APPARATUS, PROCESS AND THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE FOR POWER GENERATION WITH HEAT RECOVERY

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to an apparatus/process/cycle for production of power with heat recovery. The apparatus includes a primary engine and a secondary engine connected downstream of the primary engine to exploit waste heat from the primary engine. The primary engine is an internal combustion engine having an exhaust for exhaust fumes. The secondary engine is a closed-cycle gas turbine comprising a secondary compression device, a secondary gas turbo-expander, a closed circuit crossed by a working fluid and connecting the above-mentioned secondary compression device and the secondary gas turbo-expander. A heat exchanger is arranged downstream of the exhaust and comprises a heat exchange portion of the closed circuit. The heat exchanger is crossed by the exhaust fumes to transfer heat from the exhaust fumes to the working fluid of the closed circuit. The secondary engine also comprises a recuperator operatively disposed in the closed circuit.

Claims

1. Heat recovery power plant, comprising: a primary engine and a secondary engine connected downstream of the primary engine to exploit waste heat from the primary engine; the primary engine being an internal combustion engine having an exhaust for exhaust fumes; the secondary engine being a closed-cycle gas turbine comprising a secondary compression device, a secondary gas turbo-expander, and a closed circuit crossed by a working fluid and connecting the secondary compression device and the secondary gas turbo-expander; and a heat exchanger disposed downstream of the exhaust and comprising a heat exchange portion of the closed circuit, wherein the heat exchange portion is directly connected to the secondary gas turbo-expander, wherein the heat exchanger is crossed by the exhaust fumes to transfer heat from the exhaust fumes to the working fluid of the closed circuit; wherein the secondary engine comprises a recuperator operatively disposed in the closed circuit downstream of the secondary gas turbo-expander and upstream the heat exchanger and configured to transfer heat from the working fluid coming out of the secondary gas turbo-expander to the working fluid coming from the secondary compression device and directed to the heat exchanger, and wherein a discharge temperature of the exhaust fumes immediately upstream of the heat exchange portion is comprised between 400° C. and 700° C.

2. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a ratio (P1/P2) between a power (P1) generated by the primary engine and a power (P2) generated by the secondary engine is between one and four.

3. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the primary engine is an open-cycle gas turbine and comprises a primary compressor, a primary gas turbo-expander and a combustion chamber operably interposed between the primary compressor and the primary gas turbo-expander.

4. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the secondary compression device has a compression ratio between two and eight.

5. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the secondary compression device comprises a plurality of secondary compressors and a plurality of refrigeration devices operably interposed between the secondary compressors for performing an inter-refrigerated compression.

6. Apparatus according to claim 1, comprising an Organic Rankine Cycle apparatus operably coupled to the exhaust of the primary engine downstream of the heat exchange portion of the closed circuit to receive heat from the exhaust fumes after the exhaust fumes transfer heat to the secondary engine.

7. Apparatus according to claim 1, comprising a cooling apparatus operatively coupled to the exhaust of the primary engine downstream of the heat exchange portion of the closed circuit to receive heat from the exhaust fumes after the exhaust fumes transfer heat to the secondary engine and operatively coupled to an inlet of a primary compressor to cool inlet air to the primary compressor.

8. Apparatus according to claim 5, comprising a heating circuit operably coupled to the secondary engine and connectable to thermal users; wherein the heating circuit comprises a plurality of auxiliary exchangers interposed between the secondary compressors.

9. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the secondary engine comprises a load control device comprising a reservoir for the working fluid under pressure connected to a first point of the closed circuit located upstream of the secondary compression device and to a second point of the closed circuit located downstream of the secondary compression device.

10. Process for power generation with heat recovery, the process comprising: coupling to an exhaust of an internal combustion engine a heat exchange portion of a closed circuit of a closed-cycle gas turbine to transfer heat from exhaust fumes coming from the internal combustion engine to a working fluid in the closed circuit and to heat the working fluid; and circulating the working fluid in the closed circuit, wherein a discharge temperature of the exhaust fumes immediately upstream of the heat exchange portion is between 400° C. and 700° C.; wherein the circulating comprises: entering the working fluid heated by the exhaust fumes into a secondary gas turbo-expander located immediately downstream of the heat exchange portion of the closed circuit; expanding the working fluid in the secondary gas turbo-expander; entering the expanded working fluid from the secondary gas turbo-expander into a secondary compression device; compressing the working fluid; and passing it back into the heat exchange portion; wherein, in a recuperator operatively disposed in the closed circuit downstream of the secondary gas turbo-expander and upstream of the heat exchange portion, the working fluid exiting the secondary gas turbo-expander transfers heat to the working fluid coming from the secondary compression device and directed to the heat exchange portion.

