life, thus increasing the value of the product.

(42) In some situations, coiled tubing can be subjected to collapse, and the collapse pressure can be sensitive to the mechanical properties of the tube. As such, in some applications it may be desirable to control the yield strength in order to increase the collapse pressure for such a particular material composition. In scenarios in which a producer of coiled tubing cannot guarantee the properties to a sufficiently narrow range, the user of the product may have to take a conservative approach for collapse, for example by compensating with increase in wall thickness (increasing weight). However, by using the system and method of this disclosure, the user may benefit by being able to guarantee the properties within a narrow range, the end user may be able to use a relatively thinner and lighter tube for the same application, thus increasing the value of the product.

(43) In some situations, coiled tubing is used in a well that has hydrogen sulfide (H.sub.2S) present (referred to in the art as sour service). Performance in sour service (sour performance) is generally improved as the yield strength is decreased. The guarantee that a product will be able to withstand certain sour environments depends on the process capability to produce a product with sufficiently narrow properties. When a producer of coiled tubing cannot guarantee the properties to a sufficiently narrow range, the user of the product may have to take a conservative approach with respect to sour resistance, reducing the specified mechanical properties and compensating with increase in wall thickness (increasing weight). However, by using the system and method of this disclosure, the user may benefit by being able to guarantee the properties within a narrow range, the end user may be able to use a relatively thinner and lighter tube for the same application, thus increasing the value of the product.

EXAMPLES

(44) Examples are provided that show control of the heat treating process during the manufacture of coiled tubing to provide uniform mechanical properties. The inputs for the process control include: Steel chemistry (of every strip used to build the coiled tubing string) (e.g., chemistry input values 302) Steel wall thickness (of every strip used to build the coiled tubing string) (e.g., geometry input values 304) Line Speed (e.g., the line speed value 306) Heating Technology (Total length for each heating-cooling stage) (e.g., heating product input values 308) The output temperature for a given applied power, or the required power for a target temperature) (e.g., the target temperature 310)

Example: Power Control to Obtain a Precise Target Temperature

(45) FIG. 6 is a chart 600 that illustrates changes in temperature due to wall thickness variation under controlled and uncontrolled austenitizing processes. The chart 600 shows the changes in temperature readings at the exit of the heating zones after two coiled tubes with various gauge changes are processed through an austenitization line (e.g., the process 100).

(46) In this example, the objective is to produce a string with substantially uniform chemistry among strings of different wall thickness. For example, if the heating power is held constant when a given change in wall thickness approaches the heating zone, there will generally be a change in output temperature that can be related to the change in mass associated to the new wall thickness, but in reality it can also depend on the effectiveness of the heating device(s) being used. Once the relationship between power and temperature for a given pipe dimensions is calibrated, the uniformity of the temperature can depend on the system's capability to detect the change in wall thickness and apply the necessary power adjustments in a manner that aligns temperature changes with corresponding locations along the tube.

(47) In a “without control” example, the line is run at constant power. As the wall thickness decreases (line 610), the temperature increases (line 620), until the wall thickness reaches 0.156 in (3.9624 mm) (at 622, at approximately 70% of string length), at which point a manual adjustment of power was introduced in order to reduce the temperature to the 0.175 in (4.445 mm) equivalent (region 624).

(48) In a “with control” example, a larger change in wall thickness than in the “without control” example is introduced (e.g., from 0.224 in to 0.125 in) and is processed through the same production line, however a detection system for wall thickness changes as well as process control strategy as described above is implemented. In the first 20% of the string, the chart 600 illustrates than even at constant nominal wall thickness (line 630), the control of temperature (line 640) can be improved (e.g., more stable compared to line 620), showing that a power control strategy can improve a heat treatment process even when the tube has a substantially constant wall thickness.

(49) In the illustrated example, the power control was turned off at 40% (at 642) to make evident the temperature jumps that could be expected in the “without control” example. The control system was turned back on at 47% of the string and was left on for the remainder of the string. Under the process control as described in this application, the variations in temperature were reduced 83% with respect to the change observed in the non-controlled example. Although the “with control” example shows variations of wall thickness from thick to thin, the system can work in both directions of changes in wall thickness (e.g., thin to thick, steady or randomly varying thickness).

(50) FIG. 7 is a flow chart of an example process 700 for heat treatment. In some implementations, the process 700 can be used to perform the example process 100 of FIG. 1 and/or the process 400 of FIG. 4. In some implementations, some or all of the process 700 may be performed by the example heating station 13 and/or the example tempering station 15 of FIG. 1.

(51) At 705 a continuous length of a tube is received. For example, the tube 102 is provided on the spool 11 prior to being heat treated.

(52) At 710, a first heat treatment target value is received. For example, the process 100 may be configured to impart at predetermined property (e.g., a specified yield strength) into the tube 102.

(53) At 715, the continuous length of the tube is fed at a predetermined feed rate. For example, the tube 102 can be moved sequentially through the tube heating station 13, the tube quenching station 14, and the tube tempering station 15 at a predetermined linear speed.

