Method for mounting a surface-formation equipment to a mobile unit

Abstract

A method for mounting a surface-formation equipment to a mobile unit includes an equipment-engaging support and has a traction point in contact with the ground. The method includes configuring the equipment-engaging support of the mobile unit at a minimum height; configuring the surface-formation equipment with respect to the mobile unit in a configuration wherein a lower surface of the surface-formation equipment is in a same plane as the traction point on the ground of the mobile unit. The surface-formation equipment mounts to the equipment-engaging support of the mobile unit with the equipment-engaging support being maintained at the minimum height and with the lower surface of the surface-formation equipment being in the same plane as the traction point on the ground of the mobile unit.

Claims

1. A method for mounting a surface-formation equipment to a front end of a mobile unit including an equipment-engaging support at the front end of the mobile unit, the mobile unit having a traction point in contact with the ground, the surface-formation equipment comprising an assembly including at least one of a blade, a bucket and a beam and having a planar ground-contacting and forming surface, the method comprising: configuring the equipment-engaging support of the mobile unit at a minimum height; configuring the surface-formation equipment with respect to the mobile unit in a configuration wherein the planar ground-contacting and forming surface of the assembly of the surface-formation equipment is in a same plane as the traction point in contact with the ground of the mobile unit, wherein the planar ground-contacting and forming surface of the assembly is in a substantially horizontal plane; and rigidly interconnecting the surface-formation equipment and the equipment-engaging support of the mobile unit with the equipment-engaging support being maintained at the minimum height and with the planar ground-contacting and forming surface of the assembly of the surface-formation equipment being in the same plane as the traction point in contact with the ground of the mobile unit; wherein the surface-formation equipment is located forwardly of the mobile unit and pushed by the mobile unit upon displacement of the mobile unit.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said at least one of a blade, a bucket and a beam has a lower surface and a cutting edge secured to said at least one of a blade, a bucket and a beam and covering at least partially the lower surface thereof and including the planar ground-contacting and forming surface of the assembly.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mobile unit is configured for tilting the surface-formation equipment at least one of backward and forward about a tilting axis extending substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the surface-formation equipment.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mobile unit comprises wheels or caterpillar tracks supporting the mobile unit on the ground, wherein the traction point corresponds to the point of contact with the ground of said wheels or caterpillar tracks.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the surface-formation equipment includes an attachment structure comprising two arms which are engaged with one another at a proximal end thereof and spaced apart from one another at a distal end thereof and wherein rigidly interconnecting the surface-formation equipment and the equipment-engaging support of the mobile unit comprises mounting the distal ends of the two arms to the equipment-engaging support of the mobile unit.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein rigidly interconnecting the surface-formation equipment and the equipment-engaging support of the mobile unit comprises securing the surface-formation equipment to the equipment-engaging support of the mobile unit.

7. A method for mounting a surface-formation equipment to a front end of a mobile unit including an equipment-engaging support at the front end of the mobile unit, the mobile unit having a traction point in contact with the ground, the surface-formation equipment having a planar ground-contacting and forming surface, the method comprising: configuring the surface-formation equipment with respect to the mobile unit in a configuration wherein the planar ground-contacting and forming surface of the surface-formation equipment rests on the ground and is in a same plane as the traction point in contact with the ground of the mobile unit; mounting the surface-formation equipment to the equipment-engaging support of the mobile unit and forwardly of the mobile unit to form a rigid interconnection between the surface-formation equipment and the equipment-engaging support, with the surface-formation equipment being supported on the ground by the planar ground-contacting and forming surface of the surface-formation equipment and with the planar ground-contacting and forming surface of the surface-formation equipment being in the same plane as the traction point in contact with the ground of the mobile unit; pushing the surface-formation equipment upon displacement of the mobile unit with the planar ground-contacting and forming surface of the surface-formation equipment being maintained in the same plane as the traction point in contact with the ground of the mobile unit; and forming the ground via the planar ground-contacting and forming surface of the pushed surface-formation equipment.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the surface-formation equipment comprises at least one of a blade, a bucket and a beam, wherein the planar ground-contacting and forming surface of the surface-formation equipment is defined by a lower surface of said at least one of the blade, the bucket and the beam.

9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the surface-formation equipment comprises a blade including a beam having a lower surface, and a cutting edge having a lower surface defining the planar ground-contacting and forming surface of the surface-formation equipment, the cutting edge being secured to the beam and covering at least partially the lower surface of the beam, the method further comprising: configuring the surface-formation equipment with respect to the mobile unit in a configuration wherein the lower surface of the cutting edge is in a same plane as the traction point in contact with the ground of the mobile unit.

10. The method according to claim 7, wherein the mobile unit is configured for tilting the surface-formation equipment at least one of backward and forward about a tilting axis extending substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the surface-formation equipment.

11. The method according to claim 7, wherein the mobile unit comprises wheels or caterpillar tracks supporting the mobile unit on the ground, wherein the traction point corresponds to the point of contact with the ground of said wheels or caterpillar tracks.

12. The method according to claim 7, wherein the surface-formation equipment includes an attachment structure comprising two arms which are engaged with one another at a proximal end thereof and spaced apart from one another at a distal end thereof and wherein the rigid interconnection between the surface-formation equipment and the equipment-engaging support comprises an interconnection between the distal ends of the two arms and the equipment-engaging support of the mobile unit.

13. The method according to claim 7, wherein mounting the surface-formation equipment to the equipment-engaging support of the mobile unit comprises securing the surface-formation equipment to the equipment-engaging support of the mobile unit.

14. A method for mounting a surface-formation equipment to a front end of a mobile unit including an equipment-engaging support at the front end of the mobile unit, the mobile unit having a traction point in contact with the ground, the surface-formation equipment having a planar ground-contacting and forming surface adjacent to a distal end of the surface-formation equipment considered with respect to the mobile unit when the surface-formation equipment is mounted thereto, the method comprising: configuring the equipment-engaging support of the mobile unit at a minimum height; configuring the surface-formation equipment with respect to the mobile unit in a configuration wherein the planar ground-contacting and forming surface of the surface-formation equipment is in a same plane as the traction point on the ground of the mobile unit; and rigidly interconnecting the surface-formation equipment and the equipment-engaging support of the mobile unit at a zero position wherein the equipment-engaging support is maintained at the minimum height with the planar surface-formation equipment being supported on the ground by the ground-contacting and forming surface of the surface-formation equipment and with the planar ground-contacting and forming surface being in the same plane as the traction point in contact with the ground of the mobile unit, wherein the surface-formation equipment is located forwardly of the mobile unit and pushed by the mobile unit upon forward displacement of the mobile unit.

15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the surface-formation equipment comprises at least one of a blade, a bucket and a beam, wherein the planar ground-contacting and forming surface of the surface-formation equipment is defined by a lower surface of said at least one of the blade, the bucket and the beam.

16. The method according to claim 14, wherein the surface-formation equipment comprises a blade including a beam having a lower surface, and a cutting edge having a lower surface defining the planar ground-contacting and forming surface of the surface-formation equipment, the cutting edge being secured to the beam and covering at least partially the lower surface of the beam, the method further comprising: configuring the surface-formation equipment with respect to the mobile unit in a configuration wherein the lower surface of the cutting edge is in a same plane as the traction point on the ground of the mobile unit.

17. The method according to claim 14, wherein the surface-formation equipment includes an attachment structure comprising two arms which are engaged with one another at a proximal end thereof and spaced apart from one another at a distal end thereof and wherein rigidly interconnecting the surface-formation equipment and the equipment-engaging support of the mobile unit comprises mounting the distal ends of the two arms to the equipment-engaging support of the mobile unit.