11. Process according to claim 10, wherein a ratio (P1/P2) between a power (P1) generated by the internal combustion engine and a power (P2) generated by the closed-cycle gas turbine is between one and four.

12. Process according to claim 10, wherein an exhaust temperature of the secondary gas turbo-expander is greater than a delivery temperature of the secondary compression device; and wherein a difference between the exhaust temperature of the secondary gas turbo-expander and the delivery temperature of the secondary compression device is greater than 80° C.

13. Process according to claim 10, wherein a temperature of the exhaust fumes immediately downstream of the heat exchange portion is between 170° C. and 300° C.

14. Process according to claim 10, wherein the working fluid is monoatomic, diatomic, or linear triatomic; and wherein the working fluid is selected from the group consisting of: Air, Argon, Nitrogen, a mixture of Air and Argon, a mixture of Argon and Nitrogen, a mixture of Air and Nitrogen, and Carbon Dioxide.

15. Process according to claim 10, wherein a compression ratio of the secondary compression device is between two and eight.

16. Thermodynamic cycle for power generation and heat recovery, comprising: a primary open gas turbine cycle; and a secondary closed gas turbine cycle operatively coupled to the primary open cycle to receive a portion of the heat discharged from exhaust fumes of the primary open cycle; wherein a discharge temperature of the exhaust fumes is between 400° C. and 700° C., wherein the secondary closed gas turbine cycle receives heat only from the exhaust fumes, and wherein the secondary closed cycle is recuperative.

17. Thermodynamic cycle according to claim 16, wherein the secondary closed gas turbine cycle is subcritical.

18. Thermodynamic cycle according to claim 16, wherein the heat portion received from the secondary closed cycle is between 50% and 70% of the heat discharged from the primary open cycle; and wherein the heat recovery in the secondary closed cycle is greater than 80%.

19. Thermodynamic cycle according to claim 18, wherein the heat recovery in the secondary closed cycle is greater than 90%.

20. Process according to claim 15, wherein the compression ratio is between three and five if the working fluid is monoatomic, and wherein the compression is between six and eight if the working fluid is diatomic.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0156] Such description is given hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, provided only for illustrative and, therefore, non-limiting purposes, in which:

[0157] FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an apparatus for producing power with heat recovery according to the invention;

[0158] FIG. 2 is a diagram T-S of a closed gas turbine cycle implemented with the apparatus in FIG. 1;

[0159] FIG. 3 is a diagram T-Q relating to the apparatus in FIG. 1;

[0160] FIG. 4 shows a variant of the apparatus in FIG. 1;

[0161] FIG. 9 shows a further variant of the apparatus in FIG. 1;

[0162] FIG. 5 shows a further variant of the apparatus in FIG. 1;

[0163] FIG. 6 shows a further variant of the apparatus in FIG. 1;

[0164] FIG. 6A shows diagrams T-S side by side relating to the variant in FIG. 6;

[0165] FIG. 7 shows the apparatus in FIG. 1 showing the devices for managing and regulating the same;

[0166] FIG. 8 shows a construction variant of a portion of the apparatus in FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0167] With reference to FIG. 1, the reference numeral 1 generally indicates an apparatus for producing power with heat recovery according to the present invention.

[0168] The apparatus 1 comprises a primary motor 2 and a secondary motor 3 connected downstream of the primary motor 2 to exploit a part of the waste heat coming from said primary motor 2. The primary motor 2 is able to produce a power from a few hundred kW up to tens of MW depending on the size, and the secondary motor 3 produces a power of the same order of magnitude. In particular, the primary motor 2 produces a power that is from two to three times the power produced by the secondary motor 3.

