Ammonia reducing agent for animal beddings and litters

Abstract

The present invention provides a composition for reducing ammonia levels in animal bedding or litter, comprising 0.015-40% citric acid and one or more of a clay-based particulate, diatomaceous earth or an organic material. The composition can also comprise an anti-microbial agent. A method of treating animal bedding or litter to reduce ammonia is also provided.

Claims

1. An animal bedding or litter amendment composition that reduces ammonia levels in a barn, an animal stall or poultry house containing the animal bedding or litter amendment composition, the composition comprising: 30% to 95% w/w citric acid and one of: a) a clay-based particulate; b) diatomaceous earth; or c) a combination of two or more of a clay-based particulate, diatomaceous earth and an organic material, wherein the citric acid reduces levels of ammonia arising from animal waste in the barn, animal stall, or poultry house.

2. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an insecticide when the clay-based particulate, or the clay-based particulate and the organic material is used in the absence of diatomaceous earth.

3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of citric acid in the composition is 30-50% w/w, 30% w/w, 30-40% w/w, 30% w/w, 35% w/w, 40% w/w, or 50% w/w.

4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of citric acid in the composition is 35% w/w.

5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the clay-based particulate is smectite, attapulgite, sepiolite, bentonite, kaolinite, gypsum, zeolite, montmorillonite, or a combination thereof.

6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the moisture content of the citric acid is less than 12%, less than 5%, less than 1%, or less than 0.5%.

7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the organic material is a wood-based material and/or an agricultural by-product.

8. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an antimicrobial agent.

9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the antimicrobial agent is 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol.

10. A method of reducing ammonia content in a barn, an animal stall or poultry house by applying a composition to an animal bedding or litter in the barn, animal stall or poultry house such that ammonia content is reduced, the composition comprising: 30% to 95% w/w citric acid and one of: a) a clay-based particulate; b) diatomaceous earth; or c) a combination of two or more of a clay-based particulate, diatomaceous earth and an organic material, wherein the citric acid reduces ammonia content arising from animal waste in the barn, animal stall, or poultry house.

11. An animal bedding or litter comprising a composition that reduces ammonia levels in a barn, an animal stall or poultry house containing the animal bedding or litter, the composition comprising: 30% to 95% w/w citric acid and one of: a) a clay-based particulate; b) diatomaceous earth; or c) a combination of two or more of a clay-based particulate, diatomaceous earth and an organic material, wherein the citric acid reduces levels of ammonia arising from animal waste in the barn, animal stall, or poultry house.

12. The animal bedding or litter of claim 11, wherein the animal bedding or litter is for an animal housing.

13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of citric acid in the composition is 30% to 50% w/w.

14. The method of claim 10, wherein the amount of citric acid in the composition is 30% to 50% w/w.

15. The animal bedding or litter of claim 11, wherein the amount of citric acid in the composition is 30% to 50% w/w.

16. The animal bedding or litter of claim 11, wherein the composition further comprises an insecticide when the clay-based particulate, or the clay-based particulate and the organic material is used in the absence of diatomaceous earth.

17. The animal bedding or litter of claim 11, wherein the clay-based particulate is smectite, attapulgite, sepiolite, bentonite, kaolinite, gypsum, zeolite, montmorillonite, or a combination thereof.

18. The animal bedding or litter of claim 11, wherein the moisture content of the citric acid is less than 12%, less than 5%, less than 1%, or less than 0.5%.

19. The animal bedding or litter of claim 11, wherein the organic material is a wood-based material and/or an agricultural by-product.

20. The animal bedding or litter of claim 11, wherein the composition further comprises an antimicrobial agent.

21. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises one of: a) the clay-based particulate; b) the diatomaceous earth; or c) the combination of a clay-based particulate and diatomaceous earth, and wherein the composition is in granular form.

22. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition consists essentially of, or consists of, the citric acid and the diatomaceous earth.

23. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition consists essentially of, or consists of, the citric acid, the clay-based particulate, and the diatomaceous earth.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(1) In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a composition for treating animal bedding or animal litter, comprising citric acid and one or more of a clay-based particulate, organic material or diatomaceous earth. The composition can be used particularly in large scale animal facilities including animal housing. As used herein, “animal housing” can include large animal barns, animal stalls, poultry houses, or other facilities used to house animals.