18. The method according to claim 14, wherein rigidly interconnecting the surface-formation equipment and the equipment-engaging support of the mobile unit comprises securing the surface-formation equipment to the equipment-engaging support of the mobile unit.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a perspective view from front right of surface formation equipment according to one embodiment mounted to a mobile unit, including two lateral wings which are configured in the unfolded (or elongate) position;

(2) FIG. 2 is a view in front elevation of the surface-formation equipment illustrated in FIG. 1;

(3) FIG. 3 is a view in rear elevation of the surface-formation equipment illustrated in FIG. 1;

(4) FIG. 4 is a view from above of the surface-formation equipment illustrated in FIG. 1;

(5) FIG. 5 is a view from beneath of the surface-formation equipment illustrated in FIG. 1 mounted to the mobile unit;

(6) FIG. 6 is a view in side elevation, illustrating the right-hand side, of the surface-formation equipment illustrated in FIG. 1 mounted to the mobile unit, with the right-hand wing in the unfolded position;

(7) FIG. 7 is a perspective view from front right of surface-formation equipment according to one embodiment mounted to the mobile unit, including the two lateral wings configured in the folded (or compact) position;

(8) FIG. 8 is a view in front elevation of the surface-formation equipment illustrated in FIG. 7;

(9) FIG. 9 is a view in rear elevation of the surface-formation equipment illustrated in FIG. 7;

(10) FIG. 10 is a view from above of the surface-formation equipment illustrated in FIG. 7;

(11) FIG. 11 is a view from beneath of the surface-formation equipment illustrated in FIG. 7;

(12) FIG. 12 is a view in side elevation, illustrating the left-hand side, of the surface-formation equipment illustrated in FIG. 7 mounted to the mobile unit, with the right-hand wing in the folded position;

(13) FIG. 13 is a perspective view from above of the surface-formation equipment illustrated in FIG. 1 in which the beam defines an oblique angle with the direction of travel of the surface-formation equipment when mounted on a mobile unit (not illustrated);

(14) FIG. 14 is an exploded perspective view from front right of the surface-formation equipment illustrated in FIG. 1;

(15) FIG. 15 includes FIGS. 15a, 15b, 15c, 15d, 15e, 15f and 15g which are cross-sectional views of various embodiments of a blade for the surface-formation equipment illustrated in FIG. 1;

(16) FIG. 16 is a view from above of surface-formation equipment according to another embodiment, in which the lateral wings are connected to the main section by an articulation system and in which the lateral wings are configured in the folded position;

(17) FIG. 17 is a view in front elevation of the surface-formation equipment illustrated in FIG. 16;

(18) FIG. 18 is a view in section on A-A of FIG. 16 of the surface-formation equipment illustrated in FIG. 16;

(19) FIG. 19 is a view in side elevation, illustrating the right-hand side, of the surface-formation equipment illustrated in FIG. 16 mounted to the mobile unit, with the right-hand wing in the folded position;

(20) FIG. 20 is a view in rear elevation of the surface-formation equipment illustrated in FIG. 16;

(21) FIG. 21 is a view from above of the surface-formation equipment illustrated in FIG. 16, in which the lateral wings are configured in the unfolded position;

(22) FIG. 22 is a view in front elevation of the surface-formation equipment illustrated in FIG. 21;

(23) FIG. 23 is a view in side elevation, illustrating the right-hand side, of the surface-formation equipment illustrated in FIG. 21 mounted to the mobile unit, with the right-hand wing in the unfolded position;

(24) FIG. 24 is an exploded and enlarged perspective view of the articulation system of the surface-formation equipment illustrated in FIG. 21.

(25) FIG. 25 is a view in side elevation of a first embodiment of a mobile unit of the prior art with wheels; and

(26) FIG. 26 is a view in side elevation of a second embodiment of a mobile unit of the prior art with caterpillar tracks.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(27) Surface-formation equipment and a method of manufacturing the surface-formation equipment will be described with reference to the figures.

(28) More specifically, with reference to FIGS. 1 to 14, the surface-formation equipment 20 comprises a blade 22 in the overall form of a beam and of which at least one external surface of the blade constitutes a forming (shaping) surface. In one embodiment, the blade 22 includes at least one beam 26 and an external surface of the beam 22 may constitute one of the forming surface(s). The surface-formation equipment 20 is configured to be positioned and mounted at the front or at the rear of a mobile unit (as represented in FIGS. 25 and 26) (or motorized unit or motive unit) such as, nonlimitingly, units of the caterpillar type (notably of the compact loader type with differential (“skidsteer”) steering, tractors and bulldozers operating in the fields of civil engineering, agricultural and/or industrial work.

(29) In one embodiment, the surface-formation equipment 20 also comprises a blade attachment structure 24 connected to this blade 22 and allowing the blade 22 to be mounted at the front or at the rear of a mobile unit. In FIGS. 1 to 14, the attachment structure 24 is configured for mounting the blade 22 at the front or at the rear of the mobile unit. It is configured to allow indirect engagement of the blade 22 with the mobile unit. More particularly, the attachment structure 24 comprises a first end, connected to the blade 22, and a second end, that can be engaged with the mobile unit, at the front of the latter. In one embodiment, the blade 22 attachment structure 24 is connected to the blade 22 by the interposition of a blade-pivoting assembly 40.

(30) In one embodiment, the blade 22, characterized by a longitudinal axis L, can be configured into a plurality of positions. In the present description, these positions are referred to with reference to the direction of travel D of the surface-formation equipment 20 when it is pushed or pulled in a straight line by a mobile unit, which means to say when it is not taking bends. In a first position, referred to as the “straight position”, the longitudinal axis L of the blade 22 is oriented substantially perpendicular to the direction of travel D of the equipment 20. In a second position, referred to as the “tilted position”, the blade 22 is pivoted, forward or backward, relative to an axis of rotation substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis L of the blade 22 while the blade 22 is in a straight position in a plane making an angle of tilt with the direction of travel of the equipment. In a third position, referred to as the “inclined position”, the longitudinal axis L of the blade 22 defines an oblique angle with the direction of travel D of the equipment. An oblique angle is defined as being an angle which is not a right angle (90°) or a multiple of a right angle. In the inclined position, it will be appreciated that the inclination may be oriented to the right or to the left relative to the direction of travel D of the equipment. It will be appreciated that combinations of positions are possible. For example, and nonlimitingly, the blade 22 may be configured into a straight and tilted position or into an inclined and tilted position.

(31) FIGS. 1 to 14 show a first embodiment of the surface-formation equipment 20. The surface-formation equipment 20 comprises a blade 22 and a blade 22 attachment structure 24 mounted at the rear of the blade 22 substantially in the center. The blade 22, having a longitudinal axis L, includes a beam 26 the longitudinal axis of which corresponds to the longitudinal axis L of the blade 22. In the embodiment illustrated, the beam 26 is a beam with a closed profile and, more particularly, having an elongate geometric profile with six surfaces. The six surfaces of the beam 26 include respectively a front surface 30, a rear surface 32, opposite and spaced away from the front surface 30, a lower surface 34 extending between the front 30 and rear 32 surfaces at the lower end of these, an upper surface 36, opposite the lower surface 34 and two lateral surfaces 37 which are spaced apart. In some embodiments, the surface of the blade 22 in contact with the ground is not the lower surface 34. It will be appreciated that, in an alternative embodiment, the beam 26 may be exempt of lateral surfaces 37 and that the beam 26 may be open at the lateral ends 37. It will also be appreciated that, in an alternative embodiment, for a beam with a closed profile, the beam 26 may be exempt of an upper surface 36 so that the front 30 and rear 32 surfaces have an upper edge engaging one another (beam with three surfaces extending along the longitudinal axis L). It will also be appreciated that, in an alternative embodiment, the beam 26 may include more than six surfaces. It will also be appreciated that the beam 26 may be different than a beam with a closed profile. For example and nonlimitingly, the beam may have the profile of the common structural elements including I-section beams, C-section beams, L-section beams, T-section beams, etc.