[0169] The primary engine 2 is an internal combustion engine having an exhaust 4 for exhaust fumes 5. In the preferred embodiment shown, the internal combustion engine 2 is an open-cycle gas turbine and comprises a primary compressor 6, a primary gas turbo-expander 7 and a combustion chamber 8 operably interposed between the primary compressor 6 and the primary gas turbo-expander 7. The primary compressor 6 and the primary gas turbo-expander 7 are mechanically connected by a single shaft 9 to which a primary generator 10 is also connected. Air 11 introduced into the primary compressor 6 is compressed and introduced into the combustion chamber 8 in which a fuel 12 is also introduced. Combustion takes place in the combustion chamber 8 and the combusted gases introduced into the primary gas turbo-expander 7 expand, causing the primary gas turbo-expander 7 to rotate and generate mechanical and electrical energy via the primary generator 10. After expansion in the primary gas turbo-expander 7, the exhaust fumes 5 coming out of the exhaust 4 still have usable residual heat.

[0170] The secondary engine 3 is a closed-cycle gas turbine CCGT and comprises a secondary compression device 13, a secondary gas turbo-expander 14, a closed circuit 15 crossed by a working fluid and connecting said secondary compression device 13 and said secondary gas turbo-expander 14. In the embodiments shown in FIG. 1, the secondary compression device 13 comprises a first, a second and a third secondary compressor 16, 17, 18 and a first, a second and a third refrigeration device 19, 20, 21. The second and third refrigeration devices 20, 21 are operatively interposed between the secondary compressors 16, 17, 18 along the closed circuit 15, to perform an inter-refrigerated compression. The first refrigeration device 19 is arranged upstream of the first secondary compressor 16. The first, second and third secondary compressors 16, 17, 18 are mechanically connected by a single shaft 22 which also connects the secondary gas turbo-expander 14. A secondary generator 23 is operatively connected to the secondary gas turbo-expander 14 by means of the same single shaft 22, possibly by interposing a gear transmission not shown in the figure. The first refrigeration device 19 is located upstream of the intake of the first compressor 16. The second refrigeration device 20 is interposed between the first compressor 16 and the second compressor 17. The third refrigeration device 21 is interposed between the second and the third compressor 17, 18.

[0171] The closed circuit 15 comprises a heat exchange portion 24, shown in FIG. 1 as a coil, located upstream (with respect to a direction of the flow of the working fluid in the closed circuit 15) of the secondary gas turbo-expander 14 and downstream of the compression device 13. The heat exchange portion 24 is operatively coupled to the exhaust 4 of the open cycle gas turbine 2 and defines, with an exhaust channel 25 of said exhaust fumes 5, a heat exchanger 26 crossed by the exhaust fumes 5 of the primary engine 2 and by the working fluid of the secondary motor 3. In this heat exchanger 26, the exhaust fumes 5 transfer heat to the working fluid of the closed circuit 15. The heat exchange portion 24 is directly connected to the secondary gas turbo-expander 14 in the sense that there are no other heat exchange devices between the aforementioned heat exchange portion 24 and the secondary gas turbo-expander 14.

[0172] The secondary motor 3 further comprises a recuperator 27 operatively arranged in the closed circuit 15 downstream of the secondary gas turbo-expander 14 and upstream of the heat-exchange portion 24, or of the heat exchanger 26. The recuperator 27 is configured to transfer heat from the working fluid leaving the secondary gas turbo-expander 14 to the working fluid coming from the secondary compression device 13 and directed into the heat-exchange portion 24, or in the heat exchanger 26.

[0173] Through the aforementioned recuperator 27 passes a line of the closed circuit 15 which from a discharge of the secondary gas turbo-expander 14 moves towards the compression device 13 entering the first refrigeration device 19. A line of the closed circuit 15 also passes through the aforementioned recuperator 27 which from a delivery of the compression device 13 (in particular from the delivery of the third compressor 18) moves towards the heat exchange portion 24 to subsequently enter an input of the secondary gas turbo-expander 14.

[0174] The recuperator 27, which in FIG. 1 is illustrated only schematically, can be of the finned pack, primary surface, formed plate, printed circuit or of the hybrid type, for example with a side of the formed plate type with larger channels for the low-pressure and high-temperature working fluid leaving the secondary gas turbo-expander 14 and a side of the printed circuit type for the high-pressure and low-temperature working fluid leaving the compression device 13.

[0175] The working fluid which preferably circulates in the closed circuit 15 of the secondary motor 3 is Argon but in variants of the apparatus/process/cycle of the invention it could be air, Nitrogen, a mixture of air and Argon, a mixture of Argon and Nitrogen, a mixture of air and nitrogen, carbon dioxide.