(54) At 720 an actual feed rate of the continuous length of the tube is determined. For example, variations in the line speed input value 306 (e.g., linear speed of the coiled tubing) due to electrical fluctuations on drive motors, tension in the tubing, etc., can cause the actual linear speed of the tube 102 to differ from the predetermined feed rate. To compensate for these variations, the line speed can be measured using an encoder, laser device, camera, or any other appropriate technique for determining the actual linear speed of the uncoiled portion of the tube 102.

(55) At 725, one or more geometric dimensions of a portion of the continuous length of the tube are determined. For example, the outer diameter, the inner diameter, the wall thickness, or combinations of these and other dimensional features of the tube 102 may be measured.

(56) At 730, a first heat treatment temperature is determined based on the first heat treatment target value. For example, a known yield strength value may be obtained by heating the tube 102 to a corresponding heat treatment temperature. In some implementations, the first heat treatment target value can be the first heat treatment temperature.

(57) At 735, a first heat treatment power level is determined based on the first heat treatment temperature, the actual feed rate, one or more of the geometric dimensions, and a first heating element value of a first heating element. For example, a particular make, model, and heating technology used in the tube heating station 13 may achieve a particular heating temperature at a corresponding power level, therefore the power level selected for the tube heating station 13 is partly based on the heating technology in use. In another example, the faster the tube 102 is moving, the less time a particular portion of the tube 102 will spend heating up within the tube heating station 13, therefore the power level can be partly based on the feed rate. Similarly, in some examples, relatively higher power levels may be needed to heat relatively thicker and/or larger tubes than relatively thinner and/or smaller tubes to the same temperature during the same amount of time.

(58) At 740, the first heating element is powered at the first heat treatment power level, and at 745 the tube is fed through the first heat treatment station having a first entrance, a first exit, and the first heating element there between. For example, the heating element(s) 320 of FIG. 3 can be powered at the first heat treatment power level to heat the tube 102 as it passes through the tube heating station 13 between the entrance 110 and the exit 112.

(59) At 750, the portion of the tube is heated to the first heat treatment target value prior to the selected portion exiting the first heat treatment station. For example, the tube 102 can be heated by the heating element 320 to a predetermined temperature before the tube 102 passes out the exit 112.

(60) In some implementations, one or more tube chemistry values can be received, and the first heat treatment power level can also be based on the one or more of the tube chemistry values. For example, different steel alloys used in the construction of the tube 102 can have different corresponding temperatures of austenitization.

(61) In some implementations, a first temperature of the tube can be determined at the first entrance, and the first heat treatment power level can be based also on the first temperature. For example, a tube that is warm as it passes through the entrance 110 may need less of a temperature increase and therefore less heating power than a relatively colder tube. In some implementations, the temperature of the tube 102 can be measured at the entrance, and that value can be used as part of the process used to determine the power level selected for the heating element 320.

(62) In some implementations, a second temperature of the tube can be measured at the first exit, and the first heat treatment power level can be based also on the second temperature. For example, the temperature measurement process 408 of FIG. 4 is performed after the tube 102 is exposed to the heating zone 406, and that measured exit temperature value can be fed back as part of determining the calculated reference power value 414. As such, the measured exit temperature value can be used in a closed-loop control system for controlling the amount of power used by the heating zone 406 and/or the heating element 320.

(63) In some implementations, the tube can be quenched to cool the portion to a predetermined quenching temperature after the portion exits the first heat treatment zone. For example, at stage 204 of FIG. 2, the tube 102 can be heated to a predetermined temperature of austenitization before a fast cooling process is applied during a quenching stage 208.

(64) In some implementations, some or all of the process 700 may be repeated any appropriate number of times. For example, the tube 102 may be heated, the temperature may be measured, and the tube 102 may be heated again and the temperature may be measured again, all within the heating station 13 and/or the tempering station 15 of FIG. 1.

(65) In some implementations, some or all of the process 700 may be repeated within a selected treatment station. For example, the tube 102 may be heated by one or more heating elements within the heating zone 406, the temperature may be measured. That measurement may be fed back to control the amount of heating being provided within the heating zone 406, and the measurement may be fed forward to control the amount of heating to be provided by one or more heating elements within the heating zone 420. The tube 102 may be heated again by the heating zone 420 based on the second measurement, and the temperature may be measured again at the exit of the heating zone 420, all within the heating station 13 and/or the tempering station 15 of FIG. 1.

(66) In some implementations, a second heat treatment target value can be received, a second heat treatment temperature can be determined based on the second heat treatment temperature, a second temperature of the tube can be determined at the second entrance, a second heat treatment power level can be determined based on a second heat treatment temperature, the actual feed rate, one or more of the geometric dimensions, a second heating element value of a second heating element, and the second heating element can be powered at a second heat treatment power level based on a second heat treatment target value, the actual feed rate, one or more of the geometric dimensions, a second heating element value of the second heating element, and the second temperature, the tube can be fed through a second heat treatment station comprising a second entrance, a second exit, and the second heating element, and the portion of the tube can be heated to the second heat treatment target value prior to the selected portion exiting the second heat treatment station. For example, the temperature of the tube 102 can be measured (e.g., the measurement 408) after being cooled in the quenching stage 208 and before being re-heated during a tempering stage 210 (e.g., at the gap 108). This temperature measurement can be fed forward (e.g., via line 412) to be used in to determine the power reference level 424 using for the heating zone 420.