(32) As mentioned hereinabove, the beam is of elongate shape, which means to say that its greatest dimension is its length dimension. In one embodiment, the length of the beam is at least seven (7) times greater than the height of the beam. In another embodiment, the length of the beam is at least nine (9) times greater than the height of the beam. In one particular embodiment, the length of the beam is approximately eleven (11) times greater than the height of the beam. In one embodiment, the depth of the beam is less than its height. It will be appreciated that, in an alternative embodiment, the depth of the beam is greater than its height. More particularly, in one embodiment, the depth-to-height ratio is of the order of ⅝. In addition, along the longitudinal axis of the beam, the profile thereof may be rectilinear (straight beam) or non-rectilinear (curved beam). In one embodiment, the beam may have a constant or uneven radius of curvature or may even have at least one change in angle along its length.

(33) For a beam with a closed profile, the interior volume of the beam 26 may be filled, part-filled, or empty (or hollow). In one embodiment, in order to reduce the weight of the equipment 20, the interior volume of the beam 26 is predominantly empty (or hollow) but includes a reinforcing structure. In one embodiment, the reinforcing structure comprises a plurality of reinforcing members extending in the interior volume between two walls of the beam 26 defining two surfaces. In one embodiment, the beam 26 may be of the all-welded and/or bonded and/or bolted type.

(34) In the embodiment illustrated, the blade 22 includes a main section 22a and two lateral sections 22b (referred to as lateral wings 22b) which are pivot-mounted to the main section 22a, at the ends thereof. Each of the main section 22a and the lateral wings 22b includes the front surface 30, the rear surface 32, the lower surface 34 and the upper surface 36 of the beam 26. In the embodiment illustrated, the beam 26 of each of the lateral wings 22b includes a lateral surface 37 at its distal end (which means to say at its end distant from the main section 22a) and at its proximal end (which means to say the end adjacent to the main section 22a), whereas the ends of the main section 22a of the beam 26 are open. In an alternative embodiment, at least one of the proximal and distal ends of the beam 26 in the lateral wings 22b may be open. Also, the ends of the beam 26 in the main section 22a may be closed.

(35) In one embodiment, the upper surface 36 in the main section 22a is shorter, along the longitudinal axis L, than the lower surface 34. Thus, in the main section 22a, the ends are inclined. In the lateral wings 22b, the beam 26 may have proximal ends of a shape that substantially complements the ends of the main section 22a and, in particular, which are inclined, being longer near the upper surface 36.

(36) In one embodiment, the distal ends of the lateral wings 22b may also be inclined, for example in the same direction as the proximal ends of the lateral wings 22b. As a result, the lower edge of the distal end protrudes beyond the upper edge toward the outside of the lateral wing 22b. It will be appreciated that the angles of inclination of the distal and proximal ends, defined with respect to the lower surface of the blade 22, may be similar or different.

(37) It will be appreciated that, in an alternative embodiment, the ends of the lateral wings 22b and/or of the main section may be straight, which means to say not inclined, or substantially vertical.

(38) When the blade 22 is in an unfolded configuration illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 6, as will be described in greater detail hereinbelow, each of the front surfaces 30, of the rear surfaces 32, of the lower surfaces 34 and of the upper surfaces 36 are substantially aligned with the corresponding surface of the other sections so as to define surfaces that are substantially continuous, which means to say that the corresponding surfaces of the various sections 22a, 22b are substantially in the same plane in the unfolded position.

(39) It will be appreciated that, in an alternative embodiment, at least one of the front surfaces 30, of the rear surfaces 32, of the lower surfaces 34 and of the upper surfaces 36 is able not to be aligned with the corresponding surface of the other sections.

(40) In the embodiment illustrated, the main section 22a and the lateral wings 22b of the blade 22 have substantially the same profile when viewed in section along a plane of section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis L. Nevertheless, the lateral wings 22b are of lesser length than the main section 22a, which means to say their length along the longitudinal axis L of the blade 22. In one embodiment, the lateral wings 22b have a length less than half the main section 22a of the blade 22. It will be appreciated that, in an alternative embodiment, the main section 22a and the lateral wings 22b of the blade 22 may have a different profile, when viewed in section along a plane of section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis L.

(41) As mentioned hereinabove, the lateral wings 22b are pivot-mounted to the main section 22a of the blade 22 by a wing-pivoting assembly 50 defining a pivot and allowing pivoting about an axis of pivoting 52. The axes of pivoting 52 of the lateral wings 22b extend substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis L of the blade 22. In one embodiment, the wing-pivoting assemblies 50 are positioned at least above the upper section of the main section 22a of the blade 22 and substantially at the ends thereof. More specifically, they are positioned in such a way that the axis of pivoting 52 extends above a midline of the beam 26, namely closer to the upper surface 36 than to the lower surface 34. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 14, the axis of pivoting is situated above the upper surface 36 of the beam 26.

(42) More particularly, each of the wing-pivoting assemblies 50 includes a hinge 54 engaged on the upper surface 36 of the main section 22a and of a respective lateral wing 22b. The hinge 54 is secured to the main section 22a, on a first side of the axis of pivoting 52, and to the lateral wing 22b, on the other one side of the axis of pivoting 52. As will be described in greater detail hereinbelow, the wing-pivoting assemblies 50 allow the lateral wings 22b to be configured in an unfolded position, illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 6, in a fully folded position, illustrated in FIGS. 7 to 12, and in a plurality of intermediate folded positions lying between the unfolded position and the fully folded position.

(43) Although the blade 22 illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 14 is made up of three parts (a main section 22a which, in this embodiment, is a central section, and two lateral wings 22b), it will be appreciated that, in alternative embodiments, the blade 22 may include a single section and be exempt from lateral wings or alternatively the blade 22 may include a single lateral wing 22b, mounted on the right-hand side or on the left-hand side of the main section 22a. In another alternative embodiment, the blade 22 may include more than two lateral wings 22b. In another alternative embodiment, the blade 22 may include two lateral wings 22b connected together and be exempt of a main section 22a. Thus, the two lateral wings 22b may pivot relative to one another and be configured simultaneously or independently in the deployed position in which they are in contact with the ground and the folded position in which they are predominantly spaced away from the ground (raised).

(44) In addition, in the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 6, in the unfolded position, the lateral wings 22b are aligned with the main section 22a, along the longitudinal axis L, which means to say that a zero angle is defined between these. In an alternative embodiment, in the unfolded position, the lateral wings 22b may define an oblique angle with the main section 22a. In one particular embodiment, the lateral wings 22b may extend forward, in the direction away from the attachment structure 24, with respect to the main section 22a.

(45) The wing-pivoting assembly 50 also comprises two actuators 55. One actuator 55 is associated with each of the lateral wings 22b. In the embodiment illustrated, the actuators comprise two double-acting (pneumatic, electric or hydraulic) actuating cylinders. It will be appreciated that the actuator may be other than the double-acting (or double-action) actuating cylinder illustrated. For example and nonlimitingly, the actuating cylinder may be replaced by a rotary actuator. These have a first end mounted on the rear surface 32 of the main section 22a and a second end connected to their respective lateral wing 22b, at the rear thereof. More particularly, in the embodiment illustrated, the second end of the actuator 55 is connected to the distal end of the hinge 54, slightly above the upper surface 36.

(46) As mentioned hereinabove, the attachment structure 24 is connected to the blade 22, to the rear thereof. The attachment structure 24 is substantially centered with respect to the length of the blade 22, relative to the longitudinal axis L thereof. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 6, the attachment structure 24 is characterized by having the overall shape of a V with two arms 38 having a proximal (or front) end connected to the blade 22 and a distal (or rear) end that can be connected to a mobile unit (not illustrated). The proximal ends of the two arms 38 are engaged in one another while the distal ends are spaced apart. When viewed from above (FIGS. 4 and 10) or below (FIGS. 5 and 11), the attachment structure 24 defines a substantially triangular profile.