[0176] Argon, being a relatively heavy monoatomic fluid (atomic weight of about 40), entails, once the cycle to be implemented has been established, as for example the one represented in FIG. 2, low compression ratios and contained enthalpy jumps of the turbomachinery. Consequently, the turbomachines of the secondary motor 3 of the apparatus 1 according to the invention are characterized by low expansion ratios and contained enthalpy jumps and therefore by a few expansion/compression stages. This implies very high turbomachinery yields.

[0177] According to the process for producing power with heat recovery of the present invention implemented through the apparatus 1 described above, the exhaust fumes 5 coming out of the primary gas turbo-expander 7 with a temperature “T.sub.3” for example of about 500° C., pass through the heat exchanger 26 and transfer a part of the heat to the working fluid passing through the heat exchange portion 24.

[0178] The working fluid leaving the recuperator 27 runs through the heat exchange portion 24 and is heated from a temperature “T.sub.1” of about 190° C. (point “C” on the diagram in FIG. 2 and on the schematic apparatus in FIG. 1) up to at a temperature “T.sub.2” of about 470° C. (point “D” on the diagram in FIG. 2 and on the schematic apparatus in FIG. 1). The exhaust fumes 5 downstream of the heat exchange portion 24 have a temperature “T.sub.4” of about 210° C.

[0179] The working fluid at about 470° C. enters the secondary gas turbo-expander 14, expanding and cooling to a temperature of about 210° C. (point “E” on the diagram in FIG. 2 and on the schematic apparatus in FIG. 1) and producing mechanical power. The temperature “T.sub.4” of the exhaust fumes 5 downstream of the heat exchange portion 24 is therefore substantially equal to a discharge temperature of the secondary gas turbo-expander 14.

[0180] The working fluid leaving the secondary gas turbo-expander 14 passes through the recuperator 27 and transfers heat to the working fluid coming from the secondary compression device 13 and directed into the heat exchange portion 24. The working fluid exiting from the secondary gas turbo-expander 14 is further cooled through the recuperator 27 from the temperature of about 210° C. (point “E” on the diagram in FIG. 2 and on the schematic apparatus in FIG. 1) to a temperature of about 90° C. (point “F” on the diagram in FIG. 2 and on the schematic apparatus in FIG. 1).

[0181] After having transferred heat into the recuperator 27, the working fluid enters the first refrigeration device 19 which cools it to about 25° C. (point “A” on the diagram in FIG. 2 and on the schematic apparatus in FIG. 1). The working fluid is compressed (and heated) and cooled twice in the first compressor 16, in the second refrigeration device 20, in the second compressor 17, in the third refrigeration device 21 (points B′, A′, B″, A″ on the diagram in FIG. 2 and on the schematic apparatus in FIG. 1) and then compressed in the third compressor 18 to a delivery temperature of about 70° C. (point “B” on the diagram in FIG. 2 and on the schematic apparatus in FIG. 1).

[0182] The working fluid leaving the third compressor 18 passes through the recuperator 27 and recovers heat from the working fluid leaving the secondary gas turbo-expander 14, heating up to a temperature of about 190° C. (point “C” on the diagram in FIG. 2 and on the schematic apparatus in FIG. 1) to then re-enter the heat exchange portion 24.

[0183] As can be seen, a difference between the discharge temperature of the secondary gas turbo-expander 14 (point “E”, 210° C.) and the delivery temperature of the secondary compression device 13 (point “B”, 70° C.) is about 140° C.

[0184] The thermodynamic cycle related to the apparatus and the process according to the invention thus comprises a primary open cycle of an internal combustion engine (in particular of a gas turbine) and a closed secondary cycle of a gas turbine (FIG. 2, points A, B′, A′, B″, A″, B, C, D, E, F) operatively coupled to the primary open cycle to receive a part of the heat discharged from said open primary cycle, wherein the secondary closed cycle comprises an inter-refrigerated compression (F, A, B′, A′, B″, A″, B) and is of the recovery type (B-C, E-F).