(2) Typically, the terms “bedding” and “litter” can be used interchangeably in both commercial and domestic settings. For the purpose of the present application, these terms hold slightly different meanings to distinguish them. As used herein, “animal bedding” can include any material on which an animal resides, sleeps, and deposits its excreta thereupon, such as that found in horse stalls, poultry houses, or guinea pig cages. However, as used herein, “animal litter” can include any material on which an animal routinely deposits its excreta but typically does not reside upon or sleep upon, such as cat litter.

(3) Bedding, in ethology and animal husbandry, is material, usually organic, used by animals to support their bodies when resting or otherwise stationary. It reduces pressure on skin, prevents heat loss, and contamination by waste produced by an animal or those it shares living space with. Typical animal bedding can include a layer of straw, wood shavings, and/or sawdust in an amount conventionally used on barns or animal stall floors. Bedding or litter can be an absorbent material, such as granulated clay, for covering the floor of an animal's cage or excretory box. Bedding or litter can include animal waste such as manure, other animal waste, and/or a combination of existing animal bedding and animal waste. For example, poultry bedding (or litter) or broiler bedding is a mixture of poultry excreta, spilled feed, feathers, and material used as bedding or litter in poultry operations. This term is also used to refer to unused bedding or litter materials.

(4) As used herein, “organic material” can include, but is not limited to hay, wood-based materials, wood by-products or agricultural by-products. “Wood-based materials” or “wood by-products” can include wood shavings, sawdust, wood flour, pellets or mulch, for example. “Agricultural by-products” can include stalks of grain, straw, corn hulls, rice hulls, cotton seed, peanut shells and the like, for example.

(5) The present composition is particularly suitable as a bedding or litter amendment for reducing ammonia in the bedding of an animal. As used herein, a “bedding amendment” or “litter amendment” refers to a substance added to a bedding or litter material to reduce deleterious effects produced by the bedding or litter, such as ammonia accumulation, thus improving the quality of the bedding or litter for the animal and farm worker. The present composition is particularly useful as a bedding or litter amendment in animal stalls, such as large animal barns and the like. Typically, the bedding or litter amendment is added on top or otherwise mixed in with the bedding or litter material, rather than during the fabrication process of the bedding or litter material. However, the composition can also be used in a domestic pet litter, such as cat litter.

(6) The composition can also comprise a material having insecticidal properties. If an insecticide is used, any suitable material for use in bedding or litter may be contemplated. Desirably, diatomaceous earth is used. The diatomaceous earth component is effective as an insecticidal agent to reduce the number insects or insect larvae in the stall or barn.

(7) The composition can comprise a clay-based particulate. The clay-based particulate can comprise any of a number of suitable clay minerals including, for example, smectite, attapulgite, sepiolite, bentonite, kaolinite, gypsum, and zeolite. Ideally, the clay mineral is montmorillonite.

(8) An antimicrobial agent can optionally be added. Typically, the antimicrobial agent is 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol which is sold under the trade name Bronopol™ and is in solid white crystal form sold under the trade name Myacide™. It can be present in the clay-based particulate in a concentration of from 50 to 250 ppm. The antimicrobial agent can be combined into the clay-based particular in the manner described in Baldry et al., supra. In particular, the antimicrobial agent may be admixed with the clay material during the particle forming process.

(9) While any suitable ammonia reducing agent can be used in the present composition, it is desirable to use citric acid. In certain embodiments, the citric acid is present in an amount of 0.015-95% w/w, ideally between about 5-50%, 5-20% or 5-40% of the composition, particularly at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 35%, or 40% w/w of the bedding or litter amendment. The citric acid is ideally in a solid, powder form with can be easily dispersed within the amendment, such as with the clay-based particulate, the diatomaceous earth, the organic material. If desired, the anti-microbial agent may then be applied to the mixture.

(10) The pH of the composition is typically between about pH 2 to pH 6, particularly between about pH 2.3 to pH 5.8, and more particularly about pH 3.

(11) The present composition is applied to the animal bedding or litter in an amount of about 40 pounds per 500-1,000 sqft (given a typical bag of 40 lbs (18 kg)). Ideally, one advantage of the present composition is a lower application rate, i.e., amount used per unit of area. Further, the combination of insecticide and ammonia reducing agent in one application can additionally be beneficial. This reduces costs, both in the quantity of material used and the time required for labour.