(47) The surface-formation equipment 20 also comprises an assembly 40 for pivoting the blade 22, mounted at the proximal ends of the arms 38 and allowing the blade 22 to be attached to the attachment structure 24 and, more particularly, to be pivot-attached to the arms 38. More particularly, the pivoting assembly 40 allows the blade 22 to pivot about an axis of pivoting 44 extending substantially vertically and aligned with the center of the pivoting assembly 40. In the embodiment illustrated, the axis of pivoting 44 is situated at the rear of the rear surface 32 of the blade 22, spaced away therefrom. In one embodiment, the pivoting assembly 40 includes a turntable system 46 and the axis of pivoting 44 is situated at the center of the turntable system 46. The pivoting assembly 40 will be described in greater detail hereinbelow.

(48) In one embodiment, the attachment structure 24 is mainly metal. For example, it may be made mainly of steel.

(49) The attachment structure 24 also comprises an attachment structure 56 which, in the embodiment illustrated, includes two plates 58, each being able to be secured to a distal end of one of the arms 38, and mechanical fasteners such as bolts, screws or any other suitable mechanical fastener. This attachment structure 56 allows rapid and adjustable attachment to the chassis of a mobile unit (not illustrated). The height of the surface-formation equipment 20 relative to the mobile unit is adjusted using the attachment structure 24 and, more particularly, using the plates 58, as will be described in greater detail hereinbelow.

(50) The blade 22, including the main section 22a and the lateral wings 22b, are configured to shape (form) the ground. The front 30 and/or the rear 32 surfaces of the beam 26 may have a straight and/or concave (or hollow) profile or any other suitable profile. Various profiles for the beam 26 will be described hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 15. It will be appreciated that the shape of the front surface 30 may differ from the shape of the rear surface 32. Also, it will be appreciated that the shape of the front surface 30 of the beam 26 in the main section 22a may differ from the shape of the front surface 30 of the beam 26 at the lateral wings 22b. Similarly, the shape of the rear surface 32 in the main section 22a may differ from the shape of the rear surface 32 in the lateral wings 22b.

(51) In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 14, the blade 22 also comprises a cutting edge 42, mounted to the beam 26, near the lower surface 34. In the embodiment illustrated and as mentioned hereinabove, the blade 22 includes a main section 22a which, in the embodiment illustrated, is located centrally, and lateral wings 22b. The cutting edge 42 also includes three parts: a main section, mounted to the beam 26 at the main section 22a, and two lateral sections, each one being mounted to the beam 26 at the lateral wings 22b. The thickness of the cutting edge 42 is less than the thickness of the beam 26.

(52) The cutting edge 42 extends parallel to the lower surface 34 of the beam 26. It supports the blade 22 on the ground and therefore runs parallel thereto.

(53) In the embodiment illustrated, the cutting edge 42 has a profile of substantially trapezoidal shape and fully covers the lower surface 34 of the beam 26. However, in an alternative embodiment (not illustrated), the cutting edge 42 could have a rectangular profile or be of any other suitable shape. In an alternative embodiment (not illustrated), the cutting edge 42 could be mounted at the periphery of the beam 26, near the lower surface 34 of the beam 26, without necessarily covering it. In an alternative embodiment (not illustrated), the cutting edge 42 partially covers the lower surface 34 of the beam 26.

(54) In the embodiment illustrated, the external edges of the cutting edge 42 are chamfered, forming an acute angle, the cutting edge being wider at the surface for contact with the ground than at the upper surface where it meets the beam 26. The external edges of the cutting edge 42 therefore define an angle with the ground and the lower surface 34 of the beam 26. In the embodiment illustrated, the bottom corners of the cutting edge 42 extend toward the outside of the beam 26, which means to say that the cutting edge 42 has a point projecting toward the outside of the beam 26 and, more particularly, of the lower surface 34 of the beam 26. In various embodiments, the angles of the chamfered edges vary between 20° and 40°.

(55) The cutting edge 42 is pressed against the ground, in the position of rest (or of non-operation) of the equipment 20. It also acts as a gliding and ground-formation surface when the equipment 20 is in operation, which means to say that the cutting edge 42 glides over the ground as the equipment moves. Since the cutting edge 42 is in contact with the granular or liquid materials during operation, this edge is subjected to significant friction. In one embodiment, it is made from a material with high resistance to abrasion, such as a highly abrasion-resistant steel. The acute-angled tip of the cutting edge 42 projecting from the beam 26 makes it easier to penetrate the granular or liquid materials covering the ground.

(56) In one embodiment, the cutting edge 42 has the form of a plate fully covering the lower surface 34 of the beam 26. Predominantly, over its entire periphery, the cutting edge 42 has a chamfered edge protruding beyond the lower end of the beam 26, including at the lateral surfaces 37. In an embodiment in which the blade 22 includes one or more lateral wings, the adjacent ends of the main section 22a and/or of the lateral wing 22b may be exempt from a chamfered edge, as illustrated in the figures.

(57) The cutting edge 42 may be fixed to the beam 26 using a plurality of mechanical fasteners, such as screws or bolts, or by any other suitable means of attachment, such as, nonlimitingly, by welding.

(58) In the embodiment in which the blade 22 includes a plurality of sections, the lateral ends of the lateral sections of the cutting edge 42 may be provided with connections of the male/female type that can engage in one another when the blade 22 is in the unfolded configuration. More specifically, FIGS. 7 and 14 show that the ends of the cutting edge 42 of the main section 26a include a recess 43 (female connection) whereas the proximal ends of the lateral wings 26b include a protuberance 45 (male connection) that complements the recess 43 and can be engaged therein when the respective lateral wing 22b is in the unfolded configuration. The male/female type connections at the cutting edge 42 reduce the risks of the lateral wing 22b pivoting backward or forward during the operation of the equipment 22. It will be appreciated that, in an alternative embodiment, the male/female-type connections may be reversed on the main section 26a and the lateral wings 26b. It will also be appreciated that the shape and configuration of the male/female-type connections may vary from the embodiment illustrated.

(59) It will be appreciated that, in certain embodiments, the cutting edge 42 may be exempt of a connection of the male/female type.

(60) In one embodiment, in the unfolded configuration, the lateral wings 22b are slightly spaced away from the main section 22a.

(61) In the folded embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 14, the ends of the beam 26 in the main section 22a are exposed, which means to say are not closed off. In an alternative embodiment, the ends of the beam 26 in the main section 22a may be closed off by an end-wall, thus preventing granular or liquid material from entering the interior volume of the beam 26 if this beam is at least partially hollow.

(62) In one embodiment, the blade 22 has a planar lower surface. This may be the lower surface of the cutting edge 42 which completely covers the beam 26. It may also be the lower surface of the cutting edge 42 which is substantially aligned with the lower surface 34 of the beam 26 which is at least partially exposed. In one embodiment, the lower surface of the blade 22 is substantially exempt of cavities, except for the mechanical fasteners, if any.

(63) In one embodiment, when the blade 22 is in the unfolded position, the lower surface of the blade 22 at the lateral wing 22b and of the main section 22a defines a single plane, which means to say that the lower surface of the blade 22 at the lateral wing is substantially in the same plane as the lower surface of the blade 22 at the main section 22a.

(64) It will be appreciated that, in an alternative embodiment, the blade 22 may be exempt of a cutting edge 42 and that the surface via which the blade 22 contacts the ground may be the lower surface 34 of the beam 26.