[0185] The working fluid in the closed cycle gas turbine 3 works in a subcritical state, so as to have a behavior similar to that of an ideal gas. “Pc” being the critical pressure and “Tc” the critical temperature for a given working fluid and “Pmax” the maximum cycle pressure and “Tmin” the minimum cycle temperature, the working fluid in the closed-cycle gas turbine 3 works with at least one of the following two conditions:

P max<0.9×Pc; and/or

T min>1.2×Tc.

[0186] The diagram T (temperature)−Q (heat) in FIG. 3 illustrates the heat transfer “Q.sub.in_to_ccgt” from the exhaust fumes 5 that cool from the temperature “T.sub.3” to the temperature “T.sub.4” to the working fluid that is heated from the temperature “T.sub.1” to the temperature “T.sub.2”.

[0187] The compression ratio of the secondary compression device 13 is between three and five if the working fluid is monoatomic, such as for example Argon. This compression ratio is between six and eight if the working fluid is diatomic, as is the case with air.

[0188] The heat recovery carried out by the recuperator 27 in the closed secondary cycle is about 90%, i.e. the recuperator 27 has an efficiency of about 90% or more with total pressure losses on the two sides even lower than 5%.

[0189] The part of heat transferred from the primary open cycle and received by the secondary closed cycle is equal to approximately 50%-70% of the heat discharged from said primary open cycle, considering the possible recovery of all the recoverable heat equal to 100% by cooling the fumes 5 up to the delivery temperature of the secondary compressor 3, i.e. the temperature at point B. It should be noted that the portion of heat recovered represents however the part with the highest exergetic content and this allows obtaining high yields and simultaneously a compactness and simplicity of the machinery. In other words, assuming a recovery of 70%, a recovery results and therefore an exergetic exploitation certainly higher than 85-90% of the total. It also follows that the exhaust fumes, even after the heat exchange with the secondary cycle, retain a significant amount of heat and are available for any other further use.

[0190] By limiting the minimum temperature of the exhaust fumes to the value T.sub.4, the secondary closed cycle gas turbine (CCGT) is extremely efficient, also due to the contained compression ratio and consequent high yields of the turbomachinery.

[0191] For example, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4, the apparatus 1 further comprises a circuit of an organic Rankine cycle apparatus (ORC) 28, wherein said organic Rankine cycle apparatus 28 receives heat from the exhaust fumes 5 of the primary engine 2 after said exhaust fumes 5 have transferred heat to the secondary engine CCGT 3. The organic Rankine cycle apparatus 28, per se known, comprises a condenser 29, a pump 30, an expander 31 mechanically connected to a respective generator 32 and a heat exchanger/vaporizer 33 defined by a portion 34 of the closed circuit (shown as a coil in FIG. 4) and by a portion of the discharge channel 25 of the open-cycle gas turbine 2 (primary engine). The aforementioned portion 34 of the closed circuit ORC is located downstream of the heat exchange portion 24. In other words, an organic Rankine auxiliary cycle (bottoming ORC) is coupled to the primary open cycle and this organic Rankine auxiliary cycle is configured to receive a part of the residual heat discharged from the primary open cycle, after the transfer of heat to the secondary closed cycle. The downstream ORC cycle allows exploiting the still significant amount of heat retained by the exhaust fumes 5 (T.sub.4=200° C.) after heat exchange with the secondary cycle and therefore increase the overall power of the apparatus 1. As shown in FIG. 3 (dotted line), the exhaust fumes 5 downstream of the portion 34 of the organic Rankine cycle apparatus 28 are cooled to a temperature “T.sub.5” of about 70-120° C., compatibly with the problems of any acidic condensates dependent on the type of fuel 12, typically 70° C. for natural gases and 120° C. for liquid fuels with a moderate sulfur content.

[0192] The variant in FIG. 4A is identical to that in FIG. 4 except that the circuit of the organic Rankine cycle apparatus (ORC) 28 receives heat from the working fluid leaving the secondary gas turbo-expander 14 instead of from the exhaust fumes 5. For this purpose, the heat exchanger/vaporizer 33 is defined by the portion 34 of the closed circuit ORC and by a portion of the closed circuit 15 of the secondary motor 3 placed between the secondary gas turbo-expander 14 and the recuperator 27.