(67) In some implementations, a predetermined cooling treatment target value can be received, a cooling treatment temperature can be determined based on the cooling treatment target value, the tube can be fed through a third treatment station having a second entrance, a second exit, and at least one cooling treatment zone therebetween, and the portion of the tube can be cooled to the cooling treatment target value prior to the selected portion exiting the third treatment station For example, the tube 102 can be cooled to a predetermined temperature by the quenching station 14 (e.g., during the quenching stage 208). In another example, the tube 102 can be cooled during the stage 214 at a controlled rate until a predetermined temperature is reached at the stop point 216. In some implementations, the amount of cooling provided to the tube 102 (e.g., chiller power, coolant flow rate) can be controlled based on a temperature measurement (e.g., the temperature measurement process 409).

(68) In some implementations, a coil of the tube can be straightened prior to the portion entering the first heat treatment station. For example, the tube 102 can be provided on the spool 11 and straightened by the straightener 12 prior to the tube entering the entrance 110.

(69) In some implementations, the continuous length of tube can be bent into a coil. For example, the tube 102 can be re-coiled onto the spool 18 after being heat treated.

Example: Variable Acquisition in Order to Define the Proper Target Temperature

(70) For the purposes of the temperature control processes described herein, the relevant variables that affect the mechanical properties and hence the target temperature for a given product can include one or more of: Chemical elements that are relevant for the process: In the case of quench and temper steels, the elements can include (in wt %): C, Si, Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, Ti, N, B and V. Wall thickness: for example, changes of gauges at specific bias welds in the case of a tapered coiled tubing. Heating technology (e.g., induction) and heating model: for example, to calculate one or more of the heating rates, heating sequence, maximum temperature, and the soaking time for the austenitizing and/or tempering process. Quenching Model for the cooling device installed and the resulting cooling rates for different process conditions: for example, wall thickness, tube diameter, linear speed, water temperature, cooling length. Power available per inductor and how does the power sequence is applied to the product while heating. Material model for austenitic grain growth during austenitization and its effect on hardenability and final properties. Material model for quenching: for example, in order to estimate the starting hardness of the tube as a result of a given cooling rate. Material model for tempering: for example, in order to estimate the final properties as a function of the tempering cycle, such as the effect of the starting chemistry and precipitates status.

Example: Chemistry Effects

(71) The steel specification for a particular steel is generally defined in ranges (e.g., minimum-maximum) for each coil, hence there is a potential for variation in the final mechanical properties if the target temperature is not modified to compensate for the effect of these chemistry variations. The temperature requirements for tempering can change with chemistry due to modification of the quench hardness as well as the tempering resistance of the material.

(72) In some examples, the specification of a selected steel used for the production of coiled tubing can have variations in chemistry for each batch/coil. In some examples, each coil could vary as shown in the table below:

(73) TABLE-US-00001 % of Chemistry Variations between minimum Potential YS Variation for and maximum with respect to average. different YS targets (ksi) wt % C wt % Si wt % Mn wt % Ni wt % Cr 100 ksi 115 ksi 130 ksi According to Steel 16.0 66.7 14.3 200.0 200.0 14.0 17.0 19.0 Specification According to 11.8 47.2 7.0 85.7 71.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 Historical Variation

(74) For example, according to the specification the carbon content (wt % C) could vary approximately 16% of the average value and, as a consequence of this and the variability of the content of other elements, the resulting yield strength can vary 14 to 19 ksi depending on the targeted yield strength of the temperature is not actively controlled to compensate. In examples in which there is a historical knowledge of the real variations of the chemistry, the target temperature could be modified to the most probable average and the potential variation could be reduced to about 5 to 7 ksi.

(75) However, since the actual chemistries could be known (e.g., as provided by a steel supplier), the control system described herein was designed to detect the changes in the weld where the steel chemistry can be different (e.g., different weld material) and can vary the temperature targets along the string accordingly. The use of this control system reduces the yield strength variations due to chemistry and the uncertainty of temperature measurements. The actual target temperature ranges corresponding to the chemistries variations described above are calculated using the system and method of the present invention.

(76) The required change in target temperature is significant enough to fall within the capabilities of process control and hence the changes in chemistry could be compensated if proper control is applied.

Example: Wall Thickness Effects

(77) The variations due to tolerance in wall thickness can be small in comparison to the variations due to taper (e.g., changes in wall thickness introduced on purpose in order to increase axial load capacity). Even in the case of tapers, the effect of power adaptation to the changing wall thickness can be more important than the change in target temperature (as discussed in the example above).

(78) A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.