(65) As mentioned hereinabove, the lateral wings 22b of the blade 22 are pivot-mounted to the main section 22a. More particularly, they can pivot between an unfolded position (FIGS. 1 to 6 and 13) and a plurality of folded positions. FIGS. 7 to 12 illustrate the blade 22 in one of the possible folded positions and, more particularly, in the fully folded position. In the unfolded position, the lateral wings 22b are aligned with the main section 22a, which means to say that the angle defined between the longitudinal axis of the main section 22a and the longitudinal axis of the lateral wings 22b is zero. It will be appreciated that, although the two lateral wings 22b are configured in a folded position in FIGS. 7 to 12, just one of the lateral wings 22b can be configured in a folded position while the other lateral wing 22b can be configured in an unfolded position. It will also be appreciated that the positions of the lateral wings 22b in the folded position may differ. In the present description, the folded position of a lateral wing 22b is defined by the angle defined between the longitudinal axis of the main section 22a and the longitudinal axis of said lateral wing 22b. In the fully folded position, the lateral wings 22b press against the upper surface 36 of the main section 22a, and this approximately doubles the height of the pushing surface of the blade 22. This increase in the height of the pushing surface of the blade 22 allows a relatively large quantity of granular material to be moved around using the equipment 20, as will be described in greater detail hereinbelow.

(66) The possibility of selectively configuring the blade 22 in a plurality of folded positions and one unfolded position makes it possible to reduce the risk of breaking structures and/or infrastructures by rubbing. The folded position of the lateral wing 22b, namely the angle defined between the longitudinal axis of the main section 22a and the longitudinal axis of said lateral wing 22b, can be adjusted as need be. The intermediate folded positions between the unfolded position and the fully folded position may prove useful in certain applications.

(67) In the embodiment illustrated, the surface-formation equipment 20 also comprises a deflector 60. The deflector 60 includes a plate of substantially trapezoidal shape extending upward from the upper surface 36 of the beam 26 near the meeting point with the front surface 30. In the embodiment illustrated, the deflector 60 is mounted only on the main section 22a. However, in an alternative embodiment, the lateral flange or flanges 22b may also include a deflector. For example and nonlimitingly the deflector may be mounted near the rear surface 32 of the blade 22 or alternatively the blade 22 may include two deflectors: a front deflector and a rear deflector. The shape and configuration of the deflector 60 may vary from the embodiment illustrated. The deflector 60 increases the area of equipment 20 available when pushing a large quantity of granular material.

(68) In the fully folded position shown in FIGS. 7 to 12 and in the folded positions approaching this position, the lateral wings 22b provide support for the deflector 60. More particularly, the lateral wings 22b are positioned to the rear of the deflector 60 and the latter can rest against them when the load being moved around is great. As a result, they reduce the possibility of the deflector 60 becoming bent or damaged during a surface formation operation.

(69) The pivoting assembly 40 will now be described in greater detail with reference to FIG. 14. This assembly allows the blade 22 to be pivot-connected to the tip of the attachment structure 24. It defines an axis of pivoting 44 about which the blade 22 can pivot relative to the direction of travel D of the equipment 20. It comprises a turntable system 46 including a central disk 62 fixedly mounted on the blade 22 and extending to the rear thereof, a support surface 64 and, more particularly, an upper plate mounted on the arms 38 at the proximal end thereof and fixedly, and two securing pieces and, more particularly, hoops 66a, 66b. As mentioned above, the pivoting assembly 40 ensures that the blade 22 can pivot between the straight position and the inclined positions and the axis of pivoting 44 is substantially aligned with the center of the turntable system 46.

(70) In the embodiment illustrated, the central disk 62 is substantially circular in shape and substantially T-shaped in profile. It is secured centrally to the top of the beam 26 and, more particularly, to the center of the main section 22a. The upper plate 64, likewise in the form of a disk, is also circular. Part of it protrudes forward beyond the tip defined by the two arms 38. More specifically, it is secured to the lower surface of the two arms 38.

(71) The two hoops 66a, 66b complement one another in shape. They are configured and arranged to trap the central disk 62 between them and the upper plate 64. More specifically, in the assembled configuration, the central disk 62 extends and, more particularly, is contained, between the upper plate 64 and the two hoops 66a, 66b, with the upper plate 64 extending above the central disk 62 and the two hoops 66a, 66b extending below. More particularly, the hoops 66a, 66b are secured to the upper plate 64 using mechanical fasteners such as, and nonlimitingly, screws and bolts. Thus, the central disk 62 can pivot in the space defined between the upper plate 64 and the hoops 66a, 66b.

(72) In order to reduce the friction between the central disk 62, the upper plate 64 and the hoops 66a, 66b during pivoting, labyrinth seals (not illustrated) as well as a number of grease nipples (not illustrated) are arranged symmetrically over the cavity of the turntable system 46.

(73) In a complementary or alternative embodiment, the contacting surfaces of the various components of the turntable system 46 including the central disk 62, the upper plate 64 and the hoops 66a, 66b, may be covered with or made from a material having a low coefficient of friction so as to reduce the friction between the components during pivoting and that has a resistance to wear. For example, and nonlimitingly, the components of the turntable system 46 may comprise Nylatron®.

(74) In an alternative embodiment (not illustrated), the upper plate 64 could be a part or surface for support of the V-shaped attachment structure 24 defined by the arms 38.

(75) The pivoting assembly 40 described hereinabove makes it possible to obtain a pivoting mechanism that is more stable than a single pivot rod and that is also less inclined to premature wear than pivot rods or an assembly including a rolling mechanism (i.e. rings). Thus, the pivoting assembly 40 described hereinabove will be appreciated for the durability it affords. It will be appreciated that, in alternative embodiments (that have not been illustrated), other known pivoting assemblies could be used for the equipment 20. For example and nonlimitingly, known alternatives that could be used include pivoting assemblies using a rack, an annular gear, a rod and rings.

(76) The pivoting assembly 40 also comprises two actuators 41 and, more particularly, two actuating cylinders (hydraulic, electric or pneumatic or electric actuating cylinders). In one embodiment, the actuating cylinders 41 are actuating cylinders of the “single-acting” (or single action) type providing hydraulic release in the event of thrust exceeding the traction capability of the mobile unit. Thus, in one embodiment, the actuating cylinders 41 are provided with a device that manages the resistance to thrust applied to the blade 22 during operation. It will be appreciated that the actuators 41 may be something other than actuating cylinders.

(77) Each of the actuating cylinders 41 is associated with one of the arms 38 of the attachment structure 24 and with one of the sides of the blade 22, which means to say that a first actuating cylinder 41 is mounted on the right-hand side of the equipment 20, relative to the attachment structure 24 and to the pivoting assembly 40, while a second actuating cylinder 41 is mounted on the left-hand side of the equipment 20. They have a first end mounted on one of the respective arms 38 and a second end mounted on the blade 22. In the embodiment illustrated, the second end of the actuating cylinders 41 is connected to the upper surface 36 of the beam 26 at the main section 22a. These actuating cylinders 41 can be actuated selectively so as to allow the blade 22 to be pivoted to the right or to the left, relative to the direction of travel D of the equipment 20, as illustrated in FIG. 13. The actuating cylinders 41 can therefore be actuated in order to modify the configuration of the blade 22 between the straight position and one of the inclined positions or between two inclined positions. It will be appreciated that the actuators of the pivoting assembly 40 may differ from the actuating cylinders 41 illustrated.

(78) In order to reduce the risks of breakage and limit slipping of the caterpillar tracts or wheels of the mobile unit on the ground, an oil valve device is incorporated into the hydraulic system of the actuating cylinders 41.

(79) It will be appreciated that the beam-pivoting assembly 40 can be used as a pivoting mechanism allowing pivoting between two components other than the blade 22 and the attachment system 24. In such an embodiment, the central disk is fixedly mounted to a first of the two components. It may be an intrinsic part of the first component. The upper plate 64 may be replaced by a support surface on the second component, which may also be a disk. Finally, one or more securing piece(s) such as the hoops, are secured to the support surface with the central disk extending between the two and preventing disengagement of the central disk. Thus, the central disk can pivot between the support surface and at least one securing piece. The specific features of the embodiment described hereinabove, in relation to the surface-formation equipment, apply to the pivot mechanism allowing pivoting between two components.

(80) In one embodiment, the pivoting assembly allows the blade to be inclined up to 30° on each side, relative to the direction of travel D.