(12) Ideally, the present composition can be organic certified. Because it does not contain any harsh chemicals as known in the art, the composition can meet or exceed animal feed grade or food grade quality.

(13) Advantageously, the citric acid in the present composition has a reduced moisture content. Typically, the citric acid used in the present composition is in a solid (powder) form for mixing with the clay-based particulate, diatomaceous earth or organic material, and has a moisture content less than 5%, less than 1% or more particularly less than 0.5%.

(14) Further, the present composition avoids the use of harmful chemicals (such as sodium bisulfate) by instead comprising a weak organic acid. This is particularly helpful to both the human workers and animals being exposed thereto as it is less of an irritant and reduces harmful effects.

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Ammonia Emissions from Test Material

(15) Samples were analyzed to determine the ability of the present composition to absorb an ammonia odor. 200 mL of a representative sample of Diatomaceous Earth with varying percentages of Citric Acid was placed in each of several beakers. With a pipette, a specified amount of ammonia was added to each test beaker (2 mL, 5 mL, 15 mL, 20 mL, 25 mL and 30 mL). Beakers were covered with Parafilm™ and allowed to stand. Samples were read at different time intervals (1 hr, 4 hr, 8 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr and 96 hr) using a Drager™ Xam-5000 gas detection meter (“detector”).

(16) To analyze the quantity of ammonia, the detector was activated and tubing from the detector was inserted into each beaker allowing minimal outside air exposure. The detector was turned off and reset between each time interval.

(17) Tables 1, 2 and 3 indicate the results of testing with Citric Acid, Aluminum Sulphate, and Sodium Bisulphate at rates of 10%, 15% and 20% (w/w) mixed with APL Diatomaceous Earth granular (Barn fresh) exposed to 2 ml of ammonia per 200 ml of product.

(18) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Detection of ammonia in a sample comprising citric acid in parts per million (ppm) CITRIC ACID 10% 15% 20%  1 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm  4 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 24 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 48 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 72 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 96 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm pH 2.90 2.76 2.68 Note: pH tested at 40% in solution (30 g of sample (Diatomaceous Earth with varying amounts of Citric acid) was added to a beaker and mixed with 75 ml of de-ionized water).

(19) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Detection of ammonia in a sample comprising aluminum sulphate in parts per million (ppm) ALUMINUM SULPHATE 10% 15% 20%  1 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm  4 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 24 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 48 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 72 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 96 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm pH 2.64 2.54 2.34 Note: pH tested at 40% in solution.

(20) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Detection of ammonia in a sample comprising sodium bisulphate in parts per million (ppm) SODIUM BISULPHATE 10% 15% 20%  1 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm  4 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 24 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 48 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 72 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 96 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm pH 4.01 3.95 3.90 Note: pH tested at 40% in solution.

Example 2: Ammonia Emissions from Test Material at Different Concentrations of Ammonia

(21) The next trial tested a lower concentration of citric acid and aluminum sulphate at 5% and 10% mixed with APL Diatomaceous Earth granular (Barn Fresh (BF)) exposed to higher levels of ammonia 5 ml and 10 ml per 200 ml of product. Sodium Bisulphate was not included in this second trial to be exposed to higher levels of ammonia as the MSDS indicates under “Stability and Reactivity Materials to Avoid: Ammonia.” Tables 4a and 5a indicate the results; Tables 4b and 5b indicate the pH of the samples as tested.

(22) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4a Detection of ammonia in a sample comprising citric acid in parts per million (ppm) CITRIC ACID Citric Acid Citric Acid Citric Acid Citric Acid 5% + Barn Fresh 10% + BF 5% + BF 10% + BF @ 5 ml @ 5 ml @ 10 ml @ 10 ml of NH.sub.3 of NH.sub.3 of NH.sub.3 of NH.sub.3  1 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 72 ppm 0 ppm  4 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 20 ppm 0 ppm 24 hr 6 ppm 0 ppm  9 ppm 0 ppm 48 hr 4 ppm 0 ppm  7 ppm 0 ppm

(23) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 4b pH of samples as tested Citric Acid 5% + BF Citric Acid 10% + BF pH 3.41 2.95 Note: pH tested at 40% in solution.