[0193] In the variant shown in FIG. 5, the apparatus 1 comprises a cooling apparatus 35 (chiller) operatively coupled to the exhaust 4 of the primary engine 2 downstream of the heat exchange portion 24 of the closed circuit 15 to receive heat “Q.sub.in_to_orc” from the exhaust fumes 5 after said exhaust fumes 5 have transferred heat to the secondary engine 3 and operatively coupled, for example via a cooling coil 36, to an inlet of the primary compressor 6 to cool inlet air to said primary compressor 6 (inlet cooling). For example, the cooling apparatus 35 comprises an absorption refrigerator or a first auxiliary motor coupled to a refrigerating unit such as a driven machine or a Brayton cycle refrigerator, schematized in FIG. 5 with the element indicated with the reference numeral 37. In other words, it is provided to couple the primary open cycle with an auxiliary cooling cycle configured to receive a part of the residual heat discharged from the primary open cycle after the heat transfer to the secondary closed cycle, and to cool incoming air 11 in said primary open cycle, thus obtaining an increase in power and efficiency.

[0194] It is pointed out that this solution is peculiar to the CCGT recovery system object of the present invention. In fact, the Rankine water vapor cycles and also the ORC cycles of the known type and currently in use, in order to obtain optimized efficiencies, must cool the fumes already typically up to 100° C. or even less. This results in an exergetic content of the fumes downstream of said known systems which is very scarce and therefore in fact the impossibility of adopting this solution. Therefore, considering also the increase in efficiency and power of the primary gas turbine 2 (which typically, by cooling the air from 30° C. to 8° C. can also be equal to 15-22% of power and 2-5% of efficiency, respectively), the efficiency of the system according to the present invention can also be much higher than that of the systems in use.

[0195] In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6, the apparatus 1 assumes a cogeneration configuration (CHP—Combined Heat and Power) and comprises a heating circuit 38 operatively coupled to the secondary motor 3 and which can be coupled to a thermal utility 39 (illustrated only schematically). For example, the thermal utility is a building or a factory and the heating circuit 38 allows producing hot water for district heating (with a temperature of 160° C.-180° C.) and/or steam for factories. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6, the heating circuit 38 comprises a plurality of auxiliary exchangers 40 interposed between the secondary compressors 16, 17, 18 along the closed circuit 15, i.e. each of the auxiliary exchangers 40 is placed in series with a respective refrigeration device 19, 20, 21 and upstream of said refrigeration device 19, 20, 21. The heating circuit 38 therefore draws heat between the compression stages of the secondary compression device 13. In other words, it is provided to couple an auxiliary heating cycle to the secondary closed cycle to withdraw heat from the secondary closed cycle and supply the thermal utility.

[0196] FIG. 6A illustrates diagrams T-S side by side relating to the apparatus 1 in FIG. 6. As can be seen, all the thermal loads can be split according to the requirements between the refrigeration devices 19, 20, 21 and between the auxiliary exchangers 40. The available heat can be used or dissipated as required. The diagram T-S in FIG. 6A on the left illustrates the electrical arrangement of the apparatus 1 in which the heat Q1, Q2, Q3 is totally dissipated in the refrigeration devices 19, 20, 21. The diagram T-S in the center shows a mixed arrangement (CHP—Combined Heat and Power) in which the heat Q1, Q2, Q3 is all recoverable, for example between about 100° C. and 50° C., for example for a district heating system. The diagram T-S on the right shows an asymmetric CHP arrangement, in which for example with one of the exchangers 40, a thermal power Q3 is transferred to a utility at a temperature for example of between 100 and 75° C., the powers Q2″ and Q1′ are dissipated in the devices 19 and 20, through two more exchangers 40 the thermal powers Q2′ and Q1′ are transferred between 100 and 75° C., the power Q1′ is transferred between about 100 and 130° C. to a utility at a higher temperature. With this arrangement it is possible to adjust the different quantities of distributable heat at different temperature levels.

[0197] It is clear that the apparatus according to the invention allows a cogeneration arrangement to be assumed very efficiently even if this apparatus is not specifically designed for this purpose. The apparatus according to the invention therefore has great operational and even constructive flexibility in terms of standardization.