(81) With reference to FIG. 12, in order to reduce the risks of knocking over the blade 22, which risks may be occasioned by the positioning of the assembly 40 for pivoting the blade 22 in the upper section of this blade, the attachment structure 24 also comprises a reinforcer 70 (or angular reinforcer) in the form of an angle bracket. This reinforcer 70 is positioned to the rear of the main section 22a, centrally with respect to the blade 22. More specifically, it is secured to the rear surface 32 of the main section 22a and to the central disk 62. In one embodiment, the reinforcer 70 extends almost to the point where the rear surface 32 and the lower surface 34 of the beam 26 meet, slightly above the cutting edge 42. It allows force of thrust (or of the load) coming from the mobile unit (not illustrated) to be transferred to the pivoting assembly 40 and at the same time toward the lower section of the blade 22, thus reducing the risk of knocking over (or tipping over). The reinforcer 70 acts as a brace between the turntable system 46 that makes the connection between the arms 38 defining a generally V-shaped support, and the main section 22a of the blade 22.

(82) Various profiles of the blade 22 including the beam 26 and the cutting edge 42 will be described with reference to FIG. 15. It will be appreciated that the profiles described hereinabove may apply both to the main section 22a and to the lateral wings 22b of the blade 22.

(83) FIGS. 15a to 15e illustrate possible profiles for closed-profile beams. In all the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 15a to 15e, the beams 26 are geometric profiles having six surfaces of which four surfaces 30, 32, 34 and 36 define the shape of the beam 26 when viewed in cross section. It will be appreciated that the front and rear surfaces 30, 32 may have a profile that is straight (which means to say without curvature) or concave (which means to say hollow), the radius of curvature of which may be constant or irregular.

(84) In the embodiment of FIG. 15a, the lower and upper surfaces 34, 36 are planar and extend substantially parallel to one another. The front and rear surfaces 30, 32 are concave in shape and characterized by a radius of curvature that is substantially uniform along the respective surface 30, 32. In the embodiment illustrated, the radius of curvature of the front surface 30 is substantially equal to the radius of curvature of the rear surface 32. The cutting edge 42 is of substantially rectangular shape and protrudes beyond the front and the rear surfaces 30, 32 of the beam 26. The edges of the cutting edge 42 are right angles.

(85) In the embodiment of FIG. 15b, the shape of the beam 26 is substantially similar to that of FIG. 15a. However, the cutting edge 42 has chamfered edges protruding between the lower surface 34 of the beam 26. More specifically, the cutting edge 42 has a substantially trapezoidal profile and the depth of the upper surface of the cutting edge 42 is greater than the depth of the lower surface 34 of the beam 26.

(86) In the embodiment of FIG. 15c, the shape of the cutting edge 42 and of the rear surface 32 of the beam are substantially similar to what is shown in FIG. 15b. However, the front surface 30 of the beam 26 is divided into two sections: a substantially planar section in the upper section followed by a lower section of concave shape the radius of curvature of which is substantially uniform.

(87) In the embodiment of FIG. 15d, the shape of the cutting edge 42 is substantially similar to those in FIGS. 15b and 15c. However, the front and rear surfaces 30, 32 differ. The front surface 30 of the beam 26 is divided into three sections: an upper section, an intermediate section and a lower section. All the sections are substantially planar. However, the upper section protrudes forward in comparison with the lower section and the two sections are oriented substantially perpendicular to the lower and upper surfaces 34, 36. The intermediate section connects the upper and lower sections. The rear surface 32 of the beam 26 is divided into two substantially planar sections: an upper section and a lower section. The upper section is oriented substantially perpendicular to the lower and upper surfaces 34, 36. The lower section extends at an angle rearward, which means to say in the direction away from the front surface 30.

(88) In the embodiment of FIG. 15e, the shape of the cutting edge 42 is substantially similar to those of FIGS. 15b, 15c and 15d. The front surface 30 of the beam 26 is divided into two substantially planar sections: an upper section and a lower section. The upper section is oriented substantially perpendicular to the lower and upper surfaces 34, 36. The lower section extends at an angle rearward, which means to say toward the rear surface 32. The shape of the rear surface 32 is similar to the rear surface 32 of FIG. 15d except that the upper section is of smaller height. In addition, in the embodiment of FIG. 15e, the depth of the upper surface of the cutting edge 42 is substantially similar to the depth of the lower surface 34 of the beam 26 and only the chamfered tips extend beyond the lower surface 34 of the beam 26 toward the front and toward the rear.

(89) It will be appreciated that numerous modifications may be made to the embodiments described hereinabove. In addition, combinations of the various embodiments may be glimpsed. For example and nonlimitingly, the lower and upper surfaces 34, 36 may be non-planar and/or not extend substantially parallel to one another. Of the front and rear surfaces 30, 32 at least one could be convex in shape. In addition, the radius of curvature of the front surface 30 can differ from the radius of curvature of the rear surface 32.

(90) FIGS. 15f and 15g illustrate two possible embodiments of profiles for beams that are not closed-profile beams. In the embodiments of FIGS. 15f and 15g, the shape of the cutting edge 42 is substantially similar to those in FIGS. 15b, 15c, 15d and 15e.

(91) In the embodiment of FIG. 15f, the beam 26 is a compound of a C-section beam and an I-section beam. It comprises a web 72 having a curved profile extending between a lower flange 73 and an upper flange 74 which are planar. The lower flange 73 extends on each side of the web 72 whereas the upper flange 74 extends only forward, its rear end being aligned with where it meets the web 72.

(92) In the embodiment of FIG. 15g, the beam 26 is a compound of an I-section beam comprising a web 72 of straight profile extending between a lower flange 73 and an upper flange 74 which are planar.

(93) It will be appreciated that numerous modifications may be made to the embodiments of FIGS. 15f and 15g described hereinabove. In addition, combinations of the various embodiments may be glimpsed. For example and nonlimitingly, the lower and upper flanges 73, 74 may be non-planar and/or not extend substantially parallel to one another. In addition, the webs 72 may have a curvature or may be straight. Also, the beams may have no upper flange 74.

(94) In the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 15a to 15g, the thickness of the cutting edge 42 may vary between ⅜ of an inch and 1 inch approximately. In one embodiment, the depth of the cutting edge 42 may vary between 6 inches and 10 inches.

(95) In one embodiment, the cutting edge is a plate of substantially rectangular shape having chamfered or straight edges. It may also be a strip mounted at the periphery of the beam 26, a series of teeth positioned side by side, of inverse teeth situated side by side or alternatively any other appropriate form including partially rounded or fully rounded profiles. In one embodiment, the cutting edge 42 exceeds the beam 26 at the lower surface 34 thereof. In one particular embodiment, the cutting edge 42 protrudes beyond the beam 26 at the lower surface 34 at the front surface 30 and the rear surface 32.

(96) An alternative embodiment of the surface-formation equipment 20 will be described with reference to FIGS. 16 to 24 in which the components are numbered with reference numerals that correspond to those of the previous embodiment, but in the 100s series. In the embodiment of FIGS. 16 to 25, the majority of the components are similar to those described hereinabove with reference to FIGS. 1 to 14. However, the lateral-wing-pivoting assembly 150 differs from the one described hereinabove.

(97) More particularly, with reference to FIG. 24, at the lateral ends of the main section 122a, the hinges 54 are replaced by an articulation system including a cylindrical cavity 176 defined by an outer ring 179 including a cylindrical peripheral wall. The cylindrical cavity 176 is formed in the lateral wings 122b and with the outer ring 179 extending slightly above the upper surface 136 of the lateral wing 122b and protruding laterally beyond the respective proximal lateral surface. The lateral surface of the lateral wing 122b is of a shape that is inclined toward the lower surface 134, the upper surface 136 extending beyond the lower surface 134 at the proximal end. The ends of the main section 122a are of a shape that substantially complements the proximal end of the respective lateral wing 122b. More particularly, the lateral surface is of a shape that is inclined toward the upper surface 136, the lower surface 134 extending beyond the upper surface 136 at the end. At their proximal end, in the region of the upper surface 136, the main section 122a includes two plates 178, which are spaced apart and the shape of which corresponds substantially to the shape of the openings of the cylindrical cavity 176. The peripheral wall defining the cylindrical cavity 176 and the two plates 178 define the fixed components of the articulation system. When assembled, the plates 178 are positioned on a respective side of the cylindrical cavity 176 and close this cavity.