(24) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 5a Detection of ammonia in a sample comprising aluminum sulphate in parts per million (ppm) ALUMINUM SULPHATE Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Aluminum Sulphate Sulphate Sulphate Sulphate 5% + BF 10% + BF 5% + BF 10% + BF @ 5 ml @ 5 ml @ 10 ml @ 10 ml of NH.sub.3 of NH.sub.3 of NH.sub.3 of NH.sub.3  1 hr 37 ppm 15 ppm  45 ppm  21 ppm   4 hr 10 ppm 0 ppm 7 ppm 0 ppm 24 hr  7 ppm 5 ppm 7 ppm 2 ppm 48 hr  5 ppm 0 ppm 6 ppm 0 ppm

(25) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 5b pH of samples as tested Aluminum Sulphate Aluminum Sulphate 5% + BF 10% + BF pH 2.90 2.69 Note: pH tested at 40% in solution.
Acid pH @ 1% in solution: Citric Acid: 3.45, Aluminum Sulphate: 4.23, Sodium Bisulphate: 3.00, Activated Barn fresh Citric Acid 20%-pH 1% in Solution=3.74

Example 3: Ammonia Detection Using 20% Citric Acid

(26) In this example, 20% Citric Acid+APL Diatomaceous Earth Granular (BF) were combined with higher levels of ammonia to determine if the increases in ammonia could still be controlled with 20% Citric Acid over time and what the affect would be. Household ammonia pH 11 was added at amounts of 15 ml, 20 ml, 25 ml and 30 ml per 200 ml of product (20% Citric Acid+BF). Results are presented in Table 6.

(27) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 6 Detection of ammonia in a sample comprising citric acid in parts per million (ppm) Citric Acid Citric Acid Citric Acid Citric Acid 20% + BF 20% + BF 20% + BF 20% + BF @ 15 ml NH.sub.3 @ 20 ml NH.sub.3 @ 25 ml NH.sub.3 @30 ml NH.sub.3 1 hr 19 ppm  25 ppm  126 ppm  145 ppm 4 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 86 ppm  102 ppm 8 hr 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm  6 ppm 24 hr  0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm  0 ppm

(28) The results indicate that although the increase in ammonia did result in airborne ammonia readings after 1 hr overtime after 24 hrs all readings were back down to 0 ppm. 20% Citric Acid+BF at 15 ml and 20 ml was down to 0 ppm at the 4 hr reading. The mixture exposed to 25 ml of NH.sub.3 was down to 0 ppm at the 8 hr reading and the 30 ml NH.sub.3 sample was down to 0 ppm after 24 hrs. Overall, it appears that a 10-20% citric acid content in the sample would be effective at removing ammonia odor.

Example 4: Ammonia Control Testing, Acidifying pH

(29) The purpose of this fourth set of trials was to determine if adding higher ammonia concentrations to the various rates of Citric Acid+BF would still control ammonia effectively. Results are shown in Table 7a and 7b. Tests were done by adding Citric Acid at rates of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 90%, 95% to the Diatomaceous Earth (BF) (Table 7a) and 35% citric acid (Table 7b). Household ammonia (pH=11) were added at a higher rate of 30 ml per 200 ml of product at the various blends to see if an increase in ammonia can still be controlled at these levels. Airborne ammonia levels were tested at 1 hr, 4 hr, 8 hr, 24 hr.

(30) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 7a Detection of ammonia at different citric acid levels CITRIC ACID 20% 30% 40% 90% 95% Citric Citric Citric Citric Citric 5% Citric 10% Citric 15% Citric Acid + Acid + Acid + Acid + Acid + Acid + BF Acid + BF Acid + BF BF @ BF @ BF @ BF @ BF @ @ 30 ml @ 30 ml @ 30 ml 30 ml 30 ml 30 ml 30 ml 30 ml NH.sub.3 NH.sub.3 NH.sub.3 NH.sub.3 NH.sub.3 NH.sub.3 NH.sub.3 NH.sub.3  1 hr >300 ppm >300 ppm >300 ppm 150 ppm 100 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm  4 hr >300 ppm >300 ppm    98 ppm 105 ppm  50 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm  8 hr   236 ppm   135 ppm    25 ppm  10 ppm  0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 24 hr    46 ppm    25 ppm    0 ppm  0 ppm  0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm 0 ppm

(31) Testing showed that an increase in ammonia levels to 30 ml did affect the ability for ammonia control for the 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% Citric Acid+BF mixes. All had airborne ammonia readings after 1 hr. 40%, 90% and 95% Citric Acid had 0 ppm airborne ammonia throughout the testing. The higher levels of ammonia were tested to see how the readings would vary at the lower Citric Acid % levels. At the higher levels it appears to absorb the airborne ammonia levels right away.