[0198] It should also be noted that, due to the fact that the working fluid behaves like an almost ideal gas, small variations in pressure are sufficient to compensate for any differences in volumetric flow due to variations in temperature at the beginning of compression. It follows that during operation in cogeneration setup, with higher start-up compression temperatures and therefore higher specific volumes, a small increase in minimum cycle pressure (with the same load) is sufficient to compensate for said increase in flow, bringing the turbomachinery back to work near their optimum point. With reference to FIGS. 6 and 6A, with the same flow rate of circulating working fluid, normally the minimum pressure of the cycle (at points E, F) will be slightly higher in the cogeneration case compared to the electric-only case. This adjustment capability, for which the compressors are always brought to work in the central area of their operating map, also entails the possibility of implementing machines for electric setup only and virtually identical cogeneration machines. This translates into high standardization, economy of scale, cost reduction and even technological risk containment, having to make fewer different machines to cover a greater number of different applications.

[0199] In other embodiments, not shown, the primary motor 2 and the secondary motor 3 of the CCGT type as described above are combined with one or more of the aforementioned organic Rankine cycle apparatus 28, cooling apparatus 35 and heating circuit 38.

[0200] In FIG. 7, the secondary motor 3 is coupled to a load regulation device and to other management devices.

[0201] The load adjustment device comprises a reservoir 41 containing the working fluid under pressure. The load adjustment device allows adjusting the load of the secondary motor 3 by introducing a working fluid under pressure in the closed circuit 15 or by extracting the working fluid from the closed circuit 15. The reservoir 41 is connected to a first point 42 of the closed circuit 15 located immediately upstream of the first refrigeration device 19 and therefore upstream of the secondary compression device 13 through an intake duct 43 provided with an intake valve 44. The reservoir 41 is connected to a second point 45 of the closed circuit 15 located immediately downstream of the third secondary compressor 18, through a discharge duct 46 provided with a discharge valve 47. If the working fluid is air, a compressor or a pump 48 is connected to the reservoir 41 to charge compressed air into the reservoir 41 itself. If the working fluid is Argon, a pressurized Argon gas cylinder is operatively connected/connectable to said reservoir 41.

[0202] The load adjustment device comprises: a first temperature sensor 49 operatively coupled to the closed circuit 15 immediately upstream of the heat exchange portion 24, to detect the temperature “T.sub.1” of the working fluid before passing into the heat exchanger 26; a second temperature sensor 50 operatively coupled to the closed circuit immediately downstream of the heat exchange portion 24, to detect the temperature “T.sub.2” of the working fluid after passing through the heat exchanger 26; a third temperature sensor 51 operatively coupled to the discharge for exhaust fumes 5 immediately upstream of the heat exchange portion 24, to detect the temperature “T.sub.3” of the exhaust fumes 5 before passing through the heat exchanger 26; a fourth temperature sensor 52 operatively coupled to the exhaust for exhaust fumes immediately downstream of the heat exchange portion 24, to detect the temperature “T.sub.4” of the exhaust fumes 5 after passing through the heat exchanger 26.

[0203] A control unit, not shown, is operatively connected to the first 49, to the second 50, to the third 51 and to the fourth 52 temperature sensor, to the intake valve 44 and to the exhaust valve 47. The control unit is preferably of the electronic type and comprises a processing unit (CPU), a memory and interface devices with the elements mentioned above. The control unit is configured to control/manage the load of the secondary motor 3 through the following procedure: [0204] calculating a set point value for the temperature “T.sub.2” of the working fluid after passing through the heat exchanger 26, equal to T.sub.3−DT.sub.set_point=set_T.sub.2, where “T.sub.3” is the temperature of the exhaust fumes 5 before passing through the heat exchanger 26 (where “T.sub.3” is measured by the third temperature sensor 51 or supplied by the control unit; wherein DT.sub.set_point is the difference in the average terminal temperature); [0205] calculating a first error “Err01” by subtracting the temperature of the working fluid after passing through the exchanger 26, i.e. “T.sub.2” measured by the second temperature sensor 50, at the relative set point, i.e. Err01=T.sub.2−set_T.sub.2; [0206] calculating a first difference “ΔT.sub.1” between the temperature “T.sub.3” of the exhaust fumes 5 before passing through the heat exchanger 26 and the temperature “T.sub.2” of the working fluid after passing through the heat exchanger 26; [0207] calculating a second difference “ΔT.sub.2” between the temperature “T.sub.4” of the exhaust fumes after passing through the heat exchanger and the temperature “T.sub.1” of the working fluid before passing through the heat exchanger 26; [0208] calculating a second error “Err02” by subtracting the second difference “ΔT.sub.2” from the first difference “T.sub.1”; [0209] reducing the load in a predominantly integral and partially proportional manner, opening the discharge valve 47, if the error “Err02” is greater than zero or increasing the load, opening the inlet valve 44, if the error “Err02” is less than zero; [0210] simultaneously reducing the load in a predominantly proportional manner, opening the discharge valve 47, if the error “Err01” is greater than zero or increasing the load, opening the inlet valve 44, if the error “Err01” is less than zero.