(98) Mobile components of the articulation system are inserted into the cylindrical cavity 176 and between the plates 178. More specifically, a core 180, surrounded by an inner ring 182, is inserted into the cylindrical cavity 176. In one embodiment, the core 180 and the inner ring 182 are replaceable when worn. In an alternative embodiment, the inner ring 182 may comprise a plurality of inner ring sections which are arranged side by side at the periphery of the core 180. In an alternative embodiment, the articulation system may be exempt of ring(s) 182. For example, the core 180 may be made from or covered with a material having a low coefficient of friction so as to reduce the friction between the components during pivoting and that has resistance to wear. For example and nonlimitingly, the components of the turntable system 46 may comprise Nylatron®. It may also have undergone a suitable heat treatment to give it a low coefficient of friction and a relatively high resistance to wear.

(99) The plates 178 are secured to the core 180 and prevent the core 180 from being extracted from the cylindrical cavity 176. The inner ring 182 is made of a material that encourages pivoting by reducing friction.

(100) In one embodiment, the cylindrical cavity 176 has been formed by machining the lateral wing 122b. In an alternative embodiment, the peripheral wall defining the cylindrical cavity 176 can be fixed removably to the lateral wings 122b. In one alternative embodiment, the cylindrical cavity 176 may be formed in the main section 122a while the lateral wings 122b may include the two plates 178.

(101) Just like the lateral-wing-pivoting assembly 50, the lateral-wing-pivoting assembly 150 comprises two actuators 155, one actuator 155 being associated with each of the lateral wings 122b. In the embodiment illustrated, the actuators 155 also comprise two double-acting actuating cylinders. For example and nonlimitingly, the actuating cylinder may be replaced by a rotary actuator. It will be appreciated that the actuators 155 may differ from the double-acting actuating cylinder illustrated. These have a first end mounted on the upper surface of the beam 126 at the main section 122a and a second end connected to their respective lateral wing 122b, on the upper surface 136 thereof. More specifically, in the embodiment illustrated, the second end of the actuator 155 is spaced away from the cylindrical cavity 176 toward the distal end of the respective lateral wing 122b.

(102) The surface-formation equipment 20, 120 may also comprise a control mechanism (not illustrated) such as a control mechanism of the joystick type. This stick may be manipulated by the operator, for example the operator of the motorized-type mobile unit to which the surface-formation equipment 20, 120 is connected in order to control the position of the lateral wings 22b, 122b and the position of the blade 22, 122, namely its inclination with respect to the direction of travel D (straight or inclined). More particularly, the actuators 41, 55, 141, 155 of the assembly 40, 140 for pivoting the blade 22, 122 and the wing-pivoting assembly 50, 150 may be connected operationally to the control mechanism by hydraulic and/or electrical connectors. The control mechanism may also include electrical controls that allow the various actuators of the surface-formation equipment 20, 120 to be actuated.

(103) The surface-formation equipment 20, 120 described hereinabove may be manufactured using a manufacturing method including known means of assembly including welding, bonding, riveting, socket fitting, crimping, screwing and combinations of at least two of these means of assembly.

(104) As mentioned hereinabove, the surface-formation equipment 20, 120 may be secured detachably to a mobile unit to form an operational motorized assembly made up of surface-formation equipment as described hereinabove, secured removably or permanently (non-removably) to a mobile unit. In one embodiment, the mobile unit may be a motorized unit of the type having caterpillar tracks (notably of the compact loader type with differential (skidsteer) steering) or those marketed by the company Caterpillar® and BobCat®. In one embodiment, the mobile unit is equipped with a device that allows the blade 22, 122 of the equipment 20, 120 to be tilted forward or backward.

(105) In one embodiment, for a predetermined motorized unit, surface-formation equipment 20, 120 having a blade 22, 122 of which the length (including the lateral wings 22b, 122b) is 1.6 to 2 times the length of the motorized unit that can be selected.

(106) In order to mount the surface-formation equipment 20, 120 to a mobile unit, the attachment structure 56, 156 is attached to the chassis of the mobile unit. For example, the equipment 20, 120 may be secured by the interposition of the plates 58, 158 on appropriate supports 210 of the chassis, optionally pivotable so as to allow the blade 22, 122 to be tilted.

(107) When mounted to a mobile unit 200, the height of the surface-formation equipment 20, 120 is adjusted so that the lower surface of the blade 22, 122, namely the lower surface of the cutting edge 42, 142 or the lower surface 34, 134 of the beam 26, 126 in the main section 22a, 122a, is in the same plane as the point of traction 240 on the ground G of the mobile unit 200, namely the lower surface in contact with the ground. This may be the point of contact with the ground of the wheels 220 (FIG. 25) or of the caterpillar tracks 230 (FIG. 26) of the mobile unit 200. Thus, in a rest position and on a planar and straight surface, the lower surface of the blade 22, 122 is in the same plane as the traction surface or point of the mobile unit, which means to say the surfaces that support the mobile unit on the ground. This configuration at the time of assembly of the surface-formation equipment 20, 120 to the mobile unit, referred to as the “zero position” or “zero point” means that the blade 22, 122 has some float over the ground during operation. Thus, when mounted to the mobile unit, the float of the blade 22, 122 can be maintained without the aid of electronic devices, such as a laser, electrical, hydraulic or other devices. This float also allows the ground to be shaped with the surface-formation equipment 20, 120 at a relatively high speed of travel. The equipment 20 “floats” over the ground without necessarily being in “floating mode”, which means to say the mode incorporated into several mobile units in which there is no mechanical or hydraulic pressure applied to the ground save for the intrinsic weight of the equipment 20, 120.

(108) It has been noted that adjusting the height of the blade 22, 122 relative to the level of the traction surface of the mobile unit, when both are resting on a planar surface, allows the surface-formation results to be improved significantly both in terms of the speed of travel and of execution and in terms of the quality of the surface formed.

(109) In a number of embodiments, the surface-formation equipment 20, 120 is mounted on a section of the chassis of a mobile unit the inclination of which can be modified. Thus, the operator of the mobile unit may modify the inclination of the chassis and thus pivot the blade 22, 122 about an axis extending substantially parallel to its longitudinal axis L, when this blade is configured in its straight position, namely substantially perpendicular to the direction of travel D of the equipment 20, 120. Thus, the blade 22, 122 may be configured in a tilted position, tilted either forward or backward, and the angle of attack of the cutting edge 22, 122 or of the lower surface 34, 134 of the blade 22, 122 can thus be modified.

(110) In several embodiments, the surface-formation equipment 20, 120 is mounted on a section of the chassis the elevation of which can be modified. More particularly, as mentioned hereinabove, the surface-formation equipment 20, 120 is mounted on the chassis at the minimum height, namely in the “zero” position. However, in certain embodiments, the position of the section of the chassis may be adjustable upward, which means to say that it is possible to raise the surface-formation equipment 20, 120 above the “zero” position during operation. It may also be possible to lower the surface-formation equipment 20, 120 below the “zero” position during operation.

(111) In one embodiment, the blade 22, 122 has a low profile, and a height that allows its center of gravity to be positioned substantially below the center of gravity of the mobile unit in which it is attached.

(112) The surface-formation equipment 20, 120 described hereinabove can be used in the field of the shaping of ground covered in liquid or granular materials including, nonlimitingly, surfacing, leveling and the shifting of granular material.