(32) In Table 7b, various levels of ammonia (15, 20, 25 and 30 mL) were tested with 35% citric acid. Airborne ammonia levels were tested at 1 hr, 4 hr, 8 hr, 24 hr. All previous test of citric acid formulas that were conducted using 2 ml, 5 ml, & 10 ml of ammonia showed 0 ppm at all time intervals.

(33) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 7b Ammonia Ap- Ammonia Ap- Ammonia Ap- Ammonia Ap- plied—15 ml plied—20 ml plied—25 ml plied—30 ml CITRIC CITRIC CITRIC CITRIC ACID ACID ACID ACID 35% 35% 35% 35%  1 hr 5 ppm  1 hr 11 ppm  1 hr 24 ppm  1 hr 37 ppm  4 hr 0 ppm  4 hr  0 ppm  4 hr  4 ppm  4 hr  6 ppm  8 hr 0 ppm  8 hr  0 ppm  8 hr  0 ppm  8 hr  0 ppm 24 hr 0 ppm 24 hr  0 ppm 24 hr  0 ppm 24 hr  0 ppm

Example 5: Cat Litter Testing

(34) The composition of the present invention can be used as a cat litter. Testing was performed by adding varying amounts of Citric Acid to deionized water to form a spray solution. Various Spray rates were tested.

(35) The lowest amount tested was 0.015% Citric Acid. Results are shown in Tables 8-11.

(36) TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 8 Citric Acid Clumping Cat Litter—Ammonia Tests Citric Acid Solution Appli- Ammonia Levels (ppm) Concen- cation Citric Acid (g) 1 4 8 24 tration Rate per Kg of Litter Hour Hours Hours Hours  5%  3 mL 0.15 77 28 10 0  5%  6 mL 0.30 95 23 7 0  5%  9 mL 0.45 118 29 10 0  5% 12 mL 0.60 107 23 7 0  5% 15 mL 0.75 102 26 9 0 10%  3 mL 0.30 113 27 6 0 10%  6 mL 0.60 121 31 9 0 10%  9 mL 0.90 112 23 9 0 10% 12 mL 1.20 102 19 7 0 10% 15 mL 1.50 112 21 6 0 20%  3 mL 0.60 100 19 11 0 20%  6 mL 1.20 106 22 14 0 20%  9 mL 1.80 113 27 12 0 20% 12 mL 2.40 115 24 8 0 20% 15 mL 3.00 120 27 10 0 30%  3 mL 0.90 122 35 16 0 30%  6 mL 1.80 121 35 11 0 30%  9 mL 2.70 117 26 10 0 30% 12 mL 3.60 109 20 9 0 30% 15 mL 4.50 110 17 8 0 40%  3 mL 1.20 83 28 10 0 40%  6 mL 2.40 68 20 7 0 40%  9 mL 3.60 79 21 5 0 40% 12 mL 4.80 58 15 5 0 40% 15 mL 6.00 40 14 0 0 50%  3 mL 1.50 87 22 8 0 50%  6 mL 3.00 102 19 8 0 50%  9 mL 4.50 71 19 7 0 50% 12 mL 6.00 45 10 0 0 50% 15 mL 7.50 44 6 0 0 Control — — 129 33 13 0

(37) TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 9 Citric Acid Clumping Cat Litter - Ammonia Tests Citric Acid (g) Ammonia Levels (ppm) per Kg of Litter 1 Hour 4 Hours 8 Hours 24 Hours 0.00 129 33 13 0 0.15 (0.015%) 77 28 10 0 0.3 (0.03%) 104 25 7 0 0.45 (0.045%) 118 29 10 0 0.6 (0.06%) 109 24 9 0 0.75 (0.075%) 102 26 9 0 0.9 (0.09%) 117 29 13 0 1.2 (0.12%) 97 23 10 0 1.5 (0.15%) 100 22 7 0 1.8 (0.18%) 117 31 12 0 2.4 (0.24%) 92 22 8 0 2.7 (0.27%) 117 26 10 0 .sup. 3 (0.30%) 111 23 9 0 3.6 (0.36%) 94 21 7 0 4.5 (0.45%) 91 18 8 0 4.8 (0.48%) 58 15 5 0 .sup. 6 (0.60%) 43 12 0 0 7.5 (0.75%) 44 6 0 0 Control 129 33 13 0

(38) TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 10 Citric Acid Traditional Cat Litter—Ammonia Tests Citric Acid Solution Appli- Ammonia Levels (ppm) Concen- cation Citric Acid (g) 1 4 8 24 tration Rate per Kg of Litter Hour Hours Hours Hours  5% 10 mL 0.50 40 19 6 0  5% 15 mL 0.75 35 19 4 0  5% 20 mL 1.00 34 21 5 0  5% 25 mL 1.25 34 18 5 0  5% 30 mL 1.50 32 9 5 0 10% 10 mL 1.00 25 15 6 0 10% 15 mL 1.50 26 15 6 0 10% 20 mL 2.00 30 15 5 0 10% 25 mL 2.50 25 16 6 0 10% 30 mL 3.00 26 12 5 0 20% 10 mL 2.00 26 12 9 0 20% 15 mL 3.00 25 14 8 0 20% 20 mL 4.00 25 10 6 0 20% 25 mL 5.00 18 7 6 0 20% 30 mL 6.00 18 5 6 0 30% 10 mL 3.00 22 11 6 0 30% 15 mL 4.50 24 8 7 0 30% 20 mL 6.00 21 4 0 0 30% 25 mL 7.50 12 0 0 0 30% 30 mL 8.00 8 0 0 0 40% 10 mL 4.00 25 13 0 0 40% 15 mL 6.00 24 11 0 0 40% 20 mL 8.00 8 2 0 0 40% 25 mL 10.00 0 0 0 0 40% 30 mL 12.00 0 0 0 0 50% 10 mL 5.00 21 9 0 0 50% 15 mL 7.50 7 2 0 0 50% 20 mL 10.00 0 0 0 0 50% 25 mL 12.50 0 0 0 0 50% 30 mL 15.00 0 0 0 0 Control — — 107 42 19 0

(39) TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 11 Citric Acid Traditional Cat Litter - Ammonia Tests Citric Acid (g) Ammonia Levels (ppm) per Kg of Litter 1 Hour 4 Hours 8 Hours 24 Hours 0.00 107 42 19 0 0.5 (0.05%)  40 19 6 0 0.75 (0.075%)  35 19 4 0 1 (0.1%) 30 18 6 0 1.25 (0.125%)  34 18 5 0 1.5 (0.15%)  26 15 6 0 2 (0.2%) 28 14 7 0 2.5 (0.25%)  25 16 6 0 3 (0.3%) 24 12 6 0 4 (0.4%) 25 12 3 0 4.5 (0.45%)  24 8 7 0 5 (0.5%) 19.5 8 3 0 6 (0.6%) 21 7 2 0 7.5 (0.75%)  10 1 0 0 8 (0.8%) 8 1 0 0 10 (1.0%)  0 0 0 0 12 (1.2%)  0 0 0 0 12.5 (1.25%).sup.  0 0 0 0 15 (1.50%) 0 0 0 0

(40) In summary, citric acid has numerous benefits. As a weak organic acid, it is less harmful to handle and less toxic than other acids—it is classified by PMRA and EPA as 4A (Minimal Risk) and Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). It is found naturally in soil and water and degrades regularly when in contact with a variety of microorganisms that are found in soil, natural waters and sewage treatment systems. It is readily miscible with water, presents minimal transportation safety issues, and can be used in certified organic materials. By contrast, materials currently being used in bedding or litter amendments, such as aluminum sulphate and sodium bisulphate have inherent risks. For example, aluminum sulphate is classified as an environmentally hazardous substance (DOT Hazard 9). Sodium bisulphate is a strong acid that can be very dangerous if used improperly. When mixed with water, it forms the highly corrosive sulfuric acid. Levels of 0.05% or greater by weight in solution can be harmful to fish and other organisms.

(41) Modifications and improvements to the above-described embodiments of the present invention may become apparent to those skilled in the art. The foregoing description is intended to be exemplary rather than limiting. The scope of the present invention is therefore intended to be limited solely by the scope of the appended claims