[0211] As shown in FIG. 7, a load rejection duct 53, provided with a load rejection valve 54, connects a point 55 of the closed circuit 15 located downstream of the secondary compression device 13 and before the recuperator 27 and a point of the closed circuit 56 located upstream of the secondary compression device 13 and after the recuperator 27. The control unit is operatively connected to the load rejection valve 54 and is configured to avoid over-speed of the secondary gas turbo-expander 14 by opening said load rejection valve 54.

[0212] The apparatus 1 in FIG. 7 further comprises an auxiliary reservoir 57 smaller than the reservoir 41 and connected, via an overload duct 58 (fast overload), provided with an overload valve 59, to a third point 60 of the closed circuit 15 between the recuperator 27 and the heat exchanger 26. This third point 60 is located immediately upstream of the heat exchange portion 24. The auxiliary reservoir 57 is also connected to the exhaust duct 46 with the interposition of an auxiliary compressor or an auxiliary pump 61. The control unit is operatively connected to the overload valve 59 and is configured to overload the secondary gas turbo-expander 14 by opening said overload valve 59.

[0213] The secondary motor shown in FIG. 7 comprises a start-up turbine 62 operatively connected to the closed-cycle gas turbine 3, in particular to gears interposed between the secondary generator 23 and the single shaft 22. A start-up duct 63 provided with a start-up valve 64 connects the reservoir 41 to the start-up turbine 62. The control unit is operatively connected to the start-up valve 63 and is configured to start the closed-cycle gas turbine 3 by opening the start-up valve 64 so as to introduce pressurized air or gas into the start-up turbine 62 which by rotating, transmits the motion to the compression device 13.

[0214] The embodiment of the closed-cycle gas turbine 3 in FIG. 8 differs from those illustrated in FIGS. 1, 4, 6 and 7 in that it has a double shaft (double shaft turbomachine) configuration. A first secondary gas turbo-expander 14′ and a first secondary compressor 16 are mechanically connected by a first shaft 22′ connected to a first secondary generator 23′. A second secondary gas turbo-expander 14″, a second secondary compressor 17 and a third secondary compressor 18 are mechanically connected by a second shaft 22″ connected to a second secondary generator 23″. As regards the fluid connection, the first, second and third compressors 16, 17, 18 are arranged in series as in FIGS. 1, 4, 6 and 7. The second secondary gas turbo-expander 14″ is located downstream of the first secondary gas turbo-expander 14′ to receive the already partially expanded working fluid in said first secondary gas turbo-expander 14′.

[0215] The present invention, in particular in the embodiments illustrated above, allows obtaining the following advantages: [0216] obtaining an apparatus/process/cycle with high conversion efficiencies, equal to or greater than those in use; [0217] obtaining an apparatus/process/cycle which offers efficiencies at partial loads very close to design efficiencies and therefore much higher than those of the systems in use; [0218] obtaining an apparatus/process/cycle which allows a very rapid start-up time and in any case lower than the technologies in use; [0219] obtaining an apparatus/process/cycle with a competitive cost and with levels of operating pressures that contribute to obtaining such a non-excessive cost; [0220] obtaining an apparatus/process/cycle which does not require the use of water and related treatment devices; [0221] obtaining an apparatus/process/cycle which has no or even positive environmental impact; [0222] obtaining an apparatus/process/cycle which can be implemented with known parts and components already in use or similar to components already in use or in any case with machines of relatively easy and cost-effective implementation; [0223] obtaining an apparatus/process/cycle which is able to start without the aid of external sources (black start); [0224] obtaining an apparatus/process/cycle able to work/operate both in electric setup only, partially cogenerative or completely cogenerative, always with optimized turbomachinery yields; [0225] obtaining a compact and easily transportable apparatus/process/cycle and also easy to install and connect.