(113) When the surface-formation equipment 20, 120 is mounted to a motorized unit, the latter may travel over a wide range of speeds and, in certain situations, the maximum speed of travel of the motorized unit has been able to be achieved while at the same time pushing along the surface-formation equipment 20, 120 mounted at the front and maintaining a high quality shaping of the surface. For example, during surface-shaping with the equipment 20, 120, a speed of travel varying from a very low speed up to a speed of 20 km/h may be achieved. These speeds are achieved thanks to the high degree of float and to the substantially planar lower surface of the blade 22, 122, which minimize the risks of “false moves” and make it more difficult for the blade 22, 122 to be dug inappropriately into the ground. Specifically, because of the float, the risks of “wrong moves” or of a maneuvering error are substantially reduced.

(114) Also, the pressure exerted on the ground by the blade 22, 122 and, mainly via the pressure that exists on the ground, allows a visual identification of the zones with different levels of compaction, which means to say makes it possible to distinguish between the more compacted zones of the ground and the less compacted zones. Indeed it is known within the field that the visual appearance of the worked surface differs according to its degree of compaction. For that reason, the cutting edge 42, 142, made from a material with high resistance to abrasion, makes it possible to visually discern the more compacted zones of the ground from the less compacted zones. Thus, the operator can rework the surface that is to be shaped until the sought after compaction uniformity is obtained according to the type of granular material and the quality required. In this way it is possible to reduce and/or eliminate the subsequent use of compaction equipment such as compression rollers.

(115) The cutting edge 42, 142, with a chamfered edge, also allows the surfaces to be profiled while at the same time maintaining the “floating” effect of the blade 22, 122 traveling over the ground.

(116) In addition, because of the fact that the lateral wings 22b, 122b can be configured between the folded and unfolded positions, the shaping width that can be achieved is variable. In one embodiment, a width of twelve (12) feet has been obtained. In addition, the fact that the lateral wings 22b, 122b can be configured between the folded and unfolded positions means that angular and rounded slopes can be formed. This configurability also allows the surface-formation equipment 20, 120 to be transported laterally when moving along the highway. More particularly, in order to reduce the width of the surface-formation equipment 20, 120 when traveling by road, the lateral wings 22b, 122b are configured into the fully folded position, thus making it possible to reduce the width of the equipment 20, 120 without reducing the width that can be achieved when shaping a surface.

(117) In this way, the assembly 40, 140 for pivoting the blade 22, 122 allows the blade to be configured into a plurality of inclined positions and thus allows work to be performed in tight spaces.

(118) The surface-formation equipment 20, 120 is multifunctional and can be used for carrying out finishing work and for pushing granular materials, often in relatively high quantities. Thus it is possible to use it to carry out work normally performed with a motorized vehicle fitted with a bucket.

(119) Although it has been mentioned that in one embodiment the blade 22, 122 has a length that may be as high as twelve feet, it will be appreciated that blades of smaller and larger dimensions may be designed. For example, blades of larger dimensions may be designed and assembled on motorized units of greater capacity, such as bulldozers. Models may also be adapted to other types of motorized units such as, nonlimitingly, hydraulic excavators.

(120) The surface-formation equipment 20, 120 may be used for creating complex shapes, which means to say for forming complex profiles, because of these numerous components including the lateral wings 22b, 122b which can be configured, simultaneously or independently, between an unfolded position and a plurality of folded positions, because of the adjustment of the inclination of the blade 22, 122 relative to the direction of travel D of the equipment 20, 120 and because of the tilting of the blade 22, 122 (modifying the fore-aft inclination). The surface-formation equipment 20, 120 allows the creation of profiles with composite angles on the ground and of rounded profiles. In this context, the actuators 41 of the assembly 40 for pivoting the blade 22, 122 allow lateral action and the actuators 55 of the assembly 50, 150 for pivoting the lateral wings 22b, 122b make it possible to define a non-linear and modifiable profile using the blade 22, 122, the lateral wings 22b, 122b being able to be moved by pivoting about respective axes of pivoting 52, 152.

(121) The surface-formation equipment 20, 120 can be used to create shapes in tight spaces, namely to shape tight spaces, because of the low profile of the blade 22, 122 and because of the ability to pivot the blade 22, 122 in order to modify its inclination relative to the direction of travel D of the equipment 20, 120.

(122) The surface-formation equipment 20, 120 can be used to push relatively large quantities of granular material. As described hereinabove, when the lateral wings 22b, 122b are in the folded configuration, and using the deflector 60 fixed to the main section 22a, 122a, relatively large quantities of granular material can be pushed. As mentioned hereinabove, the deflector 60 may rest on the lateral wings 22b, 122b which are configured into a folded position, so as to prevent this deflector from deforming. In certain applications, the surface-formation equipment 20, 120 can be used to replace the buckets normally used.

(123) When connected to a mobile unit the blade 22, 122 may be propelled in the forward direction and the backward direction, namely by a movement forward or backward of the mobile unit. It has been found that surface-formation is achieved rapidly in both directions of travel.

(124) The surface-formation equipment 20, 120 is also suitable for instances of heavy work, such as the work for which apparatus of the bulldozer and agricultural or industrial tractor type are intended.

(125) The surface-formation equipment 20, 120 can be used for shaping surfaces, including surfacing, leveling, moving granular material, but also for demolishing structures and for clearing snow and ice.

(126) To sum up, the surface-formation equipment 20, 120 notably has at least one of the following advantages:

(127) 1. multifunctionality to shape surfaces of planar and rounded shape and to push granular material;

(128) 2. a working capacity that is modifiable thanks to the folding lateral wings which widen the field of action in the unfolded position and that allow significant quantities of material to be pushed around in the folded position;

(129) 3. high-speed leveling capability because the base of the blade is seated on a cutting edge with a planar lower surface equipped with chamfered edges that very effectively limit the risk of inappropriate “digging” into the ground;

(130) 4. high versatility because the blade allows shaping to be performed with one or two lateral wings positioned individually in the unfolded position or in the folded position;

(131) 5. pivoting assembly of the blade that allows tight spaces to be reached and improves the stability on the ground (triangulation relative to the caterpillar tracks of a mobile unit);

(132) 6. pivoting assembly of the blade including a turntable system that reduces premature wear and affords maximum stability;

(133) 7. blade-pivoting actuators including pivoting actuating cylinders of the “single acting” type that provide hydraulic release when thrust exceeds the traction capability of the mobile unit;

(134) 8. a design that allows ground surfaces to be shaped very close up to objects or obstacles;

(135) 9. a two-way leveling capability, which means to say an ability to move forward and backward; and

(136) 10. the possibility of leveling spaces of limited height (for example near an overhanging wall of a dwelling).

(137) In addition, although the embodiments of surface-formation equipment and components thereof consist of certain geometric configurations as explained and described hereinabove, only a portion of these components and geometries is essential and so the majority thereof must not be interpreted as implying restriction. As will be apparent to a person skilled in the art, other components and collaborations therebetween, as well as other geometric configurations, can be used for the surface-formation equipment as briefly explained hereinabove and such as a person skilled in the art is able to infer. In addition, it will be appreciated that the positions in the description such as “above”, “below”, “on the left”, “on the right” and other similar positions are to be interpreted within the context of the figures, unless specified otherwise, and must not be considered to be limiting.

(138) Several alternative embodiments and examples have been described and illustrated hereinabove. The above described embodiments of the invention are only examples. A person skilled in the art will assess the features of the individual embodiments and the possible combinations and variations of the components. A person skilled in the art will also appreciate that any one of the embodiments may be achieved in any combination with the other embodiments described hereinabove. It will be appreciated that the invention can be achieved in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or the main features thereof. The examples and embodiments described are to be considered in all aspects as being illustrative and nonrestrictive, and the invention is not limited to the details given. Thus, although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described, numerous modifications are apparent without departing from the spirit of the invention. The scope of the invention is thus limited only by the scope of the